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Akira Iguchi Chuki Hongo Editors Coral Reef Studies of Japan Coral Reefs of the World Coral Reefs of the World 13 Akira Iguchi Chuki Hongo Editors Coral Reef Studies of Japan Coral Reefs of the World Volume 13 Series editors Bernhard Riegl, Dania Beach, FL, USA Richard E. Dodge, Dania Beach, FL, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7539 Akira Iguchi • Chuki Hongo Editors Coral Reef Studies of Japan Editors Akira Iguchi Chuki Hongo Department of Bioresources Engineering Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College Science Nago, Okinawa, Japan University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan ISSN 2213-719X ISSN 2213-7203 (electronic) Coral Reefs of the World ISBN 978-981-10-6471-5 ISBN 978-981-10-6473-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6473-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960429 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018, corrected publication 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover illustration: Coral communities of the Yamakawa Reef, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan (photo by Frederic Sinniger) and fringing reefs around Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan (photo by Chuki Hongo). Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The purpose of this book is to introduce recent important studies on coral reefs in Japan from various research felds (biology, ecology, chemistry, earth science, and conservation studies). To fulfll this objective, we have sought the contributions from young researchers and estab- lished experts who are actively working in these felds. Our intention is for this book to con- tribute to the systematic understanding of coral reef studies of Japan and provide motivation for the conservation and restoration of coral communities. Akira Iguchi would like to give many thanks to Zoe Richards, David J. Miller, Takashi Nakamura, Kazuhiko Sakai, and Atsushi Suzuki for the advice and fruitful discussions during his coral reef studies. Akira Iguchi also gratefully acknowledges his family and his wife Ai Iguchi for their continued encouragement. Chuki Hongo acknowledges the help given early in his research career by Hajime Kayanne and is grateful to the following colleagues who each have contributed to his growth as a scientist: to Kaoru Sugihara and Marc Humblet for their expertise in the taxonomy of reef-building corals; to Hiroya Yamano, Saki Harii, Yoichi Ide, and Mitsunori Ishihara for collaborating on a study of the current status of coral reefs in Ryukyu Islands; to Kazuhiko Fujita, Ryuji Asami, and Hironobu Kan for collaboration with the study of reef formation history in Ryukyu Islands; to Kazuhisa Goto, Hideki Kawamata, Masashi Watanabe, and Fumihiko Imamura for collaboration with the study of the impact of tropical cyclones and tsunamis to coral reefs in the Ryukyu Islands; to Lucien F. Montaggioni for collaboration with the study of reef formation history in the Western Indian Ocean; and to Denis Wirrmann for collaboration with the study of reef formation history in New Caledonia. Field and laboratory works in Japan and other reef regions have been aided by the support of many others. Finally, we acknowledge expert reviewers for each chapter: Dr. Zoe Richards, Dr. Shigeki Wada, Dr. Stephen Levas, Dr. Hiroyuki Fujimura, Dr. Sylvain Agostini, Dr. Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Dr. Ryuji Asami, Dr. Jens Zinke, Dr. Yoko Nozawa, Prof. Kazuhiko Sakai, Dr. Ken Okaji, Dr. Marc A. Humblet, Prof. Lucien F. Montaggioni, Dr. Kazuhisa Goto, and other anonymous advisors. We would particularly like to thank editors of Springer Japan for their help and encouragement. Okinawa, Japan Akira Iguchi Chuki Hongo v Contents 1 Introduction for This Book: General Aspects of the Coral Reefs of Japan .......................................................................................................... 1 Akira Iguchi and Chuki Hongo 2 Dissolved Organic Matter in Coral Reefs: Distribution, Production, and Bacterial Consumption .................................................................................... 7 Yasuaki Tanaka and Ryota Nakajima 3 Studies on Stress Responses of Corals in Japan .................................................... 29 Tomihiko Higuchi 4 Coral Disease in Japan ............................................................................................ 41 Naohisa Wada, Aki Ohdera, and Nobuhiro Mano 5 Ocean Acidification Studies in Coral Reefs of Japan ........................................... 63 Shoji Yamamoto 6 Frontiers of Coral-Based Sclerochronological Studies in Japan ......................... 71 Kohki Sowa and Kentaro Tanaka 7 Coral Reproduction in Japan .................................................................................. 95 Naoko Isomura and Hironobu Fukami 8 Population Genetics of Corals in Japan ................................................................. 111 Yuichi Nakajima 9 Distribution Expansion and Historical Population Outbreak Patterns of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci sensu lato, in Japan from 1912 to 2015 ..................................................................................................... 125 Nina Yasuda 10 Studies on Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems in Japan .............................................. 149 Frederic Sinniger and Saki Harii 11 The Hydrodynamic Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Coral Reefs of Japan: Key Points and Future Perspectives ............................................ 163 Chuki Hongo 12 Concluding Remarks: Future Perspectives on Coral Reef Studies of Japan – From Biology, Earth Science, and Conservation and Restoration ......................................................................... 175 Akira Iguchi and Chuki Hongo Erratum ............................................................................................................................ E1 Index .................................................................................................................................. 177 vii Introduction for This Book: General Aspects of the Coral Reefs of Japan 1 Akira Iguchi and Chuki Hongo Abstract Japanese coral reef ecosystems are characterized by high biodiversity. Their inherent beauty attracts many tourists, and they provide various kinds of ecological services such as suste- nance, educational opportunities, and coastal protection; however, they are easily impacted by human activities. Japanese reefs range from subtropical reefs at the southern tip of the Ryukyu Archipelago to temperate reefs at Tsushima Island in the far north which marks the limit of coral reef distribution in the Pacifc Ocean. Reef development in the region is exten- sive and diverse, and productive fringing reefs, submerged platforms, and mesophotic reefs have accumulated. A long history research on the coral reef ecosystems in Japan has pro- vided important knowledge on basic sciences and conservation including fundamental aspects of the biology of coral reef organisms but also has broadened our understanding of the functioning and survival of coral reef ecosystems and those occurring at environmental extremities. In this chapter, as an introduction for this book, we synthesize some of the lat- est multidisciplinary information that is available about the coral reef ecosystems of Japan. Keywords Japan • Kuroshio Current • Subtropical reef • Temperate reef • Fringing reef 1.1 Features of Coral Reefs of Japan of Japan (Yamano et al. 2001, 2012). Coral reefs are formed by calcium carbonate which calcifying organisms produce Coral reef ecosystems of Japan are located in the northern (such as scleractinian corals, coralline algae, molluscs, fora- hemisphere at the periphery of coral reef growth in the minifera, and calcareous algae). Zooxanthellate corals Pacifc Ocean. In the Ryukyu Archipelago, coral reefs are (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia) are key ecological engi- present from latitudes 24°N to 31°N and in the Ogasawara neers of the reef structure. Around coral reef ecosystems of Islands from latitudes 26°N to 27°N. Okinotorishima Island Japan, over 400 coral species have been reported (Veron (20°N) is a small table reef. The northern limits of coral reef et al. 2009). This high diversity of coral species is maintained development are found at Iki Island
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