Bhikkhu Ariyesako Agosto/1998

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Bhikkhu Ariyesako Agosto/1998 Índice Prefácio 6 Prefácio da tradutora 7 Introdução 9 Primeira Parte 11 Perguntas de Principiantes 11 Perguntas Frequentes 16 Segunda Parte 21 Estabelecendo uma Base 21 Preceitos 22 Bhikkhus 22 Tornar-se um Noviço 23 Tornar-se um Bhikkhu 23 Ordenação no Sudeste da Ásia 24 O Retiro das Chuvas 25 Deixar a Vida Monástica 26 Monjas Budistas 26 O Vinaya e o Patimokkha 27 Ofensas 28 Principais Grupos de Regras do Patimokkha 28 a) As quatro Parajika — Aquelas que Derrotam 28 b) As Treze Sanghadisesa — Que Requerem Reuniões Formais da Comunidade 28 c) As Duas (Aniyata) Incertezas — Indefinido ou Indeterminado 29 d) As 30 Nissaggiya Pacittiya — Confissão com Renúncia 29 e) As 92 Pacittiya – Expiação através da Confissão 29 f) As Quatro Patidesaniya – Que Devem ser Reconhecidas 29 g) As 75 Sekhiyavatta – Treinamentos 29 h) As Sete Adhikaranasamatha – Resolução de Problemas 30 Cometer Ofensas 30 Modernização? Os Grandes Critérios 30 Severidade e Culpar os Outros 31 Terceira Parte 33 As Regras do Patimokkha 33 ( I ) Ser Inofensivo 33 Assassinato 33 Matar 34 Destruir Vegetação 35 (II) Relacionar-se 36 Relação Sexual 37 Intimidade — O Contato Físico 37 Flertar 38 Proposiçoes e/ou Insinuações 39 Atuar como Casamenteiro 39 Estar Sozinho com uma Mulher 40 Falar em Particular 42 Hospedar-se Juntamente com Mulheres 42 Viajar Junto 44 (III) Possessões e Oferendas 44 Os Quatro Requisitos: O que um Bhikkhu Necessita? 45 Um Bhikkhu Pede Esmola? 46 Como Ajudar um Bhikkhu - Convite 46 O Que um Bhikkhu Possui? 48 Recebimento de Oferendas de Maneira Incorreta 49 O que pode ser Oferecido? 50 VESTIMENTA: OS MANTOS 50 Esboço dos Painéis de um Manto 50 A Ocasião para a Oferta do Manto 52 A OFERENDA DA COMIDA 52 A Coleta da Comida 53 Receber e Comer o Alimento Oferecido 53 A Hora de Comer 55 Os Quatro Tipos de Comestíveis 56 Misturar Comestíveis 56 Oferecendo ‘Comestíveis’ 56 Como fazer uma oferenda 57 Armazenar Comida 58 Convites para Refeições 58 Ingestão de Carne 60 A Oferenda de Frutas: Kappiya 61 Alimentar-se na Selva 62 Sucos de Frutas 62 MEDICAMENTOS OU TÔNICOS 63 MEDICAMENTOS PARA TODA VIDA 64 DROGAS E ÁLCOOL 65 VALORES E DINHEIRO 66 Roubar 66 Bhikkhus e a Riqueza 66 Dinheiro 67 Cheques, Cartões de Crédito, etc. 69 A Concessão Mendaka 69 O Administrador de um Bhikkhu 70 Transações de Compra e Venda 71 Trocas ou negociações 71 Coisas 'Intocáveis'? 72 MORADIA 72 Alojamentos Luxuosos 73 Mobília 73 (IV) Modo de Vida Correto para os bhikkhus 74 Ensinar o Dhamma 74 Roubo Através de Falsas Alegações 75 Comportamento Apropriado Fora do Monastério 76 Socializar e Recurso Não Apropriado 77 Formas Incorretas de Comportamento 78 Modo de Vida Incorreto 79 Corromper Famílias 79 Intrometer-se nas Famílias 80 (V) Diversos 81 Disputas 81 As Escolas do Budismo 82 Etiqueta/Cerimonial 83 Nomes e Formas de Tratamento 84 Pavarana (Convites) e suas Histórias de Origem 85 Outros comentários sobre os medicamentos tônicos 86 O que Buda disse sobre Bhikkhus e dinheiro 87 Cetiyas 88 Apêndices 88 Apêndice A: Preceitos leigos 88 Os Cinco Preceitos 89 Os Oito Preceitos 89 Uposatha - Dias de Observação Especial de Preceitos 90 Os Dez Preceitos 90 Apêndice B: As Outras Regras do Patimokkha 90 Fala Correta 91 Ação Correta 91 Modo de Vida Correto 91 Comida 93 Moradia 93 Tigelas e Outros Requisitos 94 Harmonia da Comunidade 94 As Regras do Contemplativo 97 Ingerindo a Comida Recebida 98 Apêndice C: Pronúncia em Pali 98 Apêndice D: Exemplos da Prática do Vinaya 100 Australia: Monastério Bodhinyana 100 Nova Zelândia: Monastério Bodhinyanarama 103 Tailândia: Wat Pah Nanachat 104 Conselho de uma Mulher Ocidental 107 Prática Sugerida pelo Templo Auckland 108 Um Monastério Tailandês na Austrália 109 As Coisas Corretas que devem ser feitas ao Ofertar 109 Dicas gerais, O que deve ser Observado 109 Oferecer Comida 110 Próximo da plataforma/assento monástico 110 Na Coleta de Comida de Oferenda 111 Oferecer um Dana que Não Seja Comida 111 Modos de se Relacionar com os Monges 112 Abreviações 113 Referências 113 Bibliografia 114 A Disciplina objetiva a contenção, A contenção objetiva a falta de arrependimento A falta de arrependimento objetiva a satisfação A satisfação objetiva o êxtase, O êxtase objetiva a calma, A calma objetiva a felicidade, A felicidade objetiva a concentração, A concentração objetiva o conhecimento e visão das coisas como elas são, O conhecimento e visão das coisas como elas são objetivam o desencantamento, O desencantamento objetiva a libertação, A libertação objetiva o conhecimento e visão da libertação, O conhecimento e visão da libertação objetivam o parinibana sem apego. -Parivāra.XII.2 (BMC p.1) À Minha Mãe In memoriam Prefácio Amigos Budistas da Malásia pediram para explicar sobre as regras do Vinaya i que guiam a vida dos monges Budistas - especialmente sobre monges ou bhikkhus ii da linhagem Theravada. Nós, monges, já temos vários textos eruditos em inglês para nos ajudar, portanto agora um ‘guia simplificado para leigos’ parece apropriado. (Esse trabalho entretanto lida especificamente com homens. À medida que as mulheres que renunciaram à vida leiga, as monjas, forem encontrando o seu lugar elas estarão em posição de explicar as suas próprias regras). Meu objetivo foi de ilustrar aquelas regras dos monges que também afetam as pessoas leigas de alguma forma iii. Num primeiro momento pretendia lidar com apenas algumas poucas questões, mas acabou crescendo com as sugestões de pessoas e se transformando num trabalho mais completo, numa fonte de informação. (Originalmente foi circulado numa impressão feita num computador e a recepção positiva encorajou a mudança completa e revisão incorporando muitas das sugestões que me foram enviadas). Ainda assim, a melhor introdução continua sendo um bhikkhu com uma boa prática, que mostra em meio a inúmeras coisas do mundo material ser possível viver uma vida simples desde que com toda a atenção – daí as várias regras monásticas – assim como era no tempo do Buda. A seção original Perguntas de Principiantes foi mantida, (com alguma revisão), mas foi mudada para a parte da frente como um sumário geral do tipo de perguntas respondidas no livro. São mencionadas as últimas explicações, para maiores detalhes, que podem ser encontradas não só no texto principal, mas nas Notas Finais, Notas de rodapé, Glossário e Apêndices. Tentei também incluir explicações amplas no texto principal para que, enquanto a regra atual esteja fielmente reproduzida – incluindo algumas variações de tradução – os diferentes modos pelos quais os monges realmente as colocam em prática sejam cobertos. Embora alguém possa pensar que sabe tudo sobre os ‘seus bhikkhus’, em outras partes as coisas dificilmente são as mesmas, e algumas vezes de uma maneira chocante. Algumas vezes, os bhikkhus realmente seguem as regras de modo diferente, de acordo com as suas tradições, e estas páginas podem ajudar a explicar os ‘porquês’ e as razões da prática deles. A minha própria perspectiva vem de vinte anos como bhikkhu nos monastérios da tradição de florestas da Tailândia (e agora mais de cinco anos no ‘ocidente’), portanto estou bem consciente de que este guia precisa de mais informação sobre as tradições em outros países. À medida que este livro for lido, vai se tornar claro o quanto dependi de outras pessoas e autoridades. Desejo mencionar especialmente minha gratidão ao Venerável Thanissaro Bhikkhu pela grande contribuição através dos seus comentários sobre as regras dos bhikkhus - O Código Monástico Budista; ao Venerável Thiradhammo Bhikkhu por seu manuscrito - A Herança da Sangha; ao Venerável Brahmavamso Bhikkhu pela permissão para que extraísse das suas Notas do Vinaya; e à Fundação Mahamakut em Bangkok pelos trabalhos publicados sobre as regras dos monges. Pessoas leigas de um grupo de doze países ajudaram com conselhos e sugestões, meus agradecimentos e apreciação vão para todos. Fiquei agradavelmente surpreso pelo fato deles acharam as regras tão fascinantes e dedicarem tanto do seu tempo lendo o manuscrito original com atenção e interesse. E refletindo bem, eles estão certos de se sentirem parte do Dhamma-Vinaya, como o Buda disse: "Bhikkhus, eu prezo a prática correta tanto para o chefe de família como para os ascetas. Chefes de família, bhikkhus, aqueles que deixaram a vida em família como resultado da prática correta, estarão alcançando o verdadeiro caminho, o Dhamma benéfico”. Por favor, lembre-se que a tolerância é sempre importante mesmo que se decida dar um apoio ativo para apenas um só grupo de monges. As páginas seguintes são oferecidas unicamente para lançar a luz da compreensão, pois não devem ser usadas para criar calor e fricção através da crítica do comportamento de outras pessoas. Essa é a essência do Ensinamento do Buda. Um livro grande e pesado de leis pode muito facilmente ser jogado nos outros, esse guia tentará permanecer leve e sem julgamento. Isso dá oportunidade para uma mente aberta e para a flexibilidade para que possamos incluir interpretações distintas. Desse modo, a pessoa pode chegar a uma melhor apreciação e apoiar a comunidade monástica da sua escolha. Finalmente, espero que a mesma tolerância será dada a quaisquer falhas e omissões encontradas neste livro. Não sendo um iluminado ou um acadêmico, posso oferecer apenas uma compilação de trabalhos de outras pessoas e esperar que a maneira pela qual juntei tudo não tenha introduzido muito do meu próprio entendimento e opiniões. (Os parágrafos que contêm opiniões mais gerais ou pessoais estarão sempre marcados com “*”.) Portanto, quaisquer sugestões para aperfeiçoamento oferecidas no Dhamma são sempre bem vindas. Bhikkhu Ariyesako Agosto/1998 Prefácio da tradutora Em 2009 Bhante Vajiro, durante a sua visita ao Brasil, sugeriu que eu traduzisse este livro, que poderia ser de grande utilidade para as comunidades e grupos Budistas lusófonos, visando aqueles que recebem monges no Ocidente, poupando-os de equívocos que por vezes deixam tanto os leigos quanto os monges em situações delicadas.
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