ACJS EXECUTIVE BOARD

1st VICE PRESIDENT PRESIDENT and PRESIDENT ELECT 2nd VICE PRESIDENT Harry Allen Jay Albanese Donna Hale San Jose State University Niagara University Shippensburg University Administration of Justice Political Scn/Crim Just Criminal Justice Dept San Jose, CA 95192 Niagara Univ, NY 14109 Shippensburg, PA 17257

SECRETARYjTREASURER IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Marilyn Chandler Ford Francis Cullen Volusia County Branch Jail University of Cincinnati Caller Service Box 2865 Criminal Justice/Box 210389 Daytona Beach, FL 32120-2865 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389

TRUSTEES AT lARGE

Mittie Southerland Dorothy Taylor Alida Merlo Eastern Kentucky University University of Miami Westfield State College College of Law Enforcement Sociology Dept/Box 248164 Criminal Justice Dept Richmond, KY 40475 Miami, FL 33124-2208 Westfield, MA 01086

REGIONAL. TRUSTEES

REGION 1 - NORTHEAST REGION 2 - SOUTHERN REGION 3 - MIDWEST Eva Buzawa Charles Fields Frank Horvath University of MA-Lowell Appalachian State University Michigan State University Lowell, MA 01854 Boone, NC 28608 East Lansing, MI 48824

REGION 4 - SOUTHWEST REGION 5 - WESTERN/PACIAC Mary Parker Frank Williams III University of Arkansas California State University Little Rock, AR 72204-1099 San Bernardino, CA 92407

PAST PRESIDENTS 1963-1964 Donald F McCall 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1964-1965 Felix M Fabian 1980-1981 Harry More Jr 1965-1966 Arthur F Brandstatter 1981-1982 Robert G Culbertson 1966-1967 Richard 0 Hankey 1982-1983 Larry T Hoover 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1983-1984 Gilbert Bruns 1968-1969 Robert F Borkenstein 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1969-1970 B Earl Lewis 1985-1986 R Paul McCauley 1970-1971 Donald H Riddle 1986-1987 Robert Regoli 1971-1972 Gordon E Misner 1987-1988 Thomas Barker 1972-1973 Richard A Myren 1988-1989 Larry Gaines 1973-1974 William J Mathias 1989-1990 Edward Latessa 1974-1975 Felix M Fabian 1990-1991 Vincent Webb 1975-1976 George T Felkenes 1991-1992 Ben Menke 1976-1977 Gordon E Misner 1992-1993 Robert Bohm 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1993-1994 Francis Cullen 1978-1979 Richter H Moore Jr ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1995 ANNUAL MEETING

MARCH 7-11,1995

BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL

BOSTON, MA

PROGRAM

THEME:

JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS 1995 ACJS PROGRAM MAKERS

PROGRAM Jim Garofalo Gary Cordner Christopher Stormann Southern Illinois University Eastern Kentucky Univ University of Cincinnati COMMITTEE James LeBeau Lynne Goodstein Jennifer Hartman Robert Langworthy, Chair Southern Illinois University Pennsylvania State Univ University of Cincinnati University of Cincinnati William Archambeault Ron Huff Alex Holsinger George Cole Louisiana State University Ohio State University University of Cincinnati University of Connecticut Frankie Bailey Charles Corley Andy Thomas Rolando del Carmen SUNY-Albany Michigan State University University of Cincinnati Sam Houston State Univ James Frank Chinita Heard Beth Sanders Doris MacKenzie University of Cincinnati Univ of Texas-Arlington University of Cincinnati University of Maryland Victor Kappeler Ken Gewerth Cheryl Ringel Bernard McCarthy Eastern Kentucky Univ Saginaw Valley St Univ University of Cincinnati Univ of Centr�1 Florida Mark Hamm Zelma Henriques ACJS NATIONAL Bruce Wolford Indiana State University John Jay College Eastern Kentucky Univ OFFICE STAFF Brent Smith Edmund McGarreli Steve Lab Univ of AL-Birmingham Indiana University Patricia DeLancey Bowling Green St Univ Executive Director Vince Webb AUTHOR-CRITIC Gennaro Vito Univ of Nebraska-Omaha Mary Jo Hardcorn University of Louisvil�e John Whitehead, Chair Secretary Craig Uchida East Tennessee St Univ Dean Champion National Inst of Justice Deanna Fox Minot State University Jeffrey Ross Student Worker Larry Siegel Kent State University David Kalinich Univ of MA-Lowell Pamela Fox Northern Michigan Univ Student Worker Allen Sapp LOCAL Pat Van Voorhis Central Missouri St Univ ARRANGEMENTS Tom Fox University of Cincinnati Student Worker John Crank James Fox, Chair Philip Reichel Boise State University Northeastern University Michael Turner Univ of Northern Colorado Secretary for Membership Larry Gaines Edith Flynn Services Kathleen Maguire Eastern Kentucky Univ Northeastern University SUNY-Albany Vernetta Young Lorraine Green Mitch Chamlin Howard University Northeastern University University of Cincinnati Kip Schlegel Jim Byrne Michael Lynch Indiana University Univ of MA-Lowell Florida State University Beverly Smith AI Cardarelli Alissa Worden Illinois State University SUNY-Albany Don Cochran John Flickinger MA Probation Tom Castellano Tiffin University Southern Illinois University Carol Facella Charles Lindquist Salem State College John Klofas Univ of AL-Birmingham Rochester Inst of Tech Diane Krentzman Dilip Das Stan Stojkovic Western Illinois University Univ of WI-Milwaukee STUDENT HELP Carl Klockars Ralph Weisheit University of Delaware Eric Jefferis Illinois State University University of Cincinnati

2 CONTENTS

PAGE

ALPHA PHI SIGMA 10

ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM 11

ADVERTISERS 126

ABSTRACTS 161

POSTER SESSION ABSTRACTS 272

INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS 277

3 FEATURED SESSIONS

New to the program this year are featured sessions. Nearly two years ago when the Program Committee was assembled each member was asked to put together one or two featured paper panels or roundtables. The only instruction given committee members was that they should assemble a group of participants that they wanted to hear address topics within their area of expertise. The sessions listed below are the product of that effort. All featured sessions will be delivered in Mezzanine rooms Arlington, Berkeley, and Clarendon.

WEDNESDAY

"H. Title Date Time Room

10 Hate Crime and Social Control Policies 3/8/95 8:00 am Arlington 11 Roundtable: Disproportionate Representation of Minorities ... 3/8/95 8:00 am Berkeley 12 Roundtable: Prosecutorial Issues Related to Plea Bargaining 3/8/95 8:00 am Clarendon 27 Key Issues in Risk Assessment, Prediction, and Classification 3/8/95 9:30 am Arlington 28 Race, Crime and Justice: A Sociological Perspective 3/8/95 9:30 am Berkeley 29 White Collar and Corporate Crime 3/8/95 9:30 am Clarendon 44 Convicts and Contexts .,. 3/8/95 12:30 pm Arlington 45 Criminal Justice Administrative Trends ... 3/8/95 12:30 pm Berkeley 46 Roundtable: Rural Justice, Jury Selection, and Tribal Law ... 3/8/95 12:30 pm Clarendon 60 Intermediate Sanctions: A Critical and Prescriptive Overview 3/8/95 2:00 pm Arlington 61 The Criminal Justice System in the Five New German ... 3/8/95 2:00 pm Berkeley 62 Case Processing and the Media 3/8/95 2:00 pm Clarendon 76 Promising Correctional Interventions ... 3/8/95 3:30 pm Arlington 77 Contemporary Issues in British Policing and Jurisprudence 3/8/95 3:30 pm Berkeley 78 Images of Criminal Justice Professionals ... 3/8/95 3:30 pm Clarendon

THURSDAY

91 Crime Prevention and Public Policy 3/9/95 8:00 am Arlington 92 International Perspectives on Organized Crime 3/9/95 8:00 am Berkeley 93 Issues in Criminal Law and Procedure 3/9/95 8:00 am Clarendon 107 Crime Prevention and the Social Environment 3/9/95 9:30 am Arlington 108 Police Cultures 3/9/95 9:30 am Berkeley 109 Community Courts: The Midtown Community Court 3/9/95 9:30 am Clarendon 123 The Community, Victims, and Crime Prevention 3/9/95 12:30 pm Arlington 124 Private Corrections ... 3/9/95 12:30 pm Berkeley 125 Courts and Prosecution in the Future 3/9/95 12:30 pm Clarendon 139 Innovations in Criminological Theory 3/9/95 2:00 pm Arlington 140 Privatization of Criminal Justice ... 3/9/95 2:00 pm Berkeley 141 Roundtable: An Annual Review of Recent U S Supreme 3/9/95 2:00 pm Clarendon 153 Issues in the Study of Macro Social Control 3/9/95 3:30 pm Arlington 154 Corrections in Europe and the Middle East 3/9/95 3:30 pm Berkeley 155 Roundtable: What Law Courses Should be Taught ... 3/9/95 3:30 pm Clarendon

FRIDAY

168 Terrorism 3/1 0/95 8:00 am Arlington 169 Contemporary Delinquency Research 3/1 0/95 8:00 am Berkeley

4 170 Intermediate Sanctions: Evaluative Studies 3/1 0/95 8:00 am Clarendon 184 Roundtable: The Crime Bill and Police Education ... 3/1 0/95 9:30 am Arlington 185 Roundtable: The Needs of Incarcerated Mothers ... 3/1 0/95 9:30 am Berkeley 186 Gangs: Research, Prevention, and Enforcement 3/1 0/95 9:30 am Clarendon 200 Corrections in Asia and Latin America 3/1 0/95 12:30 pm Arlington 201 Women as Victims of Crime 3/1 0/95 12:30 pm Berkeley 202 Roundtable: Leadership Training for Corrections Executives 3/1 0/95 12:30 pm Clarendon 217 Future of Criminal Justice Theory 3/1 0/95 2:00 pm Arlington 218 Issues in the Management of Prisons for Women 3/1 0/95 2:00 pm Berkeley

219 Roundtable: Court Reform Retried ... 3/1 0/95 2:00 pm Clarendon 234 Critical Criminology and Justice 3/1 0/95 3:30 pm Arlington

235 Roundtable: The Development of Delinquency and Drug Use ...3/1 0/95 3:30 pm Berkeley 236 Boot Camp Prisons: The Search for Effective Models 3/1 0/95 3:30 pm Clarendon

251 Computers and Organizations of American Justice . . . 3/1 0/95 5:00 pm Arlington 252 Geography of Crime 3/1 0/95 5:00 pm Berkeley

253 Re-Examining Conventional Wisdom in Sentencing . . . 3/1 0/95 5:00 pm Clarendon

SATURDAY

267 Dimensions of Community Policing 3/1 1/95 8:00 am Arlington 268 Special Prosecutorial Issues 3/1 1/95 8:00 am Berkeley 269 Policy Issues in Correctional Education 3/1 1/95 8:00 am Clarendon 285 Police Abuse of Force 3/1 1/9 9:30 am Arlington 286 Prison-Based Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders 3/1 1/95 9:30 am Berkeley 287 Current Research in Correctional Education 3/1 1/95 9:30 am Clarendon 303 A New Resolution to the Problem of Drugs and Crime ... 3/1 1/95 2:15 pm Arlington 304 Current Issues in Police Civil Liability 3/1 1/95 2:15 pm Berkeley 305 Race, Crime, and Justice: A Legal Perspective 3/1 1/95 2:15 pm Clarendon 321 The Economics of Gang Crime: Recent Research Findings 3/1 1/95 3:45 pm Arlington 322 Fear of Crime, Violence, and Excessive Force ... 3/1 1/95 3:45 pm Berkeley 323 Corrections Management 3/1 1/95 3:45 pm Clarendon

5 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES MINORITIES AND WOMEN SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST TO SECTION

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995 tl. Time Room 4 Gender Bias and Victimology in Historical Perspective 8:00 am Franklin 5 Roundtable: Female Offenders: Fact and Fiction 8:00 am Charles River 9 Roundtable: Prison-Based AIDS Education for Women ... 8:00 am Back Bay 11 Roundtable: Disproportionate Representation of Minorities ... 8:00 am Berkeley 13 Issues and Trends in the Abuse of Women and the Elderly 8:00 am Whittier 20 Programming and Assessment for Youthful Offenders 9: 30 am St James 22 Workshop: HIV Infection in Women's Prisons ... 9:30 am Charles River 28 Race, Crime, and Justice: A Sociological Perspective 9:30 am Berkeley 39 Workshop: Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence ... 12:30 pm Charles River 53 The Impact of Court Decisions on Black and Hispanic Communities 2:00 pm St James 55 Alternative Sentencing for Women 2:00 pm Charles River 63 Workshop: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Dealing with Families ... 2:00 pm Whittier 66 Victimization of Blacks 2:00 pm Beacon Hill 71 Workshop: Pregnant and Post-Partum Incarcerated Women ... 3: 30 pm Charles River 72 Sexual Violence and Rape Laws 3:30 pm Constitution 75 Life Skills Education Programs for Offenders 3: 30 pm Back Bay 79 Domestic Violence and Battered Women 3:30 pm Whittier THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 Section Meeting 4:00 pm Stuart 94 Youth, Guns, and Violence: Prevention Approaches 8:00 am Whittier 95 Minority Youth and Crime: Problems and Solutions 8:00 am White Hill 96 Victimization: Theory, Select Victims 8:00 am Cambridge 99 Race and Related Issues in Capital Punishment 9:30 am Stuart 120 Women in Policing and Corrections: Current Perspectives 12:30 pm Thoreau 126 Minority Criminology Scholars and the New Scientific Revolution 12:30 pm Whittier 132 Wo men and Crime Across Culture and Time 2:00 pm St James FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995 Executive Council Meeting 9:00 am Board 160 Minority Professionals and Law Enforcement 8:00 am Stuart 175 Roundtable: Teaching Race, Class, and Gender in Criminal Justice 8:00 am Lenox 181 Roundtable: Female Offenders: Where have we Been ... 9:30 am Thoreau 185 Roundtable: The Needs of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children 9: 30 am Berkeley 191 Roundtable: Women in Law Enforcement 9: 30 am Lenox 195 Law Enforcement Investigation and Domestic Violence 12:30 pm Charles River 201 Women as Victims of Crime 12:30 pm Berkeley 207 Female Offenders as Victims: Female Victims as Offenders 12: 30 pm Stanbro 218 Issues in Management of Prisons for Women 2:00 pm Berkeley 224 Female Offenders 2:00 pm Stanbro 255 Workshop: Preparing the Criminal Justice Student for a Multicultural World ... 5:00 pm White Hill 256 Women in Crime and Criminal Justice 5:00 pm Cambridge SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995 263 Hate Crimes and Encoded Criminality 8:00 am Constitution 265 Sexual Assault 8:00 am Winthrop 278 Workshop: Critical Thinking: A Self-Esteem Program ... 9:30 am St James 283 Minorities and Women's Issues 9:30 am Winthrop 306 Victims of Stereotypes?: Cops, Women, Child Victims, and Minorities ... 2:15 pm Whittier 330 Workshop: Minorities and Criminal Justice 3:45 pm Emerson

6 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST TO SECTION

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995

24 Roundtable: Proceeds of Crime Investigations in Canada ... 9:30 am Thoreau 30 Non-Western Approaches to Correctional Intervention in the Community ... 9:30 am Whittier 34 Roundtable: Auto Theft as an Example of the South Texas Pipeline Crisis ... 9:30 am Stanbro 45 Criminal Justice Administrative Trends: An International Perspective 12:30 pm Berkeley 48 I nmates, Guards, and Refugees Around the World 12:30 pm White Hill 61 The Criminal Justice System in the Five New German States ... 2:00 pm Berkeley 77 Contemporary Issues in British Policing and Juris Prudence 3:30 pm Berkeley

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995

84 Workshop: International Networking: Building and Using Contacts ... 8:00 am St James 89 International Topics in Criminal Justice 8:00 am Winthrop 92 International Perspectives on Organized Crime 8:00 am Berkeley 97 Crime and Deviance Across Nations 8:00 am Beacon Hill 100 Roundtable: NIJ's International Resources ... 9:30 am St James 104 Roundtable: International Perspectives on Community Policing 9:30 am Thoreau 117 National and International Issues in Delinquency 12:30 pm Franklin 121 Workshop: New Forms of Victimization in Russia 12:30 pm Winthrop 128 Issues in Policing: Cross-National Dimensions 12:30 pm Cambridge 137 Canadian Youth Crime 2:00 pm Winthrop 140 Privatization of Criminal Justice: Perspectives on Int'I Developments 2:00 pm Berkeley 142 Roundtable: Victimology, Victims Advocacy, and Victims Assistance ... 2:00 pm Whittier

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995

Executive Council Meeting 9:00 am Cabot Section Meeting 11: 00 am Charles River 167 Workshop: Student Views on Problems of Doing Research in Comparative Criminal Justice 8:00 am Back Bay 188 Roundtable: Victims of Rape in the Criminal Justice System: A Cross­ Cultural Inquiry 9:30 am White Hill 200 Corrections in Asia and Latin America 12:30 pm Arlington 255 Workshop: Preparing the Criminal Justice Student for a Multicultural World ... 5:00 pm White Hill 258 Workshop: Incentives for Prisoners in England and Wales 5:00 pm Lenox

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995

271 Directions in Corrections: Views from Around the World 8:00 am White Hill 322 Fear of Crime, Violence, and Excessive Force: Int'I Perspectives ... 3:45 pm Berkeley 326 Policing at Different Levels: From Municipal to International 3:45 pm Cambridge 327 An I nternational Perspective on Drugs 3:45 pm Beacon Hill

7 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES COMMUNITY COLLEGE SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST TO SECTION

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995

8 Roundtable: Successful Techniques for Implementing and Using ... 8:00 am Winthrop 18 Roundtable: Teaching Environmental Crime in Criminal Justice ., 9:30 am Lenox 25 Roundtable: Enhancing Learning Options of Crime Prevention Students ... 9:30 am Winthrop 31 Jail Staffing, Training, and Conditions 9:30 am White Hill 35 Roundtable: Practical versus Academic Ethics Training 12:30 pm Lenox 42 Roundtable: The Brave New World: Criminal Justice Educators and the Information Highway 12:30 pm Winthrop 51 Roundtable: An Interdisciplinary Curriculum Approach to Criminal Justice ... 2:00 pm Lenox 67 Roundtable: Academic Assessment of Criminal Justice Programs ... 3:30 pm Lenox 81 Roundtable: Issues in Community College Instruction 3:30 pm Cambridge

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 Executive Council Meeting 2:30 pm Statler Section Meeting 3:30 pm Thoreau 85 Criminal Justice Teaching and Employment 8:00 am Franklin 90 Workshop: New Generation Jail Training: An Academician's Involvement ... 8:00 am Back Bay 98 New Directions in Criminal Justice Education 8:00 am Lenox 114 Diversity and Criminal Justice Education 9:30 am Lenox 130 Criminal Justice Education: Content and Delivery Systems 12:30 pm Lenox 144 Police Education: Controversies and Conflicts 2:00 pm Cambridge 155 Roundtable: What Law Courses Should be Taught in Criminal Justice .. 3:30 pm Clarendon 158 Police Education: New Directions 3:30 pm Cambridge

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995 163 Police Management Training 8:00 am Charles River 175 Roundtable: Teaching Race, Class and Gender in Criminal Justice 8:00 am Lenox 179 Examining the Status of Police Selection and Training 9:30 am Charles River 184 Roundtable: The Crime Bill and Police Education 9:30 am Arlington 192 Teaching Criminal Justice Education: Issues and Approaches 12:30 pm Stuart 194 Computer-Based Technologies and the Future of Law Enforcement 12:30 pm Franklin 208 Workshop: Cultural Competencies in Criminal Justice 12:30 pm Lenox 209 Assessing Criminal Justice Education 2:00 pm Stuart 211 Issues in Computer-Based Information Management Technologies 2:00 pm Franklin 222 Teaching Community Policing 2:00 pm Cambridge 227 Current Issues and Trends in Criminal Justice Education 3:30 pm St James 239 Police Organization, Hiring, and Education 3:30 pm Cambridge 242 Roundtable: Criminal Justice Student Groups on College Campuses 3:30 pm Lenox 246 Research and Issues in Criminal Justice Education 5:00 pm Charles River 255 Workshop: Preparing the Criminal Justice Student for a Multicultural World ... 5:00 pm White Hill

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995 262 Police Training and the Use of Force 8:00 am Charles River 293 Workshop: Criminal Justice Education and the Humanities 9:30 am Lenox 311 Roundtable: The Growth of Criminal Justice Programs ... 2:15 pm Lenox 312 Roundtable: Writing a Criminal Justice Text 2:15 pm Emerson 316 Specialized Police Training 3:45 pm Charles River 319 Roundtable: The Pro's and Con's of a National Police Officer Exam 3:45 pm Winthrop 8 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES POLICE SECTION PANELS OF INTEREST TO SECTION

There are more police-related panels this year than can be listed on one page -- at least 63 -­ They are scheduled throughout the program.

In lieu of trying to identify every police-related panel, we have chosen to list just the program's featured panels and other special sessions.

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8,1995

Time Room

77 Contemporary Issues in British Policing and Jurisprudence 3:30 pm Berkeley

THURSDAY, MARCH 9,1995

108 Police Cultures 9:30 am Berkeley

Plenary: Urban Disarmament: Community Policing Against Gun Crime 11 :00 am Georgian

FRIDAY, MARCH 10,1995

184 The Crime Bill and Police Education: A Great LEEP Forward? 9:30 am Arlington

Police Section Meeting 5:00 pm Beacon Hill

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995

Didactic: Evaluation of Community Policing 8:00 am Gloucester

267 Dimensions of Community Policing 8:00 am Arlington

285 Police Abuse of Force 9:30 am Arlington

304 Current Issues in Police Civil Liability 2:15 pm Berkeley

322 Fear of Crime, Violence, and Excessive Force: International Perspectives on Their Connection to Police Leadership, Accountability, and Professionalism 3:45 pm Berkeley

9 ALPHA PHI SIGMA

NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE HONOR SOCIETY 1995 CONVENTION AGENDA MARCH 7-11, 1995

TUESDAY, MARCH 7,1995

4:00 pm - 7:00 pm Reg istration Imperial Ballroom

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8,1995

8:00 am - 5:00 pm Registration Imperial Ballroom

9:30 am - 10:30 am Awards Committee Meeting Board

10:30 am - 11:30 am Executive Board Meeting Board

1 :30 pm - 2:30 pm Welcome Meeting Stanbro

THURSDAY, MARCH 9,1995

8:00 am - 5:00 pm Registration Imperial Ballroom

10:00 am - 12:00 pm General Meeting Stanbro Officer's Reports

1:30 pm - 2:30 pm Candidate Speeches Stanbro

2:45 pm - 3:45 pm Constitution Committee Meeting Stanbro

7:30 pm - 9:00 pm Reception TBA

FRIDAY, MARCH 10,1995

9:00 am - 10:00 am Registration Imperial Ballroom

9:00 am - 11:00 am General Meeting Stanbro Elections of New Officers and Inductions

11 :00 am - 12:00 pm Guest Speaker: Jack Levin on "Serial Murders" Stanbro

1:30 pm - 3:00 pm Incoming and Outgoing Speeches Cabot Presentation of National Awards Unfinished Business

SATURDAY, MARCH 11,1995

10:00 am - 12:00 pm Executive Board Meeting Alcott

10 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1995 ANNUAL MEETING

BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL BOSTON, MA

MARCH 7-11, 1995

THEME:

JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS

TUESDAY, MARCH 7, 1995

9:30 am-7:00 pm ACJS Executive Board Meeting Alcott 4:00 pm-7:00 pm ACJS Registration Imperial Ballroom 4:00 pm-7:00 pm Alpha Phi Sigma Registration Imperial Ballroom

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995

8:00 am-1 2:00 pm Didactic: "Gangs in America: An Overview" Gloucester 8:00 am-5:00 pm ACJS Registration Imperial Ballroom 8:00 am-5:00 pm Alpha Phi Sigma Registration Imperial Ballroom 8:00 am-5:00 pm Employment Exchange Open Dartmouth/Exeter 9:00 am-1 0:00 am New ACJS Executive Board Members Orientation Alcott 9:00 am-5:00 pm Exhibits Open Imperial Ballroom 9:30 am-1 0:30 am Alpha Phi Sigma Awards Committee Meeting Board 10:00 am-1 1 :00 am 1995-1996 ACJS Constitution & By-Laws Committee Meeting Statler 10:30 am-1 1:30 am Alpha Phi Sigma Executive Board Meeting Board 11:00 am-12:15 pm Plenary Session I Georgian 1 :00 pm-5:00 pm Didactic: "Teaching Victimology" Gloucester 1:30 pm-2:30 pm Alpha Phi Sigma Welcome Meeting Stanbro 2:00 pm-3:00 pm 1995-1996 ACJS Academic Review Committee Meeting Statler 3:00 pm-4:00 pm 1995-1 996 ACJS Affirmative Action Committee Meeting Cabot 4:00 pm-5:00 pm Security Section Executive Council Meeting Statler 5:00 pm-6:15 pm Presidential Address Georgian 6:30 pm-8:00 pm Participant's Reception Plaza Ballroom

11 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 1 LENOX

TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE ACADEMIC CERTIFICATION OF CRIMINOLOGISTS

Chair: MARIAN WHITSON, East Tennessee State University

Papers:

"How Practitioners with the JD and PhD Impact Criminology/Criminal Justice Education," RAMONA BROCKETT, Rutgers University

"Multiculturalism and Content-Relevant Criminal Justice Education, " EVELYN GILBERT, Westfield State College

"The Professional Degree in Criminal Justice Academia," DELORES JONES, John Jay College

Discussant: TORY CAETI, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 2 STUART PHYSICAL SECURITY TODAY

Chair/Discussant: MAHESH NALLA, Michigan State University

Papers:

"The Changing of the Guard: The Transformation of Campus Security," ANTHONY MICUCCI, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)

"The 'Courtesy Officer' Concept in Apartment Settings," NORMAN BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration

"Preventing Violent Crime in Open Commercial Areas: The Role of a Visible Security Presence at Parking Lot Perimeter Boundaries," R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Fighting Crime in the Workplace and Corporate Incentive Programs," STUART TRAUB, SUNY-Courtland

PANEL 3 ST JAMES

REHABILITATION AND ALTERNATIVE PUNISHMENTS: EVALUATING PROGRAMS AND POLICY

Chair: ANDREW THOMAS, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"Validation of a Virginia Work Release Risk Prediction Model: A Methodology for the Improvement of the Reliability of Correctional Decision Makers," WILLIAM OSBORNE JR, Empire Community College

"Rural Rehabilitative Justice," DUNCAN DURR, Minot State University

"The Effectiveness of Halfway Houses with Felony Probationers," ANDREW THOMAS, EDWARD LATESSA, and ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

"Censoring Problems Associated with Predicting Recidivism Through Hazard Models," MARTIN FLOSS, Hilbert College

Discussant: M A TONI DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

12 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 4 FRANKLIN

GENDER BIAS AND VICTIMOLOGY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Chair/Discussant: FRANK MORN, Illinois State University

Papers:

"The Rights of Crime Victims-A Genealogy," JAMES HALSTED, University of South Florida

"Criminal Lunacy in Early Modern England: Did Gender Make a Difference?" JOEL EIGEN, Franklin and Marshall College

"Without Peers: Gender Bias in Jury Selection, an Historical Review," SUSAN LENTZ and ROBERT CHAIRES, University of Nevada-Reno

"Policing Sound-The Socio-Historical Construction of the Musician as Criminal," STEPHEN MUZZATTI, York University (Canada)

PANEL 5 CHARLES RIVER

ROUNDTABLE : FEMALE OFFENDERS: FACT AND FICTION

Convenor: DIANE WOOD, Social Justice for Women Inc

Participants:

CYNTHIA COLE, Stone Center (Wellesley College) BARBARA MOLLA, Social Justice for Women Inc

PANEL 6 CONSTITUTION

WORKSHOP: PIONEERS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

Convenor: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Participants:

KEVIN COURTRIGHT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania LANETTE MOLONEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania ANDRE THOMPSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania SCOTT HARB, Indiana University of Pennsylvania DAVID GRAFF, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

PANEL 7 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: A SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL-LAW ENFORCEMENT PARTNERSHIP

Co-Convenors: RONALD LOWE SR, Chatham County Police Department MARIE POLITE, Savannah High School

13 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 8 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: SUCCESSFUL TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLEMENTING AND USING ASSESSMENT TO IMPROVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Convenor: ROBERT HANSON, Northern Michigan University

Participants:

JAMES MADDEN, Lake Superior State University PAUL LA NG JR, Radford University

PANEL 9 BACK BAY

ROUNDTA BLE: PRISON-BASED AIDS EDUCATION FOR WOMEN: MEETING THE NEEDS OF A CULTURALLY DIVERSE, HIGH-RISK POPULATION, OR JUST GETTING BY?

Co-Convenors: ANGELA WEST, Indiana State University BILLY LONG, Kentucky Wesleyan College

PartiCipants:

ROSEMARY GIDO, Pennsylvania State University SISTER ROSE SCALONE, Bethany House WILLIAM COLLINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania THEODORE HAMMETT, Abt Associates MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University MALCOLM McCULLOUGH, New York State Department of Health

FEATURE SESSION 10 ARLINGTON

HATE CRIME AND SOCIAL CONTROL POLICIES

Chair: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Confronting Hate Crime: The Structural Effects of Hate Crime Legislation in Canada," JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

"Hate Crime Laws: Problems, Pitfalls, and Unintended Consequences," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

"The First Link: Report to the Congress on Juvenile Hate/Bias Crime," RICHARD BALL, West Virginia University and G DAVID CURRY, University of Missouri-St Louis

"Predictors of Hate Crime Events," DON GREEN, Yale University

Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

14 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

FEATURE SESSION 11 BERKELEY

ROUNDTABLE : DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF MINORITIES IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM: PAST RESEARCH, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE INITIATIVES

Convenor: CHARLES CORLEY, Michigan State University

Participants:

JAMES BELL, Jackson State University WILLIAM FEYERHERM, Portland State University CORAMAE MANN, Indiana University TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University MICHAEL LINDSEY, Nestor Consultants CARL POPE, University of Wisconsin

FEATURE SESSION 12 CLARENDON

ROUNDTABLE: PROSECUTORIAL ISSUES RELATED TO PLEA BARGAINING

Convenor: DAVID WOODS, Minot State University

Participants:

DARREL LEDUCER, Minot State University HELGA WA LDBAUER, Minot State University DAN OLSEN, Minot State University LESLIE HINTON, Minot State University JULIE PETERSON, Minot State University

PANEL 13 WHITTIER

ISSUES AND TRENDS IN THE ABUSE OF WOMEN AND THE ELDERLY

Chair: ROBIN HAARR, Arizona State University West

Papers:

"Battered Women and the Law: Crisis and Controversy," SLOAN LETMAN, EVON WORTHY, KAREN KINTE, and MARY BEAL, Chicago State University

"Elder Abuse: What are the Problems Inherent in the Study of a "Graying" Populace?" DEANNA ALEXANDER, Virginia Tech

"Abuse of the Elderly: The Invisible Victims," STEVEN COX and MICHAEL GOODMAN, Illinois State University

15 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 14 WHITE HILL

VIOLENCE, SELF-INJURY, AND OTHER CONDITIONS IN JAILS AND DETENTION

Chair: JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

Papers: "Jail Violence from a Public Health Perspective: Some Preliminary Observations," CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama-Birmingham

"Characteristics of New York State Counties and the Correlate of Jail Suicide," CHARLIE CHUKWUDOLUE, Northern Kentucky University

"Bringing Jail Expertise into the Reform of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Detention Centers," MICHAEL WELCH, Rutgers University

Discussant: JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

PANEL 15 CAMBRIDGE

CITIZEN PERSPECTIVES ON COMMUNITY POLICING AND RELATED STRATEGIES

Chair/Discussant: ANGELO PISANI JR, St John's University

Papers: "Customers of COP Training: Who are They and What do They Need to Know?" MICHAEL DONAHUE, Armstrong State College and VANCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department

"Community Policing and Citizen Surveys: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Neighborhoods on Issues of Police Satisfaction, Quality of Life, and Perceived Problems in the Community," LINDA SMITH and CHRISTINE SELLERS, University of South Florida

"Citizen Perspectives on Community Policing: A Case Study in Athens, Georgia," BRIAN WILLIAMS, University of Georgia

"Telephone Crime Reporting: An Analysis of Public Perceptions," ALEX HOLSINGER and ERIC JEFFERIS, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 16 BEACON HILL SENTENCING ISSUES

Chair: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati

Papers: "Prediction in Criminal Justice: A Prison Likelihood Score," MELISSA MOON, ERIC JEFFERIS, EDWARD LATESSA, LAWRENCE TRAVIS, and ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

"Three Strikes and You're Out: From Rhetoric to Reason," GAIL WILLIAMS and ROBERT BRIODY, Mabel Basset Correctional Center

"A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Virginia Voluntary Sentencing Guidelines on Reducing Unwarranted Sentencing Disparity," SANJEEV SRIDHARAN, Virginia Criminal Justice Research Center

16 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 17 STANBRO

GRADUATE RESEARCH: ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE

Chair: LAURA MORIARTY, Virginia Commonwealth University

Papers:

"Law-Related Education: Testing the Effects on Juveniles," GREG CRAWFORD, Virginia Commonwealth University

"Evaluation of the Virginia Firearms Investigative Task Force," DAVID PANTER, Virginia Commonwealth University

"Consolidating Variables to be Used in Constructing Individual Models of Violent Behavioral Patterns," TOM DOVER, Virginia Commonwealth University

"Prison Riots," JOHNNY HOWELL, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

Discussant: ELIZABETH McCONNELL, Valdosta State University

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 18 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE: TEACHING ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CRIMINOLOGY CURRICULUM

Co-Convenors: YINGYI SITU, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey MARY CLIFFORD, Barry University

Participants: TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville LEROY GREN, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey RAYMOND MICHALOWSKI, Northern Arizona University MARK SEIS, Wheeling Jesuit College NANCY WILSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

PANEL 19 STUART

ACADEMIC SECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS

Chair/Discussant: NORMAN BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration

Papers: "Practitioner's Perceptions of Undergraduate Curriculum in Security Education," MAHESH NALLA, Michigan State University

"New Managerial Perspectives for Sandals Resorts International Security in Jamaica," JAMES OPOLOT, Texas Southern University

"The Hollywood Boulevard Experiment: An Analysis of One Community's Use of Private Security to Supplement Sworn Law Enforcement," HARV MORLEY, California State University-Long Beach

"Card Casino's, Crime and Security Responses," ROBERT MEADOWS, California Lutheran University

17 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 20 ST JAMES

PROGRAMMING AND ASSESSMENT FOR YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS

Chair: JILL GORDON, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"An Evaluation of a Day Treatment Program for Youth at Risk of Out-of-Community Placement," ERIC JENSEN, University of Idaho

"A Comparison of the Self Concepts of High-Risk Non-Delinquent Youths and Imprisoned Young Offenders," ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State University; HIL HARPER, Troy State University; GARY COPUS, University of Alaska-Fairbanks; and THOMAS SULLENBERGER, Southeastern Louisiana University

"Paint Creek Youth Center: A Look at Reconviction," JILL GORDON, EDWARD LATESSA, and JOHN WOOLDREDGE, University of Cincinnati

"Alternatives to Crime for At-Risk Teens in Rural Areas: An Early Identification and Intervention Model," BARBARA HEARD-MUELLER and FREDDIE AVANT, Stephen F Austin State University

PANEL 21 FRANKLIN

THE THREAT OF GANGS, JUVENILES, AND ORGANIZED CRIME

Chair: QUINT THURMAN, Washington State University Spokane

Papers:

"Gang Intervention and Innovation: A Process Evaluation of the Neutral Zone," QUINT THURMAN, Washington State University Spokane and ANDREW GIACOMAZZI, MICHAEL REISIG, and DAVID MUELLER, Washington State University

"Admittance Restricted - Youth as Potential Swarmer," STEPHEN MUZZATI, York University (Canada)

"Victims of the Emerging Asian Racketeering in the United States and Canada," JOHN SONG, SUNY-Buffalo and LYNN HERYSE

"Rural Government Policy to Migratory Youth Gangs," JERROLD BEYER, Mankato State University

PANEL 22 CHARLES RIVER

WORKSHOP: HIV INFECTION IN WOMEN'S PRISONS: RESPONSES TO A GROWING CRISIS

Convenor: CAROLYN STEVENSON, Social Justice for Women Inc

Participants:

KATHY BLUMENTHAL, Great Brook Valley Health Center

ELLY ANDUJAR, Social Justice for Women Inc

REGIN McLEAN, Social Justice for Women Inc

18 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 23 CONSTITUTION

WORKSHOP: GETTING INVOLVED IN ACJS COMMITTEE WORK

Convenor: DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

Participants: LYN ETTE FEDER, Florida Atlantic University KAREN CASEY, Florida Atlantic University VICTOR KAPPELER, Eastern Kentucky University DOROTHY TAYLOR, University of Miami

PANEL 24 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE: PROCEEDS OF CRIME INVESTIGATIONS IN CANADA: A MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL APPROACH FOR TARGETING ORGANIZED CRIME

Convenor: CHRIS WALKER, Solicitor General of Canada

Participants: WAYNE BLACKBURN, Proceeds of Crime Unit (Toronto) GARY NICHOLS, Proceeds of Crime Unit (Toronto) CROFT MICHEALSON, Procceds of Crime Unit (Toronto) DIANE MOMBOUQUET, Proceeds of Crime Unit (Toronto)

PANEL 25 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: ENHANCING LEARNING OPTIONS OF CRIME PREVENTION STUDENTS THROUGH INTEGRATION OF COMPUTERIZED STUDY UNITS

Convenor: GAY YOUNG, Johnson County Community College

Participant: JAMES WEAVER, Overland Park Police Department

PANEL 26 BACK BAY

PRISON STRUCTURE, REHABILITATION, AND RECIDIVISM: CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS

Chair: JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

Papers: "Predicting Post-Prison Release Recidivism: WRAT and BETA," JANET WILSON, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

"Prison Regime and Recidivism," DENNIS STEVENS, Mount Olive College

"Do-it-Yourself Rehabilitation: Participant Observation of Alternatives to Violence Workshops in a Medium Security Prison," EDWARD SABIN, Towson State University

"Predicting Public Support for Electronic House Arrest: Results from a New York County Survey," PRESTON ELROD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte and MICHAEL P BROWN, Ball State University

Discussant: JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

19 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8,1995,9:30 am-10:45 am

FEATURE SESSION 27 ARLINGTON

KEY ISSUES IN RISK ASSESSMENT, PREDICTION, AND CLASSIFICATION

Chair: PATRICIA VAN VOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"What you Want Isn't Always What you Get: A Cautionary Tale of Risk Prediction in Criminal Justice," PETER JONES, Temple University

"Current Developments and Legal Trends in Classification," JAMES MARQUART and STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University and BARBARA BELBOT, University of Houston-Downtown

"Long-term Risk of Men Released from Prison," JAMES BONTA, Solicitor General Canada

"MMPI-2 Typology: New Developments and the Extension of the Typology to Female Inmates," JOYCE CARBONNEL and EDWIN MEGARGEE, Florida State University

"Using Expert System Technology for Offender Assessment and Correctional Decision Making," LARRY MOTIUK, Correctional Service of Canada

Discussant: PATRICIA VAN VOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

FEATURE SESSION 28 BERKELEY

RACE, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Chair: ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

Papers:

"Unequal Justice a Question of Color?" CORAMAE MANN, Indiana University

"Race and Legal Socialization Among Adolescent Males," DELORES JONES, John Jay College

"Alienation Among Minority Offenders," BECKY TATUM, University of Chicago

"Black Male Violence," WILLIAM OLIVER, Indiana University-Bloomington

Discussant: ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

20 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

FEATURE SESSION 29 CLARENDON WHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME

Chair: KIP SCHLEGEL, Indiana University-Bloomington

Papers: "Computer Crime: Hackers, Phreaks, and Cyberpunks," STEPHEN ROSOFF, University of Houston; HENRY PONTELL, University of California-Irvine; and ROBERT TILLMAN, St John's University

"Corporate Crime and the Culture of Enforcement," KATHERINE JAMIESON, University of North Carolina­ Charlotte

"Agency Relationships and the Enforcement of Securities Offenses," KIP SCHLEGEL, DAVID EITEL, and STEVEN GUNKEL, Indiana University-Bloomington

"Firm Size, Ownership Structure, and Successful Corporate Prosecution: An Analysis of Post-Guideline Cases," WILLIAM LAUFER and ADAM SUNDOR, University of Pennsylvania

PANEL 30 WHITTIER NON-WESTERN APPROACHES TO CORRECTIONAL INTERVENTION IN THE COMMUNITY WITH NATIVE POPULATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA

Chair: TROY ARMSTRONG, California State University-Sacramento

Papers: "Aboriginal Crime and the Community Response in Canada's Northern Territories," KURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University

"Inquiry into Context of Juvenile Crime on Reservations: A Participatory Methodology," MICHAEL GUILFOYLE and KAREN GUILFOYLE, University of Idaho

"Doing Correctional Aftercare with Delinquent Youth in Indian Country: Problems and Strategies in Structured Transitioning," TROY ARMSTRONG, California State University-Sacramento

"Citizen Involvement in Aboriginal and Urban Community Justice: Some Parallels," GORDON BAZEMORE, Florida Atlantic University and KURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University

PANEL 31 WHITE HILL JAIL STAFFING, TRAINING, AND CONDITIONS

Chair/Discussant: STAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Papers: "Service v Security: Gender, Roles and Staff Training in Contemporary Jails," MARY STOHR and MARCIA WOOD, Boise State University

"Staff Training and Officer Literacy: Moving from Traditional to Professional Approaches," JEANNE STINCHCOMB, Barry University

"A Standardized Curriculum for Correctional Officers: History and Rationale," PAUL HAHN, Xavier University

"A Study of Conditions of Jails in Bangladesh," MOHAMMED KASHEM, University of Baltimore

21 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8,19 95, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 32 CAMBRIDGE

EVALUATING COMMUNITY POLICING INITIATIVES

Chair/Discussant: ROBIN SHEPARD, SUNY-Albany

Papers: "Community Policing: Three Models in Three Cities," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

"Community Policing in the "Projects"," MICHAEL BROWN and CAROL VENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

"Problem Oriented Policing in a Mid-Size Police Department: Improvement Through a Management and Training Interactive Model," CYNTHIA PHILLIPS, University of Texas-Permian Basin and PEDRO MONTOYA, St Mary's University

"The Content of Community Policing: Does it Really Differ from Traditional Police Work," JAMES FRANK and CORY WATKINS, University of Cincinnati and STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

PANEL 33 BEACON HILL FEAR OF CRIME: INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS AND CONTEXTS

Chair/Discussant: JAMES GAROFALO, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Papers: "The Attitudes of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Professionals Toward a Maximum Security Adult Correctional Facility Located in their Community," KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College and SLOAN RITCHIE

"Fear of Crime on Campus," JOHN GIBBS, DENNIS GIEVER, and KATE HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Safety Concerns of Small-Town High School Students," JAMES GAROFALO, Southern Illinois University­ Carbondale

"A Study of Stress Perception by Selected State Probation Officers," PHILIP WHISLER, Florida Department of Corrections and WILLIAM BLOUNT, University of South Florida

PANEL 34 STANBRO

ROUNDTABLE: AUTO THEFT AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE SOUTH TEXAS PIPELINE CRISIS: PROBLEMS IN REGULATING THE INCREASED FLOW OF GOODS ACROSS BORDERS

Convenor: ALBERT FLORES, Texas A&M International University

Participants: (all at Texas A&M International University) MARTHA ESPINOZA LIANA HERNANDEZ RICARDO ALVAREZ MICHELLE HINOJOSA JOSIE AGUILLERA GUILLERMO LOPEZ LETICIA ESTRADA FAUSTINO LOPEZ GUSTAVO FRENANDEZ ANNETTE PEREZ JOSE GARCIA SANTANA RODRIGUEZ VERONICA GARCIA ANGELICA ROMERO KIRSTEN GUERRA JORGE VERDIGUEL

22 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 11:00 am-12:15 pm

PLENARY SESSION I GEORGIAN

IS THE LAW DEAD? THE LEGAL CHALLENGE TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE; THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE CHALLENGE TO THE LAW Convenor: MARVIN ZALMAN, Wayne State University

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 35 LENOX ROUNDTABLE: PRACTICAL VERSUS ACADEMIC ETHICS TRAINING

Convenor: NICHOLAS MEIER, Kalamazoo Valley Community College

Participants: DARYL CLOSE, Tiffin University JOYCELYN POLLOCK, Southwest Texas State University FRANK SCHMALLEGER, Justice Research Association

PANEL 36 STUART CRITICAL ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS MANAGEMENT

Chair/Discussant: MARILYN CHANDLER FORD, Volusia County Branch Jail

Papers: "Caveats when Writing a Manual for Corrections Agencies," KATHERINE BENNETT and ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

"Georgia's New Offender Management System: A Preliminary Examination," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University

"Cultural Diversity Training for Correctional Managers: An Evaluation," LAURA MYERS, Sam Houston State University

"An Analysis of the Correlates of Prisoner Misconduct," EUGENE BOULEY JR, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 37 ST JAMES ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS AMONG CORRECTIONAL STAFF AND OFFENDERS

Chair/Discussant: ROSEMARY GIDO, Pennsylvania State University

Papers: "Educational, Behavior Modification, and Vocational Programs in Nebraska: As Perceived by Female Inmates," JOSEPH CARLSON, University of Nebraska-Kearney

"Correctional Officer Attitudes Toward Inmates and Discretionary Rule Enforcement: A Study of Professional Orientation," ROBERT FREEMAN, Shippensburg University

"Inmate Perceptions of Internal and External Grievance Procedures: Obstacles to Successful Resolution," MICHAEL REISIG, NICHOLAS LOVRICH, and OTWIN MARENIN, Washington State University

"Perceptions of Probationers as to the Effectiveness of Disulfiram Treatment," GLENN ZUERN, Armstrong State College

23 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 12:30 pm-1 :4S pm

PANEL 38 FRANKLIN

KEY COURTROOM PARTICIPANTS

Chair: DEBRA COHEN, SUNY-Albany

Papers:

"Taking the Public Defender out of the Aggregate Pool: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to the Study of Public Defender Work Satisfaction," DEBRA COHEN, SUNY-Albany

"East Meets West: A Cross Cultural Comparison of Juror Decision Making in Civil Litigation of Child Sexual Abuse Cases," ELIZABETH TIFFIN, Tiffin University and LYNN FOSTERLEE and ROBERT FOSTERLEE, Northern Territory University (Australia)

"Life and Death Decisions: Interviews with Jurors in Memphis Capital Cases," MARY MOORE, University of Memphis and MARGARET VANDIVER

"Federal District Court Workgroups - Case Dispositions in the Federal Criminal Courts," ANTHONY LaROSE, Washington State University

PANEL 39 CHARLES RIVER

WORKSHOP: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: TREATMENT FOR WOMEN IN PRISON

Convenor: PATRICIA HORNE, Social Justice for Women Inc

Participant:

DOROTHY DUNFORD, Suffolk County Sheriffs Department

PANEL 40 CONSTITUTION

WORKSHOP: EARLY CHICAGO SCHOOL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

Convenor: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Participants: DAVID KING, Indiana University of Pennsylvania VINCENT MILES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania AYN SEDDON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania MICHAEL NOYES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

PANEL 41 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGIES IN OMAHA: WHAT WORKS, WHAT DOESN'T

Convenor: CHRIS MORFELD, University of Nebraska-Omaha

PartiCipants: JULIE PALLAT, University of Nebraska-Omaha CHRIS PECHNIK, University of Nebraska-Omaha

24 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 12:30 pm-1 :4S pm

PANEL 42 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: THE BRAVE NEW WORLD: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS AND THE INFORMATION HIGHWAY

Convenor: SEAN ANDERSON, SUNY-Albany

Participants:

GREGORY HOWARD, SUNY-Albany GRAEME NEWMAN, SUNY-Albany ADAM BOULOUKOS, SUNY-Albany JEFFERY WA LKER, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

PA NEL 43 BACK BAY

INMATE PROGRAMMING AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

Chair: TED MARSHALL, Morehead State University

Papers:

"In-Prison Treatment Programs: An Overview," DEANNA MEYER, St Cloud State University

"Substance Abuse Treatment for Prison Inmates: An Empirical Evaluation of One State's Program," RICHARD SLUDER, Central Missouri State University and MICHAEL VAUGHN, Georgia State University

"Conversion and Development: Illusions of Change in Corrections," KEVIN RYAN and MELVIN MILLER, Norwich University

"Are we Serious About Child Abuse and Family Violence Prevention?" A Prison Inmate/Father Parenting Program," TED MARSHALL, Morehead State University

FEATURE SESSION 44 ARLINGTON

CONVICTS AND CONTEXTS: THE STUDY OF FEDERAL PRISON ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATES

Chair: WILLIAM SAYLOR, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Papers:

"Inmate Perceptions and Conditions in Federal Prisons," CHRISTOPHER INNES, Federal Bureau of Prisons

"Female and Male Perceptions of Career Opportunities and Work Experiences at the Federal Bureau of Prisons," SCOTT CAMP and JENNIFER BATCHELDER, Federal Bureau of Prisons and THOMAS STEIGER, Indiana State University

"Developing Organizational Climate Thresholds and Benchmarks," WILLIAM SAYLOR and EVAN GILMAN, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Discussant: LEO CARROLL, University of Rhode Island

25 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 45 BERKELEY

CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATIVE TRENDS: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Chair: CLYDE CRONKHITE, Western Illinois University

Papers: "Administration of Justice Trends: A View from Scotland," IAN OLIVER, Grampian Police Department (Scotland)

"Police Crime and its Control in Germany: Will it Work Elsewhere?" MANFRED BRUSTEN, Wuppertal University (Germany)

"The American Prospective of Criminal Justice Trends," ELSIE SCOTT, New York City Police Department

"The Italian Approach to Administrating Justice," FRANCESCO CAPOGROSSI (Italy)

"Global Criminal Justice Trends: From a Finnish Point of View," AHTI LAITINEN, University of Turku (Finland) Discussant: WILLIAM TAFOYA, Federal Bureau of Investigation

FEATURE SESSION 46 CLARENDON ROUNDTABLE : RURAL JUSTICE, JURY SELECTION, AND TRIBAL LAW: PROSECUTORIAL DILEMMAS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND IN RURAL AREAS

Convenor: JAMES NELSON, Minot State University

Participants: MARLENE HEINLE, Minot State University MARY ROGERS, Minot State University LESLIE KUNTZ, Minot State University ROMI STADEL, Minot State University BARBARA HOULE , Minot State University LESLIE SOULES, Minot State University DEAN J CHAMPION, Rutgers University

PANEL 47 WHITTIER INMATES, GUARDS, AND REFUGEES AROUND THE WORLD

Chair/Discussnat: KENNETH KERLE, American Jail Association

Papers: "A Comparative Analysis of American and Canadian Correctional Officers," STEPHEN WALTERS, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

"A Comparative Evaluation of Inmate Security Classification Systems in Canada and the United States," CHRISTINE FAMEGA, Minot State University

"Detaining Refugees: A Study of Detention Centers in Western Europe and the U S," LYNNE SNOWDEN, University of North Carolina-Wilmington

"Conferencing: An Australian Initiative," HEATHER STRANG, Australian Institute of Criminology

26 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PA NEL 48 WHITE HILL

ROUNDTABLE: FEDERAL CRIMINAL CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIONS UNDER 18 U.S.C. 241 AND 242: RODNEY KING REVISITED

Convenor: JOSEPH SCURO JR

Participants: GARY SYKES, Southewestern Law Enforcement Institute TERRY EISENBERG, Personnel Performance Inc ROGER SOLOMON, On-Site Academy CHUCK REMSBURG, Calibre Press

PANEL 49 CAMBRIDGE

POLICING THE POLICE

Chair/Discussant: JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

Papers:

"Privacy Rights of Police Officers: An Analysis of Constitutional Protections," WILLIAM BLOSS, University of Houston-Downtown

"Police Policing Themselves: The Processing of Excessive Use of Force Complaints," PETER KRASKA, VICTOR KAPPELER, and JEANNINE MARRON, Eastern Kentucky University

"Dealing with Complaints Against Police: The Resolution Process Adopted by the Queensland State Police, Australia," ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police (Australia)

"Civilian Review of the Police: National Evaluation of the Review Agencies Since 1990," BETSY WRIGHT and SA MUEL WALKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

PANEL 50 BEACON HILL

MULTI- JURISDICTIONAL DRUG ENFORCEMENT GROUPS: ISSUES AND IMPACTS

Chair: ERNEST COWLES, Sangamon State University

Papers:

"Understanding Drug Task Force Organizations: Results from the Illinois Multi-Jurisdictional Task Force Survey," JAMES COLDREN JR and JAMES MciNTOSH, Harvard School of Public Health and CHERYL RINGEL, University of Cincinnati

"How Environmental Context Affects Drug Enforcement Group Impacts," ERNEST COWLES, Sangamon State University and JENNIFER DEWEY and WILLIAM DENISTON, Southern Illiinois University-Carbondale

"Asset Seizure Forfeiture in Drug Enforcement," MICHAEL SABATH, San Diego State University and EDMUND McGARRELL, Indiana University

"Asset Seizure/Forfeiture Law and Practice in Illinois," MARK SMALL, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Discussant: WILLIAM HOLMES, Massachusetts Statistical Analysis Center

27 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 51 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CURRICULUM APPROACH TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN A LIBERAL ARTS OR COMPREHENSIVE UNIVERSITY STRUCTURE

Convenor: JAMES ADAMITIS, University of Dayton

Participants: RICHARD ZEVITZ, Marquette University MICHAEL CARLlE, Southwest Missouri State University PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University STANLEY SHERNOCK, Norwich University

PANEL 52 STUART HAZARDOUS SPACES AND PLACES

Chair: ROLAND REBOUSSIN, FBI Academy

Papers: "Rapist Correlates of the Spatial Distribution of Serial Rapes," ROLAND REBOUSSIN, FBI Academy; JANET WA RREN, University of Virginia; and ROBERT HAZELWOOD, The Academy Group Inc

"Determination of Risk Zones in High Crime Areas," CATHERINE WHEELER, Mercyhurst College

"Weapon Possessions in California Schools," JEFF MELLOW, SUNY-Albany

"Crime Pattern Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems," MONICA ALEXANDER, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

PANEL 53 ST JAMES THE IMPACT OF COURT DECISIONS ON BLACK AND HISPANIC COMMUNITIES

Chair: KATH ERYN RUSSELL, University of Maryland

Papers: "The Decision in McCleskey v Kemp and the Need for Black Communities to Shift Priorities on their Criminal Justice Agendas," AUDRELEE DALLAM, Ball State University

"Misdemeanor Sentencing of Hispanics in the Midwest," KURT SIEDSCHLAW, University of Nebraska-Kearney

"The Representation of Minorities on Appeal: A Research Note," JIMMY WILLIAMS, University of Alabama

PANEL 54 FRANKLIN WESTERN OUTLAWS AND HARLOTS

Chair/Discussant: FRANK MORN, Illinois State University

Papers: "Texas Outlaws, Texas Prisons," MITCHEL ROTH, Sam Houston State University

"Year of Illusion: Military Control of Prostitution 1916-1917," TOM HAWLEY, Mesa Community College

"An Interdisciplinary Research Design: William C Quantrill-The Father of American Banditry," LOFTIN WOODIEL, Saint Louis University

28 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PA NEL 55 CHARLES RIVER

WORKSHOP: ALTERNATIVE SENTENCING FOR WOMEN: EFFECTIVE INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSING WOMEN

Convenor: SARAH HUNT, Social Justice for Women Inc

Participants:

PRISCILLA DAMON, Social Justice for Women Inc

MARY BUTLER, Suffolk County Sheriff's Department

KATHY DEVANEY, Women in Community Service Inc

PANEL 56 CONSTITUTION

ROUNDTABLE: WORKPLACE VIOLENCE: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION

Convenor: DEE HARPER JR, Loyola University-New Orleans

Participants:

WILLIAM THORNTON, Loyola University-New Orleans

LYD IA VOIGT, Loyola University-New Orleans

PANEL 57 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE

Convenor: JOHN CAMPBELL, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Participant:

SUSAN FOX, Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PANEL 58 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: IMPLEMENTING LAW-RELATED EDUCATION IN JUVENILE JUSTICE

Convenor: KEVIN MINOR, Eastern Kentucky University

Participants:

JAMES W FOX, Eastern Kentucky University

MARSHA MINOR, Clark-Moores Middle School

DEBORAH WILLIAMSON, Administrative Office of the Courts

29 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 59 BACK BAY

POTPOURRI OF ISSUES WITHIN AMERICAN CORRECTIONS

Chair: PAUL O'CONNELL, lona College

Papers:

"Private Corrections: From Early Institutions to the Correctional Corporation of America," HUGH O'ROURKE, Westchester Community College and PAUL O'CONNELL, lona College

"An Evaluation of the Massachusetts Department of Correction's Electronic Monitoring Program," JANET KNIGHT and JOANNA HELIOTIS, Massachusetts Department of Correction

"A Validation Study of the Recidivism Risk Assessment Instrument for Male Massachusetts State Prison Inmates," JOANNA HELIOTIS and MICHAEL SHIVELY, Massachusetts Department of Correction

"Decisions to Test for HIV in Prison: Results from a Survey of Prisoners Entering the New York State Correctional System," JAMES TESORIERO, New York State Department of Health

"A Vector Autoregression Approach to Local Responsible Jail Population," SANJEEV SRIDHARAN, Virginia Criminal Justice Research Center

Discussant: JOANNA HELIOTIS, Massachusetts Department of Corrections

FEATURE SESSION 60 ARLINGTON

INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS: A CRITICAL AND PRESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW

Chair: TODD CLEAR, Rutgers University

Papers:

"Intermediate Sanctions: Developing an Intermediate Punishment Systems Model," HELEN CORROTHERS, National Institute of Justice

"Intermediate Sanctions: How to Do Them Right," JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency

"An Integration of Research Findings on Intermediate Sanctions: Implications for Program Development," DALE PARENT, Abt Associates

"Lessons from the Intermediate Sanctions Movement," JAMES BYRNE, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Discussant: TODD CLEAR , Rutgers University

30 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

FEATURE SESSION 61 BERKELEY

THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE FIVE NEW GERMAN STATES AFTER UNIFICATION-OR: MICKEY MOUSE ENCOUNTERS KING KONG

Chair: UWE EWALD, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

Papers:

"The Criminal Prosecution of GDR Judges-Symbolism and Legal Conversion, HOWARD DeNIKE

"Legal Questions in the Trial of Markus Wolf," NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina

"Legal Solutions to East German Government Criminality and Trends in Modern Criminal Justice," VOLKMAR SCHONEBURG, University of Berlin-Humboldt (Germany)

"TBA," INGA MARKOVITS, University of Texas

"Attitudes of People in the Former GDR Toward Institutions of the CJS," UWE EWALD, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

Discussant: DETLEF KRAUB, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Germany)

FEATURE SESSION 62 CLARENDON CASE PROCESSING AND THE MEDIA

Chair: RAY SURRETTE , Florida International University

Papers:

"News Media Echoes: Conditioning the Criminal Justice System," RAY SURETTE, Florida International University

"Television Coverage of the Antipornography Debate," CECIL GREEK, University of South Florida and WILLIAM THOMPSON, University of Reading (England)

"The Impact of Pretrial Publicity on Death Penalty Cases," STEVEN CHERMAK and MARLA SANDYS, Indiana University-Bloomington

"Media Influenced Perceptions of Drug Use and Crime," SUSAN PEASE and DEBRA STANLEY, Central Connecticut State University

Discussant: GREGG BARAK, Eastern Michigan University

PANEL 63 WHITTIER

WORKSHOP: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO DEALING WITH FAMILIES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Convenor: GAY YOUNG, Johnson County Community College

31 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 64 WHITE HILL

CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS AND THE CONSTITUTION

Chair: KATHERINE BENNETT, Sam Houston State University

Papers: "0 J Simpson and the Constitution," MICHAEL ISRAEL, Kean College

"Juveniles Wave Goodbye to Their Rights: A State Statutory and Case Law Analysis of Juvenile Waiver of Rights," TORY CAETI and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University

"A Defendant's Sixth Amendment Confrontation Right With a Child Sexual Abuse Victim," ALVIN TRANSEAU, Southeast Missouri State University

"Harris v. Alabama: Can a Trial Judge Overrule a Jury's Recommendation of Life in Prison Without Parole in a Capital Case?" CHADWICK SHOOK and JAMES SPARKS, University of Alabama

PANEL 65 CAMBRIDGE DEVIANCE AND THE POLICE

Chair: MITTIE SOUTHERLA ND, Murray State University

Papers: "The Organizational Environment and Deviance in Law Enforcement," RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University

"Privacy in Policing: Ethical and Legal Implications," ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas-Tyler

"Controlling Police Deviance," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

"Psychological Dimensions Affecting Police Integrity," HOWARD TIMM, PERSEREC

PANEL 66 BEACON HILL VICTIMIZATION OF BLACKS

Chair/Discussant: ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

Papers:

"Lynching, Capital Punishment and the Subculture of Violence Theory," JAMES CLARKE, University of Arizona

''TBA,'' JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey ''TBA,'' KAYLENE EKEH, California State University-Sacramento ''TBA,'' ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 67 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE : ACADEMIC ASSESSMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS: PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

Convenor: MARY PARKER, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

32 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 68 STUART

DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED INMATES

Chair: DELORES CRAIG, Wichita State University

Papers: "Critical Variables in the Identification of Developmentally Disabled Inmates," GALAN JANEKSELA, Wichita State University

"Megargee Classifications of Developmentally Disabled Inmates," LEN ICE BRIGHT, Wichita State University

'Two to Six the Hard Way," JOHN FINN, New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities

"Language Skills Development in the Developmentally Disabled Inmate Population," DELORES CRAIG, Wichita State University

PANEL 69 ST JAMES AUTHORS MEET CRITICS THE ROPE, THE CHAIR, AND THE NEEDLE: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN TEXA S, 1923-1990 by JAMES MARQUART, SHELDON EKLAND-OLSON, and JONATHAN SORENSEN

Chair: JOHN SMYKLA, University of Alabama

Critics: MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville

PA NEL 70 FRANKLIN CORRECTIONAL HISTORY

Chair/Discussant: BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University

Papers: "Correctional Reform and the 18th Century British Novel," MICHAEL MEYER, University of North Dakota

"Parole Process and Outcome Under Determinate Sentencing: A Study of the History of Parole in Ohio," SHAWN SCHWANER, Ohio State University

"Women as County Jail Admissions: A Case Study from Rural Illinois, 1905-1 945, " BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University

"Five Slices of Continental Ciminal Justice History," G 0 W MUELLER, Rutgers University

PANEL 71 CHARLES RIVER WORKSHOP: PREGNANT AND POST-PARTUM INCARCERATED WOMEN: COMMUNITY-BASED SOLUTIONS

Convenor: PHYLLIS BUCCIO-NOTARO, Social Justice for Women Inc

Participants: DIANE WOOD, Social Justice for Women Inc BARBARA MOLLA, Social Justice for Women Inc

33 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 72 CONSTITUTION

SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND RAPE LAWS

Chair: ANN CLARK-CRUMMIE, The Raintree Clinic

Papers:

"The Role of Fantasy in Sexual Violence and Serial Murder," ANN CLARK-CRUMIE, The Raintree Clinic

"Adolescent Sex Offenders Grown Up: Recidivism in Young Adulthood," RON SIPE, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare and ERIC JENSEN, University of Idaho

"Whether or Not Abortion on Grounds of Rape Should be Encouraged in Ghana," KOFI TEKYI, JUDITH YEBOAH, and BENJAMN TURKSON

"The False Memory Syndrome: Clinical/Legal Issues for the Prosecution," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University

PANEL 73 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: CONFRONTING POLICE DEATH

Convenor: ANN WINTON, John Jay College

Participants:

ELI SILVERMAN, John Jay College

ERIC METCHIK, Salem State College

PAUL NASSAR, Anderson & Nasser

CARMEN SOLIS, John Jay College

ARTHUR KNOUR, New York Police Department

PANEL 74 WINTHROP

WORKSHOP: CONCERNS AND DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH METHODS

Convenor: DAVID MACKEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Participants:

KATE HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

KEVIN COURTRIGHT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

LANETTE MOLONEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

DENNIS GIEVER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

34 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 75 BACK BAY

LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR OFFENDERS

Chair: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Life Skills for the Incarcerated," RICHARD ANDERSON and PAULA MILLER, Florida Community College­ Jacksonville and LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida

"Preliminary Results of the LASER Project," M A TONI DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

"Delaware's Life Skills Program: A First Year Process and Outcome Evaluation," LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida and BRUCE HOBLER, Delaware Department of Corrections

"Corrections Transition for Women Inmates," REGINA SHEARN and BARRY ZA BIELINSKI, Florida International University

Discussant: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

FEATURE SESSION 76 ARLINGTON

PROMISING CORRECTIONAL INTERVENTIONS: REPLICATION IS PAST DUE

Chair: WAYNE WELSH, Temple University

Papers:

"Youth Advocacy: A Promising Approach to Delinquency Reduction," PHILIP HARRIS, Temple University

"How to Make a Work Program Work! Why the Classic Behavioral Enployment Intervention Program Reduced ReCidivism," PAUL GENDREAU, University of New Brunswick (Canada)

"Community Based Treatment of Adult Sex Offenders: The Northwest Treatment Associates Model," PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University

"Personality Assessments and the Responsivity Principle: Efficient Models for Recognizing Important Differences Among Offenders," PATRICIA VAN VOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

Discussant: WAYNE WELSH, Temple University

35 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 77 BERKELEY

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BRITISH POLICING AND JURISPRUDENCE

Chair: DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University

Papers:

"The Right to Silence: Contemporary Changes in British Jurispurdence," TOM WILLIAMSON, London Metropolitan Police (England)

"Hybrid Police Forces in the United Kingdom," LES JOHNSTON, University of Teeside (United Kingdom)

"The Developing System of Police Co-Operation in the European Union," JOHN BENYON, University of Leicester (United Kingdom)

"Regulating Custody: The View from Strasbourg," ROD MORGAN, University of Bristol (United Kingdom)

Discussant: IAN McKENZIE, University of Portsmouth (United Kingdom)

FEATURE SESSION 78 CLARENDON

IMAGES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS: REALITY AND FICTION

Chair: RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College

Papers:

"The Killeen, Texas Homicides: An Example of Successful Police-Media Cooperation," MAREA MANNION, Pennsylvania State University and RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College

"Operation Trojan Horse: The Effects of Access to Information," VANCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department

"The Changing Role of American Policewomen in Magazines and Journals: 1890 to 1994," DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

"Female Attorneys in Real Life and in Popular Films," FRANKIE BAILEY, SUNY-Albany and JOYCELYN POLLOCK, Southwest Texas State University

Discussant: RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College

36 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 79 WHITTIER

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND BATTERED WOMEN

Chair: NEIL WEBSDALE, Northern Arizona University

Papers:

"Empowering Women as a Means of Preventing Domestic Violence: The Kentucky Job Readiness Programs," NEIL WEBSDALE, Northern Arizona University and BYRON JOHNSON, Morehead State University

"Why Don't They Just Leave?: The Similarities Between the Indoctrination Practices into Domestic Violence and Cults," CHERYL MEYER and DEBRA ZENDLOVITZ, Northwest Missouri State University

"Battered Women in Prison," CHERYL RINGEL and JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati

"Women Entering Prison: Identification and Treatment of Intimate Violence," LISA LORANT, Massachusetts Department of Correction

PANEL 80 WHITE HILL

THE JURY DECIDES

Chair: KIMBERLY SLUSARSKI, University of Connecticut

Papers:

"Serving County Time: On Becoming and Being a Juror, " KIMBERLY DAVIES, Ohio State University

"Conveying the True Meaning of Reasonable Doubt to Today's Jury: Possible Formulations in Light of Recent Supreme Court Case Law," GEORGE DERY III, California State University-Fullerton

"The Jury's Right to Extend Mercy in a Criminal Trial," DAVID BRODY, SUNY-Albany

"The Impact of Sequestration on Jury Decision Making: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment," JAMES LEVINE, John Jay College

Discussant: SANJA IVKOVICH, University of Delaware

PANEL 81 CAMBRIDGE

ROUNDTABLE: ISSUES AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE INSTRUCTION

Convenor: MARTIN GREENBERG, Ulster County Community College

Participants:

JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College THOMAS LENAHAN, Herkimer Community College GEORGE GAUDETTE, Holyoke Community College CHARLES KRUG, Schenectady County Community College CLARICE COX

37 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 82 BEACON HILL GANGS: CORRELATES AND ASSESSMENTS

Chair: JEFFREY JENSON, University of Utah Papers: "Gang and Non-Gang Youth on Probation: Differences in Characteristics and Explanatory Factors," JEFFREY JENSON, University of Utah

"Family Correlation of Prison Gang Offenders," WILLIAM McPHERSON; PAIGE RALPH, Lake Superior State University; and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University

"A Preliminary Assessment of the "Good Gang" Program: A Church Oriented Intervention," ZHENG WANG, Texas Southern University

"Gang Affiliation Among Asian-American High School Students: A Path Analysis," ZHENG WANG, Texas Southern University

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 8, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:15 pm

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS GEORGIAN

THE AMERICAN DREAM AND CRIME IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Convenor: HARRY ALLEN, San Jose State University

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995

8:00 am-1 2:00 pm Didactic: "Secondary Data Analysis" Gloucester 8:00 am-5:00 pm ACJS Registration Imperial Ballroom 8:00 am-5:00 pm Alpha Phi Sigma Registration Imperial Ballroom 8:00 am-5:00 pm Employment Exchange Open Dartmouth/Exeter 8:30 am-1 0:00 am New Member Breakfast Fox & Hounds 9:00 am-10:00 am 1995-1 996 ACJS Awards Committee Meeting Alcott 9:00 am-1 0:30 am Jesuit College & University Criminal Justice Educators Cabot 9:00 am-5:00 pm Exhibits Open Imperial Ballroom 9:00 am-5:00 pm Alpha Phi Sigma Stanbro 10:00 am-1 1 :00 am 1995-1 996 ACJS Membership Comittee Meeting Alcott 11:00 am-1 2:15 pm Plenary Session II Georgian 12:00 pm-1 :00 pm 1995-1 996 ACJS International Committee Meeting Alcott 12:00 pm-1 :30 pm JQ Editorial Board Luncheon Fox & Hounds 1 :00 pm-2:00 pm 1995-1996 ACJS Publications Committee Meeting Brandeis 1 :00 pm-5:00 pm Didactic: "Surviving Hazard Models" Gloucester 2:30 pm-3:30 pm Community Colleges Section Executive Council Meeting Statler 3:00 pm-5:00 pm Police Section Executive Council Meeting Brandeis 3:30 pm-4:45 pm Community Colleges Section Meeting Thoreau 3:30 pm-4:45 pm Security Section Meeting Beacon Hill 4:00 pm-6:00 pm Minorities & Women Section Meeting Stuart 5:00 pm-6:15 pm Major Address by Jeremy Travis, National Institute of Justice Georgian 6:30 pm-8:00 pm Reception sponsored by National Institute of Justice Plaza Ballroom 6:30 pm-8:00 pm Reception sponsored by Michigan State University Stanbro 7:00 pm-8:30 pm Reception sponsored by Minorities & Women Section Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon

38 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995

Poster Sessions, 8:00 am - 12:00 pm

"Implementation of the Brady Bill Gun Laws: A Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies," KEN ADAMS and JAMES PLIANT, Sam Houston State University

"An Investigation of the Role of Pornography in the Lives of Women," NATALIE BANKS, JENNIFER SHEPARD, and MICHELLE HANSEN, Northwest Missouri State University

"A Strategy for Establishing Sufficiency in Criminal Justice Forecasting Models," FRED CHESSMAN II, University of Baltimore

"A Cognitive-Based Approach for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Expert Psychological Testimony," STEVE HURWITZ, Tiffin University

"Sentencing and Crime Level," MAX KOMMER, Ministry of Justice (The Netherlands)

"Exploring the Relationship Among Landuse, Physical Deterioration, Resident Based Control and Calls for Police Service in an Inner­ City Neighborhood," ELLEN KURTZ and RALPH TAYLOR, Temple University and BARBARA KOONS, Michigan State University

''Verbal, Performance Intelligence and Antisocial Personality Characteristics," MARK SNOW and HEATHER PLAGER, Boise State University; STEVEN THURBER, California School of Professional Psychology; and ROGER BUTTON, Vocational Rehabilitation Services

''Video Productions as a Learning Tool in Undergraduate Criminal Justice Education," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University

"Research Design of the National Evaluation of GREAT Program," JENNIFER WEST and MOLLY BROWN, University of Nebraska­ Omaha

"Minimum Drinking Ages and Alcohol/Drug-Related Behaviors Among Young Adults in New York," JIANG YU and RENEEVARONE, New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services

Poster Sessions, 1 :00 pm - 5:00 pm

"The Influence of Contracts with the Police on Citizen Attitudes Toward Police," EDWARD ALVEY and GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University

"Community Policing and Police Agency Accreditation: Content Analysis of CALEA Standards," GARY CORDNER and SCOTT KUNKEL, Eastern Kentucky University and GERALD WILLIAMS, Sam Houston State University

"Meeting the Challenge of Training Police Officers in Working with Persons with Mental Illness," TOM GANGLE, MHMRA of Harris County and FLOYD JENNINGS

"Police Suicide: Data and Lethality Scale," ELIZABETH LANGSTON, Center for Criminal Justice Studies

"Developing Personnel for Tactical Assignments: Procedures and Exercises for Female Officers," TOMAS MIJARES, Southwest Texas State Univ rsity and JOE STAN, Travis County Sheriffs Department

''The Neofunctionalist Basis for Community Policing," THOMAS O'CONNOR, Mercyhurst College

''The Delivery of Law Enforcement Services in Canton, Missouri," TAMMY RADER

"Recruitment and Selection in Major U S Police Departments," BETH SANDERS, ROBERT LANGWORTHY, and TOM HUGHES, University of Cincinnati

'Where the Cops Are: A Probability Explanation for Differential Processing," LAWRENCE TRAVIS III, University of Cincinnati

"ADA Implications for Police in Situations Involving Hearing Impaired Persons," SUZANNE YOUNGBLOOD, Harrisburg Area Community College-Lancaster Campus and THOMAS LYNCH, Central Texas College

"A Profile of Parolees and Probationers in a Specialized Treatment Program: Clinical and Criminogenic Characteristics," des ANGES CRUSER, PAMELA DIAMOND, and LINDA RICHARDSON, MHMRA of Harris County

39 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 83 STUART

CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Chair: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

Papers:

"A Killing at the Box Office: Capital Punishment in American Film," BETH DANIELS, American University

"Crime, Administration of Justice, and a Death Penalty Case in Trinidad and Tobago," JAGAN LlNGAMNENI, Governors State University

"The Death Penalty and Human Rights in Latin America," MICHAEL PAYNE, University of Dayton

Discussant: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

PANEL 84 ST JAMES

WORKSHOP: INTERNATIONAL NETWORKING: BUILDING AND USING CONTACTS-A RUSSIAN EXAMPLE

Convenor: GREG PIERCE, Blue Mountain Community College

Participants:

KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College STEPHEN GIBBONS, Western Oregon State College JERRY JOLLEY, Lewis-Clark State College OTWIN MARENIN, Washington State University

PANEL 85 FRANKLIN

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEACHING AND EMPLOYMENT

Chair: FARIDOUN FARROKH, Texas A & M International University

Papers:

"Cross-Ethnic Considerations in the Teaching of Crime in Literature Classes," JEFFREY CASS and CLIFFORD DORNE, Texas A & M International University

"Re-Inventing the Humanities for Criminal Justice Students: A Prototype for Study," ALICE MUNSON and CHARLES CHASTAIN, University or Arkansas-Little Rock

"The Missing or Misperceived Effectsof Punishment: The Coverage of Deterrence in Criminology Textbooks, 1956 to 1965 and 1984 to 1993," RICHARD A WRIGHT, University of Scranton

"Academic Employment: Toward A Better Understanding of the Criminal Justice Job Market," JENNIFER HARTMAN, KELLY BROWN, and MELISSA MOON, University of Cincinnati

"Testing Disparate Impact Theory in Law Enforcement Employment," 0 ELMER POLK, Coppin State College

40 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 86 CHARLES RIVERS

DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF POLICE WORK

Chair/Discussant: VICTOR KAPPELER, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Sleeping in the Play Time of Others: The Effects of Shift Rotation Among Police Officers," ROBERT McNAMARA and KRISTY McNAMARA, Furman University and WENDY RILEY, West Georgia College

"In the Line of Duty: A Descriptive Analysis of Police Officers' Work-Related Injuries," STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

"Factors Influencing Police Suicide," RONALD McVEY, ROBERT LOUDEN, and PHILIP BONIFACIO, John Jay College

"Police Suicide Rates: Fact or Fiction?" JOHN VIOLANTI, Rochester Institute of Technology

PANEL 87 CONSTITUTION CRIME PREVENTION IN THE SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY

Chair/Discussant: JOSE MARQUES, Florida International University

Papers:

"Campus Crime: An Environmental Assessment," ALEX del CARMEN, PAUL STRETESKY, and FREDERICK FAUST, Florida State University

"School Violence: Questions of Causation and Solutions," GORDON CREWS and LAURA THOMPSON , Midlands Technical College

"The Dade County Neighborhood Cellular Watch: Evaluation of an Innovative Approach to Citizens' Crime Watch," STEVEN ELLISON, Florida International University

"The Social Determinants of Gun Ownership: Self-Protection in an Urban Environment," LlQUN CAO, Eastern Michigan University and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 88 THOREAU

ELECTRIFYING THE PENAL SYSTEM: COMPUTERS AND CORRECTIONAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Chair/Discussant: KEVIN BAKER, Osgoode Hall Law School

Papers:

"Technology as Cultural Reproductions: Expanding the Net of Control," LlVY VISANO, York University (Canada)

"Electrifying Carceral Contexts: Computers and the Changing Nature of Correctional Policy and Practice," KEVIN McCORMICK, York University (Canada)

"Decarceration and Computer Surveillance: An Analysis of Electronic Monitoring Systems," DRAGAN SPASOJEVIC, York University (Canada)

41 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 89 WINTHROP

INTERNATIONAL TOPICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Chair/Discussant: SESHA KETHINENI, Illinois State University

Papers:

"Opium Cultivation and Use in India: USand Indian Governments' Policy," SESHA KETHINENI, RUTH FENNICK, and LOIS GUYON, Illinois State University

"Crime and Justice in the Global Community: Developing a Comparative Perspective," T DAVID EVANS, RANDY LaGRANGE, and CECIL WILLIS, University of North Carolina-Wilmington

"A Loyalist Perspective on the Chances of a Lasting Peace in Northern Ireland," PAUL CLARE, SUNY-Plattsburgh

"Legal Measures Against Legalization of Criminal Assets as Means of Combatting Organized Crime in Russia," PAVEL PONOMAREV, Research Institute of the Russia Ministry of the Interior (Russia)

PANEL 90 BACK BAY

WORKSHOP: NEW GENERATION JAIL TRAINING: AN ACADEMICIAN'S INVOLVEMENT WITH JAIL PRACTITIONERS

Convenor: KENNETH KERLE, American Jail Association

Participants:

MICHAEL ASHE, Hampden County Sheriff's Department ROZ CANTER, Hampden County Sheriff's Department GEORGE GAUDETTE, Holyoke Community College

FEATURE SESSION 91 ARLINGTON

CRIME PREVENTION AND PUBLIC POLICY

Chair: STEVEN LAB, Bowling Green State University

Papers:

"Crime Prevention Public Policy and Politics: The Role of Elected Officials and Journalists," PAUL LAVRAKAS, Northwestern University

"Futures for Community Crime Prevention," TIM HOPE, Keele University (England)

"When Deterrence Does Work: Sanctions and the Payment of Fines," DAVID WEISBURG, MATT KOWALSKI, and SARA GAVISAR, Hebrew University (Israel)

"The Conditions Needed for Successful Community Crime Prevention," DENNIS PALUMBO, JUDY HUGHES, and MIKE SMITH, Arizona State University

42 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

FEATURE SESSION 92 BERKELEY

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ORGANIZED CRIME

Chair: JAMES FINCKENAUER, Rutgers University

Papers:

"Struggling with Organized Crime in the Former Soviet Union: The Experience in Georgia, II GEORGIA GLONTI, Institute of State and Law Academy of Science (Republic of Georgia)

"Understanding Organized Crime: A German View," LAUS von LAMPE, Rutgers University

"Russian Organized Crime -- Here and There," JAMES FINCKENAUER, Rutgers University

"Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime, II ROBERT KELLY, Brooklyn College

FEATU RE SESSION 93 CLARENDON ISSUES IN CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE

Chair: RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis

Papers: "Miranda: Developments and Problems," RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis

"A Double Jeopardy Analysis of the Medger Evers Murder Caes," THOMAS HICKEY, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

"Hate Speech, Bias Crime, and the Law: A Look at Enhancement Provisions and Campus Speech Codes," EDWARD SHAUGHNESSY, John Jay College

"Common Law and Civil Law Traditions: A Comparison of Converging Polarities," DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota

PANEL 94 WHITTIER ROUNDTABLE : YOUTH, GUNS, AND VIOLENCE: PREVENTION APPROACHES

Convenor: LOIS MOCK, National Institute of Justice

Participants: "Youth, Firearms, and Violence in Atlanta: A Problem-Solving Approach," ARTHUR KELLERMANN, Emory University

"Assault Crisis Teams: Preventing Youth Violence Through Monitoring, Mentoring, and Mediating in St Louis," RICHARD ROSENFELD, University of Missouri-St Louis

"Firearms and Violence: Juveniles, Illicit Markets, and Fear in Boston," DAVID KENNEDY, Harvard University

"Drug Use Among Juvenile Arrestees/Detainees: Issues and Trends," THOM FEUCHT and CAROL PUTNAM, Drug Use Forecasting Program

43 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 95 WHITE HILL

MINORITY YOUTH AND CRIME: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Chair/Discussant: JEROME JACKSON, California State University-Fresno

Papers: "A Qualitative Analysis of Racial Disproportionality in the Juvenile Justice System," JOANNE YAFFE, GABRIELA CETROLA, and BEVERLY ROESCH, University of Utah

"Fear of the "Gangsta": African-American Males and the Criminal Justice System," MORRIS JENKINS, Pennsylvania State University-Ogontz

"The Efficacy of Afrocentric-based Crime Prevention Programs in U S: The Case of Rites of Passage for African­ American Males," ERNEST UWAZIE, California State University-Sacramento

"Innovative Prosecution of Youth Gangs by Treating Them as Organized Crime Groups," GREGORY ORVIS, University of Texas-Tyler

PANEL 96 CAMBRIDGE

VICTIMIZATION: THEORY, SELECT VICTIMS

Chair: NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

Papers: "Going out on the Town: Some Implications for Victimization Risk," VINCENT SACCO

"Victimization of Individuals with Legal Blindness: Nature and Forms of Victimization," DELBERT ROUNDS JR, The Citadel

"Toward a Macro-Theory of Victimization: Communities as Victims of Residential Toxic Contamination," ANNE SULLIVAN

"Victims' Descriptions of Emotional Abuse: Implications for Law Enforcement of Child Abuse Laws," BARBARA CARSON

"A Multi-Variate Analysis of Factors Associated with Child Sexual Abuse," AllENE PABOOJIAN

PANEL 97 BEACON HILL

CRIME AND DEVIANCE ACROSS NATIONS

Chair: PATRICK MUELLER, Stephen F Austin State University

Papers: "Examination of the Swedish Domsto/sverket as a Possible Tool for Judicial Administration within the United States," PATRICK MUELLER, Stephen F Austin State University

"Democratic Stagnation and the Development of Criminal Justice Institutions in Africa: The Case of Nigeria," DICK ANDZENGE, St Cloud State University

"Football Hooliganism: A Human Zoo of Criminal Activity or Moral Depravity?" RICH WA LLACE, Virginia Tech

44 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PA NEL 98 LENOX

NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Chair: SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin-Parkside

Papers:

"Criminal Justice Educators at the Crossroads: Advocacy and Activism not Scholarship as the Road of Choice," PHILIP RHOADES, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

"Criminology, Social Work, and Probation Training in England and Wales," MIKE NELLIS, University of Birmingham (England)

"Creating Virtual Community: An Inclusive Model for Criminal Justice Education," SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin-Parkside and JEANNE CURRAN, California State University-Dominguez Hills

Discussant: GORDON MISNER, University of Illinois-Chicago

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PA NEL 99 STUART

RACE AND RELATED ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Chair: MARIAN WHITSON, East Tennessee State University

Papers:

"Revisiting the 19th Century Death Penalty Sentencing of Blacks Through the Eyes of Ida B Wells-Barnett," MARIAN WHITSON, East Tennessee State University

"What is the Premium of Life?: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Extra-Legal Factors on Capital Sentencing," VIC BUMPHUS, JOHN BURROW, and SHERMAN DAVIS, Michigan State University

"Tennessee's Death Penalty: The Disproportionality of Race and Socioeconomic Status," LORI GREGG, East Tennessee State University

"The Death Penalty and Mental Retardation," SHERRAY HE, University of Delaware

PANEL 100 ST JAMES

ROUNDTABLE : NIJ'S INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

Convenor: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

Participants:

MARTIN LIVELY, National Institute of Justice MICHAEL LINDENBERG, University of Hamburg (Germany) DETLEF NOGALA, University of Hamburg (Germany) MIKE NELLIS, University of Birmingham (England) DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland DICK HOBBS, University of Durham (England)

45 THURSDAY,MARC H 9, 1995 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 101 FRANKLIN

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH

Chair: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Agency Records as a Research Resource: The Development, Establishment, and Activities of an Agency Records Unit," JAMES COLDREN JR, TRISHIA McELVAIN, and MICHAEL LAZAR, Harvard School of Public Health

"Focus Groups and Criminological Research: An Assessment," KATE HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Methodological Problems in White-Collar Crime Research: Lessons from a BCCI Study," NIKOS PASSAS, Temple University

"Computers in Criminal Justice Teaching and Research," WILLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University; FRANCES BERNAT, Arizona State University West; and JACQUELINE HELFGOTT, Seattle University

PANEL 102 CHARLES RIVER

POLICE AND CITIZEN PERCEPTIONS OF POLICING

Chair/Discussant: PETER KRASKA, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Analyzing Citizen and Observer Reports in the Police Services Study: What are the Implications of Discrepancies Between Observers and Citizens?" JOHN McCLUSKEY and ROBERT WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

"Public Perceptions of Male Versus Female Police Officer Effectiveness Responding to Various Situations," MICHAEL BRECI, Metropolitan State University

"An Examination of Perceptions of Competency of Women in Policing," HELEN EIGENBERG, Old Dominion University and JANICE HILSON, KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, and BARBARA SIMS, Sam Houston State University

"The Irrelevance of Demographic Characteristics and Occupational Solidarity Among Police Officers: An Exploratory Study," MARJIE BRITZ, The Citadel

PANEL 103 CONSTITUTION

AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS BEA TI NG THE DEVIL OUT OF THEM: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN FA MILIES by MURRAY STRAUS

Chair: JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University

Critics:

DONNA BISHOP, University of Florida RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College

46 THURSDAY, MARCH 9,19 95 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 104 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON COMMUNITY POLICING

Co-Convenors: MICHAEL WIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University JAMES VARDALlS, St Thomas University

Participants:

BARBARA PRICE, John Jay College

P J POTGIETER, University of Zulu land (South Africa)

M G KABINGESI, Transkei Police HQ (South Africa)

THOMAS FELTES (Germany)

HElKE GRAMCKOW, CSR Inc

TOM VAN DEN BROEBCK, Universiteit Brussels (Belgium)

JOHN ANDERSON (England)

PANEL 105 WINTHROP

EVALUATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL LAW

Chair: LAURA MORIARTY, Virginia Commonwealth University

Papers:

"At the Crossroads: Addiction Training and Criminal Justice -- Where do we go from Here?" LAURA MORIARTY and WILLIAM PELFREY SR, Virginia Commonwealth University

"Gun Lethality and Homicide: Gun Types used by Criminals and the Lethality of Gun Violence in Kansas City, Missouri, 1985-1 993," CHRISTOPHER KOPER, University of Maryland

"The Policing of Signs: Trademark Infringement and Law Enforcement," JON VAGG, Loughborough University (England)

"Is Privatization in Criminal Justice Dead?" JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

PANEL 106 BACK BAY

ROUNDTABLE : ADVOCATING FOR PRISONER'S FAMILIES: OVERCOMING OBSTACLES

Convenor: DONNA HAMM, Middle Ground Prison Reform

Participant:

JAMES HAMM, Middle Ground Prison Reform

47 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

FEATURE SESSION 107 ARLINGTON

CRIME PREVENTION AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Chair: MARCUS FELSON, University of Southern California

Papers: "Understanding and Controlling Crime and Fear of Crime: Conflicts and Trade-Offs in Crime Prevention Planning," PAUL BRANTINGHAM and PATRICIA BRANTINGHAM, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

"Reclassifying Situational Prevention Techniques," RONALD CLARKE, Rutgers University and ROSS HOMEL, Griffith University (Australia)

"Can a Tiny Change in Routine Activities Bring a Sizable Change in Crime?" MARCUS FELSON, University of Southern California

FEATURE SESSION 108 BERKELEY POLICE CULTURES

Chair: JOHN CRANK, Boise State University

Papers: "Police Occupational Culture: Segmentation, Politics, and Sentiments," PETER MANNING, Michigan State University

"From Police Cultures to Cultures of Policing," CLIFFORD SHEARING, University of Toronto

"POST Training and the Reproduction of Culture: An Ethnographic Analysis," JOHN CRANK, Boise State University and ELIZABETH McNULTY, Arizona Supreme Court

Discussant: JOHN VanMAANEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

FEATURE SESSION 109 CLARENDON COMMUNITY COURTS : THE MIDTOWN COMMUNITY COURT

Chair: GEORGE COLE, University of Connecticut

Papers: "Dispensing Justice Locally: The Midtown Community Court," MICHELE SVIRIDOFF, Midtown Community Court

"Evaluating a New Court: Issues and Preliminary Findings," DAVID ROTTMAN, National Center for State Courts

'The Ethnography of the Midtown Community Court," RICHARD CURTIS, John Jay College

Discussant: DAVID NEUBAUER, University of New Orleans ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-CW Post Campus

48 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 110 WHITTIER

WORKSHOP: MAJOR PROGRAMS AT NIJ

Convenor: SHELLIE SOLOMON, National Institute of Justice

Participants:

ED ZEDLEWSKI, National Institute of Justice WINIFRED REED, National Institute of Justice DAVID BOYD, National Institute of Justice VIRGINIA BALDAU, National Institute of Justice

PANEL 111 WHITE HILL

DISCRETION WITHIN PRISON AND ISSUES WITHIN LITIGATION

Chair: ROBERT BRIODY, Mabel Bassett Correctional Center

Papers:

"Sex Behind Bars: An Analysis of Inappropriate Staff-Inmate Relationships," ROBERT BRIODY, Mabel Bassett Correctional Center and GAIL WILLIAMS

"A Content Analysis of Correction Civil Liability Cases: Decisions of Title 42 United States Code Section 1983: 1973-1993," DARRELL ROSS, East Carolina University

"Regulating the Exercise of Discretion in Corrections," JOHN RILEY, University of Maine-Presque Isle

"The Autonomy of Dutch Prison Organizations: Recent Threats and Opportunities," ARJEN BOIN, Leiden University (The Netherlands)

Discussant: DARRELL ROSS, East Carolina University

PAN EL 112 CAMBRIDGE

POLICE PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES: MULTI-NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Chair: HOFRAT EDELBACHER, Austrian Federal Police (Austria)

Papers:

"Austrian Police: Problems and Challenges," HOFRA T EDELBACHER, Austrian Federal Police (Austria)

"Implementing Mission: A Swiss Police Chiefs Reflections," LAURENT WALPEN, Geneva Police (Switzerland)

"Changes to the Organizational Structure, Management, and Working Practices of the Police Service in England and Wa les," DONALD WA LKER, Kent State University and MALCOLM RICHARDS (England)

"The German Police: Issues in the Unification Process," JOHN HARLAN JR, Stephen F Austin State University

"United Nation's Civilian Police Monitors: Cambodia, A Case Study," CAROLE GARRISON, University of Akron

Discussant: DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University

49 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 113 BEACON HILL

ARSON: MYTHS AND CONCEPTS

Chair: LARRY ANDREWS, Missouri Western State College

Papers: "The Myth of Pyromania," TIMOTHY HUFF, FBI Academy

"Power - The Spark Behind the Flame: The Role of Power in the Motivation of the Serial Arsonist," GORDON GARY, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

"Arson-Homicides: Patterns of Offenses and Offenders," ALLEN SAPP and CARLA MAHAFFEY-SAPP, Central Missouri State University

"Toward an Etiology of Arson: Issues of Classification and Homogeneity," ANGELO PISANI JR, St John's University

Discussant: CARL BUTCHER, Missouri Western State College

PANEL 114 LENOX

DIVERSITY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Chair: SAMUEL WA LKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

Papers: "Gender and the Academic Climate: A Comparative Analysis," FRED MEYER and RALPH BAKER, Ball State University

"Implementing Multiculturalism in Criminal Justice Education," RICHARD GENTRY and GREGORY PLUMB, Park College

"Cultural Diversity in the Classroom: The Unheard Voices," DAVID CHIABI, Jersey City State College

"A Comparison of the Coverage of Minority and Female Issues in Introductory Criminal Justice Textbooks, " MOLLY BROWN and SAMUEL WA LKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

"An Empirical Assessment of Teaching-Learning Stress Management Strategies for Interns in Criminal Justice Bureaucracies," CLIFFORD DORNE, KAMAL PARHIZGAR, and PEDRO HURTADO, Texas A&M International University

Discussant: CASSIA SPOHN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 11:00 am-1 2:15 pm

PLENARY SESSION II GEORGIAN

URBAN DISARMAMENT: COMMUNITY POLICING AGAINST GUN CRIME

Convenor: LAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute

50 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 115 STUART

ISSUES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF POLICE ORGANIZATIONS

Chair/Discussant: DAVID BACHRACH, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Police Consolidation: Massachusetts, 1992," GERALD BURKE, Massachusetts State Police

"Identifying Employment Requirements for the Position of Police Chief: The Final Analysis," M L DANTZKER, Loyola University-Chicago

"A Method of Assessing Work Load and Budgets in the Merger of Police Departments: Two Case Studies," WILLIAM BARNETT and DONALD BACHAND, Saginaw Valley State University

"The Lieutenant's Role in Texas Police Agencies," LYDIA LONG, Sui Ross State University

"American Police, Japanese Ideas -- An Integrated Model of Police Administration," DAVID BACHRACH, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 116 ST JAMES

STUDIES OF PAST AND PRESENT ISSUES OF THE DEATH PENALTV

Chair: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Military Justice and Capital Punishment in England, WW II," J ROBERT LILLY and J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University

"Public Support of the Death Penalty: Fact or Fiction? A Study of the Reasons Behind Public Opinion on Capital Punishment," BARRY ANDERSON, Western Illinois University

"Innocence and the Death Penalty: A Study of an Alabama Case," BRENDA LEWIS and KAREN TAYLOR, Alabama State University

PANEL 117 FRANKLIN

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ISSUES IN DELINQUENCY

Chair: NANCY SCHAFER, University of Alaska Anchorage

Papers:

"Detention of Juveniles in Alaska," NANCY SCHAFER and RICHARD W CURTIS, University of Alaska Anchorage

"Race and Juvenile Justice," CHRISTINA POLS ENBERG, Michigan State University

"Juvenile Justice System in the Republic of Ghana, West Africa," OBI EBBE, SUNY-Brockport

"The Impact of Anti-Amphetamine Law on Juvenile Delinquency in Taiwan," BOHSIU WU , Providence University (Taiwan)

51 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 118 CHARLES RIVER

LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES IN POLICING

Chair/Discussant: TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville

Papers: "Asset Forfeitures in Drug-Related Offenses: An Examination of Case Law in a Southwestern State," BARBARA SIMS, Sam Houston State University

"Legal Issues Relating to Soft Body Armor: What Can You do When the "Bad Guys" are Wearing it Too?" TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville

"Identifying the Dimensions of Police Pursuits," THOMAS LUCADAMO, Baltimore County Police Department

"Police Vehicle Pursuits and Organizational Characteristics: A Policy Analysis of Sheriffs' Offices and Police Departments," DAVID FALCONE, L EDWARD WELLS, and MICHAEL BOTTS, Illinois State University

PANEL 119 CONSTITUTION

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS, WOMEN OFFENDERS,AND PEACEMAKING

Chair: DENNIS PALUMBO, Arizona State University

Papers: "The Escalating Incarceration of Women in Conflict with the Law: Social Policy at a Crossroad; Implications for Change," RUSS IMMARIGEON, Statewide Advocacy Inc

"Allowing "truth" to Speak in Hermeneutic Evaluation: Peacemaking as Conflict in Policy Analysis," MICHAEL HALLETT, Middle Tennessee State University

"A Critique of a Criminal Justice Reform Effort," ROGER LAUEN, University of Colorado-Denver

"A Policy Check on "Three-Strikes" Legislation," MICHAEL TURNER, JODY SUNDT, and BRANDON APPLEGATE, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 120 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE: WOMEN IN POLICING AND CORRECTIONS: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES

Convenor: BARBARA PRICE, John Jay College

Participants: CLARICE FEINMAN, Trenton State College JESS MAGHAN, University of Illinois-Chicago DOROTHY SCHULZ, John Jay College

PANEL 121 WINTHROP

WORKSHOP: NEW FORMS OF VICTIMIZATION IN RUSSIA

Convenor: VITALY KVASHIS, Research Institute of the Russia Ministry of the Interior (Russia)

52 THURSDAY,MARCH 9, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 122 BACK BAY

WORKSHOP: COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING

Convenor: DAN CORSENTINO, Pueblo County Sheriff's Department

FEATURE SESSION 123 ARLINGTON

THE COMMUNITY,VICTIMS, AND CRIME PREVENTION

Chair: BONNIE FISHER, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"The Marriage Between Community Policing and Community Crime Prevention: Assessment and Prognosis," DENNIS ROSENBAUM, University of Illinois-Chicago

"Campus Crime 101: Incident - Level Results from Student Victimization Surveys," BONNIE FISHER, University of Cincinnati

"Why Does Repeated Victimization Occur?: An Account from the Victim's Perspective," KATE PAINTER, University of Cambridge (England)

"Crime Prevention in Schools: The Case for a "Community" Approach," STEVEN LAB and RICHARD CLARK, Bowling Green State University

FEATURE SESSION 124 BERKELEY

PRIVATE CORRECTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF FREE MARKET PROFITS, INMATE HUMAN CAPITAL AND PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE

Chair: CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama-Birmingham

Papers:

"Conceptual Issues of Prison Privatization," DAVID SHICHOR, California State University-San Bernardino

"From Warehousing to Greenhousing: Measuring and Marketing the Value of Prison Inmate Labor," DANIEL WINSLOW, Massachusetts Treasurer's Council on Privatization

"The Evaluation of Private Sector Juvenile Correctional Programs," SUSAN TURNER, RAND Corporation

Discussant: CHARLES THOMAS, University of Florida

53 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 125 CLARENDON

COURTS AND PROSECUTION IN THE FUTURE

Chair: WILLIAM McDONALD, Georgetown University

Papers:

"Transitional Prosecution: MLATS and International Cooperation," WILLIAM McDONALD, Georgetown University

"The Effect of Court Resources on Case Processing: Initial Findings," DONALD REBOVICH, American Prosecutor's Research Institute

"Community Prosecution: A New Direction for Prosecutors," ERIC WERTH, U S Treasury Department

Discussant: BERNARD AUCHTER, National Institute of Justice

PANEL 126 WHITTIER

ROUNDTABLE: MINORITY CRIMINOLOGY SCHOLARS AND THE NEW SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Convenor: ELIZABETH CALLIHAN, Southern University-New Orleans

Participants:

CARL TAYLOR, Michigan State University KAYLE NE EKEH, California State University-Sacramento JACQUELINE HUEY, Wayne State University VALERIA COLEMAN, Clark Atlanta University FLORENCE FERGUSON, Georgia Southern University JO ANN HARRIS, University of Akron

PANEL 127 WHITE HILL

SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS

Chair: MARILYN CHANDLER FORD, Volusia County Branch Jail

Papers:

"A Descriptive Analysis of Senior Offenders in Local Corrections: A Case Study," MARILYN CHANDLER FORD, Volusia County Branch Jail

"Arkansas Prison Reform: Compliance with the U S Court," JACK DISON, Arkansas State University

"Identifying Inmate Leaders: Social Networks Applied," KIMBERLY McCABE, University of South Carolina

"Reconsidering the History and Benefit of Prison Labor," M A TONI DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

Discussant: JACK DISON, Arkansas State Unviersity

54 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 128 CAMBRIDGE

ISSUES IN POLICING: CROSS-NATIONAL DIMENSIONS

Chair: VICTOR LOFGREEN, Western Illinois University

Papers: "All Women Police Units in Tamil Nadu, India," MANGAI NATARAJAN, John Jay College

"Cross the Border: International Policing in 19th Century Europe," MATHIEU DEFLEM, University of Colorado

"A Comparative Analysis of RecruitmenUTraining/Educational Requirements and Career Progression of the American, German, and Bulgarian Police Systems," R KENT KERSHENSTEIN

"Pre-Service Police Training in Cyprus - A Description," GEORGE BRAGLE, Empire State College Discussant: RICHARD BENNETT, American University

PANEL 129 BEACON HILL ADVANCES IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

Chair/Discussant: THOMAS O'CONNOR, Mercyhurst College

Papers: "Neutralization Theory and Genocide: New Applications for an Old Theory," ALEXANDER ALVAREZ, Northern Arizona University

"A Critique of Social Bonding and Control Theory of Delinquency Using the Principles of Psychology of Mind," THOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University

"Theory, Methods, and Politics: A Feminist Perspective," KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

"The Relationship Between Traditional Criminological Theory and Adult Female Criminality: A Test of Social Bonding and Differential Association Theories," LEANNE ALARID, JAMES MARQUART, and STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University; VELMER BURTON, Washington State University; and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

"Some Thoughts on Crimes and Social Control in Asia and the Pacific," XINYI XU, University of Hawaii

PANEL 130 LENOX CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: CONTENT AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Chair: KEITH HALEY, Collin County Community College

Papers: "Tech Prep Education: What's in it for Justice?" KEITH HALEY, Collin County Community College

"Using Justice Personnel as a Class Resource: A Student Perspective," ALLAN BARNES, University of Alaska Anchorage

"Criminal Justice Student Fitness for Employment," JAMES ROBERTS, J MICHAEL OLIVERO, and LES SMITH, Central Washington University and LORIE RUBENSER, Arizona State University

"Protective Services Education," JAMES MADDEN, Lake Superior State University Discussant: ELIZABETH SEBUCK, Moraine Valley Community College

55 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 131 STUART

ATTITUDES TOWARD THE DEATH PENALTY

Chair: MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University

Papers: "Juror Comprehension of Judicial Instructions in the Death Penalty Process," SHIRLEY MILLER and MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University and JAMES LUGINBUHL, North Carolina State University

"Police Officer's Attitudes Toward the Death Penalty," SYLVIA MIGNON, University of Massachusetts-Boston

"The Death Penalty, Morality, and Society," ALAN EDELSTEIN, Towson State University

PANEL 132 ST JAMES WOMEN AND CRIME ACROSS CULTURE AND TIME

Chair: LEANNE ALARID, Sam Houston State University

Papers: "Women, Justice and the 21st Century,"ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Female Offenders and Community Corrections in England," ALANA BARTON, Liverpool John Moores University (England)

"Criminal Careers of Israeli Women," YA EL HASSIN and ORLY MANOR, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel)

"Predicting Sentencing Outcomes Among Female Defendants: The Importance of Offense Type and Point of Disposition," PAULINE BRENNAN, STEVEN BELENKO, and MARY PHILLIPS, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

"Female Criminality: An International Perspective," DAE CHANG and GALAN JANEKSELA, Wichita State University

Discussant: LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University

PANEL 133 FRANKLIN CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE ISSUES

Chair: JOHN WINKLE III, University of Mississippi

Papers: "Factors Affecting Consistency of Discipline, and its Relationship Between Corporal Punishment and its Deterrent Value," SHARON GETHMANN, East Tennessee State University

"Hawks and Doves: A Contemporary Legislative Profile on Juvenile Capital Punishment," JOHN WINKLE III and LAURA HEBERT, University of MiSSissippi

"Controlling Crime Through Time: The Effectiveness of Cincinnati's Juvenile Curfew," JOHN WRIGHT, YOLANDER HURST, and JODY SUNDT, University of Cincinnati and SUSAN NOONAN, Cincinnati Human Relations Commission

"Perceptions of Social Climate in a Juvenile Correctional Institution," BENJAMIN SMITH and SCOTT REINER, Virginia Department of Youth and Family Services and MICHAEL MAUME, Louisiana State University

56 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PA NEL 134 CHARLES RIVER

POLICE, LAW, AND THE FUTURE

Chair: ANTHONY MICUCCI, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)

Papers: "Beyond 2000: Images and Realities of Neighborhood Community Policing," ANTHONY MICUCCI, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada) and DARYL MONAGHAN, Metropolitan Toronto Police Force

"California v Acevado: Its Effects on Vehicle Search and Seizure Laws," HEATHER CRAIG, Criminal Justice Institute

"Techno-Policing and Industralized Social Control - A Criminological Perspective on an International Issue," DETLEF NOGALA, University of Hamburg (Germany)

PANEL 135 CONSTITUTION

POLICE AND THE CITIZENRY

Chair: STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University

Papers: "The Role of Volunteers in Policing," LINDA NIELSON and LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University­ Sacramento

"Rural/Small Town Policing: An Exploratory Study of Contrasting Citizen and Police Officer Perceptions," KORNI KUMAR, SUNY-Potsdam and JOHN KAPLAN, Potsdam Police Department

"Cynicism and its Effect on Jab Satisfaction in the Suffolk County Police Department," GEORGE LANGLEY

PANEL 136 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AS A SECOND CAREER

Convenor: SANDRA BROWNING, University of Cincinnati

Participants: T DAVID EVANS, University of North Carolina-Wilmington JAMES FRANK, University of Cincinnati SANDY HAFLEY, University of Cincinnati WILLIAM WA LSH, University of Louisville

PANEL 137 WINTHROP

CANADIAN YOUTH CRIME

Chair: PETER COPPLE, Calgary Police Service (Canada)

Papers: "TBA"

"TBA"

57 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 138 BACK BAY

WORKSHOP: STRATEGY FOR COMBATTING GRAFFITI VANDALISM

Convenor: RICHARD CONDON, U S Department of Justice

Participants: ROBERT MOORE, Suffolk County ELEANOR SEIDMAN-SMITH

FEATURE SESSION 139 ARLINGTON

INNOVATIONS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

Chair: MITCHELL CHAMLlN, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"Consumption and Crime: An Institutional Inquiry," RICHARD ROSENFELD, University of Missouri-St Louis and STEVEN MESSNER, SUNY-Albany

"How Many Theories of Crime are There?" ROBERT AGNEW, Emory University

"Crime as a Social Fact," ALLEN LISKA, SUNY-Albany

"Social Integration, Divorce, and Crime," MITCHELL CHAMLlN, University of Cincinnati and JOHN COCHRAN, University of South Florida

FEATURE SESSION 140 BERKELEY

PRIVATIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE: PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

Chair: CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama-Birmingham

Papers:

"Privatization and Mentalities of Security," CLIFFORD SHEARING, University of Toronto

"Selling Justice: A Case Study," J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

"International Developments in Private Imprisonment: Are Private Interests Corrupting Public Policy?" DOUGLAS McDONALD, Abt Associates

Discussant: HARRY ALLEN, San Jose State University

58 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

FEATURE SESSION 141 CLARENDON

ROUNDTABLE: AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF RECENT UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISIONS RELATED TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

Participants: RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis SUE REID, Florida State University MARVIN ZALMAN, Wayne State University

PA NEL 142 WHITTIER

ROUNDTABLE: VICTIMOLOGY, VICTIMS ADVOCACY, AND VICTIMS ASSISTANCE: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Convenor: ROBERT McCORMACK, Trenton State College

Participant: MATTI JOUTSEN, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (Finland)

PA NEL 143 WHITE HILL ROUNDTABLE: JAIL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

Chair: KENNETH KERLE, American Jail Association

Participants: MICHAEL O'TOOLE, National Institute of Corrections STEPHEN INGLEY, American Jail Association GEORGE GAUDETTE, Holyoke Community College PETER PERRONCELLO, Norfolk County Sheriff's Office

PA NEL 144 CAMBRIDGE POLICE EDUCATION: CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTS

Chair: ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University

Papers: "The Relationship Between Education and Training: Finding a Way to Merge the Two, " HOLLY DERSHEM­ BRUCE, Dawson Community College and GREGORY NOOSE, Montana Law Enforcement Academy

"Another Roadblock for Police Professionalism: A Study of the Practice of Awarding College Credit for Police Academy Participation," JOHN KRIMMEL, Trenton State College

"The Illinois State Police Command College: A Model for Cooperative Education," BARBARA HAYLER, Sangamon State University and HOWARD MARTIN, Illinois State Police

"Job Performance Differentials: Comparing the AA and AS Degrees in Florida," ROBERT HEWITT, University of South Florida-Ft Myers

Discussant: RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University

59 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 145 BEACON HILL

FEAR, VICTIMIZATION, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

Chair: M JOAN McDERMOTT, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Papers: "Panic in the Streets: Community and Media Response to a Violent Crime," STEPHEN BRODT, Ball State University

"Fear of Crime and the Social Control of Women," ESTHER MADRIZ, Hunter College

"Fear of Crime and Victimization: An Assessment of the Results of Multiple Group Trends," WILLIAM PELFREY SR, Virginia Commonwealth University and WILLIAM PELFREY JR, Radford University

"Regional Differences in the Effect of Fear of Crime on Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment," CHARLOTTE WONG, San Jose State University and ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

"White Slavery Plays of the 191 Os: Fear of Crime and the Social Control of Women's Sexuality, or WATCH YOUR DAUGHTERS," M JOAN McDERMOTT and SALLY BLACKSTONE, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

PANEL 146 LENOX

WORKSHOP: HATE SPEECH AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: POINT-COUNTERPOINT

Convenor: DAVID SKELTON, Indiana State University

Participants: MICHAEL ISRAEL, Kean College JOHN ROBERTS, Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 147 ST JAMES

SENTENCING POLICY AND CORRECTIONS: INTENDED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES

Chair: JACK CALL, Radford University

Papers: "Prison Overcrowding Cases in the Aftermath of Wil son v Seiter," JACK CALL, Radford University and RICHARD COLE, University of Connecticut

"A Decade Apart: Parole Process and Outcome in the Age of Determinacy," SHAWN SCHWANER, Ohio State University

"What is the Meaning of Life: The Evolution and Impact of Natural Life Sentences in Louisiana, 1973-1993," BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana

"The Juvenile Certification Process: An Ethical Dilemma," ANGELA JACKSON, VINCENT MILES, and DAWN PORTER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Firearm Legislation and Sentencing: The Realities Behind the Laws," WILLIAM CALA THES, Jersey City State College

60 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 148 FRANKLIN

JUVENILES, VIOLENCE, AND CULTS

Chair: KATHLEEN HEIDE, University of South Florida

Papers: "Do Children I mitate Media Violence? The Experimental Evidence," ELIZABETH KANDEL-ENGLANDER, Bridgewater State College

"Unheard Voices: The Histories of the Adjudicated Delinquents in Their Own Words," SUMAN SIRPAL and REGINA SHEARN, Florida International University

"Satanism and Satanic Cults: What Attracts America's Youth?" KIMBERLY RIESON, Western Carolina University

"Dangerously Antisocial Youths Who Kill their Parents," KATHLEEN HEIDE, University of South Florida

"Are Violent Delinquents, Property Offenders, and Status Offenders Different?" LEONA LEE, John Jay College

PANEL 149 CHARLES RIVER

POLICE OFFICER ATIITUDES TOWARD COMMUNITY POLICING

Chair/Discussant: JOHN PARHAM, Mankato State University

Papers: "Implementing Problem Oriented Policing: The Perceptions of Officers," N PRABHA UNNITHAN, Wichita State University

"An Inside Outlook: Patrol Officers Discuss their Problems with Community Policing," JUDY HUGHES, Arizona State University

"Community Policing: Impact and Effect of its Implementation on Officers' Attitudes," TROY LIVINGSTON, Wichita State University

"An Examination of Strain Among Community Police Officers in Northumbria, England," JOEL HUMBURG, University of Durham (England); DONALD YATES, Ferris State University; VIJAYAN PILLAI, University of North Texas; and JAMES WILLIAMS, Texas Woman's University

PANEL 150 CONSTITUTION CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY AND POLICY

Chair: WILLIAM COLLINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers: "Applying Humanistic Psychoanalysis to Criminological Theory," WILLIAM COLLINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Feminism and Crime: Examining the Impacts of Theory on Policy," DICK ANDZENGE, St Cloud State University

"Crime Waves and Social Boundaries," DEVEREAUX KENNEDY, SUNY-Cortland

"Juvenile Delinquency and 'Broken Homes': A Socialist-Feminist Analysis," TAJ CARSON, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

61 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 151 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: AFRICAN-AMERICAN CRIMINOLOGISTS: PROFESSIONALLY LEGITIMATE?

Convenor: AUDRELEE DALLAM, Ball State University

Participants:

AVON BURNS, Mott Community College

MARGIE BALLARD-MACK, South Carolina State University

ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

PAMELA HILL, Chicago State University

GISELLE WHITE, South Carolina State University

MARIAN WHITSON, East Tennessee State University

LARRY STOKES, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga

PANEL 152 BACK BAY WORKSHOP: ENTERING THE ACADEMIC JOB MARKET

Convenor: KEN AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College

Participants: TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville JAMES FRANK, University of Cincinnati BILLY LONG, Kentucky Wesleyan College

FEATURE SESSION 153 ARLINGTON

ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF MACRO SOCIAL CONTROL

Chair: JOHN COCHRAN, University of South Florida

Papers: "Community Context and Local Prosecution of Corporate Crime: Toward a Macro-Sociology of White Collar Crime Control," MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

"Minorities, Crime and Justice: A Failure of Theory or a Failure of Policy," PAMELA JACKSON, Rhode Island State College

"The Allocation of Scarce Municipal Resources and the Dynamics of Local Community Control," ROBERT BURSIK JR, University of Oklahoma

"Labeling, Symbolism, and the Legitimization of Immorality," RONALD FARRELL and CAROLE CASE, University of Nevada-Las Vegas

62 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 154 BERKELEY

CORRECTIONS IN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

Chair: PHILIP REICHEL, University of Northern Colorado

Papers:

"Prisons in Israel: Problems and Issues," GAD BENSINGER, Loyola University-Chicago

"The United Nations Minimum Standards for the Treatment of Offenders and Obstacles to Their Implementation in Middle Eastern Countries," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University

"An Overview' of Institutions for Juvenile Offenders in The Netherlands," MIKE CARLlE, Southwest Missouri State University

"The Use of Force in Three European Correctional Systems," DERRAL CHEA lWOOD, University of Baltimore

Discussant: OBI EBBE, SUNY-Brockport

FEATURE SESSION 155 CLARENDON

ROUNDTABLE: WHAT LAW COURSES SHOULD BE TA UGHT IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS, HOW, AND BY WHOM?

Convenor: ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

Participants:

KEN AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville THOMAS HICKEY, Penn State-Harrisburg RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis CANDACE McCOY, Rutgers University DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota

PA NEL 156 WHITTIER

ROUNDTABLE: DRUG TREATMENT IN PROBATION, PAROLE, AND LOCAL JAILS

Convenor: LAURIE BRIGHT, National Institute of Justice

Participants:

JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency GREGORY FALKIN, National Development and Research Institutes SANDRA TUNIS, National Council on Crime and Delinquency

63 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 157 WHITE HILL

THE IMPACT OF THE DEATH PENALTY

Chair: JOHN SMYKLA, University of Alabama

Papers:

"Disciplinary Infractions Among Death-Sentenced and Life-Without-Parole Imates," JONATHAN SORENSEN and ROBERT WRINKLE, University of Texas-Pan American

"Effect of Executions: Deterrence or Brutalization?" HEIDI HASELWOOD-BATES and ERNIE THOMPSON, Arizona State University West

"Overcoming Specification Error in Brutalization or Deterrence Research: Choosing the Right Model," ALLEN BARRET, California State University-Los Angeles

"Closure: The Forgotten Factor in Expediting the Capital Punishment Sentence," DARREL DeGRAW, Missouri Valley College

"To Hang or not to Hang: The Future of Capital Punishment in a New South Africa," T Z MALEMA, University of Transkei (South Africa)

PANEL 158 CAMBRIDGE

POLICE EDUCATION: NEW DIRECTIONS

Chair: CARL BUTCHER, Missouri Western State College

Papers:

"The Use of Computers in Police Education: Pedagogical Mastery of Tools, Techniques, and Software," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

"Practical Analytical Techniques: A Necessary Addition to Police Education, " MARILYN PETERSON, New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice

"Teaching Community Policing in an Academic Setting," PETER PHILLIPS, Utical College of Syracuse University

"The Effect of Higher Education on the Perception of Job Satisfaction Among Police Officers," M L DANTZKER, Loyola University-Chicago

Discussant: LARRY ANDREWS, Missouri Western State College

PANEL 159 LENOX

WORKSHOP: CIVIL RIGHTS FOR VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE

Convenor: JEFFREY NEWMAN, Newman, Heineman & Itzkowitz

Participant:

MARION CONRAD, Marblehead Police Department

64 THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:15 pm

MAJOR ADDRESS GEORGIAN

RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

Convenor: JEREMY TRAVIS, National Institute of Justice

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995

8:00 am-9:30 am JCJE Editorial Board Breakfast Fox & Hounds 8:00 am-12:00 pm Didactic: "Computer Applications in Teaching" Gloucester 8:00 am-5:00 pm ACJS Registration Imperial Ballroom 8:00 am-5:00 pm Employment Exchange Open Dartmouth/Exeter 8:30 am-9:15 am 1995-1996 ACJS Student Affairs Committee Meeting Alcott 9:00 am-10:00 am Alpha Phi Sigma Registration Imperial Ballroom 9:00 am-10:00 am Minorities & Women Section Executive Council Meeting Board 9:00 am-2:00 pm Exhibits Open Imperial Ballroom 9:00 am-1 1 :00 am International Section Executive Council Meeting Cabot 9:00 am-1 1 :00 am Alpha Phi Sigma Stanbro 11 :00 am-12:00 pm 1995-1996 ACJS Program Committee Meeting Alcott 11:00 am-12:15 pm International Section Meeting Charles River 11:00 am-1 2:15 pm Plenary Session III Georgian 12:30 pm-6:00 pm ACJS Executive Board Meeting Alcott 1 :00 pm-5:00 pm Didactic: "Computer Mapping" Gloucester 5:00 pm-6:00 pm Police Section Meeting Beacon Hill 6:00 pm-6:45 pm ACJS Business Meeting Arlington 7:00 pm-8:30 pm Reception sponsored by Northeastern University Plaza Ballroom 7:00 pm-8:00 pm Student Reception Sponsored by ACJS Stanbro

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995

Poster Sessions, 8:00 am - 12:00 pm

"Help is on the Way! Automation of Victim Communications and Restitution," SAM BLANKENSHIP, SBCS Inc

''The Impact of the Conservative Model of Corrections on Public Attitudes," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

"Boot Camps for Juveniles in Florida," ELIZABETH CASS and PAULA POLHILL

"A Preliminary Analysis of a Zero Tolerance Parolee Drug Treatment Program," STEPHEN COX, WILLIAM DAVIDSON, and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University

"A Study in Correctional Leadership and Conflict Within the Informal Organization of a Correctional Setting: A Paradigm Shift in Correctional Treatment," FRANCIS CROWE, Ferris State University

"Jail Officer Job Satisfaction: An Analysis of Predictor Variables," DENA HANLEY, ANDREW THOMAS, and ERIC JEFFERIS, University of Cincinnati

"Jail Officer Victimization: An Analysis of Risk Predictors," ERIC JEFFERIS and ANDREW THOMAS, University of Cincinnati

65 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995

''What Wo rks in Correctional Intervention?" FRANK PEARSON and DOUGLAS LIPTON, National Development and Research Institutes

"A 2 + 2 Model of Criminal Justice Higher Education," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University and GARY NEUMEYER, Arizona Western College

''Violent Interactions Among Adolescent Students and a Plan for Violence Prevention in Public Schools," DANIEL LOCKWOOD, Clark Atlanta University

Poster Sessions, 1 :00 pm - 5:00 pm

"Comparison of a Sample of Carjackers with a Sample of Grand Larcenists of Motor Vehicles Among New Commitments to the New York State Department of Correctional Services, 1985-1993," ROBERT FISHER and CHARLES NYGARD, New York State Department of Correctional Services

''The Current State of Police Academy Training," TOM HUGHES, ROBERT LANGWORTHY, and BETH SANDERS, University of Cincinnati

"Circumstances of Multiple Defendant, Multiple Victim Homicide," JOHN HUMPHREY and KENNETH GRUBER, University of North Carolina-Greensboro

"Self-Control, Risky Lifestyles, Routine Conflict and Crime: A Test of the General Theory of Crime," LESLIE KENNEDY, University of Alberta and DAVID FORDE, University of Memphis

''The Logical Structure of Rape," VICTOR LARRAGOITE, Texas Christian University

"Geography of American Correctional Institutions and Facilities," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

"Early Victimization, Drug Use and Criminality: A Comparison of Male and Female Prisoners," DOROTHY McCLELLAN, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; DAVID FARABEE, Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse; and BEN CROUCH, Texas A&M University

"Gangs, Weapons, and Public Schools," ELIZABETH McCONNELL, Valdosta State University

"Cognitive Psychology and Criminology: Prototypical Reasons for Committing Embezzlement," LOUIS VENEZIANO and CAROL VENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

''The Complexities of Rural Violence," RALPH WEISHEIT, DAVID FALCONE, and L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am PANEL 160 STUART MINORITY PROFESSIONALS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

Chair: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University

Papers: "Selective Minority Group on Police Forces," LARRY STOKES, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga and JAMES SCOTT, Howard University

"Female and Minority Police Command Officers: A Changing of the Guard," JEROME JACKSON, California State University-Fresno and CHINITA HEARD, University of Texas-Arlington

"Community Policing on Campus - A South African Perspective," P J POTGIETER, University of Zululand (South Africa)

"Supporting Women in Policing," VICKI WILKINSON and IRENE FROYLAND, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

Discussant: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University

66 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 161 EMERSON

WORKSHOP: DUI TREATMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL

Convenor: GEORGE VOGEL JR, Council on Chemical Abuse Inc

Participants:

STEVE WEBER, Berks County Adult Probation Department JOHN FIDLER, Berks County Prison Society HONORABLE JEFFREY SPECHER, Berks County Common Pleas Court SHAWN SHILLADY, Council on Chemical Abuse Inc

PA NEL 162 FRANKLIN

CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY: TOWARDS THE 21ST CENTURY

Chair: LARRY SIEGEL, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Papers:

"Criminal Justice in the 21st Century," ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

"Restorative Justice: The Role of the Community," PAUL McCOLD, Old Dominion University

"21 st Century Criminal Justice: A Transformationalist Perspective," GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina

"Towards a Communitarian Vision of Justice," PETER CORDELLA, Saint Anselm College

Discussant: CAROLINA PETRISINO, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

PANEL 163 CHARLES RIVER

POLICE MANAGEMENT TRAINING

Chair: ROBERT POCKRASS, Mankato State University

Papers:

"Correlates and Consequences of Police Officers' Support for the Quasi-Military Stress Academy," STANLEY SHERNOCK, Norwich University

"Management Development in the Policing Environment," MALCOLM RICHARDS (England)

"Police Executive Training: The FBI Perspective," DONALD WITHAM, FBI Academy

"Joint Training: Changing Social Workers' Perception of Police," MITTIE SOUTHERLAND and KATHY FREDERICH, Murray State University and WILLIAM PELKEY

Discussant: ROBERT POCKRASS, Mankato State University

67 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 164 CONSTITUTION

VIOLENCE AND CRIME

Chair: JAMES DAVIS, Jersey City State College

Papers:

"Status Integration and Suicide: The Case of Suicide Following Homicide," ROBERT SILVERMAN, VALERIE HEARN, and MICHAEL GILLESPIE, University of Alberta (Canada)

"Homicidal Youth in England and Wa les, 1982-1 992: Profile and Policy," ROGER McNALLY, SUNY-Brockport

"Violent Rape and Bitemarks," CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, PHYLLIS GRAY-RAY, and EDWARD BRENNAN, Mississippi State University

Discussant: JAMES DAVIS, Jersey City State College

PANEL 165 THOREAU

THE IMPACT OF GENDER IN SENTENCING: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES

Chair: KATHRYN WINZ, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Papers:

"Mandatory Sentencing of Wives and Girlfriends Convicted as Parties to Drug Crimes, " KATHRYN WINZ, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

"The Effectiveness of Disparity in Sentencing Between Male and Female Offenders," VALERIA COLEMAN, Clark Atlanta University

"A Race-Specific Analysis of Female Defendant Sentencing," PAULINE BRENNAN, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

"The Likelihood of Incarceration Among Female Defendants: Findings from an Aggregate and Race-Specific Exploration," PAULINE BRENNAN, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

PANEL 166 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE: ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION/DETENTION FOR MENTALLY ILL OFFENDERS: MODELS FOR NEW YORK CITY

Convenor: GERALD LA NDSBERG, NYU School of Social Work

Participants:

JONAS WA lZER, Federation Employment and Guidance Services

TIMOTHY WHITE, Federation Employment and Guidance Services

JACK CANEY, Federation Employment and Guidance Services

MARJORIE ROCK, Wurtzweiler School of Social Work

68 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 167 BACK BAY

WORKSHOP: STUDENT VIEWS ON PROBLEMS OF DOING RESEARCH IN COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: DAREN FOX, University of Northern Colorado

Participants: JOE BROCK, University of Northern Colorado ELIZABETH PLANTE, University of Northern Colorado KEVIN RADKE, University of Northern Colorado BILLIE SUDBRACK, University of Northern Colorado

FEATURE SESSION 168 ARLINGTON

TERRORISM

Chair: WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University

Papers:

"Patterns of Terrorism in Contemporary Europe," PHILIP JENKINS, Pennsylvania State University

"Warning Versus Alarms: Terrorist Threat Analysis Applied to the Iranian State-Run Media," SEAN K ANDERSON, Idaho State University

"Punishing Political Offenders: The Effect of Political Motive on Federal Sentencing Decisions," BRENT SMITH and RUSS HENDERSON, University of Alabama-Birmingham

Discussant: JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

FEATURE SESSION 169 BERKELEY

CONTEMPORARY DELINQUENCY RESEARCH

Chair/Discussant: EDMUND McGARRELL, Indiana University

Papers:

"Relation of Family Process Variables to Early and Late Onset Delinquency," G R PATTERSON, Oregon Social Learning Center

"The Relationship Between Victimization and Offending Among Junior and Senior High School Students," RICHARD CLARK and STEVEN LAB, Bowling Green State University

"Case Studies of Foster Care Parenting and the Cycle of Rejection," KAREN WRIGHT, Children's Home of Wyoming Conference and KEVIN WRIGHT, SUNY-Binghamton

69 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

FEATURE SESSION 170 CLARENDON

INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS: EVALUATIVE STUDIES

Chair: SHELA VAN NESS, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga

Papers:

"An Evaluation of Offender Outcomes in an Intensive Supervision Program," SHELA VAN NESS, University of Te nnessee-Chattanooga

"An Evaluation of the Structured Sanctions Process in Multnomah County," DAVID CAVANAUGH, Applied Social Research; KIM GODFREY, BOTEC Analysis Corporation; and CARY HARKAWAY, Multnomah Department of Community Corrections

"Preliminary Findings from an Evaluation of an Intermediate Sentencing Program," MICHELE LlVOJEVIC and SARAH GROVE, Shippensburg University

"Adult Offenders in an Electronic Home Detention Program: Factors Related to Failure," SUDIPTO ROY, Indiana State University

"Probation, Penalty and the Voluntary Sector," MIKE NELLIS, University of Birmingham (United Kingdom)

Discussant: THOMAS CASTELLANO, National Institute of Justice

PANEL 171 WHITTIER

PRISON RESEARCH: JUDICIAL INTERVENTION, PRISON PROGRAMS, AND PRISONER ADJUSTMENT

Chair: KATHLEEN MAGUIRE, SUNY-Albany

Papers:

"Judicial Intervention and the Restoration of Order and Security: A Case Study," LEO CARROLL, University of Rhode Island

"The History of Mother and Child Programs for Incarcerated Women," SUSAN CRAIG, Pennsylvania State University

"Temporal Variations in Disciplinary Adjustment: Does Time Matter?" KAREN CASEY and KIMBERLY BOUDREAUX, Florida Atlantic University

"Expanding Prison Industries Through Privatization," TARA GRAY and JON'A MEYER, New Mexico State University

"Outcome Evaluation of the North Dakota Intensive/Family Treatment Program," M R BODAPATI and GARY RABE, Minot State University

70 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 172 WHITE HILL

THE IMPACT OF BOOT CAMP PRISONS ON THE SYSTEM AND INMATES

Chair: ROBERT BRAME, University of Maryland

Papers: "How Shock Incarceration Contributes to Cost Avoidance: The New York State Experience," DAVID AZIZ and PAUL KOROTKIN, New York State Department of Correctional Services

"The Federal Boot Camp Experience: Recidivism Among Boot Camp versus Non-Boot Camp Inmates," JODY KLEIN-SAFFRAN, Federal Bureau of Prisons

"An Experimental Study of an Enhanced Boot Camp Program: Preliminary Findings," JEAN BOTTCHER, California Youth Authority

"Community Supervision Intensity, Successful Adjustment, and Recidivism During Community Supervision," ROBERT BRAME and DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

PANEL 173 CAMBRIDGE

COMMUNITY-BASED POLICING STRATEGIES

Chair/Discussant: STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Papers: "Effective Strategies Relating to Policing Refugee Communities-Dallas Police Operations in Little Asia - A Case Study," RONALD COWART, Dallas Baptist University and VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

"Operation Roundup: The Community Impact of Large Scale Arrests of Gang Members," RONALD VOGEL, California State University-Long Beach

"Age and Race Deference Reversals: Extending Turk on Police-Citizen Conflicts," LONN LANZA-KADUCE, University of Florida and RICHARD GREENLEAF, Framingham State College

"Youth Conflict with Rural Law Enforcement Officers in Beaufort County, North Carolina," TRACYSIM MONS, North Carolina Central University

PANEL 174 BEACON HILL

TEENAGE WASTELAND: HATE CRIMES AND YOUTH SUBCULTURE

Chair: JAMES HOUSTON, St Ambrose University

Papers: "America's Heartland: White Boyz, Gangs, and Violence," JAMES HOUSTON, St Ambrose University

"Canadian Skinheads: Street Gang or Street Terrorists?" STEPHEN BARON, University of Windsor (Canada)

"Autonomy and Subcultural Deviance: Racist vs Non-Racist Skinheads," RANDY BLAZAK, Emory University

''The 'Alienated' Skinhead: Reality or Manufactured Consensus?" MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

71 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995. 8:00 am-9:15 am

PANEL 175 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE : TEACHING RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Chair: JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

Participants:

ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College KAYLENE EKEH, California State University-Sacramento VERNETTA YOUNG, Howard University DOROTHY TAYLOR, University of Miami HELEN GREENE, Old Dominion University

PANEL 175A ST JAMES

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AND SOCIAL CONTROL

Chair: MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

Papers:

"Environmental Crime in Canada," CARL KEANE, Queen's University (Canada)

"The Effect of Social Support on Reporting Behavior Among Fraud Victims," KAREN MASON and MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

nSentencing the Insider Trader," ELIZABETH SZOCKYJ, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

"Risk-Taking Behavior and Consumer Fraud Victimization," JUDY VAN WYK and MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

"Attorneys: Crimes Committee in their Professional Capacities," BARBARA BELBOT, University of Houston­ Downtown

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 176 STUART

AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS ESCAPING PRISON MYTHS: THE HIS TORY OF FEDERAL CORRECTIONS-WRITING FEDERAL PRISON HISTORY

Chair: JOHN W ROBERTS, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Critics:

NORMAN CARLSON, University of Minnesota PAUL KEVE, Virginia Commonwealth University IRA ROBBINS, American University ESTHER HEFFERNAN, Edgewood College

72 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 177 ST JAMES POLICE ORGANIZATIONS IN CHANGE

Chair/Discussant: JAYNE SEAGRAVE, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

Papers: "Applying Organizational Cultural Change Theory to Municipal Police Agencies in British Columbia," JAYNE SEAGRAVE, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

"Critical Issues Surrounding the Recruitment, Selection and Testing of Community Policing Officers," KRISTIN NOLEN and LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University-Sacramento

"The Political Ecology of Police Reform," GREGORY RUSSELL, California State University-Chico

"Race, Gender, and Police Officers Attitudes Toward Occupational Deviance," ROBIN HAARR, Arizona State University West

PANEL 178 FRANKLIN COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Chair: ALBERT ROBERTS, Rutgers University

Papers: "Technology as a Bolster to Police Response to Domestic Violence," ALBERT ROBERTS, Rutgers University

"Tracking Domestic Violence Arrests Through Prosecution and Court Disposition," VINCENT HENRY and RACHEL JACOBOVITZ, New York City Police Department

"Electronic Monitoring with Battered Women in New York State and Colorado: Strengths and Weaknesses," LISA FRISCH, New York State Office of Domestic Violence

"Computerized Case Management and Tracking of Batterers in Erie County (Buffalo), New York," JOHN WODARSKI, SUNY-Buffalo

PANEL 179 CHARLES RIVER EXAMINING THE STATUS OF POLICE SELECTION AND TRAINING

Chair/Discussant: THOMAS WHETSTONE, Austin Peay State University

Papers: "Law Enforcement Inservice Training Needs in the State of Florida," PAUL BOWDRE, Palm Beach Police Department

"A Preliminary Examination of the Effects of Police Training: Immediate Changes and Long-Term Influences," JEFFREY SENESE and BENJAMIN WRIGHT, University of Baltimore

"Police Training in Germany," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University

"Police University Education: Expectations in A Changing World," IRENE FROYLAND, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

"Professionalization of the Police Through Higher Education: A Case Study," GERALD LYNCH, VINCENT DEL CASTILLO, and MARY ROTHLEIN, John Jay College

73 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 180 CONSTITUTION AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS

HARM IN AMERICAN PENOLOGY: OFFENDERS, VI CTIMS, AND THEIR COMMUNITIES by TODD CLEAR

Chair: JAY ALBANESE, Niagara University

Critics:

FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati JOHN HEPBURN, Arizona State University

PANEL 181 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE : FEMALE OFFENDERS: WHERE HAVE WE BEEN, WHERE ARE WE GOING?

Convenor: KATHLEEN O'SHEA, Catholic University of America

Participants:

BEVERLY FLETCHER ALBERTO MATU, University of Oklahoma YEMI AKANDE, University of Oklahoma

PANEL 182 EMERSON

ROUNDTA BLE: ESTABLISHING TRAINING REGARDING SEXUAL ASSAULT OF INMATES TO PRISON STAFF

Convenor: ROBERT DUMOND, NCCI-Gardner

Participants:

MARIE KING, Bridgewater State Hospital

PANEL 183 BACK BAY

SHAPING CRIME LEGISLATION

Chair: E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University

Papers:

"Parallels in Gun Control and Drug Prohibition: Intrusive Government Policy and the Demise of Liberty in the United States," E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University

"What Will Be the Crime Bill's Impact on the Juvenile Justice System?" TAMMY KING, Kent State University

"An Examination of the Evolution of Stalking Laws," LISA BOZAHARD

"The Practical Implications of Crafting for Compromise: The Case of Assault Weapon Legislation," WILLIAM VIZZARD, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

74 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

FEATURE SESSION 184 ARLINGTON

ROUNDTABLE: THE CRIME BILL AND POLICE EDUCATION: A GREAT LEEP FORWARD?

Convenor: LARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

Participants: DOROTHY BRACEY, John Jay College DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University JAMES A FOX, Northeastern University TRUETT RICKS, Eastern Kentucky University LAWRENCE SHERMAN, University of Maryland JAMES STINCHCOMB, Miami-Dade Community College

FEATURE SESSION 185 BERKELEY

ROUNDTA BLE: THE NEEDS OF INCARCERATED MOTHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN

Convenor: ROSEMARY GIDO, Pennsylvania State University

Featured Speaker: T BERRY BRAZLETON, Boston Childrens Hospital Participants: JOSEPH LEHMAN, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections ANN ADALIST-ESTRIN, Parent Resource Association ELIZABETH BEH, Governor's Drug Policy Council CAROL WILLIAMS, Governor's Drug Policy Council JOANNE RILEY, Program for Female Offenders RENEE KEELS

FEATURE SESSION 186 CLARENDON GANGS: RESEARCH, PREVENTION, AND ENFORCEMENT

Chair: C RONALD HUFF, Ohio State University

Papers: "Gangs and Organized Crime Groups," DEBORAH WEISEL, Police Executive Research Forum

"Leaders of the Pack: A Descriptive Analysis of Eleven Gang Leaders in Columbus, Ohio," JACQUELINE SCHNEIDER, Western Carolina University

"Coordinating Law Enforcement Responses to Gangs and Other Threat Groups," KENT SHAFER, Columbus Division of Police

"Organizing a Community-Based Comprehensive Gang Initiative: Prevention, Intervention and Suppression," KENNETH TRUMP, Tri-City Task Force

Discussant: SCOTT DECKER, University of Missouri-St Louis

75 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 187 WHITTIER

USING BOOT CAMPS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PRISON

Chair: DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

Papers:

"Boot Camp: It Isn't Just for Men," ANN OUSTERHOUT, Oregon Women's Correctional Center

"The Perceptions and Attitudes of Hidalgo County Residents Toward Boot Camp Programs," ILiANA FLORES, University of Texas-Pan American

"Boot Camps: An Alternative to Imprisonment," TIM GILLEY, East Tennessee State University

"Does Shock Incarceration Provide an Environment Supportive of Rehabilitation," FAITH LUTZE, Pennsylvania State University

"An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Shock Incarceration Programs," CARLA WOODLEY, Mississippi State University

PANEL 188 WHITE HILL

ROUNDTABLE: VICTIMS OF RAPE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: A CROSS-CULTURAL INQUIRY

Convenor: OBI EBBE, SUNY-Brockport

Participants: EDNA EREZ, Kent State University BANKOLE THOMPSON, Kent State University CHRISTINE PLUMERI , SUNY-Brockport JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama THOMAS LEHAHAN, Herkimer Community College MICHELLE MOULD

PANEL 189 CAMBRIDGE POLICE PRACTICES: EMPIRICAL EXAMINATIONS

Chair/Discussant: STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Papers: "The Effect of Level of Intimacy on Arrest in Assault Cases," EVE BUZAWA, University of Massachusetts-Lowell and TOM AUSTIN, Shippensburg University

"Local Law Enforcement Agencies' Response to Environmental Crime," JOEL EPSTEIN and THEODORE HAMMETT, Abt Associates

"Background Investigation and Psychological Screening of New Officers: Effectof the Americans with Disabilities Act," LEANNE ALARID, Sam Houston State University

"Celebrating Death: Police Funerals," J ROBERT LILLY, DEBORAH AYER, and BEVERLY CHASE, Northern Kentucky University

76 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 190 BEACON HILL

VARIETIES OF HATE CRIME

Chair: BARBARA PERRY, University of Southern Maine

Papers:

IIViolence Against Gays and Lesbians: Data from A Small CitY,1I BARBARA PERRY, University of Southern Maine

IIBeware Thy Neighbor? Spatial Proximity and the Potential for Reactive Hate Crimes,lI WILLIAM FEINBERG, University of Cincinnati

IIGroup Aspects of Violence Against Foreigners in Europe,lI TORE BJORGO, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

IIEscalation of Gang Activity into Rural Cities: Gang Activity in Smalltown, Arkansas,lI JAMES GOLDEN and ELAINE PERSON, Arkansa� State University

Discussant: BARBARA PERRY, University of Southern Maine

PANEL 191 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE: WOMEN IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

Convenor: C LEE BENNETT, Springfield Police Department

Participants:

SUSAN FIGY, Westfield Police Department JUDITH GLENN, Springfield Police Department SUSAN HARRINGTON, Massachusetts State Police LISA FUSCO, Massachusetts Environmental Police

PANEL 191A WINTHROP

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

Chair: JURG GERBER, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

IIPolitical Crime: An Application of Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie,lI DEANNA ALEXANDER, Virginia Tech

IIWhite-Coliar Crime and the Class-Race-Gender Construct,lI DAVID FRIEDRICHS, University of Scranton

''The Personal Files of Donald R Cresey: Reviewing the Career of an American Criminologist,lI JURG GERBER and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University

IIA Sociology of Scandal,lI DAVID SIMON, University of California-Berkeley and FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

77 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 11:00 am-12:15 pm

PLENARY SESSION III GEORGIAN

CRIMINAL JUSTICE AS A DISCIPLINE: ISSUES OF STATUS, PEDAGOGY, AND TURF IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Convenor: LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 192 STUART

TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: ISSUES AND APPROACHES

Chair: MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University

Papers: "Is There Room for Science in Criminal Justice and Criminology? A Content Analysis of Introductory Texts," MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University and RICHARD A WRIGHT, University of Scranton

"Seeing Ourselves: Exploring the Social Construction of Criminological Knowledge in a Qualitative Methods Course," RICHARD WRIGHT, University of Missouri-St Louis and MICHAEL STEIN, Lindenwood University

"Learning Through the Start: On the Use of Motion Pictures and Criminal Justice Through Film and Hollywood," DEAN J CHAMPION, Minot State University

"The Teaching of Community Organizing and Its Benefits for Community Policing," PETER SANZEN, Hudson Valley Community College

Discussant: CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL, University of Nebraska-Omaha

PANEL 193 ST JAMES

SYSTEM RESPONSES TO DELINQUENCY

Chair/Discussant: VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

Papers: "Rehabilitate or Punish?: Results From the 1994 Juvenile Facility Director Survey," TORY CAETI and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University; VELMER BURTON, Washington State University; and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

"Juvenile Justice Policies: Punishment or Rehabilitation," REBECCA PETERSEN, Arizona State University

"Treating Kids as Adults: Does it Make A Difference?" DONNA BISHOP, CHARLES FRAZIER, and LARRY WINNER, University of Florida

"Attitudes Toward Delinquents and Juvenile Justice: A Comparison of Student and Practitioner Responses," PETER BENEKOS, Mercyhurst College and ALIDA MERLO, WILLIAM COOK, WILLIAM BENNETT and HENRY DeLUCA, Westfield State College

"The Role of the Juvenile Court Prosecutor: A Parens Patriae Figure or Mere State Representative," JOSEPH SANBORN, JR, University of Central Florida

78 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 194 FRANKLIN

COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

Chair: WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge

Papers:

"Technological Advances in Computer Crime and Crime Solving: A Modern Day War of Wits," STEVEN CHRISTIANSEN and CHIP BURNS, Florida State University

"Computers and Criminal Investigation," BRUCE BERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"A Review of Current Issues and Developments in Computer System Security," JOHN FENSKE, Sam Houston State University

"Computerization of Law Enforcement: A Discriminant Analysis of the Adoption Process," KENNETH MULLEN, Appalachian State University

PANEL 195 CHARLES RIVER

LAW ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATION AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Chair: JOHN BRODERICK, Stonehill College

Papers: "Facial Reconstruction and Reproduction Methods as an Investigative Tool," CAROL STRINGFELLOW-WADDLE, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

"Exploring the Efficacy of Tracking Serial Killers in the United States, " LYNN DICKINSON, Penn State-Harrisburg

"Policy Promise: Battered Womens' Satisfaction with Police in a Mandatory Arrest State," MARGARET MARTIN, University of Connecticut

"Response to Domestic Violence and Future Intervention," BERNADETTE MUSCAT, Penn State-Harrisburg

"Police Response to Domestic Violence: Social Change or the Presence of the Past?" VANESSA GARCIA, SUNY­ Buffalo

PANEL 196 CONSTITUTION

THEORETICAL ADVANCES IN CRIME CONTROL

Chair/Discussant: DENNIS STEVENS, Mount Olive College

Papers: "Breaking the Crime Control Paradox," BRYAN VILA, University of California-Irvine

"Apprehended Criminals and Self-Rational Choice Perspective," DENNIS STEVENS, Mount Olive College

"Extending Power-Control Theory: Predicting Perceived Threats of Shame, Embarrassment, and Legal Sanctions," BRENDA BLACKWELL, University of Oklahoma

79 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 197 EMERSON

POTPOURRI I

Chair: BONNEY ADAMS, University of Maryland

Papers:

"A Comparison of False Identification Use Between Two Virginia Universities," JEANNETTE DAVIS and MICHAEL KAUNE, Radford University, and KEITH DURKIN, Virginia Tech

"Kevorkian and Beyond, " COURTENAY SMITH, Western Carolina University

"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner - Tennessee's Recent Policy Responses to the AIDS Epidemic," WILLIAM SHULMAN, Middle Tennessee State University

PANEL 198 WINTH ROP

MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Chair: ANDREW COTLAR, Ball State University

Papers:

"Criminal Justice System Referral for Mental Health Evaluation," ALEXANDER GREER, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry

"The Efficacy of Psychotropic Medications for the Treatment and Management of Incarcerated Offenders," MITCHELL MARSH, Ingalls Hospital Drug Information Center and JOEL SNELL, Kirkwood College

"Multi-Axial Diagnosis in Forensic Settings," ANDREW COTLAR, Ball State University

"Danny Atteberry and the Washington Department of Corrections: A Case Study in the Treatment of a Political Prisoner," J MICHAEL OLIVERO and DONNA KOLB, Central Washington University

PANEL 199 BACK BAY

CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH AND PRACTICES

Chair/Discussant: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"AddreSSing an Inmate/Father Educational Need Through Collaboration of Public and Private Sectors," TED MARSHALL, Morehead State University

"Institutional Television as A Two-Way Communication Tool for Inmates," JOHN KERWIN, Walla Walla Community College and RANDALL WOOLERY and KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College

"An Hlstorical Analysis of the Development of Educational Programs at Green Haven Correctional Facility from 1961 through 1994," MARINA MYHRE, Rutgers University

"University Education and Prison Officer Training: 4 Years On," GUY HALL, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

80 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 200 ARLINGTON

CORRECTIONS IN ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA

Chair: PHILIP REICHEL, University of Northern Colorado

Papers: "Juvenile Justice in India: The Formalization of Informal Social Control," CLAYTON HARTJEN, Rutgers University

"Juvenile Justice in China: A Holistic Approach for the Offender," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University

"Japan's Reluctant Use of the Prison: An Examination of Certain Consequences," ELMER JOHNSON, Southern Illinois University

"Prison Riots in Mexico and the United States: Exploring Common Causes and Responses to Inmate Rebellions," GILBERT GUTIERREZ, University of Northern Colorado

Discussant: R BARRY RUBACK, Georgia State University

FEATURE SESSION 201 BERKELEY WOMEN AS VICTIMS OF CRIME

Chair: CHRISTINE RASCHE, University of North Florida

Papers: "Criminal Justice Responses to Female Victims of Crime," EVE BUZAWA , University of Massachusetts-Lowell

"Flowers in the Jungle: Strengths and Obstacles in Trauma Survivors," ANGELA BROWNE

"Women Battering as Coercive Control: Dilemmas and Challenges for Criminal Justice," EVAN STARK

Discussant: ANDREW KLEIN

FEATURE SESSION 202 CLARENDON

ROUNDTA BLE: LEADERSHIP TRAINING FOR CORRECTIONS EXECUTIVES

Convenor: DAVID KALiNICH, Northern Michigan University

Participants: RICK LOVELL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee MARK POGREBIN, University of Colorado THOMAS REGULUS, Loyola University STAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee JIM ROBERTS, California State University-Chico ARMAND BURRUEL, California Department of Corrections

81 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 203 WHITTIER

IMPLEMENTATION OF REHABILITATIVE STRATEGIES IN BOOT CAMP PRISONS

Chair: CHARLES DEAN, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Papers:

"The Use of Intermediate Sanctions in Texas: An Overview of the Hidalgo County Boot Camp," PHILIP ETHRIDGE and JONATHAN SORENSEN, University of Texas-Pan American

"Boot Camps: An Alternative to Imprisonment," MARC BERUBE, Stonehill College

"Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Boot Camps: What is Known and What is Needed," ERN EST COWLES and LAURA GRANSKY, Sangamon State University and THOMAS CASTELLANO, National Institute of Justice

"Evaluation of a Correctional Camp-Based Program for Serious Impaired Drivers in Western Canada," MICHAEL WEINRATH and JOHN GATRELL, University of Alberta

"Evaluating Treatment Oriented Bootcamps for Juveniles in Los Angeles," MICHAEL AGOPIAN and ROBERT POLAKOW, Los Angeles County Probation Department

PANEL 204 WHITE HILL

PERCEPTIONS AND IMPACTS OF PUNISHMENT

Chair: MICHAEL LEIBER, University of Northern Iowa

Papers:

"Crimes and Punishment Among Mentally Retarded Criminal Offenders: An Exception?" TAIPING HO, Western Carolina University

"How Sex Offenders View the Criminal Justice Process: Criticizers, Debaters, Thankers, and the Spared," DOUG PRYOR, Wake Forest University and NATALIE KROOVAND, Indiana University

"The Clinton Plans on Crime and Health Care: Creating New Federal Crime and Their Implications for the Future," JERALD BURNS, Alabama State University

"The Influence of Religiosity and Gender on Adherence to Orientations Toward Punishment and Treatment Among Juvenile Decision Makers," MICHAEL LEIBER and ANNE WOODRICK, University of Northern Iowa

"The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment," LAURIN WOLLAN JR, Florida State University

Discussant: MAHESH NALLA, Michigan State University

82 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 205 CAMBRIDGE COMMUNITY POLICING: ORGANIZATION AND POLITICS

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL BUERGER, Pennsylvania State University

Papers: "Examining An Unsuccessful Implementation of Community Policing: An Organizational Case Study," GEORGE CAPOWICH

"Community Policing and 'political Posturing: Playing the Game," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

"The Politics of Community Policing in Seattle, Washington (1985-1 993)," WILSON REED, Northern Arizona University

"Community Policing and Hierarchy," DeVERE WOODS JR and JOANNE ZIEMBO-VOGL, Michigan State University

PANEL 206 BEACON HILL IMPLEMENTING HATE CRIME LAWS

Chair/Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Papers: "The Hate Crimes Statistics Act: A Case Analysis of the State of Wisconsin, " KIMBERLY VOGT, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

"Sentencing Enhancement: The Hate Crime Debate," PAUL STRETESKY, Florida State University

"Hate Crimes and Penality Enhancement: Cases and Controversies," CRAIG HEMMENS and KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, Sam Houston State University

"Irreconcilable Differences: Formulating A Typology of Violent Hate Crimes Against Minority Group Members," LLOYD KLEIN, Queensborough Community College

"Bias Crime: The Issue of Gender," JANA NESTLERODE, West Chester University

PANEL 207 STANBRO FEMALE OFFENDERS AS VICTIMS: FEMALE VICTIMS AS OFFENDERS

Chair: KIM MENARD, Pennsylvania State University

Papers: "When Domestic Violence Leads to Murder: A Case Study of the 'Framingham Eight'," LISA BARLOW, Westfield State College

"Co-Responsibility in Domestic Violence Situations, " KELLY LATO, Minot State University

"Alternatives to Prostitution and Incarceration: Project WISH (Women in Search of Hope)," M GRACE BURKE, Crime and Justice Foundation

"Patriarchal Society and Chemically Dependent Female Offenders," AMY PATTERSON, Pennsylvania State University

Discussant: ROSEMARY GIDO, Pennsylvania State University

83 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 12:30 pm-1 :45 pm

PANEL 208 LENOX

WORKSHOP: CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: ANGELA de la TORRE, Metropolitan State College of Denver

PANEL 208A THOREAU

VARIATIONS ON A THEME: WHITE COLLAR CRIME

Chair: CARL KEANE, Queens University (Canada)

Papers:

"Why the Relatively Rich Steal and How to Catch Them," EDWARD THIBAULT, SUNY-Oswego and DOUGLAS BLAINE, Penn Services Group Inc

"From Teflon to Velcro: The Rise and Fall of John Gotti Jr," MELANIE SONGER, Mercyhurst College

"The Ames Spy Case and the Typology of Spies," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

"The Verbal Revolver: The Life and Crimes of A Professional Fraudster," ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police (Australia)

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 209 STUART

ASSESSING CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Chair: DAVID WOODS, Minot State University

Papers:

"Curriculum Enhancement: Examining Departmental Goals, Course Content, and Students' Assessments," TINA LENTZ, TERRY EDWA RDS, ELIZABETH GROSSI, and RICHARD TEWKSBURY, University of Louisville

"Assessment of Student Learning and Ethical Dilemmas: Applications for Criminal Justice Education," BRYAN BYERS, Valparaiso University; MICHAEL P BROWN, Ball State University; and TIMOTHY JURKOVAS, Firelands College

"Gatekeeping in Criminal Justice," DAVID JENKINS and PAT KINKADE, Texas Christian University, and MATTHEW LEONE, University of Nevada at Reno

"Computer Based Education in Criminal Justice: Evaluation of Performance," BRIAN JOHNSON and CLIFFORD VAN METER, Grand Valley State University, and ROY WALKER, University of Illinois

Discussant: BILL WA KEFIELD, University of Nebraska-Omaha

84 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 210 ST JAMES EDUCATION AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

Chair/Discussant: CHARLES CORLEY, Michigan State University

Papers:

''The Role of Parents and Peers in School Attachment and Delinquent Behavior," RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

''The Impact of Law Related Education on Kentucky's Juvenile Justice Population," PAUL KNEPPER, Northern Kentucky University

"Literacy and Delinquent Behavior: A Literature Review," RHONDA ROBINSON and LEN ICE BRIGHT, Wichita State University

"Literacy and School Performance as Antecedents to Gang Membership," DELORES CRAIG, Wichita State University

PANEL 211 FRANKLIN

ISSUES IN COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Chair: NICHOLAS LOVRICH, Washington State University

Papers:

"Assessing Accuracy in Criminal History Records: A Case Study of Eight Washington Counties," KIMBERLY McGEORGE, CHRISTOPHER SIMON, and NICHOLAS LOVRICH, Washington State University

''The Red Light District on the Information Highway: Pornographic Stories and the Internet," FRANK WILLIAMS III and MARILYN McSHANE, California State University-San Bernardino

"An Electronic Search of the Research Literature: Lessons From the CDATE Project," JAMES O'KANE, National Development and Research Institutes

"Help Is on the Way!: The Automated Pre-Sentence Report," SAM BLANKENSHIP, Posy County Probation

PANEL 212 CHARLES RIVER LEGAL ISSUES AND POLICE ACTIONS

Chair: RICHARD SLUDER, Central Missouri State University

Papers:

"Section 1983 Liability and the Police: Understanding the Risks," MICHAEL SMITH, Arizona State University

"Unraveling Civil Liability Decisions Aganst the Police," JOHN ETERNO, New York City Police Department

"Complaints: Police Communication Traits and Public Perceptions," E ELAINE BARTGIS, Fairmont State College and BRYAN PATTERSON, West Virginia University

"Reflections on the Promotion of Integrity in Policing," IRENE FROYLAND and JOHN McROBERTS, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

85 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 213 CONSTITUTION

AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS GA Y COPS by STEPHEN LEINEN

Critics:

RICHARD TEWKSBURY, University of Louisville JOHN KRIMMEL, Trenton State College VANESSA FERRO, New York Police Department

PANEL 214 THOREAU

ISSUES IN ADJUDICATION

Chair: ANITA BLOWERS, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Papers:

"Disclosing to the Jury the Defendant's Election to Remain Silent: English and American Legal Considerations," CHRISTINE YA RED, Grand Valley State University

"The 'Science' of the Battered Woman Syndrome: An Analysis of the State of Art," ANITA BLOWERS and BETH BJERREGAARD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

"Don't Expect the U S Supreme Court to Order A New Trial Because of Prejudicial Publicity," RICHARD FREY, SUNY-B rockport

"Prosecutorial Discretion: The Effects of Race and Ethnicity on the Pretrial Diversion Decision," C WAYNE JOHNSTON and JOHN HOLMES, Central Washington University

PANEL 215 WINTHROP

LETHAL VIOLENCE

Chair: M A DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

Papers:

"Changing Contexts of Lethal Violence in Urban Areas and the Need for A New Typology of Shared Responsibility in Episodes of Homicide," ALLEN BARRETT, California State University-Los Angeles

"Estrangement, Interventions, and Intimate Femicide," DESMOND ELLIS

"Demographic Decomposition of Homicide Rates in the District of Columbia," BONNEY ADAMS, University of Maryland

"Preventing Employee Violence: The Coalescence of Business Philosophy and Criminal Justice Philosophy," JOHN WHITE, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

86 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 216 BACK BAY

CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS

Chair: RICK LOVELL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Papers:

"Media Involvement in' Prison Riots," SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida-Daytona Beach and RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

"The Dilemmas of Incarcerated Parents," CAROL ELLIA

"What Correctional Leaders Read: Results from A National Survey of State Adult and Juvenile Correctional Directors," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University-Yuma

"Separation, Parenting, and Male Inmates: A Preliminary Report," JAMIE KERR, KATE HANRAHAN, and LANETTE MOLONEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ROSEMARY GIDOt Pennsylvania State University

"Parenting Programs for Incarcerated Mothers and Children," SUSAN GILES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: RICK LOVELL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

FEATURE SESSION 217 ARLINGTON

FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY

Chair: DAVID DUFFEE, SUNY-Albany

Papers:

"The View From History: Notes Toward A Theory of Criminal Justice," SAMUEL WA LKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

"Enough Criminal Justice! Why Criminal Justice Degrees Should Wither Away," MICHAEL LYNCH, Florida State University

"Building Bridges and Taking Down Fences: The Future of Criminal Justice Theory," JEFFREY SNIPES and EDWARD MAGUIRE, SUNY-Albany

"Criminal Justice Policy and the Pretense of Theoretical Favor," HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University

87 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

FEATURE SESSION 218 BERKELEY

ISSUES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRISONS FOR WOMEN

Chair: LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University

Papers:

"Correctional Programming and Management with Women Offenders," MERRY MORASH and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University liThe Importance of Training Staff About the Special Needs of Female Offenders," CHRISTINE RASCHE, University of North Florida

"Employment and Deployment of Male Correctional Officers in Prisons for Women," LINDA ZUPAN, Northern Michigan University

Discussant: LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University

FEATURE SESSION 219 CLARENDON

ROUNDTABLE: COURT REFORM RETRIED: POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY

Convenor: ALISSA WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

Participants:

SALLY HILLSMAN, National Center for State Courts CASIA SPOHN, University of Nebraska-Omaha JULIE HORNEY, University of Nebraska-Omaha PAMALA GRISET, University of Central Florida CANDACE McCOY, Rutgers University MARVIN ZALMAN, Wayne State University

PANEL 220 WHITTIER

WORKSHOP: INTENSIVE PAROLE FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSERS

Convenor: TIM ZADAL, Massachusetts Parole Board

Participants:

BRENDA ALLEN, Masschusetts Parole Board KAREN GADDY, Massachusetts Parole Board HARRY COLLINS, Massachusetts Parole Board DEAN LYMAN, Massachusetts Parole Board CAROL KOLENICK, Massachusetts Parole Board DONNA LIPSON, Massachusetts Parole Board

88 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 221 WHITE HILL

CORRECTIONS: INNOVATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL LINDENBERG, University of Hamburg (Germany)

Papers: "Internationalization of Electronic Monitoring-A Step Towards the Mecdonaldization of Crime Control?" MICHAEL LINDENBERG, University of Hamburg (Germany)

"So Called Private Conflicts: Justice Acting Discreet," MARIE-MARTHE COUSINEAU, Universite de Montreal (Canada)

"How to Get Prison Out of You: Improvements and Institutional Environment and Inmate Outcomes in California," ROD MULLEN and ELAINE ABRAHAM, Amity Inc; JOHN RATE LLE, RJ Donovan Correctional Facility; and HARRY WEXLER, The Psychology Center

"Alternatives to Incarceration in Quebec Since 1970," PIERRE LANDREVILLE, Universite de Montreal (Canada)

PANEL 222 CAMBRIDGE TEACHING COMMUNITY POLICING

Chair: LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University-Sacramento

Papers: "Teaching the Basics of Community Oriented Policing: A Matter of Conceptual Reaching," MICHAEL CALDERO, Bellevue Community College

"Teaching About Community Policing (and Life): The Moments of Truth in Policing," CHRIS BRAIDEN, Chris Braiden Consulting Inc

"Development and Delivery of Statewide Community Oriented Policing Curriculum: The Oregon Experience," KAREN EVANS, Board on Public Safety Standards and Training

"Teaching Community Policing in an Academy Environment," JOSEPH HARPOLD, FBI Academy

Discussant: VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska-Omaha

PANEL 223 BEACON HILL LAW, CRIME, AND FIELD RESEARCH

Chair: JEFF FERRELL, Regis University

Papers: "True Confessions: Law, Crime, and Field Research," JEFF FERRELL, Regis University

"Reversing the Ethnographic Gaze," STEPHANIE KANE, Indiana University

"When Equal Treatment is Not Fair: Subjective Observations of a Woman Researcher Working with Women Prisoners," ANGELA WEST, Indiana State University

"Ethnostatistics: Toward the Demise of Drive-By Criminology," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

89 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 2:00 pm-3:15 pm

PANEL 224 STANBRO

FEMALE OFFENDERS

Chair: ROBIN ROBINSON, Rutgers University

Papers: "New Women's Violent Crime: Toward A New Theory," ROBIN ROBINSON, Rutgers University

"Institutional Availability, Parity, and the Criminal Processing of Female Felony Offenders," ELAINE RIZZO, Saint Anselm College

"Incarcerated Women with Their Children: A National Survey of 'Boarding-In' Programs," JANET KNIGHT, Massachusetts Department of Corrections

"A Description of Female Offenders in the Massachusetts Boot Camp," MICHAEL SHIVELY and ROBERT TENAGLIA JR, Massachusetts Department of Correction

PANEL 225 LENOX ROUNDTABLE: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

Participants: RON HUNTER, Jacksonville State University GREGORY ORVIS, University of Texas-Tyler EDWARD LOUGHRAN, National Juvenile Justice Project

PANEL 225A EMERSON WORKSHOP: ENHANCED NEIGHBORHOOD POLICING: A PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION MODEL

Convenor: NANCY CHURCHILL, Sagadahoc County Criminal Justice Project

Participant: CLINTON RAND, Saint Anselm College

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 226 STUART

ROUNDTABLE: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EVALUATIONS: SCHOOL-BASED PROGRAMS

Convenor: ROSEMARY MURPHY, National Institute of Justice

Participants: "Improving School Safety by Empowering Students in Education," DENNIS KENNEY, Police Executive Research Forum

"Reducing School Violence in Detroit," TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University

"Evaluation of Violence Prevention Programs in Middle Schools," ELLEN BRICKMAN, Victim Service Agency

"Building A Culture and Climate of Safety in Public Schools," JACK GREENE, Temple University

90 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 227 ST JAMES

CURRENT ISSUES AND TRENDS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Chair: ELLEN COHN, Florida International University

Papers: "Citation Analysis as a Measure of the Influence of Scholars in American Criminology and Criminal Justice," ELLEN COHN, Florida International University and DAVID FARRINGTON, Cambridge University

"Field Experiences: Making Them Work," MARY KING, Fitchburg State College

"The Use of Online Discussion on a Criminal Justice Research Methods Course: An Evaluation," ANNMARIE KAZYAKA, Niagara University and RALPH TAYLOR, Temple University

"The Extent and Quality of Compliance with the Student Right-to-Know Act, " KATHERINE PRIDEMORE, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 228 FRANKLIN

LEGAL ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Chair: GREGORY RUSSELL, California State University-Chico

Papers: "An Empirical-Legal Approach to Challenging Supreme Court's Procedures in Proportionality Review," JONATHAN SORENSEN, University of Texas-Pan American and DONALD WALLACE, Central Missouri State University

"Assistance for the Accused: Statutory Provisions for Counsel, Experts, and Other Resources in Capital Cases," CHARLES LANIER and JAMES ACKER, SUNY-Albany

"Significant 20th Century Death Penalty Cases in Federal Courts: What the Jurisprudence Means for the Future," JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton

"Justice at the Crossroads: Life Meets Death Head-On," JOYCE REED, East Carolina University

PANEL 229 CHARLES RIVER

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

Chair/Discussant: SYLVIA MIGNON, University of Massachusetts-Boston

Papers: "Defining Community Policing: Practice Versus Paradigm," JOANNE ZIEMBO-VOGL and DeVERE WOODS JR, Michigan State University

"Community Policing as an Antidote for Civil Disorder, " MICHAEL HOOPER, Penn State-Harrisburg

"Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as A Formal Component of Community Policing," ROBERT LOUDEN, John Jay College

"A Problem Oriented Police Response to Tourist Robberies in Dade County (Miami, FL): Crime Reduction or Displacement?" STEVEN ELLISON, Florida International University

91 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 230 CONSTITUTION

ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF CRIME

Chair/Discussant: JOHN URIBE, New Mexico Highlands University

Papers:

"The Movement to the Postindustrial Society and 90s Crime Rates," GARLAND WHITE, Old Dominion University

"Crime and Economic Conditions in the U S: Comparison of Time Series and Regression Correlations," SYLVIA BACA and JOHN URIBE, New Mexico Highlands University

"Socio-Economic Conditions and the Incidence of Crime in the West Coast of the United States," JOHN URIBE, New Mexico Highlands University

"The Role of Incentives in the Deterrent Process," XIAOGANG DENG, University of Massachusetts-Boston

PANEL 231 THOREAU

POTPOURRI II

Chair: TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers:

"The Legitimization of Bribery Among Filipinos of Northwstern Mindanao," TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Conjugal Visits in American prison," JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

"Methodological Strategies for a Study of Tavern Gambling and Gaming," MICHAEL McSKIMMING, Indiana Univesity of Pennsylvania

"Gangs, Violence, and Moral Panics in the San Francisco Print Media," DAVID BROTHERTON, John Jay College

PANEL 232 WINTH ROP

ISSUES AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

Chair: BELINDA McCARTHY, University of Central Florida

Papers:

"The Concept of Community Reintegration: Its Meaning and Contemporary Usage," EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University

"Combining A Therapeutic Community with Work Release," AMIE NIELSON and FRANK SCARPITTI, University of Delaware

"Voluntary Probation Revocations: An Analysis of the Elect to Serve Option in North Carolina," MARK JONES, East Carolina University

Discussant: PAMALA GRISET, University of Central Florida

92 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 233 BACK BAY

PAROLE DECISION-MAKING: ISSUES IN PREDICTION AND RECIDIVISM

Chair: MARK POGREBIN, University of Colorado

Papers: "Utility vs Morality and Purpose: Some Considerations in the Prediction of Recidivism for Potential Parolees," MARY ZAGER, Northeastern University

"Exploring the Effects of Plea Bargaining on Parole Decision-Making in the State of New Jersey," CAROLYN TURPIN-PETROSINO, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

"A Study of the Impact of Executive Influence on Parole Decisions Between 1985 and 1992," BETTY LUTHER

"Politics and Discretion: The Acquisition of Technology in Police Agencies," DALE NESBARY, Oakland University

Discussant: MARK POGREBIN, University of Colorado

FEATURE SESSION 234 ARLINGTON CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY AND JUSTICE

Chair: MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University

Papers: "Feminism and Justice: Thinking About Crime as Though Women Mattered," MEDA CHESNEY-LIND, University of Hawaii

"Postmodern Theory and Justice," PETER MANNING, Michigan State University

"Peacemaking as Justice," SUSAN CAULFIELD, Western Michigan University

"Left Realism and the Struggle for Justice," WA LTER DeKESEREDY, Carleton University; BRIAN MacLEAN, Kwantlen College; MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University Discussant: DAVID FRIEDRICHS, University of Scranton

FEATURE SESSION 235 BERKELEY

ROUNDTABLE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELINQUENCY AND DRUG USE: FINDINGS FROM THE ROCHESTER YOUTH DEVELOPMENT STUDY

Convenor: EDMUND McGARRELL, Indiana University

PartiCipants: TERENCE THORNBERRY, SUNY-Albany MARVIN KROHN, SUNY-Albany ALAN LIZOTTE, SUNY-Albany CAROLYN SMITH, SUNY-Albany

93 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

FEATURE SESSION 236 CLARENDON

BOOT CAMP PRISONS: THE SEARCH FOR EFFECTIVE MODELS

Chair: DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

Papers: "Contemporary Program Innovations in Correctional Boot Camps: The Search for Efficacious Program Models," THOMAS CASTELLANO, National Institute of Justice and ERNEST COWLES, Sangamon State UJliversity

"The Philosophy of Shock Incarceration in New York State," CHERYL CLARK, New York State Department of Correctional Services

"What Have We Learned About the Impact of Boot Camps?" DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

PANEL 237 WHITTI ER

PERSPECTIVES ON POLICE USE OF FORCE IN THE WA KE OF THE RODNEY KING AND MALICE GREEN EPISODES

Chair: BARRY GOETZ, Brown University

Papers: "Expanding the Police Use of Force Research Agenda," WILLIAM VIZZARD, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

"Self-Defined Roles in Policing: A Case Study of the Detroit Police Department," WILLIAM BROWN, University of Michigan-Flint

"Public Perception on Police Use of Force," KEVIN CONKLIN, University of Delaware

"The Integration and Recognition of University Criminal Justice Degrees as a Part of the Police Certification Process," C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University

PANEL 238 WHITE HILL

MINORITY COMMUNITIES, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, AND CRIME

Chair/Discussant: SALIBA MUKORO, Mississippi Valley State University

Papers: "Toxic Racism: The Placement of Toxic Production Industries in Ethnic Minority Communities," ANDRE THOMPSON and VINCENT MILES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"The Hundred Year War: U S Drug Enforcement Policy and Institutionalized Racism," DAVID BARLOW and HEATHER PFEIFER, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and MELISSA BARLOW, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

"Assimilation of Cultural Minorities in Contemporary Society," DOUGLAS CAYWOOD, Western Forensic Sciences

"A Phenomenological and Contextual Analysis of Disproportionate Crime in Black Communities," ALLEN BARRETT, California State University-Los Angeles

94 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 239 CAMBRIDGE

POLICE ORGANIZATION, HIRING, AND EDUCATION

Chair: JOSEPH GRAZIANO, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Papers:

"The Relationship Between Work Performance and College Education in Two Small Municipal Police Departments," JOSEPH GRAZIANO, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

"Entry into Law Enforcement at the Command Rank Level for University Degree Holders," HARALD SCHWEIZER, University of Central Oklahoma

"The Nature of Contemporary Organizational Change in American Policing: Do the Ends Justify the Means?" JIHONG ZHAO, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections and QUINT THURMAN, Washington State University-Spokane

"Altering the Scale of Police Organizations: Re-Thinking Police Consolidation," JOHN MEYER JR, Kutztown University

PANEL 240 BEACON HILL CRIME, VIOLENCE, AND VICTIMS

Chair: PETER WOOD, University of Oklahoma

Papers:

"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: The Case of Adult Victims," E JOAN KUDSK and JAMES NOLAN, Norfolk State University

"Trends in Weapon-Specific Violent Crime Rates in the United States, 1973-1992," SUSAN CARLSON and BRIAN JACKSON, Western Michigan University

"Medicalizing Mayhem: The Evolution of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy as a Social Program," TONY SMITH, PAUL SCHUPP, and EDWARD MAGUIRE, SUNY-Albany

PANEL 241 STANBRO ORGANIZED GANGS

Chair: JAMES McKENNA, Villanova Univers�ty Papers:

"Street Gangs," JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

"Asian Gangs," SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Italian Gangs," THOMAS BARKER, Jacksonville State University

"Hispanic Gangs," JAY CREDITOR, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Columbian Drug Gangs," MICHAEL SEFFENS, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

Discussant: PATRICK RYAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

95 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 3:30 pm-4:45 pm

PANEL 242 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE:" CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENT GROUPS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

Convenor: ANDREW PROTO, SUNY-Brockport

Participants:

MARC PORTER, SUNY-Brockport . BRIAN RILEY, SUNY-Brockport JOHN JOHNSON, SUNY-Brockport MARK GORTHY, SUNY-Brockport

PANEL 242A EMERSON

WORKSHOP: EMOTIONAL Fr , \,..;;.Q CRIMINAL JUSTICE CURRICULA: DON'T TEACH STRESS .-�C.;;.\; . , rEACH PROFESSIONAL COLLAPSE Convenor: DAVID MA, c,� .�stern Connecticut State University

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:00 pm

PANEL 243 STUART

AUTHOR MEET CRITICS BENEVOLENT REPRESSION: SOCIA L CONTROL AND THE AMERICAN REFORMA TORY-PRISON MOVEMENT by ALEXANDER PISCIOTTA

Chair: JOHN CONLEY, SUNY-Buffalo

Critics:

BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University JOHN W ROBERTS, Federal Bureau of Prisons NICOLE RAFTER, Northeastern University

PANEL 244 ST JAMES

MENTAL DISORDER, ADDICTION, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

Chair: TA IPING HO, Western Carolina University

Papers:

"Vulnerable Suspects in Police Custody: The Mentally Disordered and Drug Users," PHILIP BEAN, TERESA NEMNITZ, and DIANNE WINTERBURN, Loughborough University (United Kingdom)

"Statutory Examination of Mentally III and Mentally Retarded Criminal Offenders," LIANNA SALEEBY, Norman A Wiggins School of Law and TAIPING HO, Western Carolina University

"Problems and Aspirations of a Cocaine-Involved Perinatal Sample," ELAINE ZAHND and DORIE KLEIN, Western Consortium for Public Health

96 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:00 pm

PANEL 245 FRANKLIN

FEAR OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE

Chair: CHARLES O'REAR, George Washington University

Papers:

"Victimization and Fear of Crime Among Hispanics, .. LYNN NEWHART and GARY SEIBEL, Western Kentucky University

"The Impact of Fear of Crime on the Daily Lives of a Group of College Students in New York City: A Qualitative Study," KRISTINA RODRIGUEZ and ESTHER MADRIZ, Hunter College

"Violence in the Workplace: Profiling Violent Employees," TOD BURKE and CHARLES O'REAR, George Washington University

PANEL 246 CHARLES RIVER

RESEARCH ON AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Chair: JAMES WELLS, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Social Science-Related Research Centers: A Survey Assessing their Initial Development and Current Utilization," JAMES WELLS, Eastern Kentucky University and BRIAN MURPHY, North Georgia State College

"One Person Criminal Justice Programs: An Exploratory Study," PETER HORNE, Mercer County Community College

"Teaching Sensitive Criminal Justice Topics in a Politically Correct University Setting," LYLE SHOOK, Auburn University

"Counseling in the Criminal Justice System: Teaching Techniques for Intervention Strategies," JOHN VIOLANTI and PAUL BRULE, Rochester Institute of Technology

Discussant: JAMES ADAMITIS, University of Dayton

PANEL 247 EMERSON WORKSHOP: SURVIVAL AFTER APPOINTMENT

Convenor: MICHAEL WELCH, Rutgers University

PANEL 248 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE : UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE STUDENT ISSUES OF MINORITY STUDENTS MAJORING IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University

Participants: EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University AVON BURNS, Mott Community College

97 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:00 pm

PANEL 249 WINTHROP

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH ON ETHNORACIAL MINORITIES

Chair: GISELLE WHITE, South Carolina State University

Papers:

"Alienation and Delinquency," BECKY TATUM, University of Illinois-Chicago

"African American Males and Violence," ROGER TURNER, Shelby State Community College

Discussant: GISELLE WHITE, South Carolina State University

PANEL 250 BACK BAY

ROUNDTABLE: DEVELOPING A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE POLICE SECTION TRAINING SURVEY

Convenor: ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

Participants:

BETH SANDERS, University of Cincinnati TOM HUGHES, University of Cincinnati LARRY GAINES, Eastern Kentucky University WILLIAM WALSH, University of Louisville RICHARD BENNETT, American University

FEATURE SESSION 251 ARLINGTON

COMPUTERS AND ORGAN IZATIONS OF AMERICAN JUSTICE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Chair: WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge

Papers:

"Promises and Perils of 21st Century Information Technology: Can Constitutional Rights be Protected?" GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina

"Information Systems and Management Culture: Will Policing Move out of the Dark Ages?" GARY SYKES, Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute

"Evolving the American Justice Organization of the Twenty-First Century: Impact of Computer-Based Technologies on Criminal Justice Management," WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge

98 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:00 pm

FEATURE SESSION 252 BERKELEY

GEOGRAPHY OF CRIME

Chair: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Papers:

"Integrating Macro and Individual Differences in the Study of Delinquency," MARC OUIMET, University of Montreal

"Fast Spots and Slow Spots," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

"Regional Variation in Illegal Drug Sales," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University

FEATURE SESSION 253 CLARENDON

RE-EXAMINING CONVENTIONAL WISDOM IN SENTENCING: EXTRA-LEGAL AND COMMUNITY EXPLANATIONS

Chair: ALLEN LISKA, SUNY-Albany

Papers:

"Social Determinants of Sentence in China," JIANHONG LUI, Rhode Island College and DENKE ZHOU and ALLEN LISKA, SUNY-Albany

"Sentencing in a Southeastern State: The Effects of Race," JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University

"Prior Record and Sentencing: How the Passage of Time Between Prior Events and the Current Offense Affects Sentence Severity," MICHAEL VIGORITA, Rutgers University

''Trouble in "Metro City": The Importance of Macro Influences on Judicial Outcome," JEANNE FLAVIN, American University

PANEL 254 WHITTIER

BEYOND THE PENOLOGICAL TEXT: THE CONTEXTS OF RACISM WITHIN CORRECTINAL THEORY AND METHODS

Chair: DRAGAN SPASOJEVIC, York University (Canada)

Papers:

"Racializing Punishment: The Social Construction of Difference," LlVY VISANO, York University (Canada)

"Layering Race and Gender: Exclusionary Practices in Corrections," ROBYNNE NEUGEBAUER, Humber College

"Race Relations Behind Bars: An Analysis of the Anti-Racism Policy and Programme Initiatives of the Canadian Correctional System," KEVIN McCORMICK, York University (Canada)

99 FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 5:00 pm-6:00 pm

PANEL 255 WHITE HILL

WORKSHOP: PREPARING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENT FOR A MULTICULTURAL WORLD OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: RICHARD JACKSON, Metro State College of Denver

PANEL 256 CAMBRIDGE WOMEN IN CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Chair: KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

Papers: "Interstate Flight of a Battered Woman: Paradoxes of Patriarchy," KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

"Violence Among Female Drug Sellers," IRA SOMMERS and DEBORAH BASKIN, John Jay College

"Class, Culture, Gender, Race, and Inmate-Mothers: A Marxian Criminological Approach," JACINTO MENDOZA, Bowling Green State University

PANEL 257 STANBRO

ARBITRARINESS AND AMBIVALENCE ABOUT DEATH AS PUNISHMENT: THE PUBLIC, THE JUROR, AND THE EXECUTIONER

Chair: WILLIAM BLOWERS, Northeastern University

Papers: "Early Returns from Surveys of Tennessee and Texas Citizens," WILLIAM BLOWERS and PATRICIA DUGAN, Northeastern University; MARLA SANDYS, Indiana University-Bloomington; and MARGARET VANDIVER

"Ambivalence and Arbitrariness in Making the Life or Death Decision," LIBBY MOORE and BENJAMIN STEINER, Northeastern University

"Ordered to Kill," DONALD CABANA

PANEL 258 LENOX WORKSHOP: INCENTIVES FOR PRISONERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES

Convenor: NIGEL HANCOCK, HM Prison Service (England and Wales)

PANEL 258A CONSTITUTION ISSUES IN PROSECUTION

Chair: G ROGER JARJOURA, Indiana University-Indianapolis

Papers: "Waiver to Adult Court: Are Juvenile Offenders Getting the Correct Message?" G ROGER JARJOURA, Indiana University-Indianapolis

"Private Prosecution: A Constitutional Practice?" GARY WILLIS and KATV MARTIN, Pembroke State University

"Wearing the Crown: Prosecutorial Work, Professional Identity, and Job Satisfaction," IAN GOMME and MARY HALL, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)

100 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences 1995 Award Recipients

BRUCE SMITH SR: For outstanding contributions to criminal justice

CORAMAE R MANN, Indiana University

FOUNDER'S: For outstanding contributions to criminal justice education and ACJS

DOROTHY H BRACEY, John Jay College

ACADEMY FELLOW: For distinguished teaching and scholarly achievement

GEORGE F COLE, University of Connecticut

OUTSTANDING BOOK:

ROBERT J SAMPSON and JOHN H LAUB CRIME IN THE MA KING: PA TH WA YS AND TURNING POINTS THROUGH LIFE

ANDERSON OUTSTANDING PAPER:

MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University "Juror Comprehension of Sentencing Instructions: A Test of Tennessee's Death Penalty Process"

ANDERSON OUTSTANDING STUDENT PAPER:

ERIC S JEFFERIS, University of Cincinnati "Jail Officers Assaulted: A Profile"

101 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995

8:00 am-1 1 :00 pm Employment Exchange Open Dartmouth/Exeter 8:00 am-11:15 am ACJS Registration Dartmouth Foyer 8:00 am-1 2:00 pm Didactic: "Evaluation of Community Policing" Gloucester 11 :00 am-1 1 :45 am ACJS Regional Meetings Region 1 (Northeast) Franklin Region 2 (Southern) Cambridge Region 3 (Midwest) Beacon Hill Region 4 (Southwestern) Charles River Region 5 (Pacific Northwest) Constitution 12:00 pm-2:00 pm Awards Luncheon Imperial/Plaza Ballroom

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 259 STUART

WORKSHOP: AGENCY-BASED EVALUATION AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS

Convenor: SHELLIE SOLOMON, National Institute of Justice

Participants:

"Background and Experiences of the Participatory Evaluation Program," TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University

"Improving Domesic Violence Training Evaluations," WILLIAM HOLMES, Massachusetts Committee on Criminal Justice Services

"Evaluation of Cognitive Skills Program in Colorado's Juvenile ISP," KIM ENGLISH, Colorado Division of Criminal Justice

"Working with Agency Researchers: The Advisor's Role," EDMUND McGARRELL, Indiana University-Bloomington

PANEL 260 ST JAMES

WORKSHOP: A MULTI-SYSTEM APPROACH TO THE SUPERVISION OF THE MENTALLY DISABLED OFFENDER: MOVEMENT TOWARD AN APPA-APPROVED NATIONAL MODEL

Convenor: JEFFREY HUNSICKER, Lehigh Adult Probation Department

102 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 261 FRANKLIN

DELINQUENCY CAUSATION AND RECIDIVISM

Chair: CHRISTINA POLSENBERG, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Multiple Failure Factors and Juvenile Delinquency in a Cohort Group," ROSE MARY STANFORD, University of South Florida-Ft Myers and PATTY ROBERTS

"Delinquency Causation as Perceived by Youth Workers in that Field: An Initial Review of the Collected Data," WILLIE EDWARDS, East Texas State University

"Recidivism and Survival Analysis of Youth Held in Utah's Juvenile Secure Facilities from 1987 to 1990," ROBERT DOWNING and JOHN DeWITT, Salt Lake City Divison of Youth Corrections

"Predictors of Recidivism Among Youth in an Intensive Supervision Program," JEFF JENSON and TRACI RIECKMAN, University of Utah and JOHN DeWITT and ROBERT DOWNING, Salt Lake City Division of Youth Corrections

"Persistence in Crime: A Recidivism Study of Institutionalized Juvenile Offenders," CHARLES DEAN, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; ROBERT BRAME, University of Maryland; and RICHARD RIDEOUT, North Carolina Division of Youth Services

Discussant: CHRISTINA POLSENBERG, Michigan State University

PANEL 262 CHARLES RIVER

POLICE TRAINING AND USE OF FORCE

Chair: BARRY HANCOCK, Indiana University-South Bend

Papers:

"Law Enforcement Training Critical for Limiting Liability," RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University

"Officer Survival Training: Are we Training Survival or Paranoia?" PATRICK MAHER, Personnel and Organizational Development Consultants

"Effects of Physical Exertion on Police Recruits in Judgmental Shooting Situations," CHRISTOPHER CAPSAMBELlS, St Petersburg Junior College

"Mental Practice Enhances Recruit Police Officer's Acquisition of Critical Psychomotor Skills," THOMAS WHETSTONE, Austin Peay State University

"Death Confrontations and the Police Subculture: The Police Officer as Survivor," VINCENT HENRY, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

Discussant: THOMAS CHAMBERLIN, North Carolina Central University

103 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 263 CONSTITUTION

HATE CRIMES AND ENCODED CRIMINALITY

Chair: MARCIA STEINBOCK, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

Papers:

"Hate Crimes: Is the Law an Effective Change Agent?" MARCIA STEINBOCK, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

"Cyberspace, Capitalism, and Encoded Criminality: The Iconography of Theme Park," JEFFREY CASS, Texas A & M International University

"Criminalization of Hatred: The Texas Experience," JAMES LOVE and LORENE STONE, Lamar University­ Beaumont

"Race and Serial Murder: What Explains the Predominance of White Offenders?" OTWIN MARENIN and ERIK FRANCIS, Washington State University

PANEL 264 THOREAU

WORKSHOP: THE CRIMINAL RESEARCH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMING OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT

Convenor: TORY CAETI, Sam Houston State University

Participants:

KAY SCARBOROUGH, Sam Houston State University JANICE HILSON, Sam Houston State University JOHN FENSKE, Sam Houston State University LYNN PHELAN, Sam Houston State University LARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 265 WINTHROP

SEXUAL ASSAULT

Chair: JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University

Papers:

"Ethnicity, Attitudes, and Sexual Assault on Campus," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University

"Factors Influencing Victim Labeling of Forced Sexual Intercourse as Rape," ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama

"The Issues of Rape and Date Rape as Reported by Female and Male Students at the University of Illinois," MICHAEL CHARLES, University of Illinois

"An Overview of Sex Offender Laws," DONNA NELSON, Eastern Michigan University

104 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 266 BACK BAY

STATE COURTS AND THE CRIMINAL TRIAL

Chair: RICHARD COLE, University of Connecticut

Papers: IIDrunk Drivers in the Courts: An Exploration of a Criminal Justice Process,1I JON'A MEYER and TARA GRAY, New Mexico State University

IIAn Analysis of Judicial Utilization of Social Science Research ,II DAVID GIACOPASSI and RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis

"Voting Behavior on the Wisconsin Supreme Court: Rights of the Accused, II DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

IIHow Should the Court Respond When the State's Key Witness Recants his Story: Should the Defendant Receive a New Trial?1I ETTA MORGAN-SHARP, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: INGER SAGATU N-EDWARDS, San Jose State University

FEATURE SESSION 267 ARLINGTON DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

Chair/Discussant: JAMES FRANK, University of Cincinnati

Papers: IICoercion and Community Policing: Police Behavior Toward Suspects,1I ROBERT WORDEN and JEFFREY SNIPES, SUNY-Albany and STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University

IIAlternative Approaches to Controlling Drug Problems, II LORRAINE GREEN, Northeastern University liThe Work Yet to be Done: Community Policing as a Potenkin Village,1I MICHAEL BUERGER, Pennsylvania State University

FEATURE SESSION 268 BERKELEY SPECIAL PROSECUTORIAL ISSUES

Chair: LESLIE KUNTZ, Minot State University

Papers: liThe Adjudicated Mentally Retarded Client: From Deinstitutionalization to Incarceration,lI LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and GUSTAVO MORAL, Independent Services Network

IIDouble Jeopardy: The Necessity of a Reappraisal, II JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton liThe Grand Jury: A World Class Failure,1I F E DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi

Discussant: ROMI STADEL, Minot State University

105 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

FEATURE SESSION 269 CLARENDON

POLICY ISSUES IN CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION

Chair: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Correctional Educational Reform Through Court Intervention," OSA COFFEY

"A New Sense of Direction: Correctional Education from the Federal Perspective," GAIL SCHWARTZ, U S Department of Education

"Special Education for Youthful Offenders with Disabilities: A Brief Analysis of Mandates and Programming ," ROB RUTHERFORD, Arizona State University

"TBA, " CAROLYN EGGLESTON, California State University-San Bernardino

Discussant: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

PANEL 270 WHITTIER MASS MEDIA AND THE SHAPING OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE REALITY

Chair/Discussant: LLOYD KLEIN, Queensborough Community College

Papers: "True Lies: The 0 J Simpson Story and "Crime Time" Television," LLOYD KLEIN, Queensborough Community Colleg.e and JOAN LUXENBURG and SHAWNA CLEARY, University of Central Oklahoma

"Newswork, Moral Panic, and the Sociology of Emotions: A Case Study of the Social Construction of Deviance," STEVEN GORELICK, City University of New York

"The King-f>enny Tapes: Can Media Events Alter the Criminal Justice System?" H BRUCE PIERCE, North Carolina Central University

"The Media Access vs Fair Trial Debate: Much Ado About Nothing?" ROBERT CHAIRES and B GRANT STITT, University of Nevada-Reno

PANEL 271 WHITE HILL

DIRECTIONS IN CORRECTIONS: VIEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

Chair/Discussant: RICHARD ROSENFELD, University of Missouri-St Louis

Papers: "Trends in Corrections in Europe and North America: Results of a U N Survey," MATTI JOUTSEN, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (Finland)

"Developments in Indonesian Prisons, Policies, and Practice," TOM COURTLESS, George Washington University

"The Concept of "Dangerousness" and its Implication in the Criminal Justice System of the People's Republic of China," SIMON WONG, University of Hong Kong

106 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 272 CAMBRIDGE

POLICING: CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS

Chair/Discussant: TOM AUSTIN, Shippensburg University

Papers:

"How Could Four Eyewitnesses be Mistaken? US v Mario Escobedo (1994)," THOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University

"Fiasco in Waco," R REUBEN MILLER, Teikyo Loretto Heights University

"Some Implications of the Constable-Generalist," ANNE SINGH and WILLEM de LINT, University of Toronto

"The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act: An Evaluation of Title I Public Safety and Community Policing," MICHAEL PALMIOTTO, Wichita State University

PANEL 273 BEACON HILL

ASSESSING AND RESPONDING TO DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS

Chair/Discussant: GWEN BRAMLET, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Expressed Desire for Treatment Among Drug Using Arrestees in Four American Cities," EDWARD SABIN, Towson State University

"Gambling and Problem Gambling Among Methadone Clients," BARRY SPUNT, John Jay College and HENRY LESIEUR, Illinois State University

"Chemically-Dependent Criminal Offenders: A Three Year Follow-Up," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

''The Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Through the Drug Use Forecasting Program: A Multi-Trait Assessment," CHARLES KATZ, CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL, and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska-Omaha

PANEL 274 STANBRO

WORKSHOP: THE FUTURE OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

Convenor: ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Participants:

MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis SUE REID, Florida State University JOHN SMYKLA, University of Alabama GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville FRANK WILLIAMS III, California State University-San Bernardino LAURIN WOLLAN JR, Florida State University

107 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 8:00 am - 9:15 am

PANEL 275 LENOX

WORKSHOP: EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENTS

Co-Convenors: VICKY DORWORTH, Montgomery College AGGIE HARRELL, Montgomery College Participants:

MARIE HENRY, Sullivan County Community College

RETA ROBERTS , The College of West Virginia

MARGARET BROWN, Marsha" University

SONYA CHILES, Montgomery College

PANEL 276 EMERSON

ROUNDTABLE : PROSTITUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON COMMUNITIES

Convenor: M GRACE BURKE, Crime and Justice Foundation

Saturday, March 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 277 STUART

ROUNDTABLE: CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Convenor: BERNARD AUCHTER, National Institute of Justice

Participants:

"Civil Protection Orders," SUSAN KEILITZ

"Domestic Violence Prosecution," DONALD REBOVICH, American Prosecutors Research Institute

"Police and Domestic Violence," PAMELA CASEY, Boston Police Department

"Coordination of Criminal and Dependency Courts in Child Abuse Cases," DEBRA WHITCOMB, Education Development Corporation

PANEL 278 ST JAMES

WORKSHOP: CRITICAL THINKING: A SELF-ESTEEM PROGRAM FOR INCARCERATED POPULATIONS AND WELFARE RECIPIENTS

Convenor: LEE PATES, Human Systems Associates

Participant:

JULIA GOODWIN, New York State Department of Education

108 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 279 FRANKLIN

THE ISSUE OF SOCIAL CONTROL AND DELINQUENCY

Chair: CHARLES CORLEY, Michigan State University

Papers: "Young Women and the Juvenile Justice System: No Longer the Forgotten Few," MEDA CHESNEY-LIND, University of Hawaii

"Correlates of Delinquency and Social Bonding: A Test of Hirschi's Theory," KIM WEAVER and DONALD YATES, Ferris State University

"A Review of Women Offenders from a Social Control Framework," PAMELA SCHRAM, Michigan State University

"Re-Thinking the Involvement Dimension of Social Control Theory," SHERMAN DAVIS, Michigan State University

"The Transfer of Juveniles to Adult Court: The Unexplored Viewpoint," FRANCES REDDINGTON, Central Missouri State University

Discussant: PAMELA SCHRAM, Michigan State University

PANEL 280 CHARLES RIVER

THE QUALITY ISSUE IN POLICE TRAINING

Chair: BENJAMIN WRIGHT, University of Baltimore

Papers: "A Proposal for Instituting National Standards for Law Enforcement Training and Education, Certification, and Decertification," DANA De WITT, Chadron State College

"Quality vs Quantity of Police: Police Professionalism, Education, and Community Expectations," THERESA ZERBEL and BARRY HANCOCK, Indiana University-South Bend

"Ethical Training: Is it Needed in Today's Law Enforcement Culture?" THOMAS CHAMBERLIN, North Carolina Central University and GARLAND NEWCOMB, University of District of Columbia

"Issues in Community Policing: Training Officers in Problem Orientation," DUANE DUKES, John Carroll University

Discussant: JEFFREY SENESE, University of Baltimore

PANEL 281 CONSTITUTION

AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS: AMERICAN SKINHEADS: THE CRIMINOLOGY AND CONTROL OF HA TE CRIME by MARK HAMM

Chair: JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

Critics: PETER COPPLE, Calgary Police Service (Canada) BRENT SMITH, University of Alabama-Birmingham

109 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 282 THOREAU

ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Chair/Discussant: SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

Papers:

"Problems with Home Confinement," AMY KOPCYNSKI, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Police Sexual Misconduct," ALLISON BOUSSIDAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Campus Rape," MARIA HATZIKONSTANTINOU, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Gambling and Police Corruption," JANINE POLLENZ, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

"Telemarketing Crime," CHRISTINA DEHART, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

PANEL 283 WINTH ROP MINORITIES AND WOMEN'S ISSUES

Chair: NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

Papers:

"Verbal Aggression: Does One's Marital Status or Gender Increase the Likelihood of Vulnerability?" NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

"Are there Gender Differences in Attitudes Regarding Criminal Responsibility and Criminality," PAT KIRBY, American University

"Gender Representation and Violence Against Women," RENEE KASINSKY, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

"Mentoring, Minorities, and the Criminal Justice System," EVERETTE PENN and SHAUN GABBIDON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

PANEL 284 BACK BAY

SPECIAL ISSUES IN CRIME AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Chair: JOHN FENSKE, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Legal Reform and Resuscitating the Law Profession in Vietnam: After Winning the War, Losing the Revolution," GARY FEINBERG, St Thomas University

"Common Misconceptions about the Crime of Conspiracy," CLIFF ROBERSON and JOSEPH SAGER, University of Houston-Victoria

"Discovery of the Truth in Adversary and Non-Adversary Criminal Procedure," ZORAN MILOVANOVICH, Lincoln University

"Guns and Product Liability: Magic Bullet, or Another DUd?" DAVID KOPEL, Independence Institute

110 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

FEATURE SESSION 285 ARLINGTON POLICE ABUSE OF FORCE

Chair/Discussant: WILLIAM GELLER, Police Executive Research Forum

Papers: "A Theory of Excessive Force and its Control," CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware

"The Causes of Police Brutality," ROBERT WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

"Training to Reduce Police Violence," JAMES FYFE, Temple University

FEATURE SESSION 286 BERKELEY

PRISON-BASED TREATMENT FOR DRUG-INVOLVED OFFENDERS

Chair/Discussant: JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware

Papers: "Drug Abuse Treatment in the Criminal Justice System: Where are we and Where are we Going?" PETER DELANY, National Institute on Drug Abuse

"Developing Appropriate Treatment for Wo men within a TC Model," DOROTHY LOCKWOOD and JILL McCORKEL, University of Delaware and HILARY SURRATT, University of Miami

"Drug Treatment Program Evaluation," ANITA ARCIDIACONO, Federal Bureau of Prisons

"Strengths and Shortcomings of Prison-Based Treatment for Male Drug-I nvolved Offenders: An Empirical Assessment," STEVEN MARTIN and JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware

FEATURE SESSION 287 CLARENDON

CURRENT RESEARCH IN CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION

Chair: BRUCE WOLFORD, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers: "Does Correctional Education Affect Recidivism?" DANIEL LOCKWOOD, Clark Atlanta University

"TBA," RONALD SZCZYPKOWSKI, Magi Educational Services

"Impact Evaluation of the LITE Program," GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville

"TBA," LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida

Discussant: JOHN LITTLEFIELD, Orient Correctional Institution

111 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-10:45 am

PANEL 288 WHITTIER

THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN "POPULARIZING" IMAGES OF CRIME AND CRIMINALS

Chair/Discussant: FRANKIE BAILEY, SUNY-Albany

Papers: "The Media and the Mindhunters: A Case Study in the Americanization of International Criminal Justice," ELIZABETH JENKINS, Pennsylvania State University

"Media Distortion and Crime: Effects on Public Perceptions and Policy," STEPHEN DeMUTH and RICH WA LLACE, Virginia Tech

"Using LEXIS/NEXIS to Conduct Criminal Justice Research: The Representation of Deadly Female Violence in the Print Press," CHRISTINE PLUMERI, SUNY-Brockport

"The Female Psychopath in Art versus Science: An Analysis of Film Portrayals of the Femme Fatale," JACQUELINE HELGFOTT, Seattle University

PANEL 289 WHITE HILL THE NATIONAL EVALUATION OF G.R.E.A.T.

Chair: FINN ESBENSEN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

Papers: "Overview of the National Evaluation of GREAT," FINN ESBENSEN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

"Theoretical Orientation of GREAT," L THOMAS WINFREE, New Mexico State University

"Field Experimental Designs: Problems of Implementation," MOLLY BROWN and JENNIFER WEST, University of Nebraska-Omaha

"Preliminary Findings of the National Evaluation of the GREAT Program," FRANCES BERNAT, Arizona State University West; JACQUELINE HELFGOTT, Seattle University; RON TAYLOR, Temple University; and DAVID CORBIN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

Discussant: WINIFRED REED, National Institute of Justice FRANK SPIZUOCO, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

PANEL 290 CAMBRIDGE POLICING: OPERATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL BRECI, MetropOlitan State University

Papers: "Serial Killers: Does Understanding their Violent Fantasies and Patterns of Behavior Help Capture Them?" JOHN WHITE, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

"Law Enforcement and Activist Groups," GREGORY CORAM, Monmouth College

"Police Supervisorsand Unethical Behavior in Police Organizations," JEFFREY MAGERS, Jefferson County Police Department

"Crime Analysis: From the 19th to the 21st Century in Two Years," SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants

112 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 291 BEACON HILL

MARIJUANA, TOBACCO, AND THE WAR ON DRUGS

Chair/Discussant: L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University

Papers:

"Marijuana Growing and Law Enforcement," JOHN FULLER and JAMES O'MALLEY, West Georgia College

"Marijuana Trade in Rural Kentucky: The Political and Economic Functions of Drug Crimes," RONALD GULOTTA and STONNIE DENNIS, Murray State University

"The Emerging War on Tobacco: Implications for Criminal Justice," W WESLEY JOHNSON and MYRNA CINTRON, Sam Houston State University

"Drug Enforcement in Rural Areas," RALPH WEISHEIT, L EDWARD WELLS, and DAVID FALCONE, Illinois State University

PANEL 292 STANBRO

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PUNISHMENT

Chair: RICHARD McCLEARY, University of California-Irvine

Papers:

"Toward a Theory of Punishment in the Psychiatric Courtroom: On Language, Law, and Lacan," BRUCE ARRIGO, Rowan College of New Jersey

"Controlling Homeless Mothers: Punishment and Surveillance in a Homeless Shelter," VICTORIA PITTS , Brandeis University

"From Legitimate Punishment to Legitimacy in Punishment Regimes in Islam: From Theory to Practice, the Case of the Qisas (Retribution) in Islam," HAMID KUSHA, Maryville University

"Symbolic Reassurance: Why we Punish," RONALD HUNTER, Jacksonville State University

Discussant: GRAEME NEWMAN, SUNY-Albany

PANEL 293 LENOX

WORKSHOP: CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE HUMANITIES CURRICULUM

Convenor: LARRY FIELD, Western New England College

Participants:

JACK WILLIAMS, Western New England College ALFRED INGHAM, Western New England College DENISE GOSSELI N, Western New England College LEE BENNETT, Western New England College

113 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 9:30 am-1 0:45 am

PANEL 294 EMERSON

ROUNDTABLE: THE VICTIM'S MOVEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Convenor: R THOMAS DULL, California State University-Fresno

Participants: HARVEY WA LLACE, U S Department of Justice CHRISTINE EDMUNDS, National Victim Center ERIC HICKEY, California State University-Fresno CANDICE SKRAPEC, California State University-Fresno RUTH MASTERS, California State University-Fresno

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 12:00 pm-2:00 pm

AWARDS LUNCHEON IMPERIAL BALLROOM

STRUCTURING CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY

Speaker: DAVID DUFFEE, SUNY-Albany

SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

PANEL 295 STUART

ROUNDTABLE: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EVALUATIONS: GANG PREVENTION PROGRAMS

Convenor: WINIFRED REED, National Institute of Justice

Participants: "Gangs as Targets of Intervention," ROBERT YIN and JUNE SIVILI, Cosmos Corporation

"Process Evaluation," KATHERINE WILLIAMS and MARCIA COHEN, DSG Inc

"Impact Evaluation," G DAVID CURRY, University of Missouri-St Louis

PANEL 296 ST JAMES

BATTERING

Chair: PATRICIA MURPHY, SUNY-Geneseo

Papers: "Battering in Dating Relationships: A Test of Social Learning Theory," BECKY WYLlE-JARDINE and CHRISTINE SELLERS, University of South Florida

"Determinants of Victim Co-Production in Partner Violence: Seeking Warrants in Offender Absent Cases," ALISSA WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

"Current State of Affairs of Domestic Violence Research," DIANE DWYER, SUNY-Brockport

"TBA," LYNETTE FEDER, Florida Atlantic University

114 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

PANEL 297 FRANKLIN

JUVENILE JUSTICE AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Chair: SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Northeastern University

Papers:

"The Behavior of Law and the Juvenile Justice System," CAROLYN NILLES, Marshall University

"Organizational Models in Juvenile Justice," SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Northeastern University

"Medicalization of Juvenile Delinquency as Social Control: An Assessment of Issues and Impacts," KRISTEN TATUM-PRESTON, University of Tennessee

"Is Delinquency Increasing or Decreasing? Trends and Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency During 1980-1992 Period," SUMAN SIRPAL, Florida Internatinal University

"Juvenile Justice Revisited: The Role of History and the Cycle of Judicial Disorganization," SUZETTE COTE, SUNY -Buffalo

PANEL 298 CHARLES RIVER

MANAGING POLICE USE OF FORCE THROUGH TRAINING

Chair: DANA DE WITT, Chadron State College

Papers:

"Police Training in Positional Asphyxiation," MERLYN MOORE, Sam Houston State University

"The Role of Police Trainers in Controlling Excessive Force: A Proposal Paper," H BRUCE PIERCE, North Carolina Central University

"Force Management: Changing the Police Paradigm," MICHAEL CHARLES and GREG CONNER, University of Illinois

"Blaming the Victim in Police Excessive Force Litigation," PATRICK MAHER, Personnel and Organizational Development Consultants

Discussant: GARLAND NEWCOMB, University of the District of Columbia

PANEL 299 CONSTITUTION

AUTHOR MEETS CRITICS CRIMES OF STYL E: URBA N GRAFFITI AND THE POLITICS OF CRIMINALITY by JEFF FERRELL

Chair: GREGG BARAK, Eastern Michigan University

Critics:

KENNETH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

115 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

PANEL 300 THOREAU

POTPOURRI III

Chair: ANTHONY PETROSINO

Papers: "Race or Social Class? The Non-Representative Nature of American Juries," HIROSHI FUKURAI, University of California-Santa Cruz

"Comprehensive Treatment to Social Order: A Chinese Approach Against Crime," WEIZHENG LlU, Monmouth College

"The Hunt for Randomized Experimental Reports: Document Search and Retrieval Efforts for a 'What Works?' Meta-Analysis," ANTHONY PETROSINO

"Contemporary Islamic and American Sentencing: A Comparative Perspective," DAVID GRISWOLD, Florida Atlantic University

PANEL 301 WINTHROP ISSUES IN THE DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF CRIME

Chair/Discussant: GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"The Ethics of Police Officers and Active Informants in the Investigation of Organized Crime in the United Kingdom," PAUL COOPER, John Moores University (England) and JON MURPHY, Merseyside Police (England)

"Community Policing as an Alternative Drug Enforcement Strategy: A Consideration of Current Research," BARRY GOETZ, Brown University

"Solving Non-Simple Homicides," KORNI KUMAR, SUNY-Potsdam and STANLEY TURNER and LEONARD SAVITZ, Temple University

"Missing the Link: Emerging Relationships Between Police and the Military," PETER KRASKA, Eastern Kentucky University

PANEL 302 BACK BAY LEGAL ISSUES REGARDING EQUAL TREATMENT, JUSTICE, AND CIVIL RIGHTS

Chair: MARY ATWELL, Radford University

Papers:

"The Quest for Civil Rights: Modern Rioting Creates a New Recipe for Danger," BOBBI MARKERT, Western Carolina University

"The Politicization of Race and Crime," ROBERT BING III, University of TexaS-Arlington

"Justice, Race and Gender: Pauli Murray and the Law," MARY ATWELL, Radford University

"The Impact of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act on the Disciplinary Exclusion of Students from Public Schools: Educational Vision or Unintended Consequences," MICHAEL REESE, North Georgia College

116 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

FEATURE SESSION 303 ARLINGTON A NEW SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF DRUGS AND CRIME: RESULTS FROM RECENT EVALUATIONS OF DRUG COURTS

Chair: ELIZABETH DESCHENES, Rand Corporation

Papers: "Comparative Models of Treatment Delivery in Drug Courts," STEVEN BELENKO, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

"Assessing the Impact Treatment of Drug Courts," JOHN GOLDKAMP, Temple University

"Maricopa County's Drug Court: An Innovative Program for First-Time Drug Offenders on Probation," ELIZABETH DESCHENES and PETER GREENWOOD, Rand Corporation

"A Process Evaluati9n of Alameda County's Service Delivery System for High Risk Youthful Offenders: Linkages Between the Drug Court and Probation Department," SANDRA TUNIS and JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency Discussant: ROGER PETERS, University of South Florida

FEATURE SESSION 304 BERKELEY CURRENT ISSUES IN POLICE CIVIL LIABILITY

Chair/Discussant: VICTOR KAPPELER, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers: "Panhandling and the Police," RICHARD SLUDER, Central Missouri State University

"Police Civil Liability for First Amendment Violations," MICHAEL VAUGHN, Georgia State University

"Hi-Risk Police Activities, Liability and Risk Management," GEOFFREY ALPERT, University of South Carolina; RANDY PLYER, South Carolina Risk Management; and WILLIAM SMITH, Sedgwick of the Carolinas

FEATURE SESSION 305 CLARENDON RACE, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Chair/Discussant: DELORES JONES, John Jay College

Papers: "Race and Reproductive Rights," DOROTHY ROBERTS , Rutgers-Newark School of Law

"The Black Rage Defense: Myth or Reality?" JOHNSON PATRITIA, John Jay College

"The Other Side of the Black Rage Defense," ANN SULTON, Sulton Books

"On Race, Crime, Law, and Control," DELORES JONES, John Jay College

117 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

PANEL 306 WHITTIER

VICTIMS OF STEREOTYPES?: COPS, WOMEN, CHILD VICTIMS, AND MINORITIES IN THE MEDIA

Chair/Discussant: FRANKIE BAILEY, SUNY-Albany

Papers: "The Portrayal of Women and Blacks in the Crime Film Genre (1972-1992)," DEBRA LAUFERSWEILER, Northern Virginia Community College; VICKY DORWORTH, Montgomery College; RETA ROBERTS, The College of West Virginia; MARIE HENRY, Sullivan County Community College

"Targets of the Media: Negative Images of Mass Media on Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement," ALLAN RUTLEDGE, East Tennessee State University

"Victims of Child Homicides in the News Media: A Content Analysis of the Chicago Tribune," NICOLE VAN DOORN, Indiana University

"Media Portrayal of Juvenile Crime in Arizona," STEPHANIE KUEHNE, Arizona State University

PANEL 307 WHITE HILL GANGS, DRUGS, AND INTERVENTIONS

Chair: ERNEST De ZOL T, John Carroll University Papers: "Tabula Rosa Intervention/Prevention Project: The Resocialization of Delinquent Gang-Involved Females," ERNEST De ZOLT, John Carroll University and LINDA SCHMIDT, Task Force on Violent Crime

"A Social Constructionist Approach to the Study of Youth Gangs: An Examination of the Perceptions of Decision Makers and Delinquent Youth," MICHAEL LEIBER, MICHELLE O'CONNOR, TINA ENGSTROM, and DAWN DUNGAN, University of Northern Iowa

"Underestimation, Over-Reaction, and Ignoring the Obvious in the Youth Gang Dilemma," WILLIAM BROWN, University of Michigan-Flint and RANDALL SHELDEN, University of Nevada-Las Vegas

"Gangs, Violence, and Drug Use in Rural Northern Missouri," ROSEMARY BARROW, WAYNE VanZOMEREN, CLARK YOUNG, and PAULA HOLMAN, Northwest Missouri State University

"A Social Network Approach to Youth Gang Intervention," MARK FLEISHER, Illinois State University

PANEL 308 CAMBRIDGE POLICE USE OF INFORMANTS

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL PALMIOTTO, Wichita State University Papers: "The Nature and Significance of Confidential Informing," J MITCHELL MILLER, University of Tennessee

"The Role of the Police Informer in the British Criminal Justice System," COLIN DUNNIGHAN, University of Hull (England)

"A Critique of Criminal Informant Programs: Management's Responsibilities," THOMAS CHAMBERLIN, North Carolina Central University

"Factors Which Influence the Likelihood of Arrest in Violent Crimes: A NIBRS Analysis," HOWARD SNYDER, National Center for Juvenile Justice

118 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 2:15 pm-3:30 pm

PANEL 309 BEACON HILL

ISSUES IN THE WAR ON DRUGS

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL GOODMAN, lIinois State University

Papers:

"Current Drug Laws in the USA and Bigotry ," GARY WEBB, Ball State University

"Searching for Heroin in New York, Chicago, and San Diego," ANN ROCHELEAU, BOTEC Analysis Corporation

liThe Impact of Task Forces on Drug Control and Violent Crimes," CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, PHYLLIS GRAY­ RAY, MELVIN RAY, and R GREGORY DUNAWAY, Mississippi State University

"A Longitudinal Analysis of Federal Asset Forfeiture," GREG WARCHOL, Michigan State University

PANEL 310 STANBRO

CASE HISTORIES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

Chair: RONALD IACOVETTA, Wichita State University

Papers: "Organized Crime in the United States of America--A New View Point: New York City's Chinatown, 1890-1910," JEFFREY MclLLWAIN, Pennsylvania State University

"BCCI: White-Collar Criminal or Organized Crime Enterprise?" ANTHONY MARKET, Western Connecticut State University liThe Classification of Illegal Enterprises: Narrowing the Focus of Inquiry," DONALD LIDDICK, Pennsylvania State University

"Korean Organized Crime and the Japanese Yakuza," RONALD IACOVETTA and DAE CHANG, Wichita State University

PANEL 31 1 LENOX

ROUNDTA BLE: THE GROWTH OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS: WHAT ARE WE DOING RIGHT AND HOW DO WE KEEP DOING IT?

Convenor: PEARL JACOBS, Sacred Heart University

Participants:

DOMINICK SACCO, Sacred Heart University ALLISON FLAUM, Sacred Heart University INGRED BALADY, New York City Police Department

PANEL 312 EMERSON

ROUNDTABLE: WRITING A CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEXT

Convenor: JOHN DEMPSEY, Suffolk Community College

119 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

PANEL 313 STUART

ROUNDTABLE: THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY POLICING UNDER THE VIOLENCE CRIME CONTROL ACT OF 1994

Convenor: DAVID HAYESLlP, U S Department of Justice

Participants:

GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University JACK GREENE, Temple University STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University STEVE EDWARDS, University of Louisville

PANEL 314 ST JAMES

FAMILY VIOLENCE

Chair: CHARLES CORLEY, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Kadi Justice: A Qualitative Assessment of Decision-Making in the Juvenile Justice System," CHARLES CORLEY, ANGEL PREWITT, TIMOTHY BYNUM, and MADELINE WORDES, Michigan State University

"Community Policing and Family Violence: Can the Criminal Justice and Health Care Systems Work Together toward a Solution?" JOSEPH RYAN, Pace University

"Coordinate Responses to Domestic Violence," BRUCE TAYLOR and ROBERT DAVIS, Victims Services

"Past Violence, Future Violence: Is there a Different Impact for Spouses and Cohabitors?" NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

PANEL 315 FRANKLIN

TREATMENT OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS

Chair/Discussant: HOMER HAWKINS, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Community Intensive Supervision Program: A Longitudinal Analysis," NORMA FEINBERG and CHARLES HANNA, Duquesne University and GAIL STEVENS, West Virginia State College

"Group Therapy Techniques for Adolescent Offenders," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and THOMAS YOUNG, Southeast Community College

"Evaluating a Community School for Paroled Juveniles," BRIAN SMITH, Arizona State University

120 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

PANEL 316 CHARLES RIVER

SPECIALIZED POLICE TRAINING

Chair/Discussant: STAN SHERNOCK, Norwich University

Papers:

"Special Operations Training: A Cooperative Venture Between Multiple Law Enforcement Agencies, the military, and Academe," ROBERT POCKRASS, Mankato State University

"Critical Issues Surrounding Community Police Training," PHILIP HOLMES, California State University-Sacramento

"Detective Training for the State of Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies," PATRICK HEALEY

"Issues in Selecting and Training Police Peer Counselors," RONALD McVEY, PHILIP BONIFACIO, and ROBERT LOUDEN, John Jay College

"Special Response Teams -- A Rural Perspective," MARY ROGERS, Minot State University

PANEL 317 CONSTITUTION

HATE CRIME: PRACTITIONER PERSPECTIVES

Chair: SALLY GREENBERG, Anti-Defamation League

Papers: "TBA"

"TBA"

"TBA"

PANEL 318 THOREAU

ROUNDTABLE : BEYOND "TOWN AND GOWN": IMPROVING ACADEMIC PRACTITIONER RELATIONSHIPS

Convenor: RONALD CORBETT JR, Massachusetts Probation

Participants:

JAMES BYRNE, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

DENNIS HUMPHREY, Massachusetts Committee on Criminal Justice

EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati

JOHN LAUB, Northeastern University

JACK McDEVITT, Center for Applied Social Research

121 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

PANEL 319 WINTHROP

ROUNDTABLE : THE PROS AND CONS OF A NATIONAL POLICE OFFICER EXAM

Convenor: MARTIN GREENBERG, Ulster County Community College

Participants: JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College LARRY SIEGEL, University of Massachusetts-Lowell GEORGE GAUDETTE, Holyoke Community College DANA MITCHELL, Dover Police Department CHARLES KRUG, Schenectady County Community College CLARICE COX

PANEL 320 BACK BAY REASONABLE DOUBT AND FOURTH AMENDMENT ISSUES

Chair: KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Grave Doubts about Reasonable Doubt: An Analysis of Case Law and Statutory Law in the Fifty States and the Federal Circuits," CRAIG HEMMENS, KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, and ROLAND del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

"Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt: What does this Phrase "Constitutionally" Mean?" RICK STEINMAN, Lindenwood College

"Waiver of Fourth Amendment Rights: Case for Equal Treatment Under the Law," PAUL FALZONE, California State UniverSity-Sacramento

"The Good Faith Exception and the Fourth Amendment: The 1994-95 Term of the U S Supreme Court," ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College

PANEL 321 ARLINGTON THE ECONOMICS OF GANG CRIME: RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS

Chair: GEORGE KNOX, National Gang Crime Research Center

Papers:

"The Economic Impact of Gangs in Relationship to Attitudes about Community Policing," JOHN LASKEY, Morton College

"Legal and Illegal Incomes Sources for Gang Members," EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University

"Economic Conditions that Foster Gang Membership," JAMES HOUSTON, St Ambrose University

"Economic Functions in Highly Structured Gangs," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University

Discussant: THOMAS McCURRIE, Journal of Gang Research

122 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

FEATURE SESSION 322 BERKELEY

FEAR OF CRIME, VIOLENCE, AND EXCESSIVE FORCE: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON THEIR CONNECTION TO POLICE LEADERSHIP, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND PROFESSIONALISM

Chair/Discussant: PHILIP RHOADES, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

Papers:

"Public Reactions to Street Justice: A Case Study of British Reactions to the Administration of On-Street Summary Justice," IAN McKENZIE, University of Portsmouth (England)

"Leadership, Supervision, and the Police Use of Excessive Force: A Comparative Study in Three Developing Nations," RICHARD BENNETT, American University

"Police Challenges and Responses: A World Perspective," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University

FEATURE SESSION 323 CLARENDON

CORRECTIONS MANAGEMENT

Chair/Discussant: DAVID KALiNICH, Northern Michigan University

Papers:

"Developing Methods to Manage Overcrowded Institutions," JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

"Strategies for Improving Correctional Organizations," RONALD WA LDRON and AL TURNER, Federal Prison System

"The Evolution of Prison Management: Two Decades of 'Reform'," JOHN ANDREWS, Alger Maximum Security Correctional Facility

"Backgrounds and Attitudes of Correctional Supervisors by Rank," JOHN MASON, Bowling Green State University

PANEL 324 WHITTIER VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS

Chair: JULIA HALL, Drexel University

Papers:

"Victim Offender Reconciliation in a Maximum Security Prison," JULIA HALL, Drexel University

"Crime Causes Injuries," JOHN GEHM, University of South Dakota

"Work Place Violence Among State Government Employees," VIVIAN LORD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

"Criminal Justice Correlates of Pregnancy Policy," PATRICIA MURPHY, SUNY-Geneseo

123 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

PANEL 325 WHITE HILL

CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

Chair: BERNARD McCARTHY, University of Central Florida

Papers: "The Fortune Society: An Anti-Incarceration Program," JAMES DAVIS, Jersey City State College

"The Beloit Project: A Preliminary Evaluation," RICHARD SALEM, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

"Factors Influencing Parole Revocation Decision," BAHRAM HAGHIGHI and WILLIAM WILKINSON, University of Texas-Brownsville

"Shame, Humiliation, and Embarrassment (S.H.E.): A Sentencing Objective," CATHERINE ELWELL, Rutgers University

"A Return to Treatment in Community Corrections," THOMAS ELLSWORTH, Illinois State University

PANEL 326 CAMBRIDGE

POLICING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS: FROM MUNICIPAL TO INTERNATIONAL

Chair/Discussant: TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville

Papers: "The Historical Treatment of Municipal Policing in Canada," JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

"Creation of Regional Police Departments," BOYD MESSINGER, La Roche College

"An Analysis of Public Perceptions Toward a State Policing Organization," MARK CORREIA and MICHAEL REISIG, Washington State University

"United States/Mexican Border Law Enforcement: The Effects of NAFTA on Law Enforcement in the Border Regions," LORIE RUBENSER, Arizona State University

PANEL 327 BEACON HILL

AN INTERNATIONAL PERSEPCTIVE ON DRUGS

Chair/Discussant: GERALD GARRETT, University of Massachusetts-Boston

Papers: "Heroin for Addicts - First Experiences with State Controlled Delivery of Heroin to Addicts," HElKE GRAMCKOW, CSR Inc

"The Drug Policy Debate," FRANCISCO MEINOZ-CONDE, University of Seville (Spain) and BELLA ACOSTA, Hospital Universitant (Spain)

"What's Happening in Holland? Street Ethnography and Drug Policy," FREDERICK HAWLEY, Western Carolina University

"Illegal Drug Production in the CIS and Some Possible Policy Options," JAMES A VAN FLEET and JULIUS GYLYS, University of Toledo

124 SATURDAY, MARCH 11, 1995, 3:45 pm-5:00 pm

PANEL 328 STANBRO

EXPLORING ORGANIZED CRIME

Chair: L MICHAEL McCARTNEY, Westfield State College

Papers:

"Cargo Theft," JULIENNE SALZANO, Pace University

"An Exploratory Investigation of International Trafficking in Human Organs," THOMAS FOSTER, Ohio State University-Mansfield

"Lawyers for the Mob: Lifestyles, Legal Expertise, and Professionalism," JAMES CALDER, University of Texas­ San Antonio

"Machiavelli, the Mafia, and Walt Disney: What is the Lion King Telling Children?" L MICHAEL McCARTNEY and KRISTAN NOLAN, Westfield State College

Discussant: PETER YEAGER, Boston University

PANEL 329 LENOX

ROUNDTABLE: UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS DOING GANG RESEARCH IN A SMALL MIDWESTERN CITY: A COOPERATIVE LEARNING APPROACH

Co-Convenors: DEBORAH SEITZ, University of Wisconsin-Parkside SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin-Parkside

Participants:

BARBARA KAPPLE, University of Wisconsin-Parkside JULIE KNUTSON, University of Wisconsin-Parkside RENAE MORTENSON, University of Wisconsin-Parkside

PANEL 330 EMERSON

WORKSHOP: MINORITIES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Convenor: MINNIE PAYNE-THOMAS, The Solid Foundation Mandela House Programs

125 1995 Books of Distinction Victitnology BY WILLIAM G. DOERNER & STEVEN P. LAB

This breakthrough work surveys the field of victimology and provides an organizing structure for the historical roots of victimology andthe reasons compelling a separate focus on crime victims. The bookexplores the role of victimology in today's criminal justice system, examining the consequences of victimization and the various remedies now available for victims. Specific areas of sexual assault, spouse abuse, child maltreatment, elder abuse and homicide are covered in individual chapters. The text is supplemented by illustrative figuresand tables as well as outlines, learning objectives and key terms in every chapter.

1 The Scope of Victimology 6 Spouse Abuse

2 Gauging the Extent of Criminal 7 Child Maltreatment Victimization 8 Elder Abuse 3 The Costs of Being a Victim 9 Homicide 4 Remedying the Plight of Victims 10 Victim Rights 5 Sexual Assault

$32.95 • 1995 · 268 pages • softcover • 0-87084-200-5 · Instructor's Guide

Introduction to Criminal Justice Research and Statistics BY LARRY S. MILLER & JOHN T. WHITEHEAD

This reader-friendly introductory text goes beyond the usual research/statistics text to make research and statistics understandable, nonintimidating and relevant for the criminal justice student. Divided into fo ur parts-The Scientific Method; Research Methodology; Data Analysis; and Decisionmaking-the book offers step-by-step explanations, discussion questions, exercises and computer illustrations.

• TheNature and limits • Experiments and Quasi-Experiments • Analysis of Variance of Scientific Knowledge • Survey Research • Correlation and Regression Analysis • The Logic of Hypothesis Testing • Data Collection Issues • Contingency Table Analysis • Descriptive Statistics • Other Research Methods • Deciding Which Statistical Test to Use • Summary Measures • Fundamental Data Analysis: The z Tests • Statistical Inference and Reporting • TheNormal Distribution

• t • • Sampling Tests andNonparametric Alternatives Ethical Issues

1995 · 450 pages • softcover • 0-87084-567-5 · Instructor's Guide · Student Workbook

anderson publishing co. For all your textbook needs,

p.o. box 1576 • cincinnati, ohio 45201 -1 576 look to Anderson Publishing's ~ 1-800-582-7295 • fax: 1-513-562-81 05 Criminal Justice/Paralegal Division

126 Waveland Press, Inc.

COMPARAT M CRIMINAL JUSTICE Traditional and Non-traditional Systems of Law and justice Charles B. Fields and Richter H. Moore, Jr.

This collection opens with a thorough overview of the structures and processes of criminal justice systems ofother nations. Afterestablishing a fo undation for examining other systems, the editors present articles selected for their in-depth analysis of various components of systems. Particular attention is paid to non-traditional systems and informal control mechanisms. The comprehensive anthology concludes with a look to the future.

COURTS AND JUSTICE A Reader G. Larry Mays and Peter R. Gregware

The twenty-nine articles in this collection are organized into six major issue areas: 1) an overview of major concerns; 2) misunderstood components of the judicial process; 3) controversies surrounding juries; 4) dilemmas facing judges; 5) politics and the decision-making process; 6) problems of innovation and reform.

THE DILEMMAS OF CORRECTIONS Contemporary Readings, Third Edition Kenneth C. Haas and Geoffrey P. Alpert

Even more comprehensive than its successful first and second editions, Haas and Alpert's Third Edition includes 41 thought-provoking articles that quote up-to-date statistics, take into account the most recent case law, and reflect the latest thinking on a complete list of topics.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Ajustice Perspective, Third Edition RalphA. Weisheit and Robert G. Culbertson

Building on the success of earlier editions, this Third Edition has been updated with five new articles that address tough issues currently facing the juvenile justice system.

POLICE AND SOCIE1Y Touchstone Readings Victor E. Kappeler

This volume allows students the opportunity to compare and contrast how some of the best scholars in the field have acquired information, how that information is constructed for presentation, and how background assumptions affect their interpretation. The selected articles reflect the fact that the growth of knowledge on the police and society has tended to raise more questions than it answers.

If you would like complimentary review copies for possible course adoption, please stop by our booth, write (P.O. Box 400, Prospect Heights, IL 60070) or call (708/634-0081) providing the followinginforma tion: 1) course title; 2) annual enrollment; 3) next date for textbook reconsideration; 4) text(s) currently in use.

127 Howard Abadinsky, Drug Abuse: An Intro­ Michael J. Palmiotto, Criminal Investigation. duction, Second Edi tion. Hardcover, ISBN Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1180-1. Instructor's Re­ 0-8304-1344-8. Test Bank available. source Manual, Test Bank, and PC-Compatible Test NEW THIRD EDI TION Howard Abadinsky, Law Bank available. and Jus tice: An Introduction to the American Bob Roshier, Controlling Crime: The Classical Legal System. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1414-2. Perspective in Criminology. Papercover, ISBN Intructor's Resource Manual, Test Bank, PC­ 0-925065-19-6. Compatible Test Bank available. NEW Inger J. Sagatun, Leonard P. Edwards, Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime, Fourth Child Abuse and the Legal Sy stem. Papercover, Edition. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1385-5. In­ ISBN 0-8304-1 420-7. structor's Resource Manual with test questions Joel A. Thompson, G. Larry Mays, editors, available. American Ja ils: Public Policy Issues. Papercover, Howard Abadinsky, L. Thomas Winfree, Jr., ISBN 0-8304- 1262-X. Crime and Jus tice: An Introduction, Se cond Edi­ Kenneth Tunnell, Choosing Crime: The Criminal tion. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304- 1252-2. Instruc­ Calculus of Property Offi nders. Papercover, ISBN tor's Resource Manual, Transparency Masters, 0-8304-1242-1. Test Bank, and PC-compatible Test Bank avail­ NEW Ugljesa Zvekic, editor. Alternatives to Im­ able. prisonment in Comparative Perspective. Paper­ NEW SECOND EDI TION Jack D. Fitzgerald, cover, ISBN 0-8304-1403-7. Steven M. Cox, Research Me thods in Criminal Jus tice: An Introduction. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1384-7. FORTHCOMING

Gary S. Green, Occupational Crime. Papercover, G. Frederick Allen, Howard Abadinsky, Social ISBN 0-8304-1196-8. Second edition in prepara­ Service and the Criminal Justice Sy stem. Ronald J. tion. Berger, Sociology of Juvenile Delinquency, Second Frank E. Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, Edi tion. Martin L. Forst, The New Juvenile Justice. Th ird Edition. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1351-0. Robert A. Jerin, Laura J. Moriarty, Victims of Instructor's Resource Manual, Test Bank, and Crime. Daniel R. Krause, Introduction to Evalua­ PC-compatible Test Bank available. tion Research. C. Aaron McNeece, Albert R. Clayton A. Hartjen, Edward E. Rhine, editors, Roberts, Policy and Practice in the Jus tice Sys tem. Correctional Theory and Practice. Papercover, Albert R. Roberts, Juvenile Justice, Second Edi­ ISBN 0-8304-1248-4. tion. Jeffrey Senese, Applied Research Me thods in Stuart L. HiUs, Ron Santiago, Tragic Magic: Criminal Jus tice. L. Thomas Winfree, Jr., How­ Th e Lifo and Crimes of a He roin Addict. Paper­ ard Abadinsky, Introduction to Crime Theory. cover, ISBN 0-8304-1317-0. NEW James G. Houston, Correctional Ma n- agement: Functions, Skill, and Systems. Hard­ The Nelson-Hall Series in cover, ISBN 0-8304-1309-X. Instructor's Re­ Law, Crime, and Justice source Manual with test questions available. Howard Abadinsky Randy L. LaGrange, PoliCing American So ciety. St. Xa vier University/Chicago Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304- 1267-0. Test Bank Consulting Editor available.

We want to talk about your writing plans. Please see an editor at our booth. iVeh- p",- � PHh h;,� 111 N. Canal, Cbicago 60606

128 University of Nebraska at Omaha

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

The Department of Criminal Justice of the University of Nebraska at Omaha offers a study leading to a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. The program is organized around a core of courses in theoryand research on the criminal justice system and the nature of crime; specialty areas including policing, corrections, criminal courtsyste ms, criminal justicepolicy, and criminal justice and minorities and women; and a sequence of courses designed to build research and analytic competencies.

The Ph.D. program in Criminal Justice requires the completion of a minimum of 90 semester hours beyond the baccalaureate degree. This includes up to 30 hours earned in a master's degree program and a 20 semester hour dissertation. Students planning an academic career are required to demonstrate proficiency in college-level teaching by successfully completing an undergraduate teaching practicum.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

Admission to the program requires th e following:

1. An earned Master of Arts degree in Criminal Justice with thesis from an accredited institution is required for unconditional admission into the program. Applicants with a non-thesis Master's Degree may be admitted if they are able to submit, along with their application, thesis-equivalent work demonstrating their abilityto conduct research and communicate research fi ndings. Applicants who lack such an equivalent may be admitted conditionally, but will be required to complete one before they are admitted to candidacy for the Ph.D.

2. Applicants with a Master's degree in an allied field (e.g. Sociology, Political Science, Public Administration)and who lack SUbstantial course work in criminal justice may be granted conditional admission. They will be granted unconditional admission upon successful completion of 18 hours of criminal justice courses from the core curriculum.

3. Additional admission requirements include a 3.25 grade point average for undergraduate work and 3.5 grade point average for graduate work, as well as a minimum score of at least 1,000 on the verbal and quantitative portions of the Graduate Record Examination. Applicants with a lower GRE score will be considered if they are able to provide other evidence of exceptional academic potential.

APPLICATIONS

Individuals wishing to apply to the program must provide copies of official transcripts for all previous undergraduate and graduate work, GRE scores, twoletters of reference, and a statement of intent describing the applicant's prior education, relevant professional experience, career goals and the specific relationship of the Ph.D. degree to the achievement of these goals.

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

Several types of financial assistance are available to support doctoral students. These include graduate assistantships, tuition waivers, fellowships, and a special program of fu nding for the development of minority criminal justice faculty.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

Individuals wanting more information or application materials should contact the departmentby calling or writing:

Director of Graduate Studies Department of Criminal Justice University of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, Nebraska 681 82-0149 (402) 554-2610 F� (402) 554-2326

129 EASTERN KENTUCKyUNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT Master's Degree Program in Criminal Justice Options

···· . . ·· . . . · ...... · / ...... / ...... · ...... !...... ·r ····················· ii ...... Faculty:. Meniot¥s::oLihe.... tacuIiyholdtemu'rial aca�1ew.li¢backgr. punds drfCrimi

. . Applications or inquiries may ...... at any time by contacting: . .. DR. TRUE1T A. RICKS, DEAN EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATTON 467 RICHMOND, KENTUCKY 40475-3131 (606) 622-3565

130 YOUNGSTOWN STAT E UNIVERSITY Department of Criminal Justice ..�. �

Master of Science Degree in Criminal Justice with emphasis in: • Police Management • Corrections • Program Planning and Evaluation

The Criminal Justice Department consists of over 650 undergraduate and graduate students and a distinguished faculty teaching at all levels of study.

All faculty hold the PhD in criminal justice-related disciplines.

A comprehensive program of financial aid, including graduate assistantships, is available.

The campus is located in Youngstown, Ohio, midway between Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Application and inquiry for graduate admission: Graduate School Youngstown State University Younstown, Ohio 44555

131 Before you choose ypu(fl€!x:t �ljustketextbobkj give We st texts a trial run. You'l1 find thor0l.lgll,<¢asY..t q-llhdersfaridtextS w'ithfull supplementary support for both instl1.1.dors �hd stl.ldeflts. yo u be the judge - stop by the We st booth and revi¢w ol.lfcortlpleteJistof criminal justicete xtbooks, or write to We st at the �d dress qel()w for a co mplimenta ryCOP)';

1995T extbook List:

Crlminc::IlJustice System

J9SephJ+ Senna and Larry J. Siegel EsseiU ial$ of Criminalju stice

LeooiHi1.TerritofJames B. Halsted, and Max t. · Bromley Crime andltl§!it;�<�n A&f(!ricp�' A Human Perspective, Fo urth Edition

. Ct1.miri.

Marvill Zalman and LarryJ. Siegel Key Cases al7t:! Comrn¢nts ()1'l Cri minal Procedure) 1994Edition

Criminology

Larry J. Siegel Crl jtzinology, FifthEdition

Larry J. Siegel Cn'mino!ogy: P1eorfes, Patterns, and T) pologies, Fifth Edition

Thom as J(]ardner and Terry M. Anderson Cri mirza1Evide1fce ; Principles and Casesl Third Edition

Juvenile Justice Rooort W. Drov.rfls and Karen M. Hess .ftwilrn1(!]lIstice, Second Ed ilion

West EducatiortalptlfjliSNrig 4t Cbllege Division� .D+13 · P. O. Box 6i779 • 620 Opperman Drive • St. Paul, MN 55164-0779

132 The n w dition of "a much ne d d r source" -Library Journal THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF POLICE SCIENCE Second Edition Edited by William G. Bailey

c. 580 pages illustrated 31331-4 c. $95 3/95

In this new edition, greater emphasis is placed on drug­ important aspect of policing, including history, current abuse suppression, new types of crime, federal man­ practices, new initiatives, social pressures, and political dates for action, international developments that affect factors. This handy reference resource provides a wealth American police, and other timely topics. Signed, alpha­ of new information, fresh insights, and new concepts, betically-arranged entries by top experts examine every with a bibliography at the end of each entry.

Praise for the First Edition " A must for anyone interested in criminal "The best overview of police administration as justice... belongs in every reference library." it is practiced today." -Criminal Justice International -Wilson Library Bulletin

------New and recent volumes in the Series ------CURRENT ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE General Editors FRANK WILLIAMS and MARILYN McSHANE

African American Organized Crime in the United States: Innovative Trends and Specialized Strategies in A Social History Community-Based Corrections Rufus Schatzberg and Robert J. Kelly Edited by Charles B. Fields Vol. 12 c. 275 pages illustrated 31573-2 c. $45 8/95 Vol. 6 296 pages 30986-4 $44

Academic Professionalism in Law Enforcement The Management of Correctional Institutions BernadetteJones Palombo Marilyn D. McShane and Frank P. Williams III Vol. 11 c. 200 pages illustrated 31863-4 c. $30 3/95 Vol. 5 352 pages 31082-X $53

Media, Process, and the Social Construction of Crime: Political Crime in Contemporary America: A Critical Studies in Newsmaking Criminology Approach Edited by Gregg Barak Edited by Kenneth D. Tunnell Vol. 10 344 pages 31259-8 $48 Vol. 4 264 pages 30928-7 $40

Contr lling State Crime: An Introduction Understanding Corporate Criminality: New Essays Edited by JeffreyIan Ross Edited by Michael B. Blankenship Vol. 9 c. 448 pages illustrated 31 546-5 c. $34 3/95 Vol. 3 296 pages cloth 30883-3 $44

Altered States of Mind: Critical Observations of the Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Drug War Criminality Edited by Peter Kraska Jeff Ferrell Vol. 8 288 pages 30898-1 $43 Vol. 2 256 pages 28 photographs 30810-8 $40

The Winds of Injustice: American Indians and the U.S. Stranger Violence: A Theoretical Inquiry Government Marc Riedel Laurence Armand French Vol. 1 208 pages 30094-8 $31 Vol. 7 288 pages 30886-8 $43 Call or write for a free Law & Legal History catalog. GARLAND PUBLISHING 1000A Sherman Avenue - Hamden CT 06514 To ll-free (800) 627-6273 - Tel (203) 281-4487- Fax (203) 230-1186

133 GRADUATE PROGRAMS AT SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

THE COLLEGE GEORGE J. BETO CHAIR Established by the Texas legislature in 1965, the College of The Beto Chair Professorship was created in 1980 by the Houston Criminal Justice has developed outstanding course offerings in Endowment Inc. Named for the late Professor Emeritus George the fields of law enforcement, administration, criminology, and J. Beto, former Director of the Texas Department of Corrections corrections. The College has 23 full-time faculty. It occupies a and a nationally recognized penologist, the Beto Chair enables $40-million Criminal Justice Center, one of the most complete the Center to bring distinguished scholars to campus each semes­ and modern learning centers in criminal justice in the nation. The ter. In past years, renowned scholars such as Lee Brown, Leo Center contains a courtroom, auditoriums, a dining facility, Carroll, Roland Chilton, David Farrington, James Fyfe, Don classrooms, seminar rooms, several computer laboratories, and Gibbons, Kathleen Hawk, James Short and Hans Toch delivered officesfor faculty members and graduate assistants. It has a 100- lectures, taught classes and assisted students with research projects. room hotel which provides accommodations for visiting faculty as well as for participants in workshops and seminars. Approxi­ FINANCIAL AID mately 16,000 professionals attend one or more continuing Fellowships and assistantships are available for graduate stu­ education programs in the Criminal Justice Center every year. dents with records of superior scholarly achievements. Doctoral students are eligible for awards that range from $778 to $1,111 PROGRAMS OF STUDY per month. Teaching opportunities are available for third year The College of Criminal Justice awards the Ph.D., M.A., and doctoral students. M.A. students are eligible for assistantships of M.S. degrees in criminal justice. The College ranks among the $61 1 per month. In addition, a number of scholarships of $200 top institutions in the nation offering the Ph.D. degree in criminal are awarded. Fellowships and scholarships require no depart­ justice. The doctoral program requires 60 semester hours of mental duties. Assistantship, fellowship and scholarship recipi­ course work beyond the master's degree, including a research ents pay in-state tuition and fees. internship (6 hrs.) and dissertation research (12 hrs.). The program also requires written comprehensi ve exams. The goal of COST OF STUDY the Ph.D. program is to train scholars who have a thorough, In 1994-95 in-state students pay $644 in tuition and fees for 12 interdisciplinary knowledge of the problems of crime and of the hours ofgraduate study per semester. Out-of-state students pay criminal justice system, who excel at integrative and analytical $1,535 for the same number of credit hours. thinking, and who produce research that adheres to the highest standards of scholarship. ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS Admission is based upon the applicant's baccalaureate record and The Master of Arts degree requires 36 semester hours of course admission test scores. Submission of GRE General Test scores is work, including written comprehensive examinations and a the­ required. The minimum admission requirements for the M.A. sis. The Master of Science in criminal justice management is a and'M.S. programs are a bachelor's degree in criminal justice or two-year weekend program for persons with at least two years an allied fieldwith an overall GPA of 3.0 and a total score of 1,000 experience in criminal justice occupations. It involves 36 semes­ on the verbal and quantitative portions of the GRE. In addition ter hours and comprehensive exams but no thesis. The goal of to these requirements, admission to the Ph.D. program also both programs is to develop professional competence by building requires a masters degree in criminal justice or an allied fieldwith upon a strong academic base in the behavioral and management an overall GPA of 3.5. Foreign students are required to score at sciences. least 550 on the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) for admission to all graduate programs.

RESEARCH FACILITIES The deadline for submitting an application to the M.A. and Ph.D. The College has an excellent resource base to support faculty and programs is April 1 for the Fall semester and October 1 for the student research, including a full range of micro and mainframe Spring semester. The deadline for submitting an application to computer services, well-established contacts with government the M.S. program is June 1. agencies at federal , state and local levels, and a distinguished lecture and scholar-in-residence series. The University Library houses 1.4 million bound volumes, over 3,500 periodical titles, For additional information on graduate programs in criminal justice at Sam Houston State University contact: College of and includes the collected papers of Sanford Bates, James Bennett, Criminal Justice, Graduate Programs Office, Sam Houston State Austin MacCormick and George Beto. Recently, the private University, Huntsville, TX 77341-2296; Tel.: (409) 294- 1647 ; collection of Donald R. Cressey has been added to the library. Fax: (409) 294- 1653.

Sam Houston State University Is A Member ofThe Texas State University System and An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution Revised 9/29194

134 NORTHEASTERN

New in Paperback IN SPITE OF INNOCENCE BEYOND THE RODNEY KING STORY Erroneous Convictions in Capital Cases An Investigation of Police Conduct Michael L Radelet in Minority Communities Hugo Adam Bedau The National Association for the Advancement Constance E. Putnam of Colored People and the Criminal Justice Institute ''The authors of In Spite of Innocence prove beyond of Harvard Law School doubt that the death penalty claims innocent lives." Foreword by Benjamin L Hooks - John G. Healey, Amnesty International U.S.A "This is important reading for all citizens." - Publishers Weekly "All of [the storiesJ should give pause to anyone who believes the criminal justice system is so error- proof Probing beyond the Rodney King incident to examine that human lives can be entrusted to its workings." the larger issue of police conduct and community - Erwin Knol� The Progressive relations nationwide, this landmark study is based on public forums conducted by the NAACP in major $37.50 cloth • $16.95 paper U.S. cities. Finding that racism remains a central cause New in Paperback of police misconduct, the volume recommends police accountability, diversity in hirings, and civilian WHITE-COLLAR CRIME review - heralding a new concept for policing in the RECONSIDERED twenty-first century. Edited by Kip Schlegel and David Weisburd $24.95 cloth In this interdisciplinary collection of essays, leading authorities explore the inner workings of the Forthcoming in May individuals, corporations, and government agencies THE ABANDONED ONES implicated in the self-interested abuse of societal The Imprisonment and Uprising and economic privilege. Four sections dealing with of the Mariel Boat People definition and theory, victimization, enforcement, Mark S. Hamm and sanctioning provide a comprehensive grounding in the subject In this in-depth, hard-hitting analysis of the 1987 Oakdale and Atlanta prison riots, Mark S. Hamm $47.50 cloth • $18.95 paper chronicles the dramatic struggles of several thousand Cuban prisoners who were detained by the INS BURGlARS ON THE JOB without due process for seven years. Drawing on Streetlife and Residential Break-ins interviews with prisoners, guards, lawyers, judges, Richard T. Wright and others immediately concerned with the riots and Scott Decker their se�lement, Hamm presents a shocking tale of Foreword by Gilbert Geis political corruption, human rights violations, and Drawing on extensive interviews with 105 active monumental administrative bungling. burglars in St Louis, this volume presents the $28.95 cloth perspectives of a sample of offenders identified and contacted without the assistance of criminal Forthcoming in April justice agencies or authorities. The book contains five chapters dealing with motivations for burglary, INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS rationale in target selection, methods of executing IN OVERCROWDED TIMES break-ins, strategies for searching a residence, Edited by Michael Tonry and Kate Hamilton and disposal of stolen goods. This collection of articles by leading experts on $37.50 cloth sentencing and corrections policy focuses on inter­ mediate sanctions designed to reduce overcrowding in prisons and the high cost of incarceration. Selected from the highly-regarded and influential journal Overcrowded Times, the essays evaluate major innovative programs such as conflict mediation, financial penalties, community service, electronic monitoring, day- reporting centers, and boot camps. $45.00 cloth Please see display copies at the Association Book Exhibit Booth

NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY PRESS 360 Huntington Avenue, 272HN Boston, MA 02 115

135 OUR CURRICULUM

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FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE WRITE OR CALL: Justice Administration Brigman Hall University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky 40292 (502)852-6567

136 Hong Kong University Press Enquiries: 139 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong ��*t.'f&"Xi� Tel: (852) 2550-2703 Fax: (852) 2875-0734 Th e Law Yo u�K Need!Ong, ina and 1997 Essaysin Legal Theory

t4Itcdb)' ICAJIII S. G"'tollD _ ltMQU),\\'1'11 111. EditedRaymond by Wocks Hong Kong The Sources of Introduction to Hong K ong, C" hlna and Pu bl"IC L aw R eport s The Hong Kong 1997 Essays III' Legal Theory Hong Kong Law Vo l. J, 1991. US$95.00 Criminal Justice 1994. 1993. ISBN 962-209-330-2 Vo l. 2, 1992. US$1 25.00 System 1994. (Hardback) US$38.50 ISBN 962-209-363-9 Va !. 3, 1993. Parts 1-4 ISBN 962-209-358-2 ISBN 962-209-331-0 US$35.00 (each part) . US$24.50 US$1 7.00 (Paperback) US$29.50 (Vol.4, forthcoming)

UPCOMING ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES ANNUAL MEETINGS

March 12-1 6, 1996 Las Vegas - Riviera Hotel

March 11-15, 1997 Louisville - Galt House

March 11-15, 1998 Albuquerque Convention Center

137 CRIME AND JUSTICE A Series from the University of Chicago Press

Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches

to Crime Prevention (Volume 19) Edited by Michael To nry and David P. Farrington This latest volume, the most comprehensive exposition of research and experience concerning crime prevention ever published, offers a new conceptualization of the subject incorporating developmental, community, situational, and law enforcement approaches.

March 1995 700pp. (est.) Cloth ISBN: 0-226-80824-6 $42.50

Beyond the Law: Crime in Complex Organizations (Volume 18) Edited by Michael Tonryand Albert J. Reiss, Jr. Focuses on the latest research and commentary on criminal misconduct occurring in U.S. business corporations and government agencies. 1993 320 pp. Cloth ISBN: 0-226-80821-1 $35.00 Paper 0-226-80823-8 $19.95

Modern Policing (Volume 15) Edited by Michael Tonry andNo rval Morris Explores how law enforcement developed into its present state and how it functions.

1992 616 pp. Cloth ISBN: 0-226-80813-0 $39.95 Paper 0-226-80814-9 $25.00

Drugs and Crime (Volume 13) Edited by Michael To nry andJa mes Q. Wilson llluminates the complex relations between drug use and crime and the challenges [!)I "0!orr!o aY that confront efforts to reduce them. :J- MICHAEl TOlin 1990 584 pp. Cloth ISBN: 0-226-80810-6 $39.95 JAM!SDWIlSO' Paper 0-226-80811-4 $19.95

Family Violence (Volume 11) �3 Edited by Lloyd Ohlin and Michael Tonry CANU Reviews, in twelve multidisciplinary essays, current research on the legal, social, �---.I and policy issues surrounding family violence.

1989 604 pp. Paper ISBN: 0-226-80807-6 $19.95

Communities and Crime (Volume 8) Edited by Albert J. Reiss, Jr. , and Michael Tonry Eleven essays survey the ways in which communities both affect crime and are affected by it, examining the wide variations of crime levels among different communities.

1986 421 pp. Cloth ISBN: 0-226-80802-5 $27.50 Paper 0-226-80798-3 $19.95

Please add $3.50 postage fo r the first volume; 75¢ fo r each additional. Illinois residents add 8. 75% sales tax; in Canada, add 7% GST to all orders. Order through your bookstore or directly from The University of Chicago Press 11030 South Langley Avenue, Dept. JR383, Chicago, Illinois 60628. Visa and MasterCard accepted.

138 ill illfe/'lll/liolll/l hiil/lII11l11 re I'ie II' pre,ellfillg l//'Iie/e, Oil lIell' d£'l'eloplllell/\ ill Illefield of crilllillology!

STU DIES ON CRIME & CRIME PREVENTION Thejournal isintended fo r criminologists, sociologists andother readers who are interested in research in thefie ldof crime and crime prevention.

STUDIES ON CRIME & CRIME PREVENTION is devoted to the publication of new inter­ national developments in the field of criminology. It features etiological and phenomeno­ logical aspects of trad itional and modern types of crime as well as new crime prevention ideas. Results of research that may have a major impact on the reduction ofcri minality are also published.The first issue was published in 1992. As from 1995 (vol 4), the review is published biannually.

The primary concern of STUDIES ON CRIME & CRIME PREVENTION is to publish complete papers covering topics or projects in sufficientdetai l and depth to be of theoretical and practical use for interested readers.

Editors: Artur Solarz and Viveka Engwall

Published for The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention by Scandinavian University Press

A selection of representative articles: • Paul Elill/om (United Kingdom): The Safer Cities Programme Impact Evaluation • Marc Le Blanc (Canada): Late Adolescence Deceleration ofCr iminal Activity and Development of Self- and Social Control • ]. Junger-Tas (The Netherlands): Policy Evaluation Research in Criminal Justice • Keith Baker, Marcus Pollack and Imre Kohn (USA): Violence Prevention Through Informal Socialization • Roland Gustafson (Sweden): Is it Possible to Link Alcohol Intoxication Causal ly to Aggression and Violence? • Menachem Amir (Israel): Organized Crime and Violence

Subscription rates in 1995: Institutions: USD 67.00 (NOK 420,- inside Scandinavia) Individuals: USD 46.00 (NOK 285,- inside Scandinavia) Postage included. Air speed delivery worldwide. Prepayment required.

Please send your order to: U.S. Address: Scandinavian University Press Scandinavian University Press North America Customer Services 875-84 Massachusetts Avenue P.O. Box 2959 Teyen Cambridge, MA 02 1 39, USA N-0608 Oslo, Norway Toll-free tel: 800 498 2877 (US only) Tel: + 47 22 57 54 00 Fax: + 47 22 57 53 53 Tel: + 1617479 651 5 Fax : +1 61 7 354 875

SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS Y

139 OHIO STAT E UNIVERSITY PRESS

Announcing A New Series

The History of Crime and Criminal Justice Series Series Editors: David R. Johnson, University of Texas at San Antonio Jeffrey S. Adler, University of Florida

The Ohio State University Press proudly announces The History of Crime and Criminal Justice Series. The series will publish books examining the history of crime and criminality, violence, criminal justice, and legal systems without restrictions as to chronological scope, geographical focus, or methodological approach.

During the last two decades, historians, criminologists, and other scholars have devoted increasing attention to the history of crime, violence, social conflict, and criminal justice. This literature has provided important insights into fundamental assumptions that governthe development of society. Through this important new series, the Ohio State University Press seeks to provide a forum for the emerging interdiscip linary scholarship.

Manuscript proposals that explore the history of crime and those that explore the effects of crime on politics, social policies and processes, the evolution of law, and the development of law enforcement should be submitted in duplicate to the editors. Please send one copy to Professor David R. Johnson, Division of Behavioral and Cultural Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78285, and one to Professor Jeffrey S. Adler, Department of History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-2036. Inquiries may also be addressed to Charlotte Dihoff, Acquisitions Editor, Ohio State University Press.

T . H . E OHIO

SIATEUNIVERSITY

140 OHIO STAT E UNIVERSITY PRESS

Now Available

Brokered Justice Prisons under the Gavel Race, Politics, and Mississippi Prisons, The Federal Court Takeover of Georgia Prisons 1798-1992 Bradley Stewart Chilton William Banks Taylor Chilton traces the history of Guthrie v. This powerful account of the history of the Evans, the lawsuit that resulted in the Mississippi penal system examines the federal judiciary system's assuming the factors that have molded, and continue to administration of Georgia's prisons and mold, penal law and administration in force-feeding reforms to state officials. that state and sheds new light on the con­ 1991 Cloth $35.00 temporary debate on correctional policy. 1994 Cloth $49.50 Why Kids Kill Parents Child Abuse and Adolescent Homicide Justifiable Hotnicide Kathleen M. Heide Battered Women, Self-Defense, and the Law "This book is a must-read for all profes­ Cynthia K. Gillespie sionals who are involved in the care of Winner of the Gustavus Myers Center and contact with children and adoles­ Award for the Best Book on Human cents." Rights -Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice "It is often painful reading, but Ms. 1992 Cloth $29.95 Gillespie's careful research, and her stir­ ring accounts of justice gone wrong, make NEW a strong case for rethinking the law of self­ ReforIningJuvenile Detention defense." No More Hidden Closets -The New York Times Edited by Ira M. Schwartz 1989 Paper $19.95 and William H. Barton The authors of these essays pull together Last One over the Wall data on national trends in detention poli­ The Massachusetts Experiment cies and practices and examine specific in Closing Refo rm Schools cases to paint a grim picture of a system Jerome G. Miller badly in need of reform. Winner of the Gustavus Myers Center 1994 Cloth $45.00 Award for the Best Book on Human Rights "This book speaks from the heart." -The ChristianScience Monitor "The rage that motivated Mr. Miller in OHIO STATE Massachusetts burns as hotly today, as his UNIVERSITY PRESS lively memoir, Last One over the Wa ll, 180 Pressey Hall . 1070 Carmack Road makes clear." Columbus, OH 4321 0 -The New York Times Book Review (800) 437-4439 • Fax: (614) 292-2065 1991 Cloth $39.50 Paper $19.95

141 WADSWORTH - Announcing Details on a New "Eagle "

The American System of Criminal Justice, 7/E by George F. Cole The best "Eagle " yet, this 7th Edition marks twenty years of success for a hallmark text! A major revision, notable changes include: thorough updating of cases and discussions, new full-color design (with more illustrative photos and graphics), plus, new pedagogy throughout! And, as always, Cole's "Eagle " will be recognized for a "systems" perspective that effectively demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of the criminal justice system. Visit our display to see how Cole's visionary book continues to lead the way. 720 pp. 8 x 10. Casebound.

MORALITY IN ORGANIZED CRIME IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: AMERICA An Introduction to Ethics by Dennis J. Kenney and by Daryl Close and James o. Finckenauer Nicholas Meier 416 pp. 7-3/8 x 9-114. 626 pp. 7-3/8 x 9-114. Paperbound. Paperbound.

A World of A WORLD OF Violence RENEGADE KIDS, VIOLENCE: SUBURBAN OUTLAWS Corrections in America by Wayne S. Wooden by Matthew Silberman 260 pp. 6 x 9. 256 pp. 6 x 9. Paperbound. Paperbound.

142 Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology by Michael G. Maxfzeldand Earl Babbie The acclaimed author of the #1 research methods text and a prominent criminologist/educator join forces to offer the ideal approach for applying social science research methods to the study of crime and criminal justice policy. Through practical, example-filleddiscussions and applications, drawn from various facets of criminal justice research, Maxfield and Babbie give students of criminal justice and criminology a real understanding of how social science research methods applies to them. 480 pp. 7-318x 9-114. Casebound.

CRIME AND JUSTICE CRIMINAL IN THE YEAR 2010 PROCEDURE: edited by John Klofas and Law and Practice, 3/E Stan Stojkovic by Rolando del Carmen x 320 pp . 6-318 oX 9-114. 544pp. 7-318 9-114. Paperbound. Casebound.

CRIMINOLOGY: Three easy ways to request your A Contemporary complimentary review copy: Handbook, 21E • E-mail to: [email protected] by Joseph Sheley F. • Fax to: 1-800-522-4923 (on school letterhead, 688 pp. 7-318 x 9-114. include coUrse title, # of students, and Casebound. decision date) • Mail to: Faculty Support at the address below (include info. requested above for faxes)

Wadsworth Publishing Company An International Thomson Publishing Company 10 Davis Drive · Belmont, California 94002

143 THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

A LEADER IN GRADUATE EDUCATION ANDDIST ANCE LEARNING FOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRACTITIONERS SINCE 1975

The University of Alabama otTers the B.A. and M.S. in criminal justice. The Wldergraduate curriculwn is part of a broad-based liberal arts education. The graduate program is multi-

Box 870320, Tuscaloosa, AL. 35487-0320, Phone: 205/348-7795, Fax: 205/348-7178

144 National Institute of Justice Data Resources Program

Annual Workshop 0(1 Criminal Justice Data

"Crim.e in Community Context"

l'bis one-weekworkshop fQ cuses on the multilevel analysisof crime and criminaljustice-in particular, theCOIllm unity contexts within which crime occurs� law enforcement operates, and justice is adminis­ tered. The workshop will begin with aconceptualand historical overview of socialresearch aboutcrime and communities. Thereafter, a number of different substantive topics will bediscussed during morning se$sions, including imi{lalcr behavior and criminaljustice processes in communitycontext, crime and <.?Onununitiesin transition, ..and social policy and cQrnmunity adaptation. Afternoon sessions will fo cus . (jn methodological topics �d issues, such as defining contextual levels, measuring community ':constructs, two-levelana more complex models, the effect ofcontext on individual change, and the interpretationof contextual relationships. Computationalapplica tions and techniques will bediscussed and demonstrated. Time and facilities for individual practice or exercises with relevantavailable data �il1 bepro vided. SoCial scientists and researchers from colieges (:lIld universities, nonprofit organizations, and govern­ ment agencies are eligible to participate in this workshop. Enrollment will be limited to no more than �O participants�selected on the basis of theirintellectual interestin the topical area,prior methodological ··�:traini,ng, andporentialfor research .cQntributions to the topical area. Applicants must request and �mplete $p ecific application.materials from tbe Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research(ICpsR)�,Tb� NatiOn alInstitute of Justicewill providestipend supportto offset transportation and per die� �xpen,ses'for enrolle4..participa{lts. �: workshop is offered as partof the ICPSR Summer ,Trainitlg:�graniin Quantitatiye Methods. Participants may apply for other courses in this program at their own expense. June 19-2�, 1995 19p5R Training Summer Program in Quantitative Methods AriIl Arbor, Michigan

,./ For additional information, contact:

...... ·,· .... • ."••• N ... : "Dr. Christ9pherS. Dunn Dr. Pamela K. Lattimore ��r, Crime and Justice Programs Data Resources Program ICPSRlISR National Institute of Justice P.O. Box 1248 633 IndianaAvenue, NW Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 Washington, DC 20531 1-800-999-0960or 1-313-763-5011 1-202-307-2961 cdunn @icpsr.umich.edu [email protected]

145 ICPSR Summer Program in Quantitative Methodsof Social Research First session: June 26-July 21, 1995 Second session: July 24-August 18, 1995

Quantitative Analysis of Crime and Criminal Justice Seminar

Part of the ICPSR Summer Program, thisfour-week seminar wi" introduce participants to the major sUNeys sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) , which are part of the holdings of the ICPSR National Archive of Criminal Justice Data. Through daily class meetings, instructor James P. Lynch, professor at American University, wi" focus on current theories and models being employed in criminal justice research. Computer-aided data analysis will be an integral part of the seminar. Participants will become familiar with studies that have used BJS data to address important issues in criminology. Enroll­ ment will be limited to ten, and preference will be given to postdoctoral scholars who have prior methodological training. Applicants must show evidence of an inte"ectual interest and commitment to this sub- stantive area and should include vitas with their applications. Sti­ pend support for those admit- ted wi" be provided by BJS.

Seminar dates: July 24-Aug. 18, 1995

Sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

For more information or to obtain a Summer Program brochure and application, contact: ICPSR Summer Program, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, M1 48 1 06, 313/764-8392

146 ALLYN & BACON OFFERS FACT: THE BEST TEXTS FOR YOUR CRIMINOLOGY COURSE

NEW FOR 1995! ALSO AVAILABLE! Conklin �NFORCEMENT Byn.m/Thompson CRIMINOLOGY, Fifth Edition JUVENILEDEUNQUENCY, Second Edition C.rran/RenzeHI Glick THEORIES OF CRIME CRIMINOLOGY Martln/M.tchnlk/A.stln CRIMINOLOGICALTHOUGHT Massey/Talarico MerloIPollock EXPLORATIONS IN CRIME AND JUSTICE WOMEN, LAW, AND SOCIAL CONTROL McCaghy/Capron DEVIANT BEHAVIOR,Third Edition Reiman Ward/Carter/Perrin SOCIAL DEVIANCE: Being, Behaving, and Branding THE RICH GET RICHER AND THE POOR GET PRISON: Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice, Fourth Edition

Th e reference series no criminologist should be without! The International Library of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Penology Current Titles­ The Origins and Growth of Criminolo�/;,;< and Feminism

147 OICI AROUND THE WORLD OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE WITH OIeJ loin OICl at conferences throughout the world! Expand your knowledge and professional contacts in all fields of criminal justice.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

ENGLAND MAY 22-24, 1995 NCIS Conference "Second International Conference on Organised Crime: The New Corporate Raiders." The Police Staff College, Bramshill.

CHINA JUNE 1995 "China in the Next Century" 5-Day Intensive Workshops and I-Day Seminar in Shanghai; 9-Day Professional Excursion.

LATVIA JUNE 1995 "Crime and Corrections" conference in Riga. Focus on corrections systems in Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany.

SUMMER STUDY PROGRAMS JUNE/JUL Y 1995 Study comparative criminal justice and legal systems in three-four week programs in China, Russia, Costa Rica, or England. Courses taught by local criminal justice, university, and government officials for university students, criminal justice faculty, and practitioners.

SOUTH AFRICA NOVEMBER 1995 All-Africa conference on comparative correctional services and staffdeve lopment.

u.S. CONFERENCES

9TH ANNUAL FUTURES CONFERENCE MARCH 13-15, 1995 "Privatizing Criminal Justice: Public and Private Partnerships." Chicago, Illinois.

10TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE ISSUES JULY 31 - AUGUST 3, 1995 "Terrorism: Past, Present, Future." Chicago, Illinois.

Schedules subject to change For more information FAX (3 12) 413-0458 or call (312) 996-9267 or write to the Office of International Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 777, 1033 W. Van Buren, Chicago, IL 60607-29 19. World Wide Web address: http://www.acsp.uic.edu.

148 African-American Perspectives On: Crime Causation, Criminal Justice Administration And Crime Prevention

Edited by Anne T. Sulton, Ph.D., J.D.

"This book provides an excellent opportunity for college professors and students to familiarize themselves with the theories and research of African-American criminologists .... This book is a 'must read' for those legislators considering various crime control proposals. " Ja ckson Advocate Newspaper, January 1994

"(It) includes a good percentage of women academics who tackle the subjects. The articles are written by the leading African-American criminologists in the country and offer fresh, exciting ways to think about urban crime and its control. It sounds like something that all serious activists should read. " Fe minist Bookstore News, May/June 1994

"Sulton, author of Inner-City Crime Control, invited a dozen African-American criminologists and practitioners to address a range of issues central to state and national debates on criminal justice. The result is a lively collection of essays ..." IARCA Journal on Community Corrections, June 1994

To order copies please contact: Sulton Books, Post Office Box 3748, Englewood, Colorado 80155. Telephone (303) 773-1164.

149 ...... <...... < ...... < ...... < ...... < .. . :. .-: .>. .:: ...... :...... -: :: ... : ...... : . . . : ...... >...... : -: ...... : ...... <:-. ..:.. .. .< ...... ::..•.: ...... < <<:: .< . .< .< .. < < .< <::.:-: .:-: .< .- : .-: ... .< ...... < ...... -:-: . .>:. .: ...... :-......

Issues in Community Policing

This contemporarycollection of essays emphasizes the significance of today'scommunity policingstrategies. While critics say community policingis nothing more than a rediscovery of beat patrol, thosewho study police organization and policing know that community policing is a dynamic synthesis of citizeninterests and police resourcesdedicated to aggressivecrime prevention, emphasizing proactive rather than reactive policingmethods. This monograph describes the general nature of community policing and provides several explanations for its emergence and current importance. Controversies of community policing are presented, various types of programs are describedand their dynamics explored, and community reactions are provided.

edited by Peter C. Kratcoski and Duane Dukes

$24.95 • 1995 • 310 pp. • ISBN: 0-87084-506-3

Intermediate Sanctions: Sentencing in the 1990s

This monograph contains the most current research on intermediate sanctions, closely examining new sanctions that are moving us toward a more systematic and comprehensive approach to sentencing in the criminal justice system, including bootcamps, intensive supervisionand electronic monitoring. The volume includes sophisticated empirical studies as well as commentary that proposes theoretical, conceptual and organizational concerns.

edited by John Ortiz Smykla and William L. Selke

$18.95 • 1995 • 219 pp. • ISBN: 0-87084-825-9

The 1967 President's Hate Crime: Crime Commission Report: International Perspectives Its Impact 25 Ye ars Later on Causes and Control

This collection of original essays evaluates what impact This monograph reaches beyond the historical record, offi­ Lyndon Johnson's 1967 Crime Commission recommenda­ cial documents, and journalistic accounts to facilitate a new tions had on criminal justice. Each chapter briefly sum­ understandingof the hatred that has driven people through­ marizes guidelines of specifictask force reports and then out history to extremes of violence against others becauseof provides an assessment of the impact each report had on their race, ethnicity, religion, or lifestyle. Ha te Crime is a its area of concentration. Topics covered include: polic­ modem compendium of international studies grounded in ing, corrections, the courts, juvenile justice, organized the principlesof socialscience research, social andpolitical crime, drug abuse, and science and technology. theory, and public policy analysis.

editedby John A. Conley edited by Mark S. Hamm

• • • $17.95 • 1994 • 160 pp. • ISBN: 0-87084-126-2 $18.95 1994 180 pp. ISBN: 0-87084-350-8

anderson publishing co. phone: 513-421-4142 p.o. box 1576 toll free: 800-582-7295 cincinnati, oh 45201-1 576 fax: 513-562-8105

150 NEA CJS ANNUAT4 MEETING JUNE 15-18, 1995

TroJJPJIC Criminal Justice Policy and Research Past Present And Future Roger Wi lliams Un iversity Law School �§it the Greater N,eWRQrt Ar�q S rE re 1J;h rE eli ff W([JJ, Uk ([JJ,l!lud rE N W P ([)) ftl!' B rE([JJ, c h rES Viisiit tthe Te nnii8 H((Jt�� ({))f F((Jtme Re�ii({)e tthe (()((Jttt8!bJy ETr((Jt R rEC rep ft ([))i l!iJ,ft ([JJ, IEl reg([JJ, ft l!iJ, 1M!([JJ, l!iJ,i S ([)) l!iJ, lExellenftAcc ({))mm({))d((Jtftii({))Tns ((Jttt l({)) w R(atttces H([})spi�([JJ, lifty Sll1?iftrE Nighftly 2 TndA n Tn7JJt (at l� C Tr ([J)rqz 71Jt ft ({?J T({)) 7IJt zr n ce([Jt m Tn ft Itii m ((Jt JD)(at CTn ce C (Q)Tn ft({?J 8 (!;

Contact: Frank Taylor Robbins Secretariat 1762 Louisquisset Pike Lincolin, RI 02865

151 NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

The Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences, a regional affiliate of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, was established in 1976. It is composed of educators, criminal justice professionals interested in education and training, and students pursuing careers in criminal justice education, who reside or work in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. The goals and objectives of this association are:

• To promote the communication and dissemination of information of interest among members, other associations of education, and agencies of the criminal justice system.

• To develop an overall philosophy and standard of quality education in the administration of justice.

• To encourage both limited and long-term planning and research in the criminal justice system. • To establish a vehicle capable of providing technical assistance and evaluative services to agencies of the criminal justice system.

• To establish a center for the accumulation and dissemination of student placement information.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICAT ION

Name ______Drue ______Last First Middle

Home �ailing Address --��------��--- Phone (

______Zip ______City State

College or Business Agency Affil�tlon �__ ��� ______�____ �______�______�______Phone (

Area of Specialization ______

I hereby apply for membership in the Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences as follows:

D 1. Regular Membership shall be open to those having an academic appointment in an institution of higher educat ion recognized by a regional accrediting association, or a significant involvement in the field of criminal justice in the states of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfo undland, Nova Scotia, Ontario , Prince Edward Island, and Quebec.

Dues $25 annually.

D 2. Student Membership shall be open to those individuals pursuing academic endeavors in an accredited institution of higher education in the area of criminal justice education.

Dues $17 annually.

D 3. Institutional Membership will be $50 per year.

Membership shall run from January 1 to December 31 . Forward application and fee to the Secretariat at the address on the other side.

Attention Canadian M mbers: Due to difficulties in exchanging Canadian bank checques, please pay in cash, trav /lers checks, postal man y ord rs made payable in US funds, or checks drawn on American accounts. Your cooperation is appreciated. CA LL FOR PA PERS

SOUTHERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION

1995 ANNUAL MEETING

SEPT EMBER 27 - 30, 1995

RIVER TERRACE HOTEL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE

THEME:

-CURRENT ISSUES AND TREND S IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: ANALYDNG THEOR Y, POllCY, AND PRA CTICE-

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT :

DR. LAURA J. MORIARTY, 1995 PROGRAM CHAIR

DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY 816 W. FRANKLIN STREET, BOX 842017 RICHMOND, VA 23284-2017 (804) 828-1050 FAX (804) 828-1253 E-MAIL: LMORIAR@CABELL. VCU .EDU

DEADLINE FOR PROPOSALS: AUGUST 15, 1995

153 SouthernThe SOllthernCrimi CrimilUllnal JIlS/ice AssociationJust (SCJA)ice is composedAs ofsoc criminal justiceiati on educators, practitioners and students and is dedicated to providing communication among members, with other associations of higher education and training, and with the agencies of the criminal justice system. The SCJA promotes a philosophical approach to criminal justice as a systematic process and is furtherdedicated to promoting the highest standards in criminal justice education, training, and criminal justice planning and research.

There are two categories of membership in the SCJA: PRESIDENT Joseph L Auten REGULAR - open to individuals who support the purposes of the Southern NorthCarolina Justice AalJemy (1) (910) 525-4151 Criminal Justice Association, and

1 at VICE-PRESIDENT 2 - Laura J. MorIarty ( ) STUDENT open to graduate and undergraduate students enrolled in Virginia Commonwealth University accredited institutions, who are interested in criminal justice. (804) 828-1050

AMERICAN JO URNA L OF 2ndVICE-PRESIDENT Regular membership includes an individual SUbscription to the Terry D. Edwards CRIMINAL JUSTICE, our journal ; all members receive THE DIALOGUE, our newsletter, University of louisville both are published twice a year. To join, simply complete the application below and return (502) 852-6567 to the SecretarylTreasurer (address on the left) with the appropriate dues. SECRETARY-TREASURER Duane D. Everhart Spartanburg Methodist College NAME: 1 200 Textile Drive Spartanburg, SC 29301 TITLE: (803) 587�

IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT ADDRESS: Jeffrey P. Rush Jacksonville State University OFFICE: (205) 782-5335

SECRETARIAT Elizabeth L. Grossi University of louisville Brigman Hall louisville, KY 40292 Phone: (502) 852-6567 HOME: FAX: (502) 852-0065 Bhnet: [email protected]

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Robert M. Bohm (1997) UNC - Charlotte PHONE: OFFICE/SCHOOL ( ) J.T. Henson (1997) Surry Community College HOME ( ) FAX ( ) Ronald Hunter (1 996) Jacksonville State University E-MAIL: Richard Janikowski (1 995) University of Memphis CRIMINAL JUSTICE SPECIALTY OR TOPICS OF INTEREST:

Bizabeth McConnell (1996) Valdosta State University

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE Michael B. Blankenship Editor Criminal Justice/Criminology PLEASE INDICATE: EastTennessee Stat University Box 70555 REGULAR ($40.00 PER YEAR)_ STUDENT ($ 15.00 PER YEAR)_ LIFE ($400.(0)_ Johnson City, TN 3761 4 PREFERRED MAll.ING ADDRESS: OFFICFJSCHOOL_ HOME_ Phone: (61 5) 461-7368 MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY llSTING: OFFICEISCHOOL_ HOME_ Fax: (61 5) 461-7373 TELEPHONE llSTINGS: OFFICFJSCHOOL_ HOME_ Bhnet: [email protected] (THIS FORM MAY BR PHOTOCOpmD) MID WEST CRIMINA L JUS nCE ASSOCIA TION

1995 ANNUAL MEETING

OCTOBER 4-6, 1995

RAMADA CONGRESS HOTEL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

THEME : BACK TO THE BASICS

FOR INFORMATION CONTACT: Linda L. Zupan, Ph.D. Justice Studies Department Northern Michigan University Marquette, Michigan 49855 Phone (906) 227-1616 Fax (906) 227-1754

DEADLINE FOR PROPOSALS: AUGUST 1, 1995

155 THE JOURNAL OF CRIME AND JUSTICE

ANNOUNCES A CALL FOR PAPERS

The Journal of Crime and Justice is published semi-annually and distributed by Anderson Publishing Company. The Journal is sponsored by the Midwestern Criminal Justice Association. Articles are solicited dealing with diverse criminological and/or criminal justice themes. Articles may be substantive or theoretical in nature. Suggested article length is from 15-25 pages, including bibliography. Four (4) copies of articles must be submitted in order to fa cilitate the review process. This review process takes approximately three months.

The Journal also solicits reviews of current books, preferably trade books as opposed to texts. Commencing with the Spring, 1995 issue of the Journal, there will be a new book review section highlighting current publications. The 1994-1996 editorial board is: Michael E. Meyer Dean J. Champion, Editor University of North Dakota Minot State University J. Mitchell Miller Timothy S. Bynum, Deputy Editor University of Tennessee Michigan State University William Selke Chris Eskridge, Deputy Editor Indiana University University of Nebraska-Omaha Cassia Spohn Joanne Belknap University of Nebraska University of Cincinnati Cathy Streifel Michael Breci Purdue University Metropolitan State University Ellen Hochstedler Steury Jeffrey Butts Universitx of Wisconsin National Center fo r Juvenile Justice Stan StoJkovic Kim English University of Wisconsin Colorado Department of Corrections Ron Vo�el Lynne Goodstein CalifornIa State University-Long Beach Pennsylvania State University Deborah Wilson Michael J. Leiber University of Louisville University of Northern Iowa Nanci Koser Wilson Coramae R. Mann Indiana University-Pennsylvania Indiana University Book Review Editors: David Woods, Minot State Alida Merlo University and Jeffrey Walker, University of Westfield State College Arkansas

Please send all manuscripts to: Dr. Dean J. Champion, Editor Journal of Crime and Justice Offices Department of Criminal Justice 108 Dakota Hall Minot State University Minot, NO 58707 Telephone: (701) 857-3140 Fax: 701-839-8396

156 SOUTHWESTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS

CALL FOR PAPERS

The annualmeeting of the SWACJE will heldbe inHouston, Texas October 5-7, 1995

The 1995 conference theme is:

Violence in America: Research & Response

Please send ideas fo r papers, panels, workshops, andround tables to the Program Chair by April28, 1995.

For more infonnation, please contact: Joycelyn Pollock Criminal Justice Department Southwest Texas State University Hines Academic Building San Marcos, TX 78666 (512) 245-2174

157 SOUTHWESTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS

The Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice Educators is a regional affiliate of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

It is composed of educators and practitioners from Arkansas, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas who are PRESIDENT Jeffery T. Walker committed to developing the highest standards in criminal justice Department of Criminal Justice education, training, practice and research. University of Arkansasat Little Rock Little Rock. AR 72204-1099 SWACJE encourages participation frompractitioners, students, (501) 569-3560 community colleges and universities in the process of furthering the

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT criminal justice system through research and education. Thomas1. Hawley, III MesaConununity College 3211 West Gelding Drive Phoenix. AZ 85023 MEMBERSHIP IS WELCOMED FROM (602) 461-7080/866-1764 INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN:

SECOND VICE PRESIDENT Joycelyn Pollock * Institutions of Higher Learning Southwest Texas State University * Criminal Justice Agency Training Criminal Justice Department * The Criminal Justice Field San Marcos. TX 78666 (512) 245-2174

SECRET ARYffREASURER For more information about membership in the JanetK. Wilson Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice Educators, Oepartmeutof CriminalJustice please contact : University of Arkansasat Little Rock Little Rock. AR 72204-1099 (501) 569-3195 SECRETARIAT

REGIONAL TRUSTEE Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice Educators Mary Parker Department of Criminal Justice Departmentof Criminal Justice U Diversity of Arkansas at Little Rock University of Arkansasat Little Rock Little Rock, Arkansas 72204-1099 Little Rock. AR 72204-1099 (501) 569-3195 Phone (501) 569-3195 Fax (501) 569-3157 BITNET [email protected]

ARKANSAS � ARIZONA � COLORADO � NEW MEXICO � OKLAHOMA � TEXAS

158 WPACJE CALL FOR PAPERS

Western and Pacific Association of

Criminal Justice Educators

Criminal Justice Policies and Practices: What Works?

The 1995 Annual Conference of the Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators will be held in Reno, Nevada at the Reno Hilton

November 15-18, 1995

Persons interested in presenting a paper or putting together a panel please contact either Ken Peak, Conference Chair or Larry Lunnen, Conference Co-Chair before June 30, 1995

Ken Peak Larry Lunnen Department of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Department University of Nevada, Reno Dixie College Reno, Nevada 89557-0026 St. George, Utah 84770 (702) 784-6164 (801) 673-4811 Ext. 425 FAX: (702) 626-3777 FAX: (801) 673-8552

159 160 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1995 ANNUAL MEETING

MARCH 7-11,1995

BOSTON PARK PLAZAHOTEL

BOSTON, MA

ABSTRACTS

THEME:

JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS

161 162 PANEL 1 TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE ACADEMIC CERTIFICATION OF CRIMINOLOGISTS

"How Practitioners with the JD and PhD Impact Criminology/Criminal Justice Education," RAMONA BROCKETT, Rutgers University

Crime remains a top priority on the national agenda. The politicization of the criminal justice system may have either unanticipated or carefully designed consequences for racial minorities. The instrument of the consequences is the JD/PhD in the classroom. The specific ways in which this legal practitioner perceives the (in) congruence between theory and practice, and transfers the perception into classroom instruction may promote or retard the hastened and prolonged entry of racial minorities into the criminal justice system. . ..

"Multiculturalism and Content-Relevant Criminal Justice Education," EVELYN GILBERT, Westfield State College

A recent observation about undergraduate students is that they lack an awareness of the changes forced upon the criminal justice system as a result of charges of bias and injustice leveled by race-specific and ethnoculture-specific segments of the population. A consequence of having no foundation in the non-legal agents of change appears to manifest itself in students developing a conservative and intolerant attitude towards the clientele of the criminal justice system. The trend is troublesome and occurs at a time when components of the criminal justice system are moving towards community inclusion.

"The Professional Degree in Criminal Justice Academia," DELORES JONES, John Jay College

A review of recent position announcements for vacancies in criminal justice/criminology departments reveals an increasing number of these announcements exclude those possessing the terminal degree of juris doctor from consideration for full-time faculty positions. This is so even though many of the departments offe r courses in criminal law, criminal procedure, constitutional law, evidence, and criminal jurisprudence. It must also be noted that many of the same departments contain tenured faculty members who possess only the juris doctorate as their terminal degree. ...

PANEL 2 PHYSICAL SECURITY TODAY

"The Changing of the Guard: The Transformation of Campus Security," ANTHONY MICUCCI, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)

No abstract available.

"The 'Courtesy Officer' Concept in Apartment Settings," NORMAN BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration

No abstract available.

"Preventing Violent Crime in Open Commercial Areas: The Role of a Visible Security Presence at Parking Lot Perimeter Boundaries," R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

No abstract available.

"Fighting Crime in the Workplace and Corporate Incentive Programs," STUART TRAUB, SUNY-Courtland

No abstract available.

PANEL 3 REHABILITATION AND ALTERNATIVE PUNISHMENTS: EVALUATING PROGRAMS AND POLICY

"Validation of a Virginia Work Release Risk Prediction Model: A Methodology for the Improvement of the Reliability of Correctional Decision Makers," WILLIAM OSBORNE JR, Empire Community College

This study is an attempt to identify and validate variables which were significant predictors of work release succes of 439 Virginia work release partiCipants. The variables were selected on the basis of whether they would exert internal or external control over the inmate, with a view toward offering empirical support to control theory. A retrospective longitudinal research deSign was employed by randomly selecting inmates who had partiCipated in either of three work release centers from 1987-1 991 . Two of the programs housed male inmates while the other housed fe males. ...

"Rural Rehabilitative Justice," DUNCAN DURR, Minot State University

This study compares Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba to find out why each state/province choose its particular rehabilitative system and why they believe it to be the most effective. This study covers 1990-1 994. In order to obtain all information necessary to complete the study, a questionnaire was distributed to all the respective states'/provinces' justice departments.

"The Effectiveness of Halfway Houses with Felony Probationers," ANDREW THOMAS, EDWARD LATESSA, and ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

This paper examines the results of an evaluation of five halfway house programs. Information with regard to client characteristics, program treatment, and post-release criminal behavior is presented for both the halfwayho use residents and a comparison sample offelony probationers.

163 "Censoring Problems Associated with Predicting Recidivism Th rough Hazard Models," MARTIN FLOSS, Hilbert College

Gottfredson. and Gottfredson (1994) argue that the present ability to accurately predict recidivism is at best modest. Two barriers related to this inability are (1) what statistical technique(s) are most appropriate and (2) the quality of criminal justice data bases have been notoriously poor in quality, which nullifies any benefits gained through using more powerful statistical techniques. This research addresses both limitations. It examines the implications of censored observations when making predictions using hazard models.

PANEL 4 GENDER BIAS AND VICTIMOLOGY IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

"The Rights of Crime Victims-A Genealogy," JAMES HALSTED, University of South Florida

One of the conservative political agendas since the presidential campaign of Richard Nixon has been to remedy one of the alleged consequences of the judicial activisim ofthe Supreme Court during the 1960's. The problem, according to the conservative agenda, is phrased best by the fo llowing question: 'Why are the criminals receiving more rights than are their victims?" This study examines both the historical origins and evolutions of victims rights in the United States.

"Criminal Lunacy in Early Modern England: Did Gender Make a Difference?" JOEL EIGEN, Franklin and Marshall College

This paper explores the role of gender in the prosecution of criminal offenders who raised an insanity plea in England in the late 18th and early 19th centruies. The study consists of 331 trials in which decidedly "ordinary" offenders tried for "ordinary" offenses alleged some form of mental debility in their defense. Of particular relevance is the role of gender: Did putatively insane women distinguish themselves by their type of crime, or success of the plea? How did contemporary medical writers explain "women's melancholy," and how was this phrased by expert witnesses when they appeared in court?

'Without Peers: Gender Bias in Jury Selection, an Historical Review," SUSAN LENTZ and ROBERT CHAIRES, University of Nevada-Reno

Historically, women have readily been excluded from criminal juries, even when the defendant has been a woman. Rationales for such exclusion have been slow to change but today, more than ever, fundamental issues remain regarding the right to an impartial jury and the place of women on that jury.

"Policing Sound-The Socio-Historical Construction of the Musician as Criminal," STEPHEN MUZZATII, York University (Canada)

Music has always had the ability to stir people's consciousness and set fire to their spirits. As such, it is a space for the promulgation of ideology. Historically disenfranchised groups, who have had intellectual and political modes of reproduction blocked have oftenturned to modes of aesthetic reproduction, specifically music, as a vital cultural space for the promulgation of counter-hegemony. From the songs of slaves to the folk/protest songs of the 1960's and the genre's of Rap and Grunge Rock, music as a form of political resistance has been increasingly heavily policed. . ..

PANEL 5 ROUNDTABLE: FEMALE OFFENDERS: FACT AND FICTION

This workshop explores the real issues facing incarcerated women, exploding myths. The incidence of substance abuse histories among incarcerated women, the type of crimes committed by women, and the issue of mothers in prison are discussed from both a psychological and correctional perspective.

PANEL 7 WORKSHOP: A SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL-LAW ENFORCEMENT PARTNERSHIP

This workshop focuses on the successful development and implementation ofan education-business partnership involving a police organization and an inner-city high school. The multi-faceted program is credited with improving the school's climate and providing learning opportunities for both parties.

FEATURE SESSION 10 HATE CRIME AND SOCIAL CONTROL POLICIES

"Confronting Hate Crime: The Structural Effects of Hate Crime Legislation in Canada," JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

Since the passage of the hate crime law in Canada (May/June 1970), few individuals and organizations have been charged and convicted. This poor track record has motivated several actors (ie, individuals and groups) to call into question the utility of the law. This paper, in particular, analyzes the effects of the hate crime law by outlining a series of structural processes which the law instigated. These processes are organized around five basic actors (ie, the media, legislatures, perpetrators, the public, and governmental agencies).

"Hate Crime Laws: Problems, Pitfalls, and Unintended Consequences," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Social science research is seldon used as justification for public policy. Hate crime laws are no diffe rent. During the 1980s, 43 states passed some form of statute against institutional vandalism and 31 states enacted laws against bias or harassment, including interference with religious worship and cross burning laws. The rationale for these laws did not come from careful, well-executed research; instead, they were the product of intense lobbying efforts conducted by various civil rights groups. Such ill-conceived laws have not only failed to deter cries of hatred, they have actually done more harm than good by misrepresenting the scope and dimensions of the problem.

164 "The First Link: Report to the Congress on Juvenile Hate/Bias Crime." RICHARD BALL. West Virginia University and G DAVID CURRY. University of Missouri-St Louis

Public Law 101-275 required the Attorney General to gather statistics on hate crimes in the U S. As part of this effort. the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention commissioned a national one-year study of the role of juveniles in the commission of hate crimes. The final report of this study includes a systematic analysis of definitions of hate crimes. and tabulations of information from existing official records on hate or bias crime maintained by federal. state. and city agencies.

"Predictors of Hate Crime Events." DON GREEN. Yale University

A statistical model that isolated the important predictors of hate crime is of potential value to both social scientists who wish to understand the criminology of hate crime and law enforcement officials who seek to allocate resources in an effortto deter and apprehend perpetrators. The present research. which focuses on county-level hate crime statistics from North Carolina for 1987-1 993. represents the first systematic attempt to analyze patterns of hate crime. Based on a Poisson regression analysis of five types of hate crime it was discovered that the two leading predictors of hate crime events are the level of right-wing extremist group activity and the rate of juvenile crime.

FEATURE SESSION 11 ROUNDTABLE: DISPROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION OF MINORITIES IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM: PAST RESEARCH, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE INITIATIVES

This roundtable examines the issue of disproportionate representation of minorities in the juvenile justice system through research supported by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (OJJDP). The aforementioned office has mandated that states assess their juvenile justice system in terms of the representation of minority juveniles. Many states have concluded their assessments and the results often reveal an over-representation of minorities in the juvenile justice system. This session discusses some of the results of these state-level studies and yields insights into the second phase of the OJJDP mandate which was to outline and implement strategies to alleviate the disproportionate representation of minority youths in the juvenile justice system.

PANEL 13 ISSUES AND TRENDS IN THE ABUSE OF WOMEN AND THE ELDERLY

"Battered Women and the Law: Crisis and Controversy." SLOAN LETMAN. EVON WORTHY. KAREN KINTE. and MARY BEAL. Chicago State University

This paper analyzes the current problems faced by battered women as they confront the criminal justice system. An analysis of the laws of Illinois. Califo rnia. New York. and Florida was completed in order to show the discrepancies in the way battered women are treated by the criminal justice system and specifically by the legal system. The battered women's syndrome is examined as a legal defense.

"Elder Abuse: What are the Problems Inherent in the Study of a "Graying" Populace?" DEANNA ALEXANDER. Virginia Tech

It has been argued there is very little comprehensive understanding of the causes of elder abuse and neglect in the fa milial context. The understanding of this type of victimization becomes more predominate as the "graying" of the United States populace increases. This paper addresses the problems that hinder the understanding of the causes of elder maltreatment. Additionally. such issues as prevention and policy implications of this type of victimization are examined.

"Abuse of the Elderly: The Invisible Victims." STEVEN COX and MICHAEL GOODMAN. Illinois State University

Elderly citizens in communities are being abused at an alarming rate. It appears that very few people are really aware of this tragic crime. This lack of awareness has made these abused older individuals invisible victims of violent behavior. Research is sparse in this area and often times the studies appear more concerned with numbers of victims than with the causes of this abusive behavior. This study examines the elderly abuse phenomenon from a causal point of view and tries to determine the reasons this violent crime is committed against those citizens who are least able to defend themselves.

PANEL 14 VIOLENCE, SELF-INJURY, AND OTHER CONDITIONS IN JAILS AND DETENTION

"Jail Violence from a Public Health Perspective: Some Preliminary Observations." CHARLES LINDQUIST. University of Alabama-Birmingham

Jail violence frequently manifests itself in intentional injury - injury either stemming from interpersonal conflict or injury which is self-directed. From a public health perspective. intentional injury might be subject to a variety of control strategies. once the etiology of such injury has been examined. Based on interviews with inmates. this paper explores some of the causes of intentional injury in a large southeastern county fail. After developing some etiological hypotheses. an attempt is made to link these hypotheses to possible intervention strategies.

"Characteristics of New York State COunties and the Correlate of Jail Suicide." CHARLIE CHUKWUDOLUE. Northern Kentucky University

This paper examines the influence of certain predictor variables upon jail suicides in New York state counties. Employing aggregate level data. it explores the relationship between characteristice of counties and custodial suicide. Preliminary findings indicate an association between mental health variables and rate of jail suicide. This means that the counties that do not provide adequate mental health services are more likely to have a higher rate of jail suicide.

165 "Bringing Jail Expertise into the Reform of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Detention Centers," MICHAEL WELCH, Rutgers University

Recent investigations of Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) detention centers reveal problems relating to institutional conditions, policies and procedures. In light of these problems, immigrants' rights lawyers and other groups have initiated strategies to reform INS detention centers. This paper discusses how jail expertise can be applied to institutional reform, thereby improving training, services, inspections and monitoring.

PANEL 15 CITIZEN PERSPECTIVES ON COMMUNITY POLICING AND RELATED STRATEGIES

"Customers of COP Training: Who are They and What do They Need to Know?" MICHAEL DONAHUE, Armstrong State College and VANCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department

A COP training program in a medium-sized southeastern United States police department constitutes the basis of this paper. It is maintained that to enhance the likelihood of successful implementation of community policing, both police and civilian audiences must receive orientation and training in it. Police cohorts beyond patrol officers include supervision, management, investigations, special operations, and staff services employees. Civilians include members of the media, local elected and appOinted officials, and citizens. This paper also identifies and discusses the basic training modules relevant to community oriented policing.

"Community Policing and Citizen Surveys: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Neighborhoods on Issues of Police Satisfaction, Quality of Life, and Perceived Problems in the Community," LINDA SMITH and CHRISTINE SELLERS, University of South Florida

The Hillsborough County Sheriffs Office community policing project is one of five demonstration sites funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The project in Hillsborough County is uniq ue in that it is the only rural site originally funded by BJA. It also has an urban site which allows a comparison between an urban and rural area under the same administrative umbrella. This research provides data on citizen surveys conducted in the two areas using a random sampling design. Both sites have large minority populations-one with an African-American population and one with a Hispanic population.

"Citizen Perspectives on Community Policing: A Case Study in Athens, Georgia," BRIAN WILLIAMS, University of Georgia

This study analyzes citizen perspectives on police services and community policing in the "Iron Triangle" of east Athens, a largely minority community in Athens (GA). Additionally, the study seeks to identify the underlying experiences that influence these perspectives (ie, attitudes, perceptions). A qualitative, non-experimental research design using focus group interviewing was employed to provide information on citizen perspectives (ie, perceptions, feelings, and attitudes of cohorts). ...

"Telephone Crime Reporting: An Analysis of Public Perceptions," ALEX HOLSINGER and ERIC JEFFERIS, University of Cincinnati

In the interest of saving time, money, and other resources, many police departments have started programs that incorporate telephone crime reporting for less serious situations. While the goal of saving resources could be achieved, it may be at the expense of the public's perception of the police department. Telephone crime reporting offers efficient processing of less serious incidents that previously would have occupied the time of one or more officers. This study examines a 1994 telephone surveyof Cincinnati residents who had used the newly implemented telephone crime reporting unit. ...

PA NEL 16 SENTENCING ISSUES

"Prediction in Criminal Justice: A Prison Likelihood Score," MELISSA MOON, ERIC JEFFERIS, EDWARD LATESSA, LAWRENCE TRAVIS, and ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

As part of a larger evaluation of five day reporting centers in Ohio, this study presents the development of a prison likelihood score. This score, based on a number of salient factors, attempts to discriminate between those who are sentenced to prison and those who are not. The factors associated with receiving a prison sentence were identified by using three groups of offenders from five counties in Ohio. The three groups indlude offenders sentenced to prison, intensive supervision, and regular probation in 1992. This study presents the analysis and findings of this score's ability in predicting likelihood of prison.

"Three Strikes and You're Out: From Rhetoric to Reason," GAIL WILLIAMS and ROBERT BRIODY, Mabel Basset Correctional Center

"Three strikes" is America's latest answer to the crime problem. Long-term incarceration and truth-in-sentencing are becoming state and fe deral policies. Society's journey from "let's rehabilitate" to "lock 'em up and throw away the key" follows a confusing meandering road. It's becoming clear that for criminal court judges, it's not that easy to count to three. Sloganeering and shallow political rhetoric are attempts to make an uneasy public feel that complex problems can yield to simplistic solutions. The authors demythologize crime and punishment in America and recommend new directions to the criminal justice system.

"A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Virginia Voluntary SentenCing Guidelines on Reducing Unwarranted SentenCing Disparity," SANJEEV SRIDHARAN, Virginia Criminal Justice Research Center

Virginia Sentencing Guidelines were adopted statewide in 1991 . A longitudinal research design was constructed to study the changes in disparity over time. Multiple measures of unwarranted disparity are used in the study. The study covers a wide range of offenses. This study

166 focuses on the statistical aspects of the longitudinal research design.

PANEL 17 GRADUATE RESEARCH: ASPECTS OF VIOLENCE

"Law-Related Education: Testing the Effects on Juveniles," GREG CRAWFORD, Virginia Commonwealth University

This research employs a pre-testlpost-test control group design to test the impact of law-related education (LRE) on juveniles from three different school districts. The objective of a LRE program is to give students a positive perspective of the role and function ofthe police force and other aspects of the administration of justice (eg, courts, corrections, and the legal system) with the hope that this ecucation will curb delinquency. This premise is studied by replicating the work of Hunter and Johnson using samples drawn from Richmond school districts. Preliminary results, limited to the pre-test results from the six sites, are presented.

"Evaluation of the Virginia Firearms Investigative Task Force," DAVID PANTER, Virginia Commonwealth University

Violent crime continues to plague Virginia as well as other jurisdictions in the United States. One of the major contributing factors to victimization is the availability offirearms. Through a variety of innovative strategies, Virginia has developed programs and legislation to reduce the availability of firearms for criminal purposes. One of these initiatives is the development of the Virginia State Police Firearms Investigative Task Force. This evaluation examines the processes and impact of this initiative with respect to its implementation, operation, and impact of a unique multi-jurisdictional firearms interdiction strategy.

"Consolidating Variables to be Used in Constructing Individual Models of Violent Behavioral Patterns," TOM DOVER, Virginia Commonwealth University

This paper addreses preliminary steps in building a theoretical model of behavioral "finger-printing." It discusses the identification of variables used in the investigation of violent crime and the relationship of these variables to the proposed model. The consolidation of these variables into clusters may prove to be a useful procedure in the prediction and determination of patterning in violent behavior.

"Prison Riots," JOHNNY HOWEll, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

This paper examines two prison riots, Attica and New Mexico, to demonstrate the diffe rent causes or fa ctors of prison riots, policies used to restore order, and the tragiC aftermath. It also discusses general factors, patterns of riots, preventive measures, and administrative do's and don'ts of improving correctional institutions.

PA NEL 19 ACADEMIC SECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS

"Practitioner's Perceptions of Undergraduate Curriculum in Security Education," MAHESH NAlLA, Michigan State University

No abstract available.

"New Managerial Perspectives for Sandals Resorts International Security in Jamaica," JAMES OPOlOT, Texas Southern University

No abstract available.

''The Hollywood Boulevard Experiment: An AnalysiS of One Community's Use of Private Security to Supplement Sworn Law Enforcement," HARV MORLEY, California State University-Long Beach

No abstract available.

"Card Casino's, Crime and Security Responses," ROBERT MEADOWS, Califo rnia Lutheran University

No abstract available.

PANEL 20 PROGRAMMING AND ASSESSMENT FOR YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS

"An Evaluation of a Day Treatment Program for Youth at Risk of Out-of-Community Placement," ERIC JENSEN, University of Idaho

This paper reports an evaluation of the Region II Day Treatment Program. The Day Treatment Program is a cooperative effort of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Northwest Children's Home, and the Lewiston School District to intervene with youth at risk of out-of­ community placement. The treatment modalities utilized at Day Treatment focus on educational programing and group therapy. The program appears to have resulted in a substantial reduction in adjudications, an overal reduction in severity of offenses, and fewer out-of-community placements than would have been expected for this group of youth in the 12-month post-program period.

167 "A Comparison of the Self Concepts of High-Risk Non-Delinquent Youths and Imprisoned Young Offenders," ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State University; HIL HARPER, Troy State University; GARY COPUS, University ofAlaska-Fa irbanks; and THOMAS SULLENBERGER, Southeastern louisiana University

The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was administered to 450 imprisoned youthful offenders and to 197 high-risk, non-delinquent youths. Their scores were compared to determine if there are significant diffe rences in the self-concepts of the two groups. Mean self-concept scores of both groups are significantly lower than normal, and scores for the high-risk youths are significantly lower than for the delinquents. Findings indicate that high-risk, non-delinquent youths experience more damage as a result of their abandonment, neglect, and abuse than delinquents do through involvement in their delinquent sub-culture.

"Paint Creek Youth Center: A look at Reconviction," JILL GORDON, EDWARD LATESSA, and JOHN WOOLDREDGE, University of Cincinnati

Paint Creek youth Center, an Ohio residential treatment program for delinquent youths, began in 1986. Up to this point, approximat Iy 215 youth have participated in the program. A comparison group was selected from youth sent to juvenile facilities operated by the Ohio Department of Youth Services. The comparison group was matched on the following characteristics: age, sex, race, seriousness of the offense, county of crime commission, and date of entry. This study explores the likelihood of reconviction of youth sent to Paint Creek Youth Center compared to the youth in Ohio's other juvenile facilities.

"Alternatives to Crime for At-Risk Teens in Rural Areas: An Early Identification and Intervention Model," BARBARA HEARD-MUELLER and FREDDIE AVANT, Stephen F Austin State University

How can youth in rural areas, who are at risk to enter the criminal justice system, be identified and diverted into productive noncriminal activities? There are numerous projects in rural areas of east Texas, all attempting to reach at risk teens, provide them with alternatives to antisocial and/or criminal activities, make up for the lack of fa milial supportsyst ems, and introduce them to more acceptable role models. This presentation proposes to explore the common factors placing these rural youngsters in jeopardy of slipping into delinquents or criminal patterns of behavior. . ..

PANEL 21 THE THREAT OF GANGS, JUVENILES, AND ORGANIZED CRIME

"Gang Intervention and Innovation: A Process Evaluation of the Neutral Zone," QUINT THURMAN, Washington State University Spokane and ANDREW GIACOMAZZI, MICHAEL REISIG, and DAVID MUELLER, Washington State University

This paper presents an assessment of a community-based gang intervention program that offers 13-20 year olds who are at high-risk of gang involvement or already gang-affiliated an attractive and safe alternative for productively passing their time. Evaluation research determined that, during Friday and Saturday evening from 10 pm to 2 am, the Neutral Zone offers some 200 youths viable recreational and social service activities. Data from direct observations, focus groups with participants and program staff, and official crime statistics indicate that the Neutral Zone is an effective gang intervention that is being successfully implemented in Mountlake Terrace 0NA).

"Admittance Restricted - youth as Potential Swarmer," STEPHEN MUZZATI, York University (Canada)

Motivated by recent incidents of mass theft and physical assaults many small businesses in the Toronto area have begun enforcing an "only two youths permitted in the store at one time" policy. These practices draw upon and perpetuate a position which constructs youths as a potential fiscal liability and safety threat. While currently being practised by predominantly small convenience stores in "high crime" areas, these practices, if shown to be "effective", may be expeditiously translated into official policy and adopted by chain stores and larger retailers.

"Victims of the Emerging Asian Racketeering in the United States and Canada," JOHN SONG, SUNY-Buffalo and LYNN HERYSE

This paper examines, from an ecological perspective, the causes, patterns and effects of victimization by gang and organized crime activities within Asian immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. By distinguishing between the diffe rent factions within the Asian immigrant population there arises similarities and dissimilarities in the types of victimization that occur. Immigration status, cultural influences, adaptation to legal environment, and receptiveness of the larger community are found, among other factors, to be responsible for producing various patterns of victimization among Asian immigrant communities in the United States.

"Rural Government Policy to Migratory youth Gangs," JERROLD BEYER, Mankato State University

The bulk of literature and research on youth gangs addresses urban and suburban issues. little has been written with regard to the growing problem of rural youth gang encroachment. Still less addresses the problem of fo rmulating policy to respond to sophisticated urban youth gangs that have migrated to the midwest and other less populated areas of the county. This paper explores some of the approaches that have been used in the past, and suggests alternative approaches.

PANEL 22 WORKSHOP: HIV INFECTION IN WOMEN'S PRISONS: RESPONSES TO A GROWING CRISIS

This workshop presents the Women & AIDS Project model of serviceto incarcerated women at risk of or infected by the HIV virus. Prison­ based AIDS prevention programs are covered, as well as case management servicesreq uired by HIV+ women and women with AIDS in prison. Effective prison policies for dealing with AIDS among women in prison are discussed. The Women & AIDS Project model discussed in the

168 workshop has been commended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

PANEL 25 ROUNDTABLE: ENHANCING LEARNING OPTIONS OF CRIME PREVENTION STUDENTS THROUGH INTEGRATION OF COMPUTERIZED STUDY UNITS

Collegiate educators in practical skills courses are constantly faced with the challenge of integrating theory, practice, and direct application under competing constraints of time, resources, and priorities. Students in a crime prevention course, for example, must learn the principles of home and business protection, and be able to translate that information into the practical skills necessary to conduct an effective site survey and produce sound recommendations for security. Ideally, this demands several opportunities to refine those skills through the proactive address of real situations under close interactive supervision. ...

PANEL 26 PRISON STRUCTURE, REHABILITATION, AND RECIDIVISM: CURRENT CONSIDERATIONS

"Predicting Post-Prison Release Recidivism: WRAT and BETA," JANET WILSON, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

The practice of predicting post-prison release recidivism has relied on differing techniques ranging from hunches and "gut instinct" to actuarial tools which rank inmates on a risk measure. For the current study, a random sample of files of nearly 1,000 Arkansas inmates released during 1990 was reviewed to determine the best predictors of post-prison release recidivism. Of specific interest was the ability of the WRAT and BETA scores to account fo r recidivism diffe rences relative to other social and violence variables.

"Prison Regime and Recidivism," DENNIS STEVENS, Mount Olive College

Examining the relationship between regime and inmate attitudes about future crime options, 172 inmates in one prison and 229 inmates in a similar custody prison were surveyed. Data support the hypothesis that reg ime, as explained by both prison restrictions and inmate-custodian relations, can effect recidivism through inmate attitudes about criminal acts. That is, custod ial policy and behavior play a dominate role in the prisonization process of inmates. This study calls for a longitudinal study between regime and actual recidivism rates. ...

"Do-it-Yourself Rehabilitation: ParticipantObservation of Alternatives to Violence Workshops in a Medium Security Prison," EDWARD SABIN, Towson State University

A high percentage of prison inmates return to society. It is in society's interest to rehabilitate inmates even if rehabilitation is a low priority for government and the public. An interim step is do-it-yourself or (largely) inmate-led rehabilitation. A prominent example of the latter is the Alternatives to Violence Program (AVP) , a volunteer self-help program begun in New York state in 1975. This presentation is a participant observation study of two three-day AVP workshops held in a medium security prison in 1994. Includes evaluations of inmate facilitator skills, "community-building" exercises, and the focus on individual responsibity rather than on the system or institution.

"Predicting Public Support for Electronic House Arrest: Results from a New York County Survey," PRESTON ELROD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte and MICHAEL P BROWN, Ball State University

This paper reports results from a surveyof 1 ,000 randomly selected households in a small county in upstate New York designed to understand citizen perceptions of electronic house arrest (EHA). Specifically, the analysis addresses predictors of overall public support for EHA, including support for the use of EHA for various types of offenses. Predictors included in the analysis consist of both demographic variables as well as a variety of attitudinal variables. The findings and their implications for policy-makers and other researchers interested in EHA are discussed.

FEA TURE SESSION 27 KEY ISSUES IN RISK ASSESSMENT, PREDICTION, AND CLASSIFICATION

'What you Want Isn't Always What you Get: A Cautionary Tale of Risk Prediction in Criminal Justice," PETER JONES, Temple University

Formal risk prediction is now a staple of community correctional programs. In recent years, shrinking budgets and the growth of intermediate sanctions have required community corrections administrators to differentiate the "high" and the "low" risk offender. Not surprisingly, they have turned to fo rmal risk instruments. However, many agencies have taken the easy-and sometimes inappropriate-route of borrowing and/or adapting instruments from other jurisdictions. This paper describes serious problems found in the current utilization of risk instruments in community based settings.

"Current Developments and Legal Trends in Classification," JAMES MARQUART -a nd STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University and BARBARA BELBOT, University of Houston-Downtown

The major issue facing prisoner classification during the next decade is to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of systems in institutions that will serve increaSingly more diverse populations with special needs. Classification must become more responsive to inmates needs and programming. Legal issues are already developing concerning the special needs of certain inmates and classification systems will be an important part of those issues and their remedies. This paper assesses current classification procedures used in American corrections, the legal environment as it relates to claSSification, and future issues concerning prisoner classification.

"Long-term Risk of Men Released from Prison," JAMES BONTA, Solicitor General Canada

Public dissatisfaction with the management of offenders in the community has led for calls to seek more effective ways of ensuring public

169 safety. While improving ttreatment programs and supervision practices can add significantly to the goal of public safety there is also a growing recognition that some offenders pose serious risks beyond present supervision programs. In Canada, there has been debate about introducing a new form of long-term supervisionof up to 10 years, for specific groups of offenders. However, identification of the most appropriate offender groups for long-term supervision req uires recidivism data that spans lengthy time periods.

"MMPI-2 Typology: New Developments and the Extension of the Typology to Female Inmates," JOYCE CARBONNEL and EDWIN MEGARGEE, Florida State University

This paper presents an update on the research on the adaptation of the Megargee MMPI based classification system for criminal offenders to the MMP12. A new set of rules has been developed and the characteristics of male prisoners in each of the groups investigated. Because the rules for classifying male offenders cannot be used with female offenders, a revised set of rules for women has been devised and is now being tested and refined. Data is being collected at both a federal and state institution. The preliminary results of these studies are presented.

"Using Expert System Technology for Offender Assessment and Correctional Decision Making," LARRY MOTIUK, Correctional Service of Canada

Systematic approaches to correctional decision-making are costly and time co nsuming processes for criminal justice agencies, and these procedures must be monitored continually to ensure that correctional objectives are being met. Any significant improvement in offender assessment and correctional decision-making serves to reduce incarceration costs and improve public safety. Expertsystems model the information collected and rule-based decision-making of "experts" in a particular field, however, understanding the kinds of information and the nature of the rules used in reaching conclusions can be difficult to mimic. . ..

FEATURE SESSION 28 RACE, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Minorities are disproportionately represented among persons being processed through the current criminal justice system. In most regions of the country, blacks overwhelminglycomprise the population in secure correctional settings. This panel addresses the issue of minority over­ representation from the perspective that it is the by-product of disparate treatment of minorities under the law, either directly--through discriminatory practices and procedures; or indirectly--thro ugh alienation, conflicting messages, and dehumanizing social conditons and interactions.

FEATURE SESSION 29 WHITE COLLAR AND CORPORATE CRIME

"Computer Crime: Hackers, Phreaks, and Cyberpunks," STEPHEN ROSOFF, University of Houston; HENRY PONTELL, University of California-Irvine; and ROBERT TILLMAN, St John's University

Technological innovations in the computer field have given rise to a variety of illegal acts which could be classified under the broad heading of computer crime. This paper discusses white-collar crime (or in some instances, delinquency), and provides detailed accounts of specific cases. It begins with a brief historical overview, followed by a discussion of the costs and extent of computer crime. Case histories are presented and discussed under the general categories of embezzlement and financial theft, hacking, espionage, and phone phreaking .

"Corporate Crime and the Culture of Enforcement," KATHERINE JAMIESON, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

No abstract available.

"Agency Relationships and the Enforcement of Securities Offenses," KIP SCHLEGEL, DAVID EITEL, and STEVEN GUNKEL, Indiana University-Bloomington

The enforcement of securities offenses is characterized by multiple enforcement agencies, each with their own agendas and enforcement strategies. Consequently, the successful investigation and prosecution of securities lawbreaking depends as much on the nature of interagency relationships as it does on the nature of the offense. This paper presents findings from a two-year study ofsecurities enforcement funded by the National Institute of Justice.

"Firm Size, Ownership Structure, and Successful Corporate Prosecution: An Analysis of Post-Guideline Cases," WILLIAM LAUFER and ADAM SUNDOR, University of Pennsylvania

No abstract available.

PANEL 30 NON-WESTERN APPROACHES TO CORRECTIONAL INTERVENTION IN THE COMMUNITY WITH NATIVE POPULATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA

"Aboriginal Crime and the Community Response in Canada's Northern Territories," KURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University

No abstract available.

170 "Inquiry into Context of Juvenile Crime on Reservations: A Participatory Methodology," MICHAEL GUILFOYLE and KAREN GUILFOYLE, University of Idaho

No abstract available.

"Doing Correctional Aftercare with Delinquent Youth in Indian Country: Problems and Strategies in Structured Transitioning," TROY ARMSTRONG, California State University-Sacramento

No abstract available.

"Citizen Involvement in Aboriginal and Urban Community Justice: Some Parallels," GORDON BAZEMORE, Florida Atlantic University and KURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University

No abstract available.

PANEL 31 JAIL STAFFING, TRAINING, AND CONDITIONS

"Service v Security: Gender, Roles and StaffTraining in Contemporary Jails," MARY STOHR and MARCIA WOOD, Boise State University

The evolving concept of the jail and the role of the correctional officers in it dictates the need for some movement from security to service emphases in jail training. Some research indicates that fe male correctional staff have more of a "service" orientation than males. Yet the bulk of the correctional personnel literature indicates that the assessments of correctional work vary little by gender. Thus, this analysis expects similar findings and that jail training offerings are not yet complementary with the role of correctional officers in the 1990s and beyond.

"Staff Training and Officer literacy: Moving from Traditional to Professional Approaches," JEANNE STINCHCOMB, Barry University

Jail training has progressed considerably since officers were called "guards" and depended upon "friendly" inmates to learn how to do their job. But if corrections is to continue advancement toward recognition as a profession, traditional training practices will no longer be sufficient. Moreover, the prevailing lack of basic reading, writing, and language skils among those entering today's workforce demands alternative strategies. This presentation explores historic and contemporary developments in staff training, reviews what Florida is doing to address the issue of officer literacy, and makes recommendations for moving from traditional to professional approaches.

"A Standardized Curriculum for Correctional Officers: History and Rationale," PAUL HAHN, Xavier University

This research describes the work and result of the proposed standardized curriculum for correctional hig her education begun by the late Professor Robert Barrington of Northern Michigan University. In 1988, the International Association of Correctional Officers (IACO) received a grant from the National Institute of Corrections and formed the Council on Curriculum Development in corrections. Surveys of all 50 state departments of corrections and large metropolitan jails and hundreds of institutions of higher education offering coursed in corrections provided a base of professional and academic input. The work of the Council concluded in 1990 with a standardized curriculum officially approved by IACO.

"A Study of Conditions of Jails in Bangladesh," MOHAMMED KASHEM, University of Baltimore

This paper describes the condition of jails in Bangladesh. There are 76 jails in Bangladesh which vary greatly in size as well as many other characteristics. Although there have been many attempts over the past 20 years to improve the condition of jails, the situation has remained largely unchanged. This study includes description of the fa il facilities, populations, jail standards, and problems of overcrowding. An "in-depth" interview technique was used to collect data . A total of 14 jails comprising two central jails, four district jails, fo ur subsidiaryjails and fo ur up­ zila jails were selected for the study. Data were collected from jail records, interviewing of the jail officers, and inmates.

PANEL 32 EVALUATING COMMUNITYPOLICING INITIATIVES

"Community Policing: Three Models in Three Cities," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

During 1993-94 the Institute fo r Health and Human Services Research evaluated three community policing programs in three Florida cities. One city used a model which focused on prevention and used community service officers rather than sworn officers. Another used sworn officers and divided their time between undercover work, warrant execution ("raids"), and community liaison work. The third city emphasixed geographic decentralization of administration , putting substations in shopping malls and allowing line officersmore discretion in decision-making. No impact on crime could be associated with any of the three models, but each had a unique impact on police-community relationships.

"Community Policing in the "Projects"," MICHAEL BROWN and CAROL VENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

Community policing has taken a number of forms. This presentation describes a program implemented in a major midwestern city. Housing Project Problem Oriented POlicing was aimed at reducing crime and disorder at a number of housing projects. Presentation includes a program description and survey results from project residents.

171 "Problem Oriented Policing in a Mid-Size Police Department: Improvement Through a Management and Training Interactive Model," CYNTHIA PHILLIPS, University of Texas-Permian Basin and PEDRO MONTOYA, St Mary's University

This study is an evaluation of problem-oriented policing in a medium-sized police department in the southwest. A survey was conducted of all 147 certified officers. Data show POP is not being effectively utilized in the department. Many officers lack understanding of POP philosophy and knowledge of how to use it. Responses indicate dissatisfaction and low morale on the partof many officers due to perceived lack of administrative support and/or too much pressure to use POP. A model describing the interaction between management, training, and officers for successful introduction and implementation of POP is suggested.

"The Content of Community Policing: Does it Really Differfrom Traditional Police Work," JAMES FRANK and CORY WATKINS, University of Cincinnati and STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Proponents of community policing contend that implementation of this strategy should substantially change the nature of police work. Unfortunately, there remains only limited knowledge about what community police officers actually do, and in fact, many academics suggest that community policing is merely a new name for traditional forms of policing. Using observationaldata collected in a medium-sized agency, the work routine of community officers, the nature of their contacts with citizens, and their attitudes toward community policing were examined. In addition, community and more traditional "beat" officers on these same dimensions are compared.

PANEL 33 FEAR OF CRIME: INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS AND CONTEXTS

"The Attitudes of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Professionals Toward a Maximum Security Adult Correctional Facility Located in their Community," KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College and SLOAN RITCHIE

This paper investigates a wide range of attitudes expressed by police officers, court officials, attorneys, juvenile justice workers, and community corrections officers in a small northwestern city which is the host community for a major state prison. This study has two basic objectives. First, to determine the extent to which these law enforcement and criminal justice profeSSionals tend to uniformly share negative attitudes towards the prison and things related to it and second, to determine the implications of these attitudes for crime and criminal justice in this prison community.

"Fear of Crime on Campus," JOHN GIBBS, DENNIS GIEVER, and KATE HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper examines the impact offear of crime on satisfaction with college life. Using data collected from a sample of undergraduate students at one large university, the influence of safety on satisfaction with the campus environment was examined. The salience of safety as an environmental concern is compared with other factors related to satisfaction and with personal characteristics.

"Safety Concerns of Small-Town High School Students," JAMES GAROFALO, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Using a focus group approach, the safety concerns of a sample of high school students in a small midwestern town are examined. The study highlights crime-related safety concerns in relation to other types of safety concerns in the students' lives, and it compares concerns in the school environment (on school grounds and during the commute to/from school) with other environments in which the students spend their time.

"A Study of Stress Perception by Selected State Probation Officers," PHILIP WHISLER, Florida Department of Corrections and WILLIAM BLOUNT, University of South Florida

Data from a sample of 55 Florida probation officers from the greater AlachualMarion County area were compared with sources of police stress identified by Spielberger, et al (1981). Rank order correlations were conducted on the common items for the two groups. Most of the major sources of stress for probation officerswere not inherent in the job itself, but tended to emanate from within the organization and its procedures. While major stressors included job tasks and external pressures, the most significant stressors for the probation officers in this study were administrative or internal to the organization.

PANEL 34 ROUNDTABLE: AUTO THEFT AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE SOUTH TEXAS PIPELINE CRISIS: PROBLEMS IN REGULATING THE INCREASED FLOW OF GOODS ACROSS BORDERS

Long known as a transit point for the organized theft of late-model cars, the Rio Grande Valley faces sharply escalating insurance rates and problems of public order as a result of these transnational car theft rings. This presentation is designed to describe and analyze this situation. In doing so, information is presented on organized modes of car theft. This is augmented by statistical data generated by state and private sector agencies. This presentation is intended to provide insight on the problems of vehicle theft due to the proximity of the Mexican-American international border, in a post-NAFTA era.

PANEL 36 CRITICAL ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS MANAGEMENT

"Caveats when Writing a Manual for Corrections Agencies," KATHERINE BENNETI and ROLANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

Central to supervisory and administrative functions are written policy and procedure manuals which guide daily operations. Written manuals serveas management devices for accomplishing agency goals and objectives, maintaining employee morale and discipline, and insuring legal

172 compliance. This paper offersgui delines fo rwriting effective policy and procedure manuals for corrections agencies. Issues considered include legal conc rns regarding employer-employee relationships and the association between the agency and the public. It also addresses such non-legal concerns as language, writing styles, and format.

"Georgia's New Offender Management System: A Preliminary Examination," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University

The Georgia Department of Corrections has instituted a new and innovative approach to managing offenders within its prisons. The new concept, called the Offender Management System (OMS), utilizes sophisticated technology and modern management techniques to provide inmates, even within the most secure institutions, a wide range of services in an effective but controlled manner. Also, OMS can increase productivity and accountability among correctional personnel, and can produce data useful in enhancing institutional effectiveness while tracking inmate activity. In this preliminary examination, the history and development of OMS is reviewed and an initial assessment is provided.

"Cultural Diversity Training for Correctional Managers: An Evaluation," LAURA MYERS, Sam Houston State University

Correctional managers are confronting critical race, gender, and physical disability issues with their personnel. Many states are exposing managers to information about diversity so they can manage personnel more effectively and reduce the number of diverSity-related lawsuits. This paper evaluates a cultural diversity training course provided to corrections supervisors in a large, southern state. The course was designed to increase supervisor awareness regarding diversity and to develop recommendations and strategies for implementing knowledge gained from this awareness in personnel management. ...

"An Analysis of the Correlates of Prisoner Misconduct," EUGENE BOULEY JR, Sam Houston State University

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study designed to measure the relationship or personal characteristics, demographic characteristics, prior criminal history, and correctional institution characteristics to prisoner misconduct as measured by the number of major disciplinary infractions committed while in prison. The specific objectives of the study include testing the literature-based correlates of prisoner misconduct and identifying the differences and/or similarities in male and female prisoner misconduct. The study is based on a sample of 3,500 prisoners admitted to the Texas prison system in 1988.

PANEL 37 AnlTUDES AND PERCEPTIONS AMONG CORRECTIONAL STAFF AND OFFENDERS

"Educational, Behavior Modification, and Vocational Programs in Nebraska: As Perceived by Female Inmates," JOSEPH CARLSON, University of Nebraska-Kearney

Identifying educational, behavior modification and vocational programs in a women's prison to meet the inmates' needs have usually been done by correctional officials. In this time of budgetary constraints and an emphasis on true rehabilitation, this study reports the perceptions of fe male prison inm�tes in Nebraska as to how they rank the importance of educational, behavior modification, and vocational programs.

"Correctional OfficerAttit udes Toward Inmates and Discretionary Rule Enforcement: AStudy of Professional Orientation," ROBERT FREEMAN, Shippensburg University

Correctional officers are expected to enforce behavioral rules in accordance with the rule of law. Rule enforcement is subject to the use of discretion, and discretionary rule enforcement can have adverse consequences when it is perceived to be discriminatory or biased. This research examines the inmate discipline reports completed by officers at Maryland Correctional Institution for Women. The relationship between these re ports and officer demographics, attitudes toward inmates and attitudes toward rule enforcement are compared. It is hypothesized that discretion will be most influential in the reporting of less serious charges. . ..

"Inmate Perceptions of Internal and External Grievance Procedures: Obstacles to Successful Resolution," MICHAEL REISIG, NICHOLAS LOVRICH, and OTWIN MARENIN, Washington State University

As prison populations continue to expand and inmate grievances continue to flood the federal courts by way of Section 1983, few systematic studies have analyzed inmate perceptions of internal and external grievance procedures. This study attempts to assist in filling this void. The sample consists of inmates housed in a higher-custody prison-the Washington state penitentiary at Walla Walla. Inmate perceptions are analyzed concerning the fo ur major issues involved, perceived fairness of internal and external procedures, as well as perceptions of alternative fo rms of grievance resolution.

"Perceptions of Probationers as to the Effectiveness of Disulfiram Treatment," GLENN ZUERN, Armstrong State College

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of probationers assigned to disulfiram. Twenty case studies were developed over an eight month period. Data was collected on the perceived impact of disulfiram on probationers socio-economic status, family life, and community peer relations. Findings are presented along with policy considerations for the use of disulfiram as a condition of probation.

PANEL 38 KEY COURTROOM PARTICIPANTS

"Taking the Public Defender out of the Aggregate Pool: A Multi-Dimensional Approach to the Study of Public Defender Work Satisfaction," DEBRA COHEN, SUNY-Albany

This study examines whether the varying levels of work satisfaction among a sample of public defenders can be predicted by differences in

173 their work orientation. Dimensions of work orientation may include perceived role orientation, growth needs, and affinity for clients. Data from over 400 self-report surveys of non-supervisory, trial level public defenders in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia are utilized to assess the relationship between work orientation and work satisfaction.

"East Meets West: A Cross Cultural Comparison of Juror Decision Making in Civil Litigation of Child Sexual Abuse Cases," ELIZABETH TIFFIN, Tiffin University and LYNN FOSTERLEE and ROBERT FOSTERLEE, Northern Territory University (Australia)

A study was conducted that examined the diffe rences in juror decision making between the United States and Australia in child sexual abuse cases. A 2x2x2 design was constructed that examined the effect of victim gender, juror gender, and country of residence. The dependent measures included a verdict scale, sentencing scale, and compensatory damages scale. The case scenario used in the trial was based on Wa shington v Shriner (events taken from the transcript), leading to the passage of Washington's sexual predator law. Previous pilot studies conducted in the United States indicated that Ss awarded differing amounts to victims depending on their gender, age, relationship to the offender, and severity of abuse. . ..

"Life and Death Decisions: Interviews with Jurors in Memphis Capital Cases," MARY MOORE, University of Memphis and MARGARET VA NDIVER

This paper reports preliminary results of interviews with jurors in capital cases in Memphis. Jurors in cases resulting in sentences both of life and death are interviewed extensively about their experiences and how they made the sentencing decision. This paper emphasizes the voir dire process, and any impact it may have had on the jurors interviewed.

"Federal District Court Workgroups - Case Dispositions in the Federal Criminal Courts," ANTHONY LaROSE, Washington State University

This study applies an integrated approach to the study of criminal case disposition in the fe deral district courts. This is a replicate study which compares findings between county fe lony courts and federal criminal courts. Combining individual, contextual and environmental approaches, this paper seeks to determine if "court communities" have developed at the federal level, and identifythe major actors, the factors which effect their decision making, and understand their roles in the plea bargaining process.

PANEL 39 WORKSHOP: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: TREATMENT FOR WOMEN IN PRISON

Substance abuse, domestic violence, and criminality are interwoven realities for most incarcerated women. This workshop explor s the links between domestic violence and substance abuse and addresses how prison-based treatment programs can bring violence prevention strategies into treatment services for women.

PANEL 43 INMATE PROGRAMMING AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGE

"In-Prison Treatment Programs: An Overview," DEANNA MEYER, St Cloud State University

Several studies have substantiated the need for chemical dependency treatment programs in correctional facilities. Evaluations seek to answer specific questions regarding the implementation, effectiveness, and marginality of such programs. Evaluation of in-prison treatment programs becomes necessary not only for the purposes of examining potential implications, but also for careful selection of workable solutions and improvement ofexisting models. Local communities, governmental agencies, professional and special interest groups are all likely stakeholders in these programs. This paper is the result of an analysis of treatment models utilized by correctional facilities.

"Substance Abuse Treatment for Prison Inmates: An Empirical Evaluation of One State's Program," RICHARD SLUDER, Central Missouri State University and MICHAEL VA UGHN, Georgia State University

This paper examines multiple outcomes for inmates completing an intensive gO-day substance abuse treatment program in a midwestern state prison system. Four hundred and eleven inmates completing the treatment program in its first year of operation are compared to a matched sample of offenders who were incarcerated in a traditional prison setting. The two groups of offenders are compared on outcome measures that include post-incarceration arrests, performance on parole and post-release social adjustment (eg, employment status, legal problems and social problems).

"Conversion and Development: Illusions of Change in Corrections," KEVIN RYAN and MELVIN MILLER, Norwich University

A wide variety of treatment programs and religious or therapeutic movements, ranging from Alcoholics Anonymous to born-again fundamentalism, claim success at transforming institutional inmates, This paper, combining the insights of social psychological studies of development and religious experience and interactionist studies of conversion and reality construction, sets out a theory of personal change that offers a basis upon which a critical evaluation of change-producing programs and movements can be conducted. It offers suggestions for the study of personal change and explores the implications of the theoretical model for the design of corrections programs.

"Are we Serious About Child Abuse and Family Violence Prevention?" A Prison Inmate/Father Parenting Program," TED MARSHALL, Morehead State University

The number of incarcerated adult men and women who are parents is increasing tremendously. It is estimated that on an everage day 80 percent of incarcerated women are mothers and 66 percent of incarcerated men are fathers, affecting over 1 1/2 million children in the United

174 States. Parenting programs to help incarcerated adults, particularly inmate fathers, are lacking. Research clearly indicates the high risk the inmate/father population presents in terms of fa mily violence and child abuse. A unique inmate/father parenting program, which addresses these critical issues, is discussed. The curriculum components of this parenting program, as well as institution a process and issues for facilitating inmates involvement in this program, are explored.

FEATURE SESSION 44 CONVICTS AND CONTEXTS: THE STUDY OF FEDERAL PRISON ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATES

"Inmate Perceptions and Conditions in Federal Prisons," CHRISTOPHER INNES, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Data from a 1991 survey of federal inmates is used to examine inmate perceptions of the conditions within their institutions. The perceived amount of crowding in their housing unit and the prison as a whole and their assessment of the risk of assault is analyzed and compared to objective measures for the institution.

"Female and Male Perceptions of Career Opportunities and Work Experiences at the Federal Bureau of Prisons," scon CAMP and JENNIFER BATCHELDER, Federal Bureau of Prisons and THOMAS STEIGER, Indiana State University

Much has been written about the experiences of women working in nontraditonal jobs. In 1991, Wrig ht and Saylor fo und that women's evaluations of work experiences in federal prison were not as different from men's as many had claimed. They found that women often gave more favorable evaluations of the work place than men, contrary to the qualitative research re ported by Nancy Jurik and others. The annual Prison Social Climate Survey, which Wright and Saylor based their study upon, has now been administered six times. This provides an opportuity to reevaluate the Wright and Saylor study and examine changes in perceptions that may have occurred between 1988-1 994 . ...

"Developing Organizational Climate Thresholds and Benchmarks," WILLIAM SAYLOR and EVA N GILMAN, Federal Bureau of Prisons

One of the processes that is used by the Bureau of Prisons from assessing organizational performance involves monitoring performance indicators and identifying extreme, or out of range, values-often called outliers. This paper describes how outlier boundaries, or thresholds, are defined and the methodology for identifying them in an automated performance report delivered via the Bureau's automated strategic support system, key indicators. Examples using specific performance measures are used to demonstrate how this outlier identification process contributes to improved organizational performance and the development of benchmarks, or best operational practices.

FEATURE SESSION 45 CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATIVE TRENDS: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

In May 1994 in Geneva, Switzerland an Executive Symposium on Criminal Justice Issues was held. The 10 countries that participated determined the fo llowing to be the most pressing global criminal justice issues: fe ar of crime (community fear of "outsiders"), youth violence, drugs and related crime, police violence and brutality and the perception thereof, police corruption, politicalization of the police, and concern for a return to community partnership. This panel relates these international criminal justice issues and other trends to criminal justice administrative approaches that can be successful in combating these global problems.

PANEL 47 INMATES, GUARDS, AND REFUGEES AROUND THE WORLD

"A Comparative Analysis of American and Canadian Correctional Officers," STEPHEN WALTERS, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

The staffing of correctional institutions has become an important process worldwide. In an effort to ascertain cross-cultural similarities and differences among correctional officers, questionnaires were sent to all 1,550 officers working in four American state prisons and five Canadian fe deral institutions. Responses were obtained from 229 American and 339 Canadian officers. These officers were compared, using one-way ANOVA and Chi Square tests on 13 different variables. Five of these variables were demographic, while the remaining eight were related to the institutional environment. Statistically Significant differenceswere fo und in seven (54 percent) of the variables. The implications for cross­ cultural correctional research are discussed.

"A Comparative Evaluation of Inmate Security Classification Systems in Canada and the United States," CHRISTINE FAMEGA, Minot State University

During the late 1970's in response to numerous factors, Canada and the United States proposed reforms to their Federal Prison Classification Systems. Canada rejected these reforms, maintaining their subjective classification system. The United States developed and implemented an objective classification policy. Both countries' Federal Classification Systems are based on the principle that prisoners are entitled to be detained in the lowest security classification appropriate for access to programs and rehabilitative efforts. This paper examines both the subjective and objective systems, and raises questions as to whether either method adequately assesses the "appropriate" security classification for inmates.

"Detaining Refugees: A Study of Detention Centers in Western Europe and the US," LYNNE SNOWDEN, University of North Carolina­ Wilmington

This is a comparative study of detention centers for asylum seekers and refugees. It describes the types of detention which occur in several Western Europe countries and the United States. Conclusions reached include: the availability of due process and the right to appeal are more important than the act of detention itself; the time span and type of facility are important in estimating the likelihood of refugee problems

175 and group violence in the camp.

"Conferencing: An Australian Initiative," HEATHER STRANG, Australian Institute of Criminology

Criminological research in recent years has shown that traditional means of processing offenders is not only ineffective in reducing levels of subsequent offending, but may even cause an increase in recidivism, whilst victims remain dissatisfied with their treatment by the criminal justice system. Australian police have attracted international attention for developing an alternative to court processing, known as conferencing, whereby offenders are diverted from being charged through their agreement to attend a conference, to discuss, and resolve the offence. The conference is attended by the victims and their supporters, the offenders and their supporters, and other involved parties.

PANEL 49 POLICING THE POLICE

"Privacy Rights of Police Officers: An Analysis of Constitutional Protections," WILLIAM BLOSS, University of Houston-Downtown

As public employees, police officers have sought to find their niche in legal doctrine involving privacy rights. This paper examines current privacy rights and constitutional protections available to police officers as public employees concerning drug testing, workplace search, and intimate associations. Consideration is given to the evolution of legal doctrine within the federal courts, as well as existing constitutional standards applicable to police officers. Federal court trends are also discussed concerning the movement toward expansion or diminution of privacy rights for police officers in light of rapidly changing social values.

"Police Policing Themselves: The Processing of Excessive Use of Force Complaints," PETER KRASKA, VICTOR KAPPELER, and JEANNINE MARRON, Eastern Kentucky University

With a few exceptions, using physical violence against another person is considered a crime. The police prerogative to use violence as part of their occupation, however, creates difficulties in determining if unnecessary violence occurred, the appropriate organizational sanctions, and which violence is defined as crime. The mechanisms to answer such concerns about citizens' claims of improper police violence generally occur within the same department being accused. Recent studies document the predictable finding that the processing of improper violence charges' results in few sustained cases, light disciplinary actions, and very few recommendations for criminal prosecution. This paper examines the complaint processing system using actual police files of citizen complaints.

"Dealing with Complaints Against Police: The Resolution Process Adopted by the Queensland State Police, Australia," ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police (Australia)

In 1990 the Queensland State Police introduced major changes to the way complaints made against their members were processed. For the first time in the history of the service,the servicealso actively encouraged complaints from the public. Such a policy caused major resourcing problems, the investigation process became bogged down, and frequently the complainants were unhappy with how their complaints were dealt with. This paper discusses how these problems were addressed and comments on the new procedures that were introduced.

"Civilian Review of the Police: National Evaluation of the Review Agencies Since 1990," BETSY WRIGHT and SAMUEL WALKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

This paper reports the findings of a 1994 surveyof civilian review agencies. The major issue examined includes the national growth of civilian review from 1990-1994. Other issues include the analysis and classification of civilian review of the nation's 100 largest cities, as well as counties and other smaller cities. This paper is an extension ofthe work by Samuel Walker and Vic Bumphus. Walker and Bumphus surveyed the 50 largest cities in 1991 to determine the prevalence, trends, and variety of civilian review of the police.

PANEL 50 MULTI- JURISDICTIONAL DRUG ENFORCEMENT GROUPS: ISSUES AND IMPACTS

"Understanding Drug Task Force Organizations: Results from the Illinois Multi-Jurisdictional Task Force Survey," JAMES COLDREN JR and JAMES MciNTOSH, Harvard School of Public Health and CHERYL RINGEL, University of Cincinnati

Multi-jurisdictional drug enforcement task forces are difficult to define and describe as organizations. They are at once proactive and reactive enforcement organizations. They take on different forms depending on the presenting drug problems, task force leadership, availability of resources, and organizational history, to mention a few factors. As a consequence, it is difficult to evaluate drug enforcement task forces, and it is difficult to produce evaluation results that are meaningful to the developers, managers, and fu nders of drug enforcement task forces. This presentation reviews the task force evaluation literature briefly and presents the Illinois task force evaluation project in the context of prior research. ...

"How Environmental Context Affects Drug Enforcement Group Impacts," ERNEST COWLES, Sangamon State University and JENNIFER DEWEY and WILLIAM DENISTON, Southern IIIlinois University-Carbondale

Despite the similarities in structure and purpose, drug enforcement groups vary considerably in the functionsthey perform and the results they achieve. In part, these differences are molded by the environmental context in which the drug enforcement group operates. Based upon data collected as partof a multijurisdictional drug enforcement group evaluation in Illinois, this paper examines the relationship among salient factors in the external environment of these enforcement groups, their internal environment, and the results they produce. Additionally, the congruity between the stated goals of these enforcement groups and the results they produce is considered within the framework of the environmental context in which they operate.

176 "Asset Seizure Forfeiture in Drug Enforcement," MICHAEL SABATH, San Diego State University and EDMUND McGARRELL, Indiana University

During the drug war of the 1980s and 1990s, drug enforcement officials have increasingly relied on asset seizure/forfeiture provisions. Despite this increased use, little attention has been given by researchers to these tactics. This paper presents data on asset seizure forfeiture from a national survey of multijurisdictional task forces and from a study of task forces in Illinois. The data provide a descriptive picture of the use of asset seizure forfeiture in contemporary drug enforcement, as well as information on the goals of drug enforcement officials employing these tactics and perceptions of effectiveness.

"Asset Seizure/Forfeiture Law and Practice in Illinois," MARK SMALL, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

This paper describes the law and practice of asset seizure/forfe itu re in Illinois. First, there is a brief historical overview of the law of asset/seizure forfeiture in Illinois, delineating applicable federal and state statutes. There is also discussion of case law interpreting asset seizure/fo rfeiture statutes, including a description of three recent United States Supreme Court cases and their likely affect on asset seizure/forfeiture practice. Finally, there is discussion of the practice of asset seizure and forfeitures in Illinois. This discussion draws upon data gathered from a recent evaluation of multi-jurisdictional law enforcement agencies in Illinois.

PANEL 52 HAZARDOUS SPACES AND PLACES

"Rapist Correlates of the Spatial Distribution of Serial Rapes," ROLAND REBOUSSIN, FBI Academy; JANET WA RREN, University of Virginia; and ROBERT HAZELWOOD, The Academy Group Inc

Data were collected on 108 serial rape cases, including spatial coordinates for each rape, 60 quantitative scales coded from victim statements, assessments of rapist motivation on a modified form of the MTC:3 classification system, and a variety of other information. Spatial patterns of serial rape were highly directional, with 76 percent of the rapist residences located outside the convex hull bounding the rapes and 48 percent located outside the Canter circle. Rapists residing beyond the hull (or the circle) were more likely to use bindings and take steps to protect their identities than those within. Fifty-nine percent of the rapes occurred in the victim's home; 92 percent were stranger rapes.

"Determination of Risk Zones in High Crime Areas," CATHERINE WHEELER, Mercyhurst College

The determination of risk zones in areas where parole and probation officers enter, to supervise their clients, is an area in need of research. These officers enter these areas unaware of their relative risks. As a former intern for the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections Bureau of Parole and Community Services, this author researched this topic in Mansfield (OH). With the help of Mansfield's Unemployment Bureau, the U S Department of Commerce, the Mansfield Police Department, and Mansfield's Board of Elections statistics, as well as other data, were gathered to determine how "at risk" these areas are supervised by parole and probation officers in Mansfield.

'Weapon Possessions in California Schools," JEFF MELLOW, SUNY-Albany

The issue of weapon possessions in public schools is a growing problem facing this nation. This research identifies school and community factors that play a significant role in school weapon possession rates, focusing in particular on the function student substance abuse plays in the relationship. This is based on the author's belief that drug dealers and users protect their assets, drugs and money, from their rivals while at school with the use of weapons. Aggregrate level school data between 1986-1 987 from all S8 California counties were used in the analysis.

"Crime Pattern Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems," MONICA ALEXANDER, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

This paper is a case study that applied geographic information systems (GIS) to the identification of crime patterns in the Charlotte urban area. Data for murder cases between 1990-1 993 were collected, statistically compiled, and compared with demographic characteristics of the region. With GIS capabilities, the time series and spatial patterns of murder were accurately identified and effectively presented. It is the first time ever that the city is able to study crimes at both regional and community scales.

PANEL 53 THE IMPACT OF COURT DECISIONS ON BLACK AND HISPANIC COMMUNITIES

"The Decision in McCleskey v Kemp and the Need for Black Communities to Shift Priorities on their Criminal Justice Agendas," AUDRELEE DALLAM, Ball State University

When the Supreme Court in 1987 simultaneously rejected McCleskey's claims of racism, but accepted the Baldus study's strong suggestion of racism with regard to sentencing, the Court sent a message to the black community that has not been fully disseminated. The black community's sentiments about the criminal justice system is, at best, schizophrenic. Revised set of priorities are offered to assist the black community in focusing black political clout upon those criminal justice issues that will prove to be the most detrimental in the upcoming decade.

"Misdemeanor Sentencing of Hispanics in the Midwest," KURT SIEDSCHLAW, University of Nebraska-Kearney

Although the over-representation of various racial and ethnic groups has been documented for our nation's prisons and jails, few studies have examined the representation of Hispanics in the lower level misdemeanor courts. This study examines the representation and sentences of people of Hispanic heritage as compared to non-Hispanics in a rural midwestern state.

177 "The Representation of Minorities on Appeal: A Research Note," JIMMY WILLIAMS, University of Alabama

This paper explores minority representation on appeal. Criminal appeals from two Florida trial courts to an intermediate appellate courtare examined. Preliminary analysis indicates that minority appellants are significantly more likely to be represented by public defenders. Conviction and sentencing issues raised as well as decision-making in the appeals are discussed. The implications of the findings are also discussed.

PANEL 54 WESTERN OUTLAWS AND HARLOTS

"Texas Outlaws, Texas Prisons," MITCHEL ROTH, Sam Houston State University

This paper examines the late 19th century prison experience of such desperadoes as John Wesley Hardin, who spent over a decade in Huntsville and left voluminous letters describing his experience, and Bill Longley, who granted many interviews while waiting to be hanged, as well as others.

"Year of Illusion: Military Control of Prostitution 1916-1 917," TOM HAWLEY, Mesa Community College

An abundance of literature exists on prostitution and the control mechanisms employed by the justice system. Research is lacking which explains the role of the military justice system in controlling this category of vice. During World War I the issue of prostitution surfaced as a national emergency and its elimination became the responsibility of civilian and military authorities. This paperexamines the ideological sorces, responses by civilian and military justice systems, and their effects on prostitution and health during 1916-1 917 in Arizona and the southwest in general, and at the national level during and immediately following the war.

"An Interdisciplinary Research Design: William C Quantrill-The Father of American Banditry," LOFTIN WOODIEL, Saint Louis University

During the American Civil War, Captain William C Quantrill commanded a band of Confederate irregulars who reeked death and destruction throughout the midwest. Tactical and technical perfection was a trademark of his organization. A number of Quantrill's men maintained these deviant behaviors and channeled them into post-war career opportunities; eg, Cumings, James, and Younger brothers. Just as a father motivates his son to adopt specific standards of social behavior, did Quantrill so propel his subordinates into deviant careers? This interdisciplinary research design employs historical context analysis, psychological evaluation of motivation in a running text, and the application of criminological theory.

PANEL 55 WORKSHOP: ALTERNATIVE SENTENCING FOR WOMEN: EFFECTIVE INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSING WOMEN

This workshop presents the servicemod el of the Community Services forWomen pilot project in Lowell (MA). This program has received a positive evaluation from the SentenCing Project, and has been commended as a sentencing model for women. Substance abuse treatment, as the core of an interermediate sanction, is emphasized.

PANEL 59 POTPOURRI OF ISSUES WITHIN AMERICAN CORRECTIONS

"Private Corrections: From Early Institutions to the Correctional Corporation of America," HUGH O'ROURKE, Westchester Community College and PAUL O'CONNELL, Ion a College

Private corrections has a long history. Prior to the establishment of prisons operated by governmental agencies in the beginning of the 19th century, numerous privately operated insitutions were in existence. The fo unding ofthe Correctional Corporation of America in 1981 has given impetus to the private correctional servicesmovement. With the approval of the courts, private correctional agencies may now compete with government operated systems for the right to provide correctional services. A review of the growth of the Correctional Corporation of America indicates that private corrections will continue to be a growing segment of the criminal justice system in America.

"An Evaluation of the Massachusetts Department of Correction's Electronic Monitoring Program," JANET KNIGHT and JOANNA HELIOTIS, Massachusetts Department of Correction

The goals ofthe Massachusetts Department of Correction'S electronic monitoring program are to enhance re habilitation and reintegration, and to test readiness for release by allowing inmates near the end of their term of incarceration to reside in a community setting under strict supervision and electronic surveillance. The evaluation presented here focuses on comparing various aspects of the program (such as costs, inmate characteristics, and recidivism rates) to the DOC's pre-release centers serving a similar population of inmates. The results suggest that the program has met department goals and is cost-effective.

"A Validation Study of the Recidivism Risk Assessment Instrument for Male Massachusetts State Prison Inmates," JOANNA HELIOTIS and MICHAEL SHIVELY, Massachusetts Department of Correction

Recidivism risk assessments are intended to predict which inmates are more likely to become re-incarcerated following their release from prison. To construct an instrument valid for Massachusetts state prison inmates, a retrospective study was conducted on a random sample of 200 male Massachusetts state prison inmates released in 1991 for whom the recidivism status is known. Nine indicators, including history of violence and history of substance abuse, were used as predictors in the ,instrument. This paper examines the overall validity of the instrument and shows which of the indicators are better predictors.

178 "Decisions to Test for HIV in Prison: Results from a Survey of Prisoners Entering the New York State Correctional System," JAMES TESORIERO, New York State Department of Health

It is estimated that one out of every eight male inmates in New York state is infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. This presentation reports survey results of 500 inmates entering New York state's correctional system during August 1994. All 500 inmates attended a mandatory AIDS education session, after which they were offe red anonymous HIV testing. Historically, only a small percentage of inmates educated decide to test for HIV. This study explores the reasons for testing or not testing among inmates. It also compares their demographic and HIV­ risk related behaviors, in an effort to isolate salient variables related to testing acceptance.

"A Vector Autoregression Approach to Local Responsible Jail Population," SANJEEV SRIDHARAN, Virginia Criminal Justice Research Center

Vector autoregression is a recently developed statistical time series method that is useful in modelling the causal dynamics between systems of variables. This methodology is especially useful in studying the dynamic effects of policy intervention. The emphasis in the study is on the causal relationships between jail capacity, jail population, arrest rates, and crime rates.

FEATURE SESSION 60 INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS: A CRITICAL AND PRESCRIPTIVE OVERVIEW

"Intermediate Sanctions: Developing an Intermediate Punishment Systems Model," HELEN CORROTHERS, National Institute of Justice

Commissioner Corrothers discusses her study pertaining to the development of an intermediate punishment system model suitable for adaptation by fe deral, state, and local agencies. The model has a public safety focus and is expected to assist the field's efforts with funding sources and in gaining support for intermediate sanctions programs from the sentencing courts. The discussion focuses on the study's hypothesis; research question; identification of major issues surrounding the problem; methodology; highlights from a national survey of judges and corrections officials; and, summary description of the prescriptive model's categories, components and elements.

"Intermediate Sanctions: How to Do Them Right," JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency

No abstract available.

"An Integration of Research Findings on Intermediate Sanctions: Implications for Program Development," DALE PARENT, Abt Associates

No abstract available.

"Lessons from the Intermediate Sanctions Movement," JAMES BYRNE, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 61 THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE FIVE NEW GERMAN STATES AFTER UNIFICATION-OR: MICKEY MOUSE ENCOUNTERS KING KONG

"The Criminal Prosecution of GDR Judges-Symbolism and Legal Conversion, HOWARD DeNIKE

No abstract available.

"Legal Questions in the Trial of Markus Wolf," NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina

Markus Wolf, who for 30 years was head of espionage for the Germany Democratic Republic (GDR), was convicted by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) of treason and bribery. Was this a master spy of the GDR actually a patriot who spied against his country (FRG)? The legal issues of the trial and of the current appeal involve questions of national statute and constitutional law (FRG and GDR) as well as principles of international law.

"Legal Solutions to East German Government Criminality and Trends in Modern Criminal Justice," VOLKMAR SCHONEBURG, University of Berlin-Humboldt (Germany)

Afte r the unification of Germany the discussion about the history of the DGR has taken place here in another way than in most of the other east European countries. Germany favors the criminal prosecution of the "government criminality."

''TBA,'' INGA MARKOVITS, University of Texas

No abstract available.

"Attitudes of People in the Former GDR Toward Institutions of the CJS," UWE EWALD, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

Following the breakdown of state socialism in the GDR, the criminal justice system was deligitimated. The power claimed by the new German state to criminalize and to punish behavior, which frequently differs from the practice of GDR justice during its 40 years of existence, is not fully accepted by the population of the new fe deral German states, even fo ur years after the unification. While there is a fair degree of agreement between people's views and the practices of the new criminal justice system with regard to everyday crime (with the exception of

179 the really minor offenses), there is both disagreement and discontent as to thew scope and extent of the criminal prosecution of the former functionaries of the collapsed regime. ...

FEA TURE SESSION 62 CASE PROCESSING AND THE MEDIA

"News Media Echoes: Conditioning the Criminal Justice System," RAY SURETTE, Florida International University

This paper examines the effect of massive press coverage on a judicial system by analyzing 8,655 fe lony charges over a 1 O-year period. The fe lony charges span five years following a massively covered day-care child abuse tria/. Shifts including changes in the proportion of trials, the number of dismissals, and the length and severity of sentences in the handling of child-abuse and a set of control charges fo llowing the highly covered case are discussed. Significant case processing shifts will provide evidence of coverage "echoes" hyupothesized to reverberate through judicial systems. ...

"Television Coverage of the Antipornography Debate," CECIL GREEK, University of South Florida and WILLIAM THOMPSON, University of Reading (England)

This paper compares coverage of the anti-pornography debate on British and American television between 1985-present. Focus is on talk shows and documentary news programs. Discussed is how each of the following were presented within the context of a media format: (a) fe minist perspectives, (b) religious perspectives, (c) the perspective of the pornography industry, (d) criminological perspectives, and (e) law enforcement perspectives.

"The Impact of Pretrial Publicity on Death Penalty Cases," STEVEN CHERMAK and MARLA SANDYS, Indiana University-Bloomington

This paper analyzes news content data to examine the role that pretrial publicity plays in the disposition of murder cases. Is the news coverage of life and death cases different? In addition, examined are whether specific prejudicial factors, (eg, publication of a defendant's prior record, whether a suspect confessed, etc) are more likely to be presented in murder cases that resulted in the death penalty compared to those receiving life sentences. Moreover, considered are how the amount of coverage received impact sentence outcome.

"Media Influenced Perceptions of Drug Use and Crime," SUSAN PEASE and DEBRA STANLEY, Central Connecticut State University

This paper examines the effects of media attention to drugs and crime on the public's perception of frequency of illegal drug use and crime.

PANEL 63 WORKSHOP: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO DEALING WITH FAMILIES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Between 1980-1 983, a research study funded by the National Institute of Justice was conducted through the cooperation of the Minneapolis Police Department. The emphasis was to determine the effects of arrest for minor domestic violence. The Minneapolis experiment indicated, through statistics as well as victim interviews, that arrest accompanied by a subsequent night in jail for the suspect cut in half the risk of repeat violence against the same victim over a six-month followup period. The alternatives to arrest tested by the police included the police ordering the suspect out of the home for eight hours, and the police to leaving the home after advising the couple to calm down.

PANEL 64 CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS AND THE CONSTITUTION

"0 J Simpson and the Constitution," MICHAEL ISRAEL, Kean College

The 0 J Simpson case, the latest trial of the century, has been called a national civics lesson. The popular culture sees a sporting contest over the factual question of guilt or innocence. Ironically, that is the least known issue in this case (at least at this writing). Imbedded in the case, however, seeing little light due to the public hysteria, are Significant constitutional issues of due process as fairness, due process as incorporation, the Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary rule, the Fifth Amendment, and the concept of fair trial.

"Juveniles Wave Goodbye to Their Rights: A State Statutory and Case Law Analysis of Juvenile Waiver of Rights," TORY CAETI and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University

Research has shown that the majority of juveniles do not understand their rights in delinquency proceedings. Several states have adopted statutory guidelines which delineate specific procedures and safeguards which must be adhered to when a juvenile waives his or her rights. Other states have delineated their procedures in case law. This research reviews the statutes and case law of the 50 states in order to develop a better understanding of the procedure used in safeguarding juvenile rights. The states are categorized according to the level of protectiveness afforded the juvenile.

"A Defendant's Sixth Amendment Confrontation Right With a Child Sexual Abuse Victim," ALVIN TRANSEAU, Southeast Missouri State University

The Sixth Amendment clearly grants an accused the right to be confronted by the witnesses against him. But the United States Supreme Court has limited that right with regard to child-sex-abuse victims, a limitation that is unpopular with some state supreme courts. This paper analyzes the issue.

180 "Harris v. Alabama: Can a Trial Judge Overrule a Jury's Recommendation of Life in Prison Without Parole in a Capital Case?" CHADWICK SHOOK and JAMES SPARKS, University of Alabama

Among the cases docketed for review by the United States Supreme Court for the 1994-95 term is the case of Harris v Alabama. This paper offers a discussion of the Harris case as well as a commentary regarding the legal issue raised: Is it a violation of the Eighth Amendment for a trial judge, at the sentencing phase of a capital trial and absent specific standard, to override a jury recommendation of life in prison without parole and impose the death sentence?

PANEL 65 DEVIANCE AND THE POLICE

''The Organizational Environment and Deviance in Law Enforcement," RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University

The topic of police deviance has been of great interest over the past decade. Overlooked in many of the discussions on this topic is a solid understanding of what constitutes normal behavior. This paper looks at the organizational environment of pOlice organizations and explains why much of what is thought to be deviant is normal and predictable, though undesirable behavior.

"Privacy in Policing: Ethical and Legal Implications," ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas-Tyler

This paper explores the ethical and legal implications of the use of police as informants for the press. Do individual police officers have a duty to protect information on active cases? What type of information becomes a "leak"? What rights of expression do individual officers have pertaining to policy and the law? These questions and others are discussed in relation to sensationalized media cases.

"Controlling Police Deviance," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

Police misconduct is an inherent organizational problem which requires administrative vigilance to control. A variety of practices have been explored to (1) prevent misconduct and (2) minimize its effect when it has been identified. This paper explores these practices based on observations and interviews of law enforcement organizations nationwide.

"Psychological Dimensions Affecting Police Integrity," HOWARD TIMM, PERSEREC

Over 100 police departments are participating in a national study to assess the psychological dimensions associated with police integrity. The pre-employment psychological test responses of officers who later engaged in acts that betrayed the public's trust are compared to a matched comparison group of officers presumed not to have engaged in those acts. Between 600 and 800 matched sets of officers (ie, one offender and one non-offender) are anticipated. The tests examined are the MMPI, CPI, 16 PF and IPI. Developmental, cross validation, and utility findings are presented.

PANEL 66 VICTIMIZATION OF BLACKS

"Lynching, Capital Punishment and the Subculture of Violence Theory," JAMES CLARKE, University of Arizona

Recent studies of lynching have focused on structural theories that have been tested with demographic, economic, and electoral data without much success. This paper suggests that lynching was largely a reflection of a fa Cilitating subculture of violence within which these atrocities were situationally determined by factors not reported in census and economic tabulations, or election returns. Lynching declined, in part, as a result of segregation and disfranchisement policies, but mainly because state executioners replaced lynch mobs in carrying out the will of the white majority.

''TBA,'' JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

No abstract available.

"TBA," KAYLENE EKEH, California State University-Sacramento

No abstract available.

''TBA,'' ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College

No abstract available.

PANEL 68 DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED INMATES

"Critical Variables in the Identification of Developmentally Disabled Inmates," GALANJANE KSELA, Wichita State University

This paper is a discussion of the results of a discriminant analysis which identified variables with high predictive potential in the process of diagnosing developmental disabilities in the inmate population. Nine hundred thirty-one inmates were randomly selected for study. All were profiled from file information and by the use of the Adaptive Behavior Scale. Fifty-six of the inmates were catergorized as developmentally disabled. Diagnostic recommendations are discussed.

181 "Megargee Classifications of Developmentally Disabled Inmates," LENICE BRIGHT, Wichita State University

This paper is a report of the details of the use of the Megargee Classification Index of the MMPI. The results of Megargee classification of 56 inmates are reported, along with details of other characteristics of those inmates. The appropriateness of the Megargee Classification with this population is discussed.

"Two to Six the Hard Way," JOHN FINN, New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities

The problems associated with managing persons with mental retardation who become involved in the criminal justice system involve ethical, political, legal, and financial issues within a sphere of ever tightening public resources and an atmosphere of ever increasing public scrutiny and accountability. This paper examines these dynamic concepts and describes a schematic framework within which systemic responsibilities can be divided between the human services and criminal justice systems.

"Language Skills Development in the Developmentally Disabled Inmate Population," DELORES CRAIG, Wichita State University

This paper discusses research related to language skills among inmates who were classified as developmentally disabled. The language skills were taken as an important measure of the ability to adapt to the prison environment, since much of the information needed to function in that setting is conveyed via the written word. Of the 56 subjects studied, most exhibited poor language skills. Implications are discussed.

PA NEL 70 CORRECTIONAL HISTORY

"Correctional Reform and the 18th Century British Novel," MICHAEL MEYER, University of North Dakota

This paper explores correctional reform in the later 18th and early 19th centuries and possible influences of the 18th century British novel. The 18th century British novel reflects social and political change in early modern Britain, a time of emergent restructuring of British society. This paper also argues that the British novel also played an important role in influencing these changes. Crime, criminals, and criminal justice are freq uently observed topics of the early British novel.

"Parole Process and Outcome Under Determinate Sentencing: A Study of the History of Parole in Ohio," SHAWN SCHWANER, Ohio State University

This study traces the history of parole and determinant sentencing in Ohio and analyzes the impact of the introduction of determinant sentencing on recidivism in that state. Particular attention is also directed toward the impact of determinate sentencing on prison populations. The focus ranges from passage of the Norwood Laws in 1930 to the current practices under the 1983 Sentate Bill 199. The analysis ties together shifts in policy, ideology, and the relationship of drug "scares" and their impact on recidivism.

'Women as County Jail Admissions: A Case Study from Rural Illinois, 1905-1 945, " BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University

This study covers female admissions to a county jail in rural downstate Illinois for most of the first half of the 20th century. Using archival data , this study outlines the jail serving as a social control mechanism with various street criminals, including prostitutes; as an agent of prohibition enforcement; and as a transfer point to other state institutions including mental facilities. The data show higher admission/incarceration rates for women than state prison figures.

"Five Slices of Continental Ciminal Justice History," GOW MUELLER, Rutgers University

This is an examination of crime control strategies in the 1,000 year history of Europe's Holy Roman Empire: 10th century-Emperor Otto I (the Great) and experimentation with fe lon ie, breach of fe udal contracts; 11th century-Emperors Henry III and HenryIV, and experimentation with "God's Peace" and "Land Peace'" 15th-1 6th century-the period of "humanism" (Renaissance) and missed reform opportunities; 18th century­ Enlightment and the ultimate triumph of humanism in criminal justice administration; and outgoing 19th century-the compromise between classicism and positivism, plus the beginning of modern criminal justice and criminology.

PANEL 71 WORKSHOP: PREGNANT AND POST-PARTUM INCARCERATED WOMEN: COMMUNITY-BASED SOLUTIONS

This workshop explores community-based alternatives to incarceration for pregnant and post-partuminca rcerated women. The servicemodel of the Neil J Houston House, a residential pre-release program for pregnant addicted incarcerated women located in Roxbury (MA) are presented. The workshop underscores the importance of substance abuse treatment used in conjunction with pre-natal care, and nutrition and parenting education, to assist women in facing substance addiction and maternity. The Neil J Houston House has received numerous awards including the "38th Point of Light" in former President Bush's "1 ,000 Points of Light" initiative.

PANEL 72 SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND RAPE LAWS

''The Role of Fantasy in Sexual Violence and Serial Murder," ANN CLARK-CRUMIE, The Raintree Clinic

A review of the literature supports the "fantasy-based" concept of sexual violence. An investigation into the developmental history of serial murderers and their pre- and post-crime behavior from a psychological perspective adds insight into the development of these distorted fantasies as well as an explanation of the difficulty in re habilitation of these offenders. The focus of this paper is the sociopathic offender.

182 "Adolescent Sex Offenders Grown Up: Recidivism in Young Adulthood," RON SIPE, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare and ERIC JENSEN, University of Idaho

Clinical studies frequently report high recidivism rates for adolescent sex offenders. This paper reportson a follow-up study of a group of 124 adolescents who had been adjudicated for child molestation and a comparison group of 132 youth adjudicated for non-sex-related offenses into young adulthood. Juvenile offense information was retrieved from records at the state diagnostic unit. Data on arrests beginning at age 18were obtained from centralized law enforcement records. The results compare the recidivism rates of these groups on sex offenses, violent offenses, property offenses, and total arrests.

'Whether or Not Abortion on Grounds of Rape Should be Encouraged in Ghana," KOFI TEKYI, JUDITH YEBOAH, and BENJAMN TURKSON

Rape and abortion are serious offenses in Ghana and the Criminal Code of Ghana, Act 29, prescribes severe punishments for thest two offenses with exceptions. Women are always the victims of these two offenses and these two laws as they exist in Ghana are critically examined. A cross-section of women and some men are interviewed as regards the state of these laws and makes recommendations when necessary.

"The False Memory Syndrome: Clinical/Legal Issues for the Prosecution," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University

Early trauma, especially alleged recollected sexual or ritualistic abuse, has dominated both the clinical and legal systems recently. The clinical/legal challenge is to discern between true abuse and false memories. Modern medical technology has provided new inSights into the operation of the brain along with the central and peripheral nervous systemsand their relationship to the endrocine system. An understanding of trauma recollection and client's susceptibility to causal suggestions from the neuropsychological perspective is crucial when these types of abuses are alleged.

PANEL 74 WORKSHOP: CONCERNS AND DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH METHODS

This workshop addresses three main areas: (1) methods which have strong potential for use in criminological research, but have not been utilized to their potential (diary method and the delphi method); (2) methods which have been over utilized for data collection (focus groups); and (3) methods which require specific attention to detail or deal with problematic populations (quantitative analysis and interviewing children).

PANEL 75 LIFE SKillS EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR OFFENDERS

"Life Skills for the Incarcerated," RICHARD ANDERSON and PAULA MillER, Florida Community College-Jacksonville and LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida

Florida Community College at Jacksonville (FCCJ) has been awarded a Life Skills for the Incarcerated Grant by USDOE -Office of Correctional Education. In cooperation with the Jacksonville Sheriffs Office, this grant proposes to reduce recidivism of adult male and fe male inmates. Through 180 hours of instruction in academics, life skills, and employability skills, inmates are provided with opportunities to make better choices in their lives. In the early stages of this program, assessed are intermediate outcomes using the pre and post-test of Adult Basic Education (TABE) to monitor improved academic scores, and self-esteem inventory to see changes in self-esteem.

"Preliminary Results of the LASER Project," M A TONI DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

The Life-Attitude-Skills-Education Retraining Project (LASER) is a three year correctional education program funded by the United States Department of Education. Nationally, 16 Life Skill programs were funded and Dauphin County Prison was selected in Harrisburg (PA). LASER proposes to reduce disciplinary write-ups of inmates and to decrease recidivism following release. The approach is a 14-week intensive session offe red in English and Spanish that is developmental, remedial, and exploratory in nature. Dauphin County is the first project to debut and has completed three runs. The evolution of the program and the changes in policy are examined. Political and citizen reactions are discussed.

"Delaware's Life Skills Program: A First Year Process and Outcome Evaluation," LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida and BRUCE HOBlER, Delaware Department of Corrections

Delaware has implemented a Life Skills Project at all fo ur of its correctional institutions with funding from the United States Department of Education, Correctional Education Office in 1994. This research reports the results of the process evaluation and includes data on the first year of implementation and operation. Included in the evaluation are curriculum development for the various components of the program, problems encountered in implementing a mUlti-dimensional project at several sites, program accountability, and first year outcome data on program participants.

"Corrections Transition for Women Inmates," REGINA SHEARN and BARRY ZABIELINSKI, Florida International University

This presentation provides an overview of a pre-release counseling program for women offenders and discusses how the program strategy is designed to addres the goal of reducing recidivism among women offenders. Individual case studies are presented. What makes it difficult to tum around women who have been negatively involved with the law is generally not just one incident, but a series of failures or perceived failures. This paper addresses how to break that chain through positive experiences and concepts by providing the women inmates who are preparing to reintegrate into the community with a forum for pre-release survival skills and meaningful dialogue and interaction.

183 FEA TURE SESSION 76 PROMISING CORRECTIONAL INTERVENTIONS: REPLICATION IS PAST DUE

"Youth Advocacy: A Promising Approach to Delinquency Reduction," PHILIP HARRIS, Temple University

Youth advocate programs endeavor to teach youth, and sometimes their caregivers, how to make maximum use of their environments and to coach them through the learning process. Two advocacy programs, Youth Advocate Programs (YAP) and More Opportunity for Responsibility to Discover Yourself (MORDY), are presented. YAP, a national agency with programs in several states, is conducted in-home, while MORDY, a program of Crime Prevention Associates, in Philadelphia uses advocacy homes and independent living. Both are described in terms of philosophy, objectives, content, desired outcomes, staffing and staff qualifications, and training.

"How to Make a Work Program Work! Whythe Classic Behavioral Enployment Intervention Program Reduced Recidivism," PAUL GENDREAU, University of New Brunswick (Canada)

A brief review of the fa ilure of most work programs to reduce offender recidivism is provided. One outstanding exception to the rule is the classic behavioral-employment intervention program evaluated by Walter and Mills in the late 1970's. A detailed assessment of this program is undertaken and is demonstrated why this program was so successful. Guidelines for providing effective offender work programs are outlined.

"Community Based Treatment of Adult Sex Offenders: The Northwest Treatment Associates Model," PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University

No abstract available.

"Personality Assessments and the Responsivity Principle: EfficientModels for Recognizing Important DifferencesAmong Offenders," PATRICIA VAN VOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

Extant research identifies four important personality types common to correctional settings for adult males: (a) asociaVcharacter disordered offenders, (b) committed criminals, (c) neurotic/high anxiety offenders, (d) situational offenders, and (e) disturbed offenders. These groups differ in terms of the types of treatments and interaction styles they are most responsive to. The paper suggests several approaches for differentiating according to personality-based models of responsivity. Evaluation considerations are discussed.

FEATURE SESSION 77 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BRITISH POLICING AND JURISPRUDENCE

"The Right to Silence: Contemporary Changes in British Jurispurdence," TOM WILLIAMSON, london Metropolitan Police (England)

Changes recently introduced through the Criminal Justice Act 1994 have amended the centuries old right of a suspect to remain silent in the face of police questioning. This paper examines the background to such a change, considers the empirical evidence in supportof it, and discusses its likely impact.

"Hybrid Police Forces in the United Kingdom," LES JOHNSTON, University of Teeside (United Kingdom)

This paper considers the structure and function of 'hybrid' police forces in the United Kingdom-police forces which are difficult to classify as either unambiguously public or unambiguously private. Officers within many hybrid organizations enjoy full police powers-powers which are sometimes far in excess of those held by regular police personnel. Despite their significance, however, hybrid police forces (such as the UK's Non-Home Office' police forces) remain largely "unseen forces". This paper considers some of the socio-Iegal, political and theoretical implications raised by the expansion of hybrid policing.

''The Developing System of Police Co-Operation in the European Union," JOHN BENYON, University of leicester (United Kingdom)

The paper briefly assesses the arguments for greater police co-operation against cross-border crime in Europe and examines the growing concern about immigration. Three levels of police co-operation are outlined and applied to an assessment of the various arrangements which exist for faCilitating cross-border law enforcement collaboration. The paper concludes with a brief evaluation of the momentum for, and obstacles to, further progress.

"Regulating Custody: The View from Strasbourg," ROD MORGAN, University of Bristol (United Kingdom)

The European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and the Committee established by the Convention, represents a uniquely powerfulmechanism for the international regulation of domestic policy. The Committee has right of access to all places in which persons are detained by the state in any council of Europe country and confidential access to all detainees. This paper describes the background to and modus operandi of the Convention and attempts to assess its impact. It also suggests that the model might be adopted elsewhere and for other areas of policy.

FEATURE SESSION 78 IMAGES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROFESSIONALS: REALITY AND FICTION

''The Killeen, Texas Homicides: An Example of Successful Police-Media Cooperation," MAREA MANNION, Pennsylvania State University and RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College

When a grotesque mass murder and suicide disrupted Killeen (TX),the tragedy quickly became a media circus. The case had all the elements

184 that sensationalist mass media could want in a crime story, and the events in Killeen moved to the national center stage. This case study is about how the police and the mass media successfully cooperated to fulfill their quite different obligations to their publics, providing complete news coverage of the crime, and protecting the interests of the citizens of Killeen.

"Operation Trojan Horse: The Effects of Access to Information," VA NCE McLAUGHLIN, Savannah Police Department

This paper examines access to information before, during, and after the raid and siege on the Branch Davidians compound in Waco (TX) by the federal government. Four specific areas are presented: (1) intelligence gathering by the government before the raid; (2) the role of the mass media during and afterthe standoff; (3) the official government reports; and (4) data collected by private citizens on the events and the federal agents involved in the raid.

"The Changing Role of American Policewomen in Magazines and Journals: 1890 to 1994," DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

This paper is a content analysis of over 600 magazines and journals published in the United States and England from 1890 to 1994. The articles have appeared in police magazines, news magazines, academic journals, and the seven sister magazines. Discussion focuses on the changing role of women in policing from protection-prevention serviceson the early 1900s to contemporary patrol work. It is hypothesized that s�ereotypes regarding the role of women in policing will differ because of the publications targeted reading audience.

"Female Attorneys in Real Life and in Popular Films," FRANKIE BAILEY, SUNY-Albany and JOYCELYN POLLOCK, Southwest Texas State University

In recent months, several female attorneys have been visible in the courtroom as advocates in high-profile cases which have received a great deal of media coverage. This paper examines the depiction of this group of criminal justice system workers in popular films from the 1940s to the present. Comparing data gathered in content analysis of a sample of popular films to scholarly research on fe male attorneys, the accuracy of film depictions are discussed. The role of gender stereotypes in shaping the popular images of female attorneys are considered.

PANEL 79 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND BATTERED WOMEN

"Empowering Women as a Means of Preventing Domestic Violence: The Kentucky Job Readiness Programs," NEIL WEBSDALE, Northern Arizona University and BYRON JOHNSON, Morehead State University

The debate about the prevention of domestic violence over the last 10 years has been too narrowly focused on criminal justice solutions, This article adopts a case study approach to report upon the effectiveness of the Kentucky Job Readiness Programs (JRPs) in reducing or eliminating the re-victimization of battered women. These programs offer battered women temporarily residing in spouse abuse shelters a variety of skills and servicesto enable them to live independently of their abusers. The prevention of re-victimiztion is strongly associated with the provision of both independent housing and job placement and retention.

'Why Don't They Just Leave?: The Similarities Between the Indoctrination Practices into Domestic Violence and Cults," CHERYL MEYER and DEBRA ZENDLOVITZ, Northwest Missouri State University

Most individuals do not become a victim of domestic violence without undergoing a multi-faceted indoctrination process which closely resembles the techniques of cult indoctrination. Given the complexity of the process, simplistic solutions such as "just leave" often only serveto further alienate domestic violence victims who are completely enmeshed in the abusive system. The parallels between the abusive systems of domestic violence and cults are outlined along with the way the process evolves as related to the stage and nature of the relationship. Possible intervention strategies to reverse the process are examined.

"Battered Women in Prison," CHERYL RINGEL and JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati

In recent years there has been growing recognition that a number of women serving time in United States prisons are there for killing (or injuring) their abusive male partner. However, to date, there has been no empirical study to collect data about what percent of the female prison population such "offenders" constitute. This is a national survey of United States women's prisons to collect information about these women, including personal characteristics about them and their sentences.

'Women Entering Prison: Identification and Treatment of Intimate Violence," LISA LORANT, Massachusetts Department of Correction

This study explores the frequency and severity of intimate violence in the lives of incarcerated women, which is accomplished through interview with fe male offenders incarcerated in the Massachusetts state prison for women. Through the use of a standard interview format, information was gathered and profiles on women regarding conflicts that occurred in their relationships within 12 months prior to their incarceration were developed. Responses are grouped into four severity categories and are compared by demographic, socio-economic, and criminal history information. Through the use of these profiles, it is hoped to target the appropriate population for relevant programs and treatment.

PANEL 80 THE JURY DECIDES

"Serving County Time: On Becoming and Being a Juror," KIMBERLY DAVIES, Ohio State University

Because of a 1956 federal law that prohibits researchers from observingjury deliberations, little observational research exists about juries and the process of becoming a juror. This paper employs retrospective participantobservation to analyze experiences as a Courtof Common Pleas

185 juror in a midwest county. The process of voire dire, serving asa juror for a civil case, and jury deliberations are all considered from a juror's perspective. Additionally, the concept of a jury of one's peers is critiqued and compared with serving as a juror to serving time in a minimum security prison.

"Conveying the True Meaning of Reasonable Doubt to Today's Jury: Possible Formulations in Light of Recent Supreme CourtCase Law," GEORGE DERY III, California State University-Fullerton

This paper considers possible alternative jury instructions to the "moral certainty" definition of reasonable doubt recently criticized by the United States Supreme Court. Each reasonable doubt formulation is analyzed with reference to the current flaws of jury instructions in general and with an eye to the juror's role in the courtroom.

"The Jury's Right to Extend Mercy in a Criminal Trial," DAVID BRODY, SUNY-Albany

The jury in a criminal trial has the undisputed power to acquit a defendant despite overwhelming proof of his guilt. This power is known as jury nullification. Throughout American history, the jury's right to exercise this power has been debated. The center of this debate is whether juries should be instructed of this power. This paper, using historical, legal and statistical methods of analysis, argues that juries have a right to be informed of their nullification power. It concludes that juries have the right to use their nullification power, and courts have a duty to instruct them of this right.

''The Impact of Sequestration on Jury Decision Making: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment," JAMES LEVINE, John Jay Coli ge

This paper analyzes the impact of post-trial sequestration on jury decision-making. It reviews the legal and social science literature bearing on this question or order to evaluate the soundness of this long-standing judicial practice and to furtherthe understanding of the dynamics of jury deliberation. Among the issues to be examined are: (1) whether sequestration effectively insulates jurors from outside influences like the media, (2) whether it increases or decreases the quality of deliberations, (3) whether it works for or against defendants, (4) whether it improves or diminishes jurors' satisfaction with their experience, and (5) whether it dissuades potential jurors from serving.

PANEL 82 GANGS: CORRELATES AND ASSESSMENTS

"Gang and Non-Gang Youth on Probation: Differences in Characteristics and Explanatory Factors," JEFFREY JENSON, University of Utah

This study examines the characteristics of gang and non-gang youth placed on probation in a western state. Data from a self-reportstudy of 415 probationers are used to assess differences in delinquency, drug use, school and family activities, and peer relationships between gang and non-gang youth. Findings indicate gang members are more likely to use and sell drugs and to experience family disruption and school failure than non-gang youth. Gang members, however, report a stronger desire to be a part of conventional society than do non-gang members. . ..

"Family Correlation of Prison Gang Offenders," WILLIAM McPHERSON; PAIGE RALPH, Lake Superior State University; and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University

This research examines the relationship between family background and inmate behavior. Research has shown that 45 percent of Texas prison gang members have family memberswho have been or currently are incarcerated. The study determines if family background is related to the level of violence the inmate is responsible for in prison. To study this, disciplinary infractions and social history of 769 gang members were examined. The hypothesis that those gang members with a criminal family history will be more violent than those without that background is tested.

"A Preliminary Assessment of the "Good Gang" Program: A Church Oriented Intervention," ZHENG WA NG, Texas Southern University

A church-oriented intervention of gangs has been added to existing psychological, contextual, and criminal justice interventions. This paper provides a preliminaryevaluation of the "good gang" program in Houston that emphasizes self organization under church leadership in some ethnic communities. It is reported that this supplementary approach has not only enhanced self-esteem of those at risk, but also distracted many current gang members from their gang involvement.

"Gang Affiliation Among Asian-American High School Students: A Path Analysis," ZHENG WA NG, Texas Southern University

This study examines the social developmental model through a path analysis. Specifically, this research attempts to see whether the model could serve as a causal model in terms of factors that influence gang affiliation among Asian-American high school students. The data are derived from the first National Surveyof Asian-American Center in 1992. The path analysis concludes that there exist causal relationships between factors in social environmental, social bond, and psychological development aspects, and the dependant variable-gang affiliation.

PANEL 83 CROSS-CULTURAL ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

"A Killing at the Box Office: Capital Punishment in American Film," BETH DANIELS, American University

For nearly 100 years Hollywood has dramatized tales of crime and punishment and in so doing has documented public opinion about American punishment practices. Because modern executions are carried out in private, motion pictures containing execution scenes provide perhaps the only images of capital punishment processes the general public will ever see. Such scenes construct (and reinforce) a public

186 consciousness about the function ofthe death penalty in American society. This paper examines historical attitudes toward capital punishment as they are reflected in popular film, emphasizing trends in opinion surrounding the Furman and Gregg decisions.

"Crime, Ad ministration of Justice, and a Death Penalty Case in Trinidad and Tobago," JAGAN LlNGAMNENI, Governors State University

This paper reviews the crime statistics, sentencing practices and prison population data in the context of Caribbean legal systems, judicial discretion, and the administration of justice in Trinidad and Tobago. An attempt is made to review a death penalty case in the matter of Brian Walen and Lincoln Guerra vs the Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago to highlight the special problems and issues faced by the judiciary in the administration of justice in Trinidad and Tobago.

"The Death Penalty and Human Rights in Latin America," MICHAEL PAYNE, University of Dayton

This paper examines the position taken on the death penalty for juveniles by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Specifically, it critically examines Case 9647 (1 987) in which the Commission criticizes the position taken by the United States Supreme Court regarding the death penalty for juveniles.

PANEL 85 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEACHING AND EMPLOYMENT

"Cross-Ethnic Considerations in the Teaching of Crime in Literature Classes," JEFFREY CASS and CLIFFORD DORNE, Texas A & M International University

One of the principal objectives in the crime in literature classes is to select texts that yield interesting representations of ethnicity, representations that often necessitate a discussion of the history, politics, and culture of minority groups within the larger "white" majority. Nevertheless, other issues also emerge, issues that confront the problems of cross-ethnicity. This paper explores cross-ethnicity and how it is manifested by the criminological and literary issues raised by each text.

"Re-Inventing the Humanities for Criminal Justice Students: A Prototype for Study," ALICE MUNSON and CHARLES CHASTAIN, University or Arkansas-Little Rock

A new curriculum offering-Reading and Writing About Legal Themes-offers criminal justice majors and minors at the University of Arkansas:..Little Rock an opportunity to learn legal terms, procedure, and principles through a study of some of the great literature of the world. An innovative but scholarly approach to combining law and literature has created a great deal of campus and community interest.

"The Missing or Misperceived Effects of Pun ishment: The Coverage of Deterrence in Criminology Textbooks, 1956 to 1965 and 1984 to 1993," RICHARD A WRIGHT, University of Scranton

Quantity and the quality of coverage devoted to deterrence in seven leading criminology and sociology journals and in 53 introductory criminology textbooks published from 1956-1 965 and 1984-1 993 are compared. The data show that despite a marked increase in the amount of deterrence research reported in the leading journals, recent criminology textbooks devote little more coverage to the topic than their predecessors. Relating these findings to several earlier studies indicating deficiencies in criminology textbooks, and by discussing the implications of these studies for criminology, are concluded.

"Academic Employment: Toward A Better Understanding of the Criminal Justice Job Market," JENNIFER HARTMAN, KELLY BROWN, and MELISSA MOON, University of Cincinnati

Within the academic community, there is a need for individuals with doctoral degrees in criminal justice. Despite the need for this degree, little is known about the characteristics and qualifications learning institutions seek in potential applicants. In order to determine the qualities sought by universities, this study analyzes job descriptions from the Job Bulletin, Th e Criminoogist, and the Chronicle of Higher Education. Areas to be examined include (1 ) areas of concentration, (2) administrative experience, (3) teaching experience, (4) level of entry, and (5) publication record. The method of analyses and results are presented.

"Testing Disparate Impact Theory in Law Enforcement Employment," 0 ELMER POLK, Coppin State College

This is a quantitative legal research study tracing the legal evolution of racially-based employment discrimination in America and the emergence of differing theoretic paradigms. Data analysis from the Texas Career Paths Project is juxtapositioned to the holdings of the United States Supreme Court in relevant decisions from Ple ssey v Fe rguson in 1896 through the present. Particular emphasis is accorded the Court's opinion on statistical evidence in the 1989 landmark decision in Wa rd's Cove Packing v Atonio. . ..

PANEL 86 DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF POLICE WORK

"Sleeping in the Play Time of Others: The Effects of Shift Rotation Among Police Officers," ROBERT McNAMARA and KRISTY McNAMARA, Furman University and WENDY RILEY, West Georgia College

This study examines the physical, social, and organizational effects of rotating shifts among police officers. It consists of a survey administered to two police departments in Greenville (SC) as well as several in-depth interviews with officers. Issues examined include officer morale, absenteeism, rates of officer injury,and frequency of accidents on duty.

187 "In the Line of Duty: A Descriptive Analysis of Police Officers' Work-Related Injuries," STEVEN BRANDL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Common in the literature are discussions of the dangerousness of the police occupation. In particular, numerous studies have examined the circumstances surrounding the murder and assault of police officers. However, relatively little is known about how these dramatic events fit into the larger context of police injury incidents. This paper reports the results of analyses based on 2,000 officer injury reports (incidents) gathered from a large midwestern municipal police department. Findings and implications are discussed.

"Factors Influencing Police Suicide," RONALD McVEY, ROBERT LOUDEN, and PHILIP BONIFACIO, John Jay College

The New York City Police Department has experienced 55 suicides from 1985-1 994. This traumatic loss of personnel necessitates a serious review of the factors influencing police suicides. This paper discusses the affects of police stress, alcohol, and intimate relationships on potentially suicidal personnel. It also discusses the legacy of a police suicide on the surviving personnel and offers a suicide prevention program that might be implemented in supervisor training programs.

"Police Suicide Rates: Fact or Fiction?" JOHN VIOLANTI, Rochester Institute of Technology

Previous research indicates that police suicides may often be misclassified as accidental or undetermined deaths. Such misclassification may be due in part to the protective nature of the police subculture and inaccurate information flow to death investigators. This paper examines the validity of police suicide rates in a 50 year police cohort and provides a statistical sensitivity comparison of police and other occupational suicide rates. Police suicide rates were less sensitive in classifying suicides, suggesting that the "true" police suicide rate may be higher than officially reported. This finding suggests the need for increased awareness of suicide in police work.

PANEL 87 CRIME PREVENTION IN THE SCHOOLS AND COMMUNITY

"Campus Crime: An Environmental Assessment," ALEX del CARMEN, PAUL STRETESKY, and FREDERICK FAUST, Florida State University

No abstract available.

"School Violence: Questions of Causation and Solutions," GORDON CREWS and LAURA THOMPSON, Midlands Technical College

By the year 2000, every school in America will be free of drugs and violence. This is an incredibly ambitious National Education Goal. Given the media reportsof increases in violence in schools, it seems that America is moving farther away from this goal rather than toward it. This has caused many people to question the safety of their neighborhoods and schools. This is no more pronounced than in South Carolina where murders in high schools have suddenly focused attention on school violence. ...

''The Dade County Neighborhood Cellular Watch: Evaluation ofan Innovative Approach to Citizens' Crime Watch," STEVEN ELLISON, Florida International University

Through a combined effort, Citizens' Crime Watch of Dade County (Miami, FL), local government and private businesses, empowered the Crime Watch volunteers of 11 neighborhoods with cellular telephones. Their intent was to provide a more effective method for the volunteers to report crime and quality of life issues to the concerned agencies. This paper reports upon the formation of the project and its progress to date.

"The Social Determinants of Gun Ownership: Self-Protection in an Urban Environment," LlQUN CAO, Eastern Michigan University and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

Using data collected in a large mid-western city, the current study attempts to advance the sociological literature on gun ownership. The results of analyses showed that personal protective gun ownership is positively affected by childhood socialization into a gun culture, vicarious fear of crime, and conservative crime ideology, and negatively influenced by exposure to victimization and confidence in neighbors. Further, the analyses indicated that the sources of personal and household protective gun ownership are similar, but differ from the sources of general personal and household gun ownership. The implications of the study are discussed within the research's limitations.

PANEL 88 ELECTRIFYING THE PENAL SYSTEM: COMPUTERS AND CORRECTIONAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

This session critically examines the recent and dramatic changes which the correctional system has undergone as the result of the implementation of various computer systems. SpeCifically, this forum provides scholars with the environment in which to explore the ways in which devices such as electronic monitors and computer data bases have impacted on the very nature of care/control in countless areas of the penal structure. ...

PANEL 89 INTERNATIONAL TOPICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

"Opium Cultivation and Use in India: United States and Indian Governments' Policy," SESHA KETHINENI, RUTH FENNICK, and LOIS GUYON, Illinois State University

This paper discusses the historic and current opium trade and policy in India and the United States response to India's drug policy. The United States and Indian government's policies differ markedly on the issue of opium cultivation and use. The United States acting as a moral champion of the East on the opium question, has insisted that India place strict restrictions against opiate use. The United States has argued

188 for total prohibition of opium use or any narcotics use except for scientific and medical purposes. Until recently, India resisted the United States pressure to change their laws arguing that such an enactment would bring hardship to people of India in remote agricultural areas where medical services are limited.

"Crime and Justice in the Global Community: Developing a Comparative Perspective," T DAVID EVANS, RANDY LaGRANGE, and CECIL WILLIS, University of North Carolina-Wilmington

Comparative criminal justice has made an impressive imprint in academic circles in recent years. This is evidenced by the burgeoning appearance of studies, journal articles, books, college courses, symposia, and conferences devoted to cross-cultural criminological concerns. From the reading of existing literature, however, it appears the comparative field is essentially descriptive and oriented to the pragmatic rather than theoretical. Comparative criminal justice is not theoretically sophisticated. This paper attempts to assess of the current state of theory and research in comparative criminal justice.

"A Loyalist Perspective on the Chances of a Lasting Peace in Northern Ireland," PAUL CLARE, SUNY-Plattsburgh

In October, following the lead of the Provisional IRA, the Combined Loyalist Military Command furthered the hopes of a lasting peace by announcing that they too were declaring a ceasefire. Prior to the PIRA's cessation of military activity, the Provisionals engaged in a killing spree, presumably for the purposes of settling old grudges and eliminating top Loyalists who might become formidable opponents at any future negotiating table. During this time period, the author co nducted in-depth interviews with important Loyalist terrorists. Their views at this pivotal point in history provide clues that cause optimism about the chances of a lasting peace.

"Legal Measures Against Legalization of Criminal Assets as Means of Combatting Organized Crime in Russia," PAVEL PONOMAREV, Research Institute of the Russia Ministry of the Interior (Russia)

In order to counteract organized crime in Russia, the most important thing is an availability of special legislation that would control legalization of criminal assets and not afford perpetrators the opportunity to introduce their illegal assets into the legal economic turnover. The absence of such norms in this country creates conditions favourable for the growth of "dirty" business, the carrying out and alien criminal groups, money laundering, racketeering and other types of criminal activity.

FEATURE SESSION 91 CRIME PREVENTION AND PUBLIC POLICY

"Crime Prevention Public Policy and Politics: The Role of Elected Officials and Journalists," PAUL LAVRA KAS, Northwestern University

For the past 30 years, the United States has witnessed its struggle to reduce the extent of serious crime, and the extent of crime's impact on the Americans' quality of life, not make significant headway. Too often the roles of elected officials and the news media are ig nored in debates about "anti-crime" policy. However, and as discussed in this presentation, the contention is that the "business as usual" role of both politicians and journalists actually interferes substantially with our nation's ability to make meaningful progress in "fighting crime".

"Futures for Community Crime Prevention," TIM HOPE, Keele University (England)

Community crime prevention is concerned to change the social conditions sustaining crime in residential locales. Community crime prevention paradigms arise in response to changing social conditions. This paper discusses possible future paradigms which respond to two emergent aspects of the contemporary advanced economies: the changing urban structure - specifically, the contrasting trends of counter-urbanism and inner-city poverty concentration; and the free-market political perspectives of "libertarianism" and "communitarianism".

'When Deterrence Does Work: Sanctions and the Payment of Fines," DAVID WEISBURG, MA TT KOWALSKI, and SARA GAVISAR, Hebrew University (Israel)

There is a growing consensus among crime prevention scholars that sanctions commonly imposed on criminals in western societies can do little to prevent their continued participation in crime. While there is evidence in isolated studies of a specific deterrence effect, research findings overall suggest that sanctions are not effective in controlling the future criminal behavior of sanctioned offenders. This has led to a general conclusion that specific deterrence is unlikely to result from criminal justice interventions. This paper presents results from a randomized experimental study of imposition of sanctions for failure to pay fines and restitution.

"The Conditions Needed for Successful Community Crime Prevention," DENNIS PA LUMBO, JUDY HUGHES, and MIKE SMITH, Arizona State University

Twe nty-fifth Street and Broadway Road in south Phoenix used to be a corner where drug dealing was an everyday occurrence. As one resident put it, "you couldn't get past that corner without being stopped by dealers trying to sell you dope." Today, the drug dealers are gone and, accord ing to the residents and community police officers, crime and gangs have declined Significantly. Most of the credit for this is given to a community crime prevention program called "Community Excellence." The south Phoenix neighborhood is the oldest African-American community in Phoenix. It is an example of the systemic theory of neighborhood organization.

189 FEATURE SESSION 92 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON ORGANIZED CRIME

"Struggling with Organized Crime in the Former Soviet Union: The Experience in Georgia," GEORGIA GLONTI, Institute of State and Law Academy of Science (Republic of Georgia)

No abstract available.

"Understanding Organized Crime: A German View," LAUS von LAMPE, Rutgers University

No abstract available.

"Russian Organized Crime -- Here and There," JAMES FINCKENAUER, Rutgers University

No abstract available.

"Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime," ROBERT KELLY, Brooklyn College

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 93 ISSUES IN CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE

"Miranda: Developments and PrOblems," RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis

Fifteen years after its decision in Mira nda vs Arizona, the United States Supreme Court in Edwards v Arizona fashioned a bright line test concerning a suspect's assertion of the right to counsel. In Edwards, the Court determined that a request for counsel subsequent to a waiver of rights barred further police interrogation of a suspect in custody until counsel became available. However, the ruling in Edwards failed to confront the problem of ambiguous requests made by suspects which may only indicate the suspect "might" desire the assistance of an attorney. . ..

"A Double Jeopardy Analysis of the Medger Evers Murder Caes," THOMAS HICKEY, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

This paper presents an analysis of critical double jeopardy issues in the Medgar Evers murder case. Issues considered include: (1 ) the legal propriety of bringing a defendant to trial approximately 30 years after an original trial resulted in a hung-jury mistrial, (2) whether bringing a defendant to trial in these circumstances violated fundamental principles of justice, and (3) the history and purpose of the Fifth Amendment double jeopardy clause.

"Hate Speech, Bias Crime, and the Law: A Look at Enhancement Provisions and Campus Speech Codes," EDWARD SHAUGHNESSY, John Jay College

The phenomenon of hate speech in the '90's and about it all the trappings of the debate over obscenity and pornography are covered from 1933-1 973. The issues of free speech, symbolic speech, hate speech, and incitement are cropping up as concerns in statutory criminal provisions and in campus codes. This paper attempts to look at some of the underlying concerns and analysis, especially from the point of view of incitement.

"Common Law and Civil Law Traditions: A Comparison of Converging Polarities," DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota

Two systems provide the major legal bases for most criminal justice systems in the western world-common law systems and civil law systems. Though sharp differences existed for centuries, the past two centuries have witnessed a convergence between the historical polarities of the two systems. The author systematically isolated these polarities and illustrated examples of convergences that are occurring. It is contended that valuing the differences presents prejudging and promotes the understanding necessary to perceive the many subtle similarities and ' differences in the criminal justice systems of the modern world. ...

PANEL 95 MINORITY YOUTH AND CRIME: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

"A Qualitative Analysis of Racial Disproportionality in the Juvenile Justice System," JOANNE YAFFE, GABRIELA CETROLA, and BEVERLY ROESCH, University of Utah

Examination of racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system is generally limited to stages of the system that can be measured empirically. Such strategies, while critical to an understanding of dis proportionality, ignore decision making processes and outcomes that occur between specific stages in the system. Results from a study combining quantitative and qualitative analYSis of racial disproportionality in a western state are reported . Findings based on field interviews and focus groups with 55 adjudicated delinquents and 60 juvenile justice professionals reveal significant perceptions of radial bias in the handling of offenders in the juvenile justice system and larger community.

"Fear of the "Gangsta": African-American Males and the Criminal Justice System," MORRIS JENKINS, Pennsylvania State University-Ogontz

Studies have claimed that gang activity is directly or indirectly related to racism in our society. The law is the major fo rum used to improve racism in our society. However, the law and subsequent policies have contributed to the increase in gang activity, drug distribution, and other

190 fo rms of juvenile delinquency. This paper explores both the "law on the books" and the "law in action" on the issue of gang activity in Boston. It explores the hypothesis that increased laws, suppressive gang policies and the law's inability to deal with institutional racism contribute to rather than reduce "gang" criminality.

"The Efficacy of Afrocentric-based Crime Prevention Programs in U S: The Case of Rites of Passage for African-American Males," ERNEST UWAZIE, California State University-Sacramento

With the increase and seriousness of crime in the United States, especially among blacks, many communities are experimenting with various novel crime prevention programs. For example, African-American communities have developed African-value laden programs for especially the black (male) youth. A notable, yet unresearched example is the "Rites of Passage" program that is centered on an Afrocentric thought that crime in/among the black community is caused by loss of its (African) cultural identity and basic values. This paper is a comparative analysis of the application of this aspect of Afrocentricism in relation to crime prevention and correction among blacks. ...

"Innovative Prosecution of Youth Gangs by Treating Them as Organized Crime Groups," GREGORY ORVIS, University of Texas-Tyler

Although certain types of crime have been used to monitor the magnitude of youth gang activity, there has been no comprehensive plan to use the prosecutor's power to solve, or at least reduce the gang problem. It is argued that gangs should be treated like organized crime groups. Many scholars maintain that gangs are not structured enough to be organized crime groups. When the definitional traits of organized crime groups are compared with those of youth gangs, such differences are minute and the prosecutorial strategies used against organized crime groups could be used against most youth gangs with equal success.

PANEL 96 VICTIMIZATION: THEORY, SELECT VICTIMS

"Going out on the Town: Some Implications for Victimization Risk," VINCENT SACCO

No abstract available.

''Victimization of Individuals with Legal Blindness: Nature and Forms of Victimization," DELBERT ROUNDS JR, The Citadel

No abstract available.

''Toward a Macro-Theory of Victimization: Communities as Victims of Residential Toxic Contamination," ANNE SULLIVAN

No abstract available.

''Victims' Descriptions of Emotional Abuse: Implications for Law Enforcement of Child Abuse Laws," BARBARA CARSON

No abstract available.

"A Multi-Variate Analysis of Factors Associated with Child Sexual Abuse," AllENE PABOOJIAN

No abstract available.

PANEL 97 CRIME AND DEVIANCE ACROSS NATIONS

"Examination of the Swedish Domstolsverket as a Possible Tool for Judicial Administration within the United States," PATRICK MUELLER, Stephen F Austin State University

This is an examination of the Domsto/sverket, a centralized administration of judicial management within Sweden (such as appointment, assignments, and economic benefits such as salary, and retirement). It is suggested that elements of this structure may be adaptable to the adminstration of justice, in particular in the management of the issues dealing with court administration, within the United States.

"Democratic Stagnation and the Development of Criminal Justice Institutions in Africa: The Case of Nigeria," DICK ANDZENGE, St Cloud State �niversity

Since independence from Britain in 1960, Nigeria has not experienced stable political growth . Social and economic problems associated with imposing and persistent military involvement have made the development of an effective criminal justice system a major problem for Nigeria. This paper is the result of a study which examines the impact of stagnant political development on crime and futile attempts to develop an effective criminal justice system. Similarities are drawn between Nigeria and other African countries.

"Football Hooliganism: A Human Zoo of Criminal Activity or Moral Depravity?" RICH WA LLACE, Virginia Tech

During June and July of 1994, the FBI was extremely concerned about the possibility of fan violence during the World Cup. Internationally, football hooliganism has been considered to be a social problem which can be traced to the origins of football itself. In the 1960s, hooliganism underwent drastic changes, such as: greater organization, more compassion, wider geographical dispersion of activity, and greater interpersonal violence. The resultant perception is that rated of hooligan related property and violent crime have risen dramatically. This paper discusses several facets of this "criminal" phenomena. ...

191 PANEL 98 NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

"Criminal Justice Educators at the Crossroads: Advocacy and Activism not Scholarship as the Road of Choice," PHILIP RHOADES, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi

An alternative to the traditional role of teacher-scholar for criminal justice educators, that of teacher-activist is described and arguments for its acceptance is provided. The activist role already permeates teaching. Mechanisms to formally recognize activism in the concept of scholarship and obligation for service within faculty review for promotion and tenure are discussed. Examples in regard to criminal justice subjects such as justice, ethics, fa mily violence, and crime prevention are provided. The educator as activist provides the criminal justice discipline with its best hope for the dissemination of scholarship to the worlds of practice and policy-making.

"Criminology, Social Work, and Probation Training in England and Wales," MIKE NELLIS, University of Birmingham (England)

Up until 1993, some 460 probation officers were trained in England and Wales each year. Their training consisted of a two year social work course, taught at non-graduate, graduate, post-graduate level in 30 different universities. For a variety of reasons, these arrangements have come under serious criticism and are under review; by October 1994 a new system will have'been announced (details as yet unknown). Criticism has come largely from the government who have questioned the principle of locating probation training within social work training; the over-emphasis on theory at the expense of practical competence; and the cost of links with higher education.

"Creating Virtual Community: An Inclusive Model for Criminal Justice Education," SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin-Parkside and JEANNE CURRAN, California State University-Dominguez Hills

Because the whole community is an essential part of the "real" university, our community-based education projects look for ways in which to integrate the formal academic classroom and the local community. In an effort to meet the state university's mandate to serve the broad community, with a special commitment to the disadvantaged, this model is one of inclusion. The real world problems of law, crime, gangs and delinquency and their related professionals were brought into the university by designing modules and contexts that simulated the professional world, creating a virtual community. ..,

PANEL 99 RACE AND RELATED ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

"Revisiting the 19th Century Death Penalty Sentencing of Blacks Through the Eyes of Ida B Wells-Barnett," MARIAN WHITSON, East Tennessee State University

Controversy regarding whether the death penalty discriminates against blacks has historically been a topic of debate among professionals and nonprofessionals. Few people, however, have taken the topic of the death of blacks through sentencing to the levels displayed by the 19th century journalist, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett. Although most people recognize her influence in journalism and are knowledgeable of her vocal disdain for lynching, the literature is void of information comparing the sentencing of blacks through lynching in the 19th century and the implementation of modern day death penalty sentencing.

'What is the Premium of Life?: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Extra-Legal Factors on Capital Sentencing," VIC BUMPHUS, JOHN BURROW, and SHERMAN DAVIS, Michigan State University

Most existing capital punishment research focuses on victim-offender relations from an offender-centered framework. By shifting this focus to victim attributes, an alternative method for understanding the capital punishment sentencing process is supplied. Predicated on traits of the victim, a new measure is constructed and employed: a premium on life, which examines the correlates fo und in capital punishment decision-making such as gender, race, and other extra-legal factors. The contention is that this measure allows us to explore the relationship between "victim worthiness" and the likelihood of being sentenced to death as well as issues of disparity and equity in sentencing. ...

"Tennessee's Death Penalty: The Disproportionality of Race and Socioeconomic Status," LORI GREGG, East Tennessee State University

This paper assesses the disproportionality of socio-economic status and race that occurs with regard to application of the death penalty. Most studies use aggregate state data to examine this issue. Focusing on Tennessee, the data are examined disaggregately to determine if individuals presently on death row are proportionate to the relative number of African-Americans and poor in each of the 95 counties. The study controlled for multiple victims, race and gender of victims, and the type of counsel used by the defendant.

''The Death Penalty and Mental Retardation," SHERRAY HE, University of Delaware

This study analyzes the 1989 United States Supreme Court decision in Penry case, which legalized executing mentally retarded defendants and declared its constitutionality. Thirteen cases are examined (only those with well-recorded official reportof low intelligence quotient) in which mentally retarded defendants were executed by states during 1961-1992. This paper discusses 10 capital cases in which people with mental retardation were erroneously convicted for the crimes they did not commit. ...

192 PA NEL 101 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH

"Agency Records as a Research Resource: The Development, Establishment, and Activities of an Agency Records Unit," JAMES COLDREN JR, TRISHIA McELVAIN, and MICHAEL LAZAR, Harvard School of Public Health

The role of secondary analysis in research has been extensively documented, as have the pros and cons of using administrative or archival data for measurement purposes. The Harvard School of Public Health's Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, an 8-year longitudinal study of 11,000 individuals and 80 neighborhoods, established the Agency Records Unit as one of its major project components, along with field research, data management, and administrative units. This paper discusses the development and current activities of the Agency Records Unit in light of the literature on secondary analysis and research management. ...

"Focus Groups and Criminological Research: An Assessment," KATE HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Social scientists have rediscovered the focus group interview, and many have some expeience with this research technique. This paper reports on the use of focus groups to study fe ar of crime and related topics. It presents a preliminary assessment of the method and its strenghts and weaknesses.

"Methodological Problems in White-Collar Crime Research: Lessons from a BCCI Study," NIKOS PASSAS, Temple University

This paper deals with methodological problems and issues encountered in qualitative stUdies of organizational misconduct. It draws on the author's four-year long research into the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) affair. It argues that, despite (or because of) the masses of information produced on BCCI, its clients, and those who worked for it, a number of questions remain unanswered and reported "facts" have been inaccurate or false. This paper examines the factors that contribute to distortions and shape media coverage. . ..

"Computers in Criminal Justice Teaching and Research," WILLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University; FRANCES BERNAT, Arizona State University West; and JACQUELINE HELFGOTI, Seattle University

The advent of Internet and an array of computer communication programs has opened up magnificent opportunities for the enhancement of research, instruction and community service activities. This paper describes the ways in which three faculty colleagues have developed and used innovative computer networking to fu rthertheir research and teaching opportunities. Special attention is given to the ways computer communications can help maintain a "team" identity and facilitate joint activities at multiple locations.

PA NEL 102 POLICE AND CITIZEN PERCEPTIONS OF POLICING

"Analyzing Citizen and ObserverRepor ts in the Police Services Study: What are the Implications of Discrepancies Between Observers and Citizens?" JOHN McCLUSKEY and ROBERT WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

This anlaysis utilizes Police Services Survey (PSS) data in an attempt to determine the relationship between citizen perceotions of police encounters and their evaluation of those encounters. Cases that appear in both the debriefing data and the encounter form of the PSS are utilized. The combination of these two data sets provide the basis for this analysis.

"Public Perceptions of Male Versus Female Police Officer Effectiveness Responding to Various Situations," MICHAEL BRECI, Metropolitan State University

Over the last decade, an increasing number of females have entered law enforcement. In addition, fe males portrayed as officers have become more visible in the media. This study examines current public perceptions of the effectiveness of male versus female officers. A random sample of Minnesota residents were asked to select who would be more effective handling various calls. Most residents contend fe male officers are just as effective as male officers, however, they felt male officers were more effective handling certain calls while fe male officers were more effective handling others. . ..

"An Examination of Perceptions of Competency of Women in Policing," HELEN EIGENBERG, Old Dominion University and JANICE HILSON, KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, and BARBARA SIMS, Sam Houston State University

Police department strive to create departments which are representative of the communities they serve and protect; however, not everyone is equally represented. Specifically, women in policing are disproportionately represented. In an attempt to identify factors which may contribute to the limited number of women in policing, this research examines attitudes toward women in policing. Data for this study were gathered using a questionnaire administered to a medium-sized police department in the southern United States. The questionnaire included items which measured police officers' attitudes toward women, perceptions of fe male officers as a safety threat, and attitudes toward the effectiveness of fe male officers.

"The Irrelevance of Demographic Characteristics and Occupational Solidarity Among Police Officers: An Exploratory Study," MARJIE BRITZ, The Citadel

Though popular in the law enforcement literature, the "police subculture" has not been empirically examined. It was hypothesized that unique characteristics exist in policing which perpetuate identification with fellow officers, and that individual characteristics are secondary to more salient factors, such as levels of socialization, administrative support,stress, personal isolation, and perceived dangerwith group identification. It was hypothesized that demographic variable, such as race, gender, age, military experience, and level of police experience, would not

193 significantly affect occupational overidentification.

PA NEL 105 EVALUATIONS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL LAW

"At the Crossroads: Addiction Training and Criminal Justice -- Where do we go from Here?" LAURA MORIARTY and WILLIAM PELFREY SR, Virginia Commonwealth University

The Center for Substance Abuse Training (CSAT) has funded a considerable numberof substance abuse training centers throughout the United States. In Virginia, a regional center has been established to coordinate the training efforts for substance abuse training. Substance abuse training falls within two general tracks-continuing education and post-secondary education. A needs assessment of training issues including gaps and overlaps in training has been conducted surveyingthe community substance abuse boards (CSBs). A subsequent needs assessment was conducted for criminal justice professionals.

"Gun Lethality and Homicide: Gun Types used by Criminals and the Lethality of Gun Violence in Kansas City, Missouri, 1985-1 993," CHRISTOPHER KOPER, University of Maryland

Though there are theoretical and empirical grounds for believing that some types of firearms are more deadly than others, gun density studies have rarely examined whether the availability of diffe rent types of guns affect homicide rates. Yet recent studies have linked increases in homicide to the growing use of semiautomatic weaponry and large caliber handguns by criminals. Using nine years (1 985-1 993) of police gun confiscation data from Kansas City (MO), this paper presents final results from a time-series study examining whether or not changes in the types of guns circulating among criminal/high risk populations have influenced the deadliness of gun violence in Kansas City and contributed to Kansas City's rising homicide rate.

"The Policing of Signs: Trademark Infringement and Law Enforcement," JON VAGG, Loughborough University (England)

In recent years firms in many western countries have attempted to assertcontrol over the use of their trademarks and to suppress counterfe it and "copy" products. While such attempts may not be new, the global market and the "globalization of law" have ensured that they take place in a radically new economic and political environment. However, police forces tend to remain aloof from enforcement practices. This paper examines the ways in which the infringement of trademarks has gradually become assimilated into the criminal law while the policing of trademarks has remained largely outside the scope of regular police work.

"Is Privatization in Criminal Justice Dead?" JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

This paper discusses whether privatization in criminal justice is dead. Each major area of criminal (and juvenile) justice is examined to determine if privatization exists and, if it does exist, to evaluate its strenghts and weaknesses.

PANEL 106 ROUNDTABLE: ADVOCATING FOR PRISONER'S FAMILIES: OVERCOMING OBSTACLES

Effective advocacy on behalf of unpopular causes, such as the rights of prisoners and prisoners' families, necessarily involves overcoming some impediments. There must be an appropriate balance between working with prison officials and working to change them. This workshop focuses on communicating effective and proven strategies for empowering those who have been historically disenfranchised. In this endeavor, family ties are strengthened and the prisoner's family is empowered to take charge of the changes it must undergo both during and afterthe loved one's incarceration.

FEA TURE SESSION 107 CRIME PREVENTION AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

"Understanding and Controlling Crime and Fear of Crime: Conflicts and Trade-Ofts in Crime Prevention Planning," PAUL BRANTINGHAM and PATRICIA BRANTINGHAM, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

Criminal events and fe ar inducing events are situationally distinct phenomena. Crime prevention planners must separately assess every proposed intervention to determine its likely effecton the incidence of crime and the incidence of fear. Good crime prevention techniques may sometimes produce higher levels of fe ar. Good fear reduction techniques may sometimes increase the crime potential of specific locations and situations. The trade-ofts implicit in different crime and fe ar prevention techniques are illustrated using data from a variety of Vancouver based studies.

"Reclassifying Situational Prevention Techniques," RONALD CLARKE, Rutgers University and ROSS HOMEL, Griffith University (Australia)

Previous attempts to classify situational prevention techniques have relied too much on conceptions of street crime and have neglected employee staff, trends and white collar offenses, and regulatory offenses. They have also neglected important components of the rational choice perspective, particularly self-justifying rationalizations. Remedying these deficiencies results in a broader classification of opportunity­ reducing preventive techniques.

"Can a Tiny Change in Routine Activities Bring a Sizable Change in Crime?" MARCUS FELSON, University of Southern California

Criminologists are learning more about preventing crime through environmental design and situational prevention. Some ofthese techniques are very low in cost, but others are not. Some produce political or organizational costs, but others do not. Some are simple, others more comprehensive. Some create problems and side effects, others are virtually painless. Responsiveness to prevention is not necessarily

194 determined by the seriousness of the offense. Successful prevention may be more responsive to setting than seriousness. Thus violence in bars may be more amenable to prevention than family violence inside homes. ...

FEATURE SESSION 108 POLICE CULTURES

"Police Occupational Culture: Segmentation, Politics, and Sentiments," PETER MANNING, Michigan State University

No abstract available.

"From Police Cultures to Cultures of Policing," CLIFFORD SHEARING, University of Toronto

No abstract available.

"POST Training and the Reproduction of Culture: An Ethnographic Analysis," JOHN CRANK, Boise State University and ELIZABETH McNULTY, Arizona Supreme Court

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 109 COMMUNITY COURTS: THE MIDTOWN COMMUNITY COURT

"Dispensing Justice Locally: The Midtown Community Court," MICHELE SVIRIDOFF, Midtown Community Court

The Midtown Community Court (MCC) opened in October 1993 as a demonstration project exploring the effects of community-based adjudication of quality-of-life offenses. Building on the principles of community policing, and the recognition that communities themselves are victims of quality-of-life offenses, the MCC handles lOW-level cases that arise in the Times Square area of Manhattan and surrounding residential neighborhoods. The project brings together under one roof court processing, immediate imposition of community service sanctions, and social services. ...

"Evaluating a New Court: Issues and Preliminary Findings," DAVID ROTTMAN, National Center for State Courts

The distinctive location (the Times Square area) and the timing of the establishment (just before the advent of the Giuliani administration) of the Midtown Community Court pose some interesting challenges to designing an evaluation. There are two main audiences for the evaluation findings. One is local and concerned with a formative evaluation of the courtas a package. The second audience is concerned with the way in which what was learned in the new court speaks to the needs, resources, and contexts of trial courts nationally that process "quality of life" misdemeanor cases. This paper looks at the extent to which the evaluation has thus far coped successfully with these issues.

"The Ethnography of the Midtown Community Court," RICHARD CURTIS, John Jay College

An ethnographic component was included in the design for the evaluation of the Midtown Community Court to address issues such as displacement effects, the degree of awareness of and response to the new court among those whose occupation places them at risk of joining its defendant population. Nine sites in the area served by the Court wereselec ted for systematic observation at regular intervals and at fixed times of day, supplemented by interviews. The sites and timeframes were selected to correspond with the types of offenses of particular interest to the evaluation.

PANEL 111 DISCRETION WITHIN PRISON AND ISSUES WITHIN LlTIGA liON

"Sex Behind Bars: An Analysis of Inappropriate Staff-Inmate Relationships," ROBERT BRIODY, Mabel Bassett Correctional Center and GAIL WILLIAMS

Emotional intimacy and sexual involvement between correctional staffand inmates is an increasing concern. The rate of heterosexual and homosexual contacts has increased as the workplace has become an eq ual opportunity employer. This research assesses the factors that contribute to this problem. This pilot study scrutinizes the variables of intimate relationships: the setting, the inmate, the staffmember, and the relationship warning signs.

"A Content Analysis of Correction Civil Liability Cases: Decisions of Title 42 United States Code Section 1983: 1973-1 993," DARRELL ROSS, East Carolina University

This research analyzes the decisions of correctional civil liability cases litigated under "Section 1983" for the years of 1973-1 993. The analysis provides an examination of 1,500 correctional liability cases brought against penal or jail facilities. Longitudinal trends, patterns, prevailing parties, types of lawsuits filed, amounts and damages and attorney fees awarded are discussed based on the content analysis classification scheme. High profile/high-risk liability issues in corrections are presented.

"Regulating the Exercise of Discretion in Corrections," JOHN RILEY, University of Maine-Presque Isle

The exercise of discretion in rule enforcement is a regular feature of the work of correctional officers and a central element in the overall exercise of discretion in corrections. While formal training and supervisory strategies play an important role in the regulation of discretion, the informal conversational practices of correctional officers may play an equally important part in this process. Based on observationalresearch

195 conducted in a maximum security institution, this paper contributes to the reproduction of authority through the regulation of discretion in rule enforcement.

"The Autonomy of Dutch Prison Organizations: Recent Threats and Opportunities," ARJEN BOIN, Leiden University (The Netherlands)

Dutch prison administrations possess a considerable amount of discretion when it comes to implementing penal policy. As a result, different regimes can be fo und in otherwise comparable penal organizations. In a recent policy initiative from the Justice Department, the introduction of a standard regime for the various types of penal institutions is proposed. In such a standard regime, emphasis is placed on work as a main inmate activity. This paper traces societal, political and administrative developments which lay atthe heart ofthis policy proposal. Furthermore, it examines the consequences this policy may have for prison autonomy.

PANEL 112 POLICE PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES: MULTI-NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

"Austrian Police: Problems and Challenges," HOFRAT EDELBACHER, Austrian Federal Police (Austria)

In a recently held International Police Executive Symposium in Geneva, Switzreland, six issues emerged as the concerns of the pOlice in 10 different countries of the world: fear of crime, criminal violence (youth violence), drugs and drug-related crimes, police brutality, police corruption, and police politicalization. These concerns varied from country to country. Each country fe lt that working closely with people was necessary to solve police problems. This paper presents the Austrian perspective on these issues.

"Implem nting Mission: A Swiss Police Chiefs Reflections," LAURENT WAlPEN, Geneva Police (Switzerland)

This paper contains an analysis of problems and solutions of the police in Geneva, as well as Switzerland.

"Changes to the Organizational Structure, Management, and Working Practices of the Police Service in England and Wales," DONALD WA LKER, Kent State University and MALCOLM RICHARDS (England)

Over the past few years the police service in England and Wales has been the subject of review by a number of government commissions and inquiries. These bodies have examined such issues as the organization and management of forces, the rank structure, the roles and responsibilities of officers and the working practices they have adopted. This paper reviews the rationale for those changes and outlines the way in which forces and the service, in general, will be developed in the future.

"The German Police: Issues in the Unification Process," JOHN HARLAN JR, Stephen F Austin State University

This paper examines the historical development of police organization models in Germany. Second, it compares and contrasts the organizational aspects of the police in both east and west Germany prior to unification. Finally, the paper reviews the issues that the Federal Republic of Germany had to resolve in absorbing the existing police organization in the former German Democratic Republic.

"United Nation's Civilian Police Monitors: Cambodia, A Case Study," CAROLE GARRISON, University of Akron

This paper provides an analysis of the use of civilian police from United Nations member nations to monitor local police behavior, as a part of UN peace-keeping missions. This critique is based on the author's observations during a 13-month participation with UNTAC (UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia) and the results of an informal survey of civilian police from seven countries who served with her in Cambodia (May 1993-June 1994).

PANEL 113 ARSON: MYTHS AND CONCEPTS

''The Myth of Pyromania," TIMOTHY HUFF, FBI Academy

Pyromania has long been one of the psychological explanations for arson that has enjoyed considerable popularity. The basic definition is sexual excitement at the sight of a fire. Almost all studies of arsonists discuss pyromania as a cause of firesetting activity. For the most part, these studies are based on one clinical case study or a combination of a few such cases. In this paper, the argument is presented that pyromania is an inadequate explanation for firesetting and should not be used as a diagnosis or classification of arsonists.

"Power - The Spark Behind the Flame: The Role of Power in the Motivation of the Serial Arsonist," GORDON GARY, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

This paper examines the role that power needs may play in the motivation of serial arsonists. Other motives have been previously identified and until recently, power needs have not been studied in relation to the offense of arson.

"Arson-Homicides: Patterns of Offenses and Offenders," ALLEN SAPP and CARLA MAHAFFEY-SAPP, Central Missouri State University

This paper examines the characterisics and patterns of behavior exhibited in arson-homicies. The data set is made up of 183 cases from 36 states and the District of Columbia reported to FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VI CAP) between 1985-1 994. The 183 cases comprise the total population of homicide cases reported to VICAP that involved significant burning of the body, regardless of whether the burning was prior to death (ante-mortem) or after death (post-mortem).

196 ''Toward an Etiology of Arson: Issues of Classification and Homogeneity," ANGELO PISANI JR, St John's University

This study examines the research on the etiology of arson which sees arsonists as a homogeneous group suffering from psychopatholgical disorders. The review of the literature depicts a body of literature fraught with methodological problems. It demonstrates-through the quantitative analysis of data on 1,507 offenders convicted fo r a variety of crimes in New York state-that the major reason researchers have failed to gain any useful knowledge about the etiology of this crime is due to the utilization of the legal classification system which assumes this group (arsonist) is homogeneous, when in fact it is more likely that it consists of offenders who committed a variety of crimes, and who for some reason chose the instrumentlweapon fire to facilitate the instant offense. . ..

PANEL 114 DIVERSITY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

"Gender and the Academic Climate: A Comparative Analysis," FRED MEYER and RALPH BAKER, Ball State University

This paper is part of an on-going project in which the chilly climate fo r women in academics is investigated. Previously, the academic members of ACJS were surveyed. This paper compares results from studies of academics in political science and school counseling. Of interest is the extent to which perceptions of gender discrimination vary with disciplines.

"Implementing Multiculturalism in Criminal Justice Education," RICHARD GENTRY and GREGORY PLUMB, Park College

This paper presents suggestions for implementation of multiculturalism in criminal justice education, including specific changes to course descriptions, specific resources, and assessment devices. This presentation is based in part on the actual experience by the present rs in adding a multicultural aspect to the introductory course in criminal justice as well as research and proposals to increase multiculturalism throughout the criminal justice curriculum.

"Cultural Diversity in the Classroom: The Unheard Voices," DAVID CHIABI, Jersey City State College

This paper examines culturally accepted norms and practices which affectthe education of the disabled and the poorer classes and proposes methods for college profesors to use in their classrooms to mitigate the effects of these practices.

"A Comparison of the Coverage of Minority and Female Issues in Introductory Criminal Justice Textbooks," MOLLY BROWN and SAMUEL WA LKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

This paper compares coverage of women and minorities in more detail and attemps to explain this phenomena. Issues related to race and ethnicity in criminal justice receive a great deal of attention in research and politics. A recent content analysis of introduction of issues related to race and ethnicity was inadequate. Moreover, the authors fo und that with regard to most topics, coverage of women's issues was better than that of issues related to race and ethnicity.

"An Empirical Assessment of Teaching-Learning Stress Management Strategies for Interns in Criminal Justice Bureaucracies," CLIFFORD DORNE, KAMAL PARHIZGAR, and PEDRO HURTADO, Texas A&M International University

This empirical study entails an assessment of a special university criminal justice internship program encompassing a seminar segment on stress management in bureaucratic settings. Multiple media stimuli were presented to the interns (lecture, experiential, audio-visual, and case studies) and followed by a survey administered four times for longitudinal comparisons. The questionnaire tested the reactions, perceptions, and judgments of the respondents. The statistical analysis yielded policy implications for the reduction of stress in criminal justice bureaucracies.

PA NEL 115 ISSUES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF POLICE ORGANIZATIONS

"Police Consolidation: Massachusetts, 1992," GERALD BURKE, Massachusetts State Police

In 1992, after the collapse of Governor Michael Dukakis's "Massachusetts Miracle", public sentiment, talk show hosts and opportunistic politicians argued for the merger or consolidation of the Commonwealth's fo ur, state-funded law enforcement agencies. The most common argument for the consolidation was the economic cost savings. This paper explores the economic, social, political, and even the technological dynamics involving the nation's largest, and perhaps the most volatile, police consolidation.

"Identifying Employment Requirements for the Position of Police Chief: The Final Analysis," M L DANTZKER, Loyola University-Chicago

Selection criteria for individuals seeking to become police officers continues to receive attention from practitioners and academicians. However, an area of equal, if not greater importance, selection criteria for police chiefs, continues to receive minimal attention. This paper reviews the data collected from a randomly selected, national sample of police Chiefs.

"A Method of Assessing Work Load and Budgets in the Merger of Police Departments: Two Case Studies," WILLIAM BARNETT and DONALD BACHAND, Saginaw Valley State University

In preparing two recommendations for police department mergers, one of two departments and the other of five, a variety of factors were encountered affecting workloads of police officers, eg, eight and 12-hourshifts, differential ratios between detective, patrol, community service, dispatching, and other functions. There were a number of union-contract issues as well that varied among departments that affected costs

197 and salary/fringe variables as well as the various indirect costs. A theoretical method for resolving these issues is presented in this paper along with the results of two applications of the method.

"The Lieutenant's Role in Texas Police Agencies," LYDIA LONG, Sui Ross State University

This preliminary study examines the role of the lieutenant in Texas police agencies. The primary purpose is to examine whether the rank of lieutenant is warranted in Texas law enforcement agencies. Research is based on a state-wide surveyof 30 Texas law enforcement agencies. The history of the paramilitary structure of police agencies is discussed along with the advantages and disadvantages of the paramilitary structure.

"American Police, Japanese Ideas -- An Integrated Model of Police Administration," DAVID BACHRACH, Sam Houston State University

Police managers deal with many of the same problems that managers in other professions face. One solution is to examine and implement measures borrowed from other cultures, where such measures are considered successful. Japanese culture provides some intriguing examples of salary, promotion, hiring, firing, and other, more general cultural values. American policing might benefit from the importation of some of these elements into academy curriculum and agency policy. This paper explains which areas can be improved upon, why Japanese values are appropriate to serve our purposes, and how elements of Japanese culture have fared in today's American workplace.

PANEL 116 STUDIES OF PAST AND PRESENT ISSUES OF THE DEATH PENALTV

"Military Justice and Capital Punishment in England, WW II," J ROBERT LILLY and J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University

For many reasons, current capital punishment literature is overwhelmingly concerned with state executions in our civilian society. Included there is the current state and federal propensity to increasingly use this form of punishment, despite evidence it contains racial and class biases, and the execution of innocent people. Overlooked is the past and present use of capital punishment by the only non-civilian sector of our society, the military. This paper reports the results of on-going research on the execution of United States WW II soldiers, specificaly in England. . ..

"Public Support of the Death Penalty: Fact or Fiction? A Study of the Reasons Behind Public Opinion on Capital Punishment," BARRY ANDERSON, Western Illinois University

A large majority of citizens in the United States express support for a death penalty. In order to begin to look at and determine the reasons behind that support, this paper looks at the history of and the public opinion on the death penalty. The usage of death penalty/public opinion is also examined. Additionally, this paper involves the conducting and the analysis of random sample/questionnaire research. This research sought out the respondent's general opinion on the death penalty and the effect of little know, but generally accepted, facts about the death penalty system.

"Innocence and the Death Pe nalty: A Study of an Alabama Case," BRENDA LEWIS and KAREN TAYLOR, Alabama State University

This paper examines the death penalty and the issue of innocence in an Alabama case. The authors explore the series of events that led to the arrest, trial, conviction, and sentence of death Walter McMillian received in September 1988 for a murder he did not commit. This paper presents facts and legal issues which helped to win McMillian's freedom in March 1992; the importance of competent and trained legal counsel for individuals being tried for murder where the penalty being sought by the state is death. Also discussed is the defendant's burden of proving innocence after trial and the real danger of innocent people being executed in America.

PA NEL 117 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ISSUES IN DELINQUENCY

"Detention of Juveniles in Alaska," NANCY SCHAFER and RICHARD W CURTIS, University of Alaska Anchorage

An examination of five years of youth detention data collected through compliance monitoring for the Alaska Division of Youth and Family Services reveal trends in the use of detention throughout the state. Trends for the state, as a whole as well as for regions within the state, are examined. The variables studied include the kinds of behavior for which youth are detained as well as the duration ofthe detention period. Minority status is also examined in light of new juvenile justice and delinquency prevention guidelines on disproportionate detention of minorities. A sub-sample of probation violators is assessed in order to examine the impacts of revocation in facility crowding.

"Race and Juvenile Justice," CHRISTINA POLSENBERG, Michigan State University

Racial bias and discrimination have been popular topics in studies of the juvenile justice system. While this research has been conducted since the 1960's, the past 10 years have seen a change in the focus of this body of research. Many authors have called for the examination of bias and discrimination of juveniles to be sensitive to the process of juvenile justice. Similar to the adult criminal justice system, the juvenile justice system is a complex series of decision-making points. These decision points are usually examined independently, with little regard for how initial stages affect decisions at later stages. . ..

"Juvenile Justice System in the Republic of Ghana, West Africa," OBI EBBE, SUNY-Brockport

This paper presents a descriptive analysis ofthe juvenile justice system in Ghana in order to show, through comparisons, what people of Ghana consider to be juvenile delinquency and how they treat juvenile offenders. The informal methods that more traditional societies such as Ghana

198 use in handling juvenile offenders may help in dealing with similar offenders in more advanced countries. Based on data from Ghana Police Headquarters, ethnographic observations in Ghana are predicated on a review of ethnographic literature on Ghana as well as a study of the Ghanian juvenile justice process. . ..

''The Impact of Anti-Amphetamine Law on Juvenile Delinquency in Taiwan," BOHSIU WU, Providence University (Taiwan)

In October 1990, Taiwan changed its criminal code on amphetamines, making possession, use, trafficking, and manufacturing of such substances a punishable act. Strong government intervention against amphetamines-related offensessu pported by uncritical public opinions has created an increasing criminal population. Among all amphetamines a rrestees , juveniles account for over one-fourth of the criminal population. This paper focuses on how the newly enacted anti-amphetamines law affects the extent and nature of juvenile delinquency in Taiwan. Data are from the crime statistics compiled by the Criminal Investigation Bureau. . ..

PANEL 118 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES IN POLICING

"Asset Forfeitures in Drug-Related Offenses: An Examination of Case Law in a Southwestern State," BARBARA SIMS, Sam Houston State University

Asset forfeitures in drug offense cases have created a considerable amount of case law. Many of these cases hinge on the constitutional issue of the right of government to seize property of suspected and targeted drug offenders. This paper examines the circumstances under which offenders are bringing suit against local, county, and state law enforcement agencies in Texas, and the reasoning ofthe courtsystm with regard to the specific constitutional issues being raised.

"Legal Issues Relating to Soft BodyArmor: What Can You do When the "Bad Guys" are Wearing it Too?" TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville

This article addresses the legal issues related to incidents where individuals use, wear, or possess body armor in the commission of criminal offenses. Specifically, it focuses on the criminal statutes enacted by some states to outright criminalize such action. Additionally, the article examines those jurisdictions where specific criminal statutes have not been enacted but where police and prosecutors have resorted to various investigative and prosecutorial practices that have resulted in evidence of body armor being offered in criminal trials. Finally, it offers some investigative "tips" as well as suggestions for how to address this issue in the future.

"Identifying the Dimensions of Police Pursuits," THOMAS LUCADAMO, Baltimore County Police Department

Police vehicular pursuits become problematic when they result in accidents. This study assesses data on 1,064 pursuits from a metropolitan police department over six years. Its purpose is to identify pursuit characteristics and their relationships to pursuit accidents. An initial descriptive analysis provides an overview of pursuits. The data are then cross-tabulated to determine which pursuit characteristics show a relationship to accidents. A logistical regression analysis identified the main effects of four Significant predictor variables. These predictor variables can be interpreted as affecting the odds on pursuit outcome.

"Police Vehicle Pursuits and Organizational Characteristics: A Policy Analysis of Sheriffs' Offices and Police Departments,"DAVID FALCONE, L EDWARD WELLS, and MICHAEL BOTTS, Illinois State University

Based on a grant to compare and contrast vehicle pursuit policies between municipal police agencies and sheriffs offices, this paper represents a content analysis of the vehicle pursuit policies of 132 police agencies, located in Illinois. These include all 102 sheriff's offices and a purposive sample of 30 municipal police departments, located throughout the state. This paper analyzes and identifies organizational characteristics and departmental missions, as expressed in formal agency policy, that influence actual vehicle pursuit practices.

PANEL 119 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS, WOMEN OFFENDERS, AND PEACEMAKING

''The Escalating Incarceration of Women in Conflictwith the Law: Social Policy at a Crossroad; Implications for Change," RUSS IMMARIGEON, Statewide Advocacy Inc

The paucity of contemporary and historical research on female offenders and prisoners is well-known. While we seem currently at a point where research in these areas is increasing, it is also important to note that the way we view female offending and how we respond to it is undergoing important, but often ignored, changes that are vital to how we conductresearch and reportfindings. This paper describes the current situation of incarcerated women, outlines emerging trends in how we respond to fe male offending, examines recent research on women in conflict with the law, and recommends strategies for changing the way we define, conduct, and report research.

"Allowing "truth" to Speak in Hermeneutic Evaluation: Peacemaking as Conflict in Policy Analysis," MICHAEL HALLETT, Middle Tennessee State University

Post-positivist policy analysis is said to promote a more participatory model of evaluation research. After reviewing the literature on various interpretive approaches to policy analysis, this paper argues fora unification of approaches in peacemaking criminology and constructionist­ based evaluation methodologies toward the inclusion of "subjects" as "experts" throughout stages of policy development (ie, design, implementation, evaluation). It draws upon previous research to conclude that oppositional stake-holders are the indispensable gatekeepers to peaceful policy.

199 "A Critique of a Criminal Justice Reform Effort," ROGER LAUEN, University of Colorado-Denver

What startedout in the 1970s as a reform effort has, in the 1990s, turned into a verycostly addition to the criminal justice system that provides room, board, too much supervision for some and too little supervision for other, inappropriate treatment for some and inadequate treatment for others. An analysis is provided as to why and how the reform effortfa iled, what could have been done in the late 1970s and 1980s to avert this fa ilure and what can be done now to salvage the original goals of the reform effort.

"A Policy Check on "Three-Strikes" Legislation," MICHAEL TURNER, JODY SUNDT, and BRANDON APPLEGATE, University of Cincinnati

Over the past 20 years, conservative "get tough" crime policies have clearly dominated the political environment. Recently, any states and the fe deral government have scrambled to implement new "three-strikes" legislation. The idea behind the legislation has generally been to identify and institutionalize for life those habitual fe lons that continue to violate the law. This descriptive paper identifies proposed and implemented "three-strikes" legislation. The stipulations of each states' policy is outlined to identify the requirements necessary to place habitual fe lons in prison for life without the possibility of parole.

FEATURE SESSION 123 THE COMMUNITY, VICTIMS, AND CRIME PREVENTION

"The Marriage Between Community Policing and Community Crime Prevention: Assessment and Prognosis," DENNIS ROSENBAUM, University of Illinois-Chicago

A fundamental objective of community policing is to engage neighborhood residents, grassroots organizations, social service agencies, and other community stakeholders in the process of preventing crime and disorder in specific areas. This paper explores the assumptions behind this approach, including both the strengths and limits of this marriage between the police and other agents of social control.

"Campus Crime 101: Incident - Level Results from Student Victimization Surveys," BONNIE FISHER, University of Cincinnati

Little is known about the on- and off-campus victimization experiences of college students. This paper examines the nature and prevalance of personal and property victimization and the characteristics of those experiences among college students. Results from telephone interviews with close to 3,600 students in the United States are presented. Among the incident characteristics examined are: where and when the incident occurred, characteristics of the offenders, if injuries happened, type of property taken, if the incident was reported to "officials," and reasons for reporting or not reporting. Crime prevention implications are discussed.

'Why Does Repeated Victimization Occur?: An Account from the Victim's Perspective," KATE PAINTER, University of Cambridge (England)

The phenomenon of repeat victimization has been recognized for over 20 years. Yet, despite the development ofvictimology during that time, there is a noticeable lack of substantive research into the issue. This paper presents the findingsfrom a survey of60 people, identified from a larger street lighting and crime displacement survey, as repeat victims. The study was carried out in 1993 in the north of England, and was designed specifically to find out from victims themselves why they were being revictimized. It adopted a qualitative approach to the subject based on two-hour unstructured interviews with each of the victims. Some policy-oriented conclusions for crime prevention are suggested.

"Crime Prevention in Schools: The Case for a "Community" Approach," STEVEN LAB and RICHARD CLARK, Bowling Green State University

In-school victimization is a prime concern for students in school. Common responses such as locking doors, patrolling halls, and installing metal detectors are not the appropriate response to the problem. The school needs to be seen as a part "of' the community, rather than "apart from" it. Any serious attempt to deal with in-school crime must consider the entire community in which it exists. Data from a large NIJ-funded study of school crime are used to illustrate both the problem of in-school victimization and responses to the problems.

FEATURE SESSION 124 PRIVATE CORRECTIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF FREE MARKET PROFITS, INMATE HUMAN CAPITAL AND PRIVATE SECTOR INITIATIVE

"Conceptual Issues of Prison Privatization," DAVID SHICHOR, California State University-San Bernardino

The privatization trend in corrections is related to the ideology of the classical-liberal school of philosophy. According to this ideology, the free market system based on private enterprise is the most efficient way to provide many of the servicesthat were managed and operated by the public sectordur ing the last century. This paper points to some of the problems of this approach as far as correctional facilities are concerned; among others, it points to the uniquely complex buyer-seller relationship, to the importance of symbolism in the punishment of law violators and to the problems posed by the profit motive.

"From Warehousing to Greenhousing: Measuring and Marketing the Value of Prison Inmate Labor," DANIEL WINSLOW, Massachusetts Treasurer's Council on Privatization

Much of a prison inmate's daily routine consists of waiting. Overcrowding, competing budget priorities, and short-handed staffing have reduced the ideal of rehabilitating inmates to the reality of warehousing them. Merely warehousing inmates ignores the market value of inmate labor, the "human capital", to private and public sector employers and deprives inmates of job training and work experience so vital to employability upon their release. This paper describes labor market analYSis to measure inmate human capital, proposes that appropriate private and public sector employers be allowed to competitively bid for inmate labor and suggests that a portion of resulting revenues be reinvested to increase inmate human capital through educational and vocational instruction.

200 ''The Evaluation of Private Sector Juvenile Correctional Programs," SUSAN TURNER, RAND Corporation

During the mid 1980's a great deal of interest was focused on privately-run correctional programs. As part of this effort, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention launched the Private Sector Initiative to determine whether a number of private sector juvenile corrections programs were more effective than traditional public programs. RAND was selected as the evaluator for the Initiative. This paper outlines the participating private sector programs that included Vision Quest, National Center on Institutions and Alternatives, Paint Creek youth Center, and the Youth Jersey Juvenile Services project.

FEATURE SESSION 125 COURTS AND PROSECUTION IN THE FUTURE

''Transitional Prosecution: MLATS and International Cooperation," WILLIAM McDONALD, Georgetown University

No abstract available.

''The Effect of CourtResou rces on Case Processing: Initial Findings," DONALD REBOVICH, American Prosecutor's Research Institute

No abstract available.

"Community Prosecution: A New Direction for Prosecutors," ERIC WERTH, USTr easury Department

No abstract available.

PANEL 127 SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS

"A Descriptive Analysis of Senior Offenders in Local Corrections: A Case Study," MARILYN CHANDLER FORD, Volusia County Branch Jail

The topic of senior offendersis becoming even more relevant with the graying of America. Yet empirical research on the topic remains sparse, and what is available from a correctional perspective is generally limited to older offenders in prison systems. This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of senior offenders in one county correctional system in the south. The data is from a large jail system; it handles over 20,000 admissions annually and had an average daily inmate count in excess of 1,150 in 1994. This paper includes a discussion of key management issues relating to the older offender.

"Arkansas Prison Reform: Compliance with the U S Court," JACK DISON, Arkansas State University

The Arkansas prisons for decades operated prison farms using a "trusty" system which gave select inmates major responsibilities for running the prison. Armed trustees guarded and supervised other inmates, maintained records, dispensed medication, and otherwise operated the prisons in a manner that brought revenue to the state treasury. Beginning in the mid-1 960s a series of scandals and revelations brought world­ wide attention to the Arkansas prisons. In 1970 a United States District Courtdeclared the entire prisons system in constitutional violation as cruel and unusual punishment. This paper describes the period immediately fo llowing the court's ruling.

"Identifying Inmate Leaders: Social Networks Applied," KIMBERLY McCABE, University of South Carolina

The study of leaders within a corrections environment is not a topic lacking in criminal justice literature; however why certain inmates become leaders while others do not has yet to be fully explained. The analYSis of social networks within the environment may better explain why one inmate or groups of inmates obtain leadership status over other inmates when it appears for all practical purposes that no one inmate should assume the position of authority. This research, which stemmed from an incident that occurred in a southern detention center during 1993, helps to introduce social networks analysis into the field of criminal justice.

"Reconsidering the History and Benefit of Prison Labor," M A TONI DuPONT-MORALES, Penn State-Harrisburg

In 1913, Theodore Roosevelt called for the abolition of a convict labor system that had existed in penology since the late 1600s. Instead, he supported convict labor for governmental consumption, and the application of earnings for the support of dependents. "Proper work" was considred an important aspect of justice owed to the prisoner and to society. The forced idleness of prisoners by the contemporary correctional system is a means of punishment resulting from numerous political and procedural strategies. What can we learn from the general history of convict labor? ...

PANEL 128 ISSUES IN POLICING: CROSS-NATIONAL DIMENSIONS

"All Women Police Units in Tamil Nadu, India," MANGAI NATARAJAN, John Jay College

Tamil Nadu State Police in south India have recently established 24 all-women police units for two main reasons: (1) to engender trust in the police among women victims, and (2) to provide an independent career structurefor women police officers. These units generally consist of 15 women constables and 3 women sub-inspectors under the command of a woman inspector. These women officers mainly deal with family­ related disputes and cases involving women and children, but also servein the full range of general police functions. Interviewswith 50 officers in five of these units revealed a high level of satisfaction with the work and the career prospects. . ..

201 "Cross the Border: International Policing in 19th Century Europe," MATHIEU DEFLEM, University of Colorado

The historical origins of international policing in Europe, specifically (1) the formation of the "police cartel" in Dresden on 9 April 1851, and (2) the "International Conference for Social Defense Against Anarchism" held in Rome, November-December 1898 are discussed. Based on original data gathered in police archives in Germany, the role of the German police in the creation of a European police force are examined. The implications of these international initiatives for the historical study of modern police systems are discussed, particularly concerning the connections between criminal and political pOlicing and the relationships between national and international police tasks.

"A Comparative Analysis of RecruitmentlTraining/Educational Requirements and Career Progression of the American, German, and Bulgarian Police Systems," R KENT KERSHENSTEIN

This article compares recruitmentltraining/educational requirements and career progression of American, German, and Bulgarian police systems. As Eastern Europe becomes a free world, its police forces will need leadership and guidance in reshaping their training and operations. Police systems which can have a long term impact on reshaping the police function of Bulgaria and other eastern European countries include the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. This project provides a fo undation for the development of an universal police training program which can be tailored to suit the needs of eastern European countries.

"Pre-Service Police Training in Cyprus - A Description," GEORGE BRAGLE, Empire State College

Cyprus is an island nation, divided by war into two separate areas with UN troops maintaining the division. While the Greek section has ties to Europe it is a middle Eastern country. Its government, and especially its police, have a legal and a cultural tie to the UK. It has just completed this major shift in training its police to a three-year model which combines formal instruction and in-site modeling. A description of the training and an evaluation are made.

PANEL 129 ADVANCES IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

"Neutralization Theory and Genocide: New Applications for an Old Theory," ALEXANDER ALVAREZ, Northern Arizona University

Sykes and Matza's theory of neutralization has long been a mainstay in the study of delinquency and has more recently been applied to understanding white-collar and workplace crime. This paper applies the techniques of neutralization to a type of criminality previously not explored by the neutralization literature. Through the use of historical and archival data, the relevancy of neutralization theory for explaining genocidal crimes, such as the holocaust is explored. The findings suggest that neutralization theory offers a powerful conceptual framework within which to explain the process of genocide. . ..

"A Critique ofSocial Bonding and Control Theory ofDeli nquency Using the Principles ofPsychology ofMind," THOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University

This paper describes the refined principles of psychology of mind (POM) and shows how their logical interaction can help explain the comparative amounts of both deviant and conforming behavior engaged in by youthful offenders. Then the logic of these principles is used to examine the major assumptions of social binding and control theory of delinquency focusing predominantly on the formulations of Walter Reckless (1 956) and Travis Hirschi (1969).

''Theory, Methods, and Politics: A Feminist Perspective," KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

We construct knowledge in various social interactions and in our daily practical activities as scholars, thinkers, and speakers. The "crime rates" which are generated in a variety of contexts are the end products of a series of interactions which depend upon the "durable relationships" between various "powerful definers" of reality in a particular community. The nature of this process can be revealed through qualitative methods of participant observation, interviewing and historical study in a particular city or town from which accounts of crime are g n rated. In the ensuing account the "crime rates" are taken as illustrations of the process of retailing the stories of crime, race, and gender which inform and frame the context of interactions in the first place. . ..

"The Relationship Between Traditional Criminological Theory and Adult Female Criminality: A Test of Social Bonding and Differential Association Theories," LEANNE ALARID, JAMES MARQUART, and STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University; VELMER BURTON, Washington State University; and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

Traditional criminological theories have frequently been criticized for their inability to explain female criminality. Theorists have questioned the need for a separate fe male theory of crime. This study tests Sutherland's (1947) differential association theory and Hirschi's (1969) social bonding theory in an attempt to determine the explanatory power of traditional theories with a sample of adult fe male felons. This approach allows us to assess both the generality of several theories to fe males, and the extent to which traditional theories of crime retain effects when rival theoretical perspectives are present in the same analysis.

"Some Thoughts on Crimes and Social Control in Asia and the Pacific," XINYI XU, University of Hawaii

Asia and the Pacific represent a large area of the world. Most of the world population lives in this area. There are economic superpowers as well as hopefuls in this region. Canada, Japan, and the United States are G-7 members. South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore have been known by their miraculous growth as four little dragons. China has the highest GNP increase in the world. From a United States point of view, Asia and the Pacific have been under its strategic shadow over the 20th century.

202 PANEL 130 CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION: CONTENT AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS

''Tech Prep Education: What's in it for Justice?" KEITH HALEY, Collin County Community College

Tech prep education is part of a new strategy in the Vocational/Applied Technology Act of 1990 whose purpose is to keep American working. Tech prep programs to prepare law enforcement and corrections practitioners have proliferated th roughout Texas over the past two years. This paper discusses the philosophy and key ingredients of a tech prep program, curriculum models for law enforcement and corrections majors, the lingering issues and problems related to tech prep, the benefits for the criminal justice professions, and the results of a surveyof criminal justice tech prep program administrators and faculty in Texas concerning administration and instruction issues.

"Using Justice Personnel as a Class Resource: A Student Perspective," ALLAN BARNES, University of Alaska Anchorage

Upper-division justice majors taking a course focusing on the organization and procedures which typify the "process of justice" evaluated the contact personnel in police, courts and corections. There were wide variations in the overall helpfulness of these contacts. The use of such personnel is discussed.

"Criminal Justice Student Fitness for Employment," JAMES ROBERTS, J MICHAEL OLIVERO, and LES SMITH, Central Washington University and LORIE RUBENSER, Arizona State University

This research analyzes criminal justice student fitness fo r employment in law enforcement. It examines drug use, psychiatric counseling, and motivation for seeking employment in law enforcement. This paper also analyzes the diffe rences betweenstudents interested in going into careers in corrections, with those pursuing careers in law enforcement. Data were drawn longitudinally, as well as from more than one university program.

"Protective Services Education," JAMES MADDEN, Lake Superior State University

An alternate way of viewing criminal justice education is the protective services education paradigm. The justification, design, and marketability of graduates are discussed.

PANEL 131 ATTITUDES TOWARD THE DEATH PENALTV

"Juror Comprehension of Judicial Instructions in the Death Penalty Process," SHIRLEY MILLER and MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Te nnessee State University and JAMES LUGINBUHL, North Carolina State University

Juries are required to have "guided" discretion. It is a presumption of the courts that jurors understand the instructions. Jury instructions are traditionally written in jargon by lawyers for judges, especially judges at the appellate level. Overall, jurors do not understand the weighing of mitigating and aggravating circumstances that must be done in order to decide the punishment in a capital case. This paper demonstrates the difficulty jurors have in conceptualizing the issue of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

"Police Officer's Attitudes Toward the Death Penalty," SYLVIA MIGNON, University of Massachusetts-Boston

Police officers, the most visible members of the criminal justice system, exert strong influence on public opinions. Police attitudes are also critical to the current fo rmulation of public policy on the death penalty. Fifty-five police officers in an urban police department responded to questionnaires seeking both qualitative and quantitative data. This research sheds light on whether police have informed opinions about the death penalty or whether they adhere to emotionally-based opinions as have been fo und in public opinion research.

"The Death Penalty, Morality, and Society," ALAN EDELSTEIN, Towson State University

This paper considers society's effect on the changing morality of the death penalty in the United States. This consideration focuses on the cycle of public acceptance, rejection, and renewed acceptance of the use of the death penalty and the courts' response to that cycle. Technically, the laws defining the justification for the death penalty should not be subject to the whims of populist sentiment, but it cannot be denied that there is a connection between the two. The Supreme Court declared the death penalty unconstitutional at a time when most Americans opposed it and declared it constitutional again when the population wished to re instate it. This could not have been an accident.

PANEL 132 WOMEN AND CRIME ACROSS CULTURE AND TIME

'Women, Justice and the 21 st Century," ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

As we enter the 21 st century, what role will women play in the justice system? Will they be involved in "bigger and better crimes"? Will the days of sexual discrimination/harassment be something of the past-or will they still be struggling to "remember the ladies"?

"Female Offenders and Community Corrections in England," ALANA BARTON, Liverpool John Moores University (England)

This paper provides a critical examination ofthe theoretical arguments around alternatives to custody and community corrections with particular reference to the neglected issue of women offenders. It utilizes data accrued from an 18-month study which focused on the experiences of a group of women, who, by order of the court,were obliged to reside at a probation hostel in Liverpool. The data raises many questions about the existing theoretical literature particularly regarding the conflict and contradiction between punishment and welfare and also the lack of a

203 genderised perspective. Finally, consideration is given to the notion of the female offender as victim/survivor.

"Criminal Careers of Israeli Women," YAEL HASSIN and ORLY MANOR, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel)

No abstract available.

"Predicting Sentencing Outcomes Among Female Defendants: The Importance of Offense Type and Point of Disposition," PAULINE BRENNAN, STEVEN BELENKO, and MARY PHILLIPS, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

Existing discussions of court processing have stressed the need for sex-specific and crime-specific examinations of sentencing, because aggregate analyses may obscure or distortthe impact of particular variables. The literature on sentencing has further suggested that findings of leniency, equity, or harshness may be conditioned by the stage in court processing where sentencing occurs and the operationalization of the dependent variable-that is, how sentence severity is measured.

"Female Criminality: An International Perspective," DAE CHANG and GALAN JANEKSELA, Wichita State University

The authors present an analysis of specific types of criminal behaviors committed by females from a cross-cultural perspective. The specific countries will include (but, not be limited to) the following: United States, Japan, and Korea. The authors specify the age of majority for the different countries, the trends of various crimes broken down by gender, and other demographic variables. The fu nnel effect and gender differences are compared across countries. Also discussed are alternative explanations for fe male criminality and the use of fo rmal versus informal controls as these controls relate to male versus female offenders.

PANEL 133 CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS OF JUVENILE JUSTICE ISSUES

"Factors Affecting Consistency of Discipline, and its Relationship Between Corporal Punishment and its Deterrent Va lue," SHARON GETHMANN, East Tennessee State University

This paper assesses the relationship between corporal punishment and consistency of discipline among teenagers. Using a self-report questionnaire and focusing on the upper east Tennessee region, data were examined to determine if inconsistency of punishment on the part of one parent had an effect on the deterrent value of corporal punishment in regard to juvenile delinquency. In addition, this study explores whether gender of the parent has an effect on the consistency of discipline administered.

"Hawks and Doves: A Contemporary Legislative Profile on Juvenile Capital Punishment," JOHN WINKLE '" and LAURA HEBERT, University of Mississippi

Juvenile crime is an increasingly visible concern for American society and its policy makers. Because state legislators draftpuni shments for juvenile offenses, their attitudes and the forces that shape them are important to social science research . This study offers the first systematic multi-state effort to determine the views of lawmakers on the issue of juvenile capital puishment. A model identifies those personal attributes that best predict state legislative attitudes and actions toward the juvenile death penalty. Gender and political, ideology, among others, emerge as significant variables.

"Controlling Crime Through Time: The Effectiveness of Cincinnati's Juvenile Curfew," JOHN WRIGHT, YOLANDER HURST, and JODY SUNDT, University of Cincinnati and SUSAN NOONAN, Cincinnati Human Relations Commission

Juvenile crime has once again risen to the forefront of public concern. Subsequently, policy-makers have renewed their interest in an old idea­ the juvenile curfew. However, little is known about the extent to which the public will support governmental efforts that intercede in family functioning, and empirical data on the effectiveness of juvenile curfews are in short supply. This paper presents findings from an evaluation of Cincinnati's recently implemented juvenile curfew. The findings indicate that public support for the curfew was very high, however, the curfew was not associated with reduced levels of juvenile crime.

"Perceptions of Social Climate in a Juvenile Correctional Institution," BENJAMIN SMITH and SCOTT REINER, Virginia Department of Youth and Family Services and MICHAEL MAUME, Louisiana State University

This research investigates the social climate of a juvenile training school utilizing a modified therapeutic community model. It was presumed that there would be two major structural characteristics to affect the social climate ofthe institution: institutuional goals and organizational form. Based on previous research and the authors' knowledge of the juvenile justice system, it was hypothesized that although there would be variations in the perception of social climate between staffmember s and residents, variation among staff categorieswould be less significant than perceptions among staffat adult insitituions. One juvenile training school with a mixed-goal approach (having both custodial and treatment insitutional goals) was examined for this study. . ..

PANEL 134 POLICE, LAW, AND THE FUTURE

"Beyond 2000: Images and Realities of Neighborhood Community Policing," ANTHONY MICUCCI, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada) and DARYL MONAGHAN, Metropolitan Toronto Police Force

This paper assesses the viability of the neighborhood community policing strategy (Beyond 2000) presently being used by a particular police force. The impacts of this force's pOlicing strategy are analyzed in terms of generating changes in such areas as organizational goals and

204 structure, training, and roles and responsibilities of personnel at diffe rent ranks. Data were gathered between December 1992-September 1994 from a large urban force situated in southwestern Ontario (Canada). Field observations, unstructured interviews with 40 officers (patrollers, detectives, sergeants), and 20 citizens from selected neighborhoods informed the analysis. ...

"California v Acevado: Its Effects on Vehicle Search and Seizure Laws," HEATHER CRAIG, Criminal Justice Institute

Since the United States Supreme Court's 1925 ruling concerning vehicle search and seizures that became known as the Carroll Doctrine in Carroll v United States, it has ruled in several major cases regarding the need for law enforcement to obain a search warrant before tampering with closed containers within vehicles. In 1991, in California Acevedo,v the U S Supreme Court completely withdrew the need for obtaining a search warrant in vehicle search cases in regard to a search extending to a particular container in the vehicle where the police have probably cause to believe that it holds illegal material or evidence. ...

"Techno-Policing and Industralized Social Control - A Criminological Perspective on an International Issue," DETLEF NOGALA, University of Hamburg (Germany)

Among the forces shaping current criminal justice systems technology is a very powerful one but yet not fully understood in terms of criminological theory. From the background of a two year study on social control technologies' this contribution discusses the concept of "techno-policing" as a distinct strategy of social control in modern western societies. Comparing European and American forms of techno­ policing, it is argued that technology not only provides the means for new operational and strategic forms of policing but it is a crucial element of the emerging type of industrialized social control. Some resulting theoretical questions are described.

PANEL 135 POLICE AND THE CITIZENRY

"The Role of Volunteers in Policing," LINDA NIELSON and LYNETIE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University-Sacramento

As police agencies begin to work more closely with citizens there is a need to understand the roles citizens can play in the control and reduction of crime in our communities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and nature of volunteers in poliCing. This paper will specifically focus on the role of volunteers in several community service centers in a Northern Califo rnia city. An analysis of the processes by which these volunteers are recruited, motivated and trained will be discussed. This research and its findings will contribute to the implications for police agencies utilizing volunteer personnel.

"RurallSmall Town Policing: An Exploratory Study of Contrasting Citizen and Police Officer Perceptions," KORNI KUMAR, SUNY-Potsdam and JOHN KAPLAN, Potsdam Police Department

No abstract available.

"Cynicism and its Effect on Jab Satisfaction in the Suffolk County Police Department," GEORGE LANGLEY

This empirical study, while showing the level of cynicism in the Suffolk County Police Department, additionally shows its effect on job satisfaction which can ultimately have an impact on productivity. Areas such as manpower and modern technology are always factors in successful pOlicing but if attitudes are poor so will be their daily performance. What areas, ie, electronic or print media, salary, police supervision etc, are the greatest sources of cynicism? Is it possible that hiring screening practices are flawed and if so, high levels of productivity from your personnel may never be achieved.

PANEL 138: WORKSHOP: STRATEGY FOR COMBATING GRAFFITI VANDALISM

Graffiti has become a major crime issue throughout the United States. Nation-wide, graffiti damage is estimated to exceed fo ur billion dollars a year. As important, academicians and law enforcement practitioners are discovering that graffiti vandalism is an early indicator of neighborhood deterioration. In urban as well as suburban areas, a prOliferation of graffiti has accelerated decay, chasing away business and families while inviting gang activity and a downwards spiraling into more serious criminal activities. This phenomenon is described quite accurately in George Kelling's seemingly simplistic but in fact elegant "Broken Windows" theory. ...

FEATURE SESSION 139 INNOVATIONS IN CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY

"Consumption and Crime: An Institutional Inquiry," RICHARD ROSENFELD, University of Missouri-St Louis and STEVEN MESSNER, SUNY­ Albany

Consumption plays a major role in explanations of crime that emphasize the causal significance of poverty or economic inequality. These explanations focus on limited or unequal access to the means of consumption; far less attention has been devoted to the institutional significance for crime of the consumer role. This paper presents the outlines of such an institutional inquiry. It is argued that, similar to other roles, the consumer role carries with it expectations and obligations that motivate and shape acquisitive behavior in relation to dominant cultural values and goals. ...

"How Many Theories of Crime are There?" ROBERT AGNEW, Emory University

A decade ago many criminologists complained about the lack of theoretical imagination. Today, we are overwhelmed with a wide diversity of biological, psychological, and sociological theories. This paper attempts to find some common themes in this diversity and offersuggestions

205 for future research. Theories may be distinguished in terms of their (a) independent variables, (b) dependent variables, (c) conditioning or structuring variables, (d) ca usal relations postulated among variables, and (e) specification of intervening processes.

"Crime as a Social Fact," ALLEN LISKA, SUNY-Albany

No abstract available.

"Social Integration, Divorce, and Crime," MITCHELL CHAMLlN, University of Cincinnati and JOHN COCHRAN, University of South Florida

Macro social theory has long suggested that structural arrangements that weaken the ability of communities to maintain and enforce norms of behavior increase the level of various forms of deviant behavior (cfDur kheim, 1933, 1951; Simmel, 1955). What is less clear, however, is the substantive meaning of association between the products of low social integration. For example, the vast majority of examinations of the divorce-crime relationship assume that family dissolution rate is exogenous to the crime rate. The present investigation employes longitudinal data for Cincinnati to address the issue of ca usal ordering with respect to the divorce-crime relationship.

FEATURE SESSION 140 PRIVATIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE: PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNA TIONAL DEVELOPMENTS

"Privatization and Mentalities of Security," CLIFFORD SHEARING, University of Toronto

The argument advanced is that the forms of privatization that neo-conservative political agendas have enco uraged have resulted in the development of a system of state/no-state policing that delivers safety and security to different communities in diffe rent and unequal ways. This analysis is used to argue for a reinstitutionalization of policing through market-based strategies that decentre responsibility for the provision of security. These proposals argue for an approach to self regulation that challenges the reigning versions of market-focus governance.

"Selling Justice: A Case Study," J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

Increasingly, scholars and the media are discussing incarceration, constriction and operational trends in contemporary corrections/penalty as part of a "complex" of commercial, political and industrial interests. This development is occurring on both sides of the Atlantic. Yet, few empirical studies have been fo rthcoming which demonstrate that a complex of competing interests have influenced justice policy so as to enhance corporate profit. This paper reports an in-depth case study of multiple corporate efforts circa 1988-1994 to change private prison policies in England for the purpose of profit.

"International Developments in Private Imprisonment: Are Private Interests Corrupting Public Policy?" DOUGLAS McDONALD, Abt Associates

The private imprisonment industry has grown slowly but steadily in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in Australia in recent years. Critics see this as an unwelcome development and fe ar that public values are likely to be sacrificed to private interests. They worry especially that an "iron triangle" is being forged, creating a "penal-industrial complex" that results in sentencing and correctional policies that reflect to an unhealthy degree, the interests of profit-seeking enterprises. This paper examines the reasons the private imprisonment industry has emerged in recent years, its role in correctional administration, and whether this industry threatens to corrupt policy making in sentencing and correctional arenas.

FEATURE SESSION 141 ROUNDTABLE: AN ANNUAL REVIEW OF RECENT UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISIONS RELATED TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE

This session starts what, hopefully, will be a yearly tradition of criminal justice academicians reviewing United States Supreme Court decisions related to the field. Presenters identifysi gnificant cases decided by the Court and discuss those cases in the context of criminal justice. Similar sessions are conducted each year by various organizations, primarily for lawyers and legal academicians. This session should benefit students and academicians in criminal justice who may not have ready access to the most recent Courtdecisions.

PA NEL 144 POLICE EDUCATION: CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTS

"The Relationship Between Education and Training: Finding a Way to Merge the Two," HOLLY DERSHEM-BRUCE, Dawson Community College and GREGORY NOOSE, Montana Law Enforcement Academy

While the relationship between education and training of law enforcement has at times been estranged, recent experience suggests that it is possible to combine both into a cooperative relationship which ultimately advantages the pre-service police officer. This paper reportson the efforts of a community college and a state law enforcement training academy to merge their programs into a combined curriculum. Issues and concerns arising from the uniting of educational programs with training academies is examined and resulutions are suggested. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future of police education and training.

"Another Roadblock for Police Professionalism: A Study of the Practice of Awarding College Credit for Police Academy PartiCipation," JOHN KRIMMEL, Trenton State College

In New Jersey, as well as in other states, some colleges and universities offeras much as a full semester's college credit for a police recruit's successful completion of the police academy. These college credits then assimilate into the student's dossier, thus further advanCing the police­ officer-college-student toward the completing of a college degree. There are three practical reasons why this practice should be abolished.

206 First, awarding college credits for policy academy training is contrary to the "big picture". If the police profession expects to evolve into a college educated one on par with doctors, lawyers, professors, engineers and others, the entry-level police officershoul d possess a bachelor's degree. ...

''The Illinois State Police Command College: A Model for Cooperative Education," BARBARA HAYLER, Sangamon State University and HOWARD MARTIN, Illinois State Police

In 1992, the Illinois State Police and Sangamon State University's Criminal Justice Program began to develop a Command College to allow supervisory employees of the Illinois State Police to earn college credits while sharpening their skills as law enforcement managers and planners. The Illinois State Police Command College is offered in intensive 12-week modules, and fo cuses on issues of particularinterest to experience law enforcemen personnel. Completion of all three modules satisfies most of the requirement for a BA in criminal justice. ...

"Job Performance Differentials: Comparing the AA and AS Degrees in Florida," ROBERT HEWITT, University of South Florida-Ft Myers

There has been great discussion surrounding the curriculum emphasis in criminal justice education. The debate focuses on a theoretical curricula with a liberal arts persuasion, versus a technical curricula which stresses vocational training. In the past, this has been the diffe rence between a four-year and a two-year degree. However, many community colleges have diversified their academic offerings. They now offer a twoyear AAdegr ee focusing on conceptual development, and a two year AS degree focusing on skill development. This paper demonstrates the efficacy of one persuasion over the other, based on actual job performance of said police officers.

PANEL 145 FEAR, VICTIMIZATION, AND SOCIAL CONTROL

"Panic in the Streets: Community and Media Response to a Violent Crime," STEPHEN BRODT, Ball State University

This paper analyzes the atmosphere that developed in reaction to the murder of a college student in a campus nieghborhood. The role of the media in escalating residents' fears about the danger of crime is discussed. Proposals designed to alert students about the "crime-problem" and to reduce victimization are examined. Data for the study were collected from a variety of sources, including television and newspaper coverage of the event, interviews with students, and city and campus crime statistics.

"Fear of Crime and the Social Control of Women," ESTHER MADRIZ, Hunter College

Fear of crime has become a dominant issue in criminology. A considerable body of research has found that women report higher levels of fear than men, even though their victimization levels are lower. Women are also found to limit their activities more than men. The discrepancy between victimization rates and fear is known as the "paradox of fear". This paper re-examines this paradox by placing fear of crime in the socio-economic and political context where it occurs. Its major argument is that fear of crime is an important element in the social control of women since it helps to perpetuate gender inequalities in our society, contributing to the maintenance of patriarchal relations.

"Fear of Crime and Victimization: An Assessment of the Results of Multiple Group Trends," WILLIAM PELFREY SR, Virginia Commonwealth University and WILLIAM PELFREY JR, Radford University

This assessment of the relationship betweenfear of crime and victimization, controlling for demographics, is based on victimization and fe ar of crime surveysco nducted in 1982 and 1992 in Tennessee. Similar surveymethodologies and questions were used, allowing a comparison of the results. Comparisons are also drawn between victimization and fear of crime surveys conducted on other populations.

"Regional Differences in the Effect of Fear of Crime on Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment," CHARLOTTE WONG, San Jose State University and ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Studies analyzing the effect of fear of crime on attitudes toward capital punishment have resulted in contradictory findings. Research analyzing national data typically find that fe ar has no effect pn the death penalty opinion, yet regional studies tend to find a significant effect. This study uses the 1990 General Social Survey data collected by the National Opinion Research Center to investigate whether the inconsistencies in the findings were due to the regional differences. In the model, the variables such as gender, education, income, age, race and victimization experience are controlled.

'White Slavery Plays of the 1910s: Fear of Crime and the Social Control of Women's Sexuality, or WATCH YOUR DAUGHTERS," M JOAN McDERMOTT and SALLY BLACKSTONE, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

This paper examines the social control functions of white slavery plays in the United States during the early 20th century. Unlike newspaper accounts and white slavery narratives that were accessible to literate audiences, the melodramas were a central component of popular culture, and the working and lower classes dominated their audiences. Through an examination of several white slavery plays produced between 1910- 1917, ways in which the plays functioned to reinforce social control of the sexuality of women were identified.

PANEL 146 WORKSHOP: HATE SPEECH AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: POINT-COUNTERPOINT

Traditional interpretations of the First Amendment's protection of freedom of speech distingUish between words and acts. All words are protected. Only dangerous acts, or acts that do harm, fall outside of First Amendment protection. The 1990's presents a rise of extreme and hate groups, and the author believes we need to re-think the premises of freedom of speech, for hate speech can lead to substantive harms which can fall under the reuglation of the criminal law. Specific criteria is necessary to draw the line along "the slippery slope".

207 PANEL 147 SENTENCING POLICY AND CORRECTIONS: INTENDED AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES

"Prison Overcrowding Cases in the Aftermath of Wils on v Seiter," JACK CALL, Radford University and RICHARD COLE, University of Connecticut

In 1991 , the Supreme Court held in Wils on v Seiter that in a prison conditions case, the plaintiff must prove that prison officials acted with deliberate indifference to the plaintiffs constitutional rights. While at first glance, this decision might appear to make it more difficult for inmates to win overcrowding lawsuits, it is predicated that this will not be the case. Published lower co urt overcrowding cases are examined to determine what the effect of Seiter has been.

"A Decade Apart: Parole Process and Outcome in the Age of Determinacy," SHAWN SCHWANER, Ohio State University

This project analyzes the impact of the introduction of determinate sentencing on recidivism in Ohio. In this study, the introduction of sentencing guidelines has created a natural condition to compare recidivism of fe lony offenders before and after determinate guidelines. Particularatte ntion is directed toward comparing recidivism in a three year follow-up period for those released on parole before the introduction of determinate sentencing with those who received parole and those who were released through an expiration of their determinate sentence (EDS) after the new guidelines.

'What is the Meaning of Life: The Evolution and Impact of Natural Life Sentences in Louisiana, 1973-1 993," BURK FOSTER, University of Southwestern Louisiana

Until 1972 a life sentence in Lousiana meant that an offender would serve no more than 10 1/2 years before being released from prison. In the 1970s, statutes were changed three times, so that by 1979 all life sentences were natural life, no parole sentences. This paper examines how these changes took place, and why, and it considers the impact of these sentences on the prison population of Louisiana, which now leads the nation with 2,400 lifers.

"The Juvenile Certification Process: An Ethical Dilemma," ANGELA JACKSON, VINCENT MILES, and DAWN PORTER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper introduces the juvenile certification process, and the circumstances surrounding the decision to certify the juvenile offender to the adult courtsyst em. It takes a broader perspective by confirming and extending upon prior research, which includes examining juvenile court discretion. There are numerous problems associated with the certification process. These concerns are addressed, along with possible alternatives to divert the juveniles away from the adult prison environment.

"Firearm Legislation and Sentencing: The Realities Behind the Laws," WILLIAM CALATHES, Jersey City State College

This paper examines firearm sentencing outcomes in New Jersey. It explores the relationship between firearm charging and final disposition by analyzing all such cases in New Jersey over a one-year period. A detailed analysis is provided in an attempt to explain firearm sentencing and hence, provide information about the realitites of the application of firearm laws within the state.

PANEL 148 JUVENILES, VIOLENCE, AND CULTS

"Do Children Imitate Media Violence? The Experimental Evidence," ELIZABETH KANDEL-ENGLANDER, Bridgewater State College

This paper addresses several claims regarding the effect of television and other media violence upon children. The possibility that media violence increases the likelihood that children will grow up to become violent themselves is a matter of controversy. Several arguments have been forwarded on this issue, both to deny any possible effects of media violence and to propose serious consequences. However, these arguments tend to ignore experimental evidence and what it can and ca nnot teach us about the role which media plays in inciting violence in our people in America. . ..

"Unheard Voices: The Histories of the Adjudicated Delinquents in Their Own Words," SUMAN SIRPAL and REGINA SHEARN, Florida International University

Juvenile delinquency has been considered one of the most critical social problems in the United States for most of its history. We have come up with several etiologies to explain the delinquent behavior and tried rehabilitation, treatment, diversion, and several other strategies without much success. Secure custodial facilities have been used for the adjudicated delinquents. More recently, there is a distinct national trend towards treating juveniles as adults under law-just as we did a century ago. Drawing on interviews with 20 adjudicated delinquents at one of the detention centers, the purpose is to let the children tell their own story; to have their voices and experiences heard.

"Satanism and Satanic Cults: What Attracts America's Youth?" KIMBERLY RIESON, Western Carolina University

Satanism is becoming a growing problem for both society and law enforcement. With these increased problems comes increased concerns about why America's youth are attracted to satanism and satanic cults. One of the major attractions is that satanic cults offera sense of power and elitism to everyone involved. This power and elitism teaches acceptance in rebellion against societal norms. Satanism offersan alternative to traditional Judo Christian beliefs. Satanic cults also offer youth drugs and sex without asking for much in return. This paper analyzes the reasons why America's youth are attracted to satanism and satanic cults.

208 "Dangerously Antisocial Youths Who Kill their Parents," KATHLEEN HEIDE, University of South Florida

Adolescent parricide offenders are typically presented in the popular and professional literature as prosocial youths in fe ar of their lives, often killing to protect themselves or others from death or serious physical injury or to end the ch ronic abuse they and other family members suffer. There are, however, dangerously antisocial youths who kill their parents for selfish, instrumental reasons. This paper utilizes a case study approach to describe the characteristics of these youths and to elucidate the means by which they can be identified.

"Are Violent Delinquents, Property Offenders, and Status Offenders Different?" LEONA LEE, John Jay College

Some recent research findings support the notion that juveniles specialize in certain types of offenses. Others,however, indicate the contrary, ie, delinquents are versatile and do not specialize. This study attempts to examine whether there are diffe rent types of delinquents or whether a single latent trait characterizes all delinquents.

PANEL 149 POLICE OFFICER ATTITUDES TOWA RD COMMUNITY POLICING

"Implementing Problem Oriented Policing: The Perceptions of Officers," N PRABHA UNNITHAN, Wichita State University

A number of departments across the country have attempted to implement problem-oriented policing. This research explores the process from the perspective of police officers in a western city of 95,000. Definitions and examples of, responsibility for and observations regarding problem-oriented policing were elicited from both university and city police officers.

"An Inside Outlook: Patrol Officers Discuss their Problems with Community Policing," JUDY HUGHES, Arizona State University

Recently, there has been a nation-wide movement towards community policing. This paper examines patrol officers attitudes towards a department-wide mandatory shift to community policing. Multi-methods were used with emphasis placed upon qualitative data techniques. Officers were negative in their assessments in part, because they tended to conflict community policing with geographic deployment, an innovative deployment strategy based on calls for service, which they strongly dislike. Given officer cynicism, community policing may be a short-lived program within this department rather than a change in paradigms.

"Community Policing: Impact and Effect of its Implementation on Officers' Attitudes," TROY LIVINGSTON, Wichita State University

As a result of rising crime rates and the fe ar of crime rising, the American public has become concerned with preventing crime. The current trend in society has been to look at crime prevention through policing functions. Many factors have an impact on the implementation of community pOlicing, however, a key factor for its continuance is the attitudes of the officers who are responsible for its existence. A survey of officer attitudes shows the impact of community policing on officers' attitudes.

"An Examination of Strain Among Community Police Officers in Northumbria, England," JOEL HUMBURG, University of Durham (England); DONALD YATES, Ferris State University; VIJAYAN PILLA I, University of North Texas; and JAMES WILLIAMS, Texas Woman's University

This paper examines some of the causes of strain and frustration among community police officers. Previous research suggests that community police officers have less stra in and frustration than their brethren. On this premise a quantitative examination of the police in Northumbria (England) was conducted. The quantitative analysis focused on two groups; community police officers and police officers not involved in community pOlicing.

PANEL 150 CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY AND POLICY

"Applying Humanistic Psychoanalysis to Criminological Theory," WILLIAM COLLINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

With the increasing concern about violence in our society, it behooves us as criminologists to further examine the nature of the problem. One theory into human aggrsssion and violence, which has received little, if any, attention in our discipline has been the scholarship of Erich Fromm. The material presented within examines the five existential needs of man and the importance of character-rooted passions put forward by Fromm and how these concepts are relevant to criminological theory in understanding the overwhelming societal concern about violence.

"Feminism and Crime: Examining the Impacts of Theory on Policy," DICK ANDZENGE, St Cloud State University

The fe minist perspective has ushered a new perspective in academics which challenges traditional views of society. These perspectives have shaped the character of criminal justice policy and administration. This paper examines how this paradigm shift affects not only perceptions about crime, but also the administration of justice. It argues that rather than see the fe minist perspective as a theory with a one dimensional argument, it should be viewed as a paradigm with one fundamental scheme, but varied theoretical dimensions. Attempts are made to show how the perspectives collectively and individually affect the administration of justice.

"Crime Waves and Social Boundaries," DEVEREAUX KENNEDY, SUNY-Cortland

This paper attempts to apply Kia Erickson's theory of boundary maintenance to make sense of the contemporary American obsession with crime and the accompanying national consensus on the need for an increase in penal sanctions. Erickson argues that "crime waves," do not necessarily denote a significant increase in the amount or seriousness of criminality in society. Instead such crime waves may signal popular uncertainty overthe boundaries separating the permissible and impermissible in society. The accompanying social movementtoward increased

209 penal sanctions against criminality is actually an attempt to redefine and clarify social boundaries. . ..

"Juvenile Delinquency and 'Broken Homes': A Socialist-Feminist Analysis," TAJ CARSON, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

This paper critiques the state of knowledge concerning the relationship between broken homes and delinquency. The empirical evidence on the effects of family structure, here specificaly "broken homes", on delinquency is substantial and varies. However, very few conclusions can be drawn from this work which is inconsistent and has some methodological problems. Nonetheles, criminologists continue to investigate the potential of characteristics of single-parent families for causation in juvenile delinquency. This study applies a socialist-feminist theoretical framework to the analysis of the study of juvenile delinquency and broken homes. . ..

FEATURE SESSION 153 ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF MACRO SOCIAL CONTROL

"Community Context and Local Prosecution of Corporate Crime: Toward a Macro-Sociology of White Collar Crime Control," MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

Macro-sociological theory and research on crime control has concentrated almost exclusively on ordinary street crime. Virtually no attempt has been made to apply macro-sociological perspectives to white-collar crime control. Yet, a growing body of research suggests that, as with other crimes, white-collar crime control is strongly influenced by the context in which it occurs. Using national survey data to test a contextual model of local prosecutors' reactions to corporate crime, this paper extends research on the macro-sociology of crime control.

"Minorities, Crime and Justice: A Failure of Theory or a Failure of Policy," PAMELA JACKSON, Rhode Island State College

This paper considers the sources of our fa ilure to predict and forestall the current inner city crime problem and the crisis of confidence in justice systems within minority communities. It seeks to disentangle the causes of these conditions to determine whether or not we understood them 20 years ago as the current situation was evolving. This paper addresses three questions. First, how long have we been aware of the theoretical importance of the factors that led to the current severe levels of inner city crime and violence. Secondly, was our knowledge accessible to those who could act on it? ...

"The Allocation ofSca rce Municipal Resources and the DynamiCSof Local Community Control," ROBERT BURSIK JR, University of Oklahoma

No abstract available.

"Labeling, Symbolism, and the Legitimization of Immorality," RONALD FARRELL and CAROLE CASE, University of Nevada-Las Vegas

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 154 CORRECTIONS IN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

"Prisons in Israel: Problems and Issues," GAD BENSINGER, Loyola University-Chicago

Beginning with the creation of the Israel Prison Service(IP S) in 1948, this paper traces the expansion ofthe corrections system in Israel proper and highlights the many futile suggestions made over the years to reform the system in order to make it more humane. An overview of the organization, institutions, and demographics is provided as well as a discussion of such services and issues as pretrial detention, community service, early release, drug treatment and rehabilitation, AIDS, educational services, cultural programs and staff training.

"The United Nations Minimum Standards for the Treatment of Offenders and Obstacles to Their Implementation in Middle Eastern Countries," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University

Most Middle Eastern countries have been unable to implement the UN minimum standards for the treatment of offenders as passed in 1957 and 1968 and as amended in subsequent UN conferences. This paper examines the cultural, religious, social, political, and economic topics that make it difficult, or even impossible, for Middle Eastern governments to apply the standards.

"An Overview of Institutions for Juvenile Offenders in The Netherlands," MIKE CARLlE, Southwest Missouri State University

This paper provides the reader with a concise overviewof juvenile correctional institutions in The Netherlands. These institutions are operated by either state-or private sector entities as detention centers (providing temporary custody) or remedial centers (when extended treatment is needed). The Netherlands is in the midst of significant changes in its population makeup which have had a corresponding effect on the nature of juvenile institutionalization. Specialized treatment programs and facilities are explored in this paper. . ..

''The Use of Force in Three European Correctional Systems," DERRAL CHEATWOOD, University of Baltimore

Interviews with correctional personnel in The Netherlands, Great Britain, and Sweden indicaate that the use of force in corrections is less common than in th United States. None of these systems has access to lethal force, which is the sole province of the police. In less-than-Iethal technologies, all have access to chemical agents and batons, but are resistant to other technologies which they fe ar could lead to an escalation of force. Greater reliance is placed on communication and staff. These systems are less legalistic about use of force, although they are increasingly aware of the impact of the World Court.

210 FEATURE SESSION 155 ROUNDTABLE: WHAT LAW COURSES SHOULD BE TAUGHT IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS, HOW, AND BY WHOM?

This roundtable addresses current and significant issues related to the teaching of law in criminal justice graduate and undergraduate programs. Participants address such concerns as: what courses should be taught, how best can those courses be taught, (eg, is the case method useful in non-law school classes), and who can best teach them.

PANEL 157 THE IMPACT OF THE DEATH PENALTV

"Disciplinary Infractions Among Death-Sentenced and Life-Without-Parole Imates," JONATHAN SORENSEN and ROBERT WRINKLE, University of Texas-Pan American

Little is known about the behavior of capital inmates. This paper examines the rule violating and assaultive behavior of capital murderers sentenced to life-without-parole or death in Missouri since 1977. Multivariate analyses produced some expected relations between age, time­ served, race and rule violations; no relationship was fo und between type of sentence and rule violations or assaUltive behaviors. Overall, the level of rule violations and assaultive behavior among both groups were low.

"Effect of Executions: Deterrence or Brutalization?" HEIDI HASELWOOD-BATES and ERNIE THOMPSON, Arizona State University West

For years criminologist have debated whether executions deter homicides and decrease homicide rates. Recently a new theory has emerged ("brutalization" theory) which claims that executions inspire homicides and increase homicide rates. A recent study in Oklahoma has provided the first clear evidence of a brutalization effect. This paper involves a quasi-experimental analysis of both the deterrence and brutalization hypotheses by comparing homicide rates before and after a single execution in Arizona. It is essential a replication of the Oklahoma study but with an added analysis of county level data to see if the observed effects are different.

"Overcoming SpeCification Error in Brutalization or Deterrence Research: Choosing the Right Model," ALLEN BARRETT, California State University-Los Angeles

Numerous studies of the relationship between executions and homicide have failed to establish either a deterrent or brutalization effect of capital punishment on homicide. Others have concluded that it is impossible to demonstrate either effect. This paper presents research that shows that previous studies have suffered fromspecification errors in the construction of causal models. Critical antecedent and intervening variables that would like social cognition and contextual fa ctors to deterrence or brutalization have not appeared in extant regression analyses of deterrence and brutalization hypotheses. . ..

"Closure: The Forgotten Factor in Expediting the Capital Punishment Sentence," DARREL DeGRAW, Missouri Valley College

The impact of crime upon victims cannot be over stated. However, the effects can be almost as devastating upon the family and friends of homicide victims. There has been little research upon this forgotton group. Until a final decision is made in reference to appeals in a capital penalty case by carrying out the execution or an alternative, there can be little chance for closure. This study evaluates the quantitative extent of lives affected by an "average" homicide and emphasizes the necessity of reducing the time between sentencing and final deCision-making, thereby providing closure for those who have a direct interest.

"To Hang or not to Hang: The Future of Capital Punishment in a New South Africa," T Z MALEMA, University of Transkei (South Africa)

This paper is twofold: first it looks at how in the past the apartheid government used capital punishment to buttress its position and eliminate its political opponents; second, it examines the dilemma faced by the new democratic government: to retain or to repeal capital punishment. This presentation is conducted against the background of increasing violent crimes, calls by some members of the public for the uplifting of the moratorium on executions, and the African National Congress opposition to killings by the state.

PANEL 158 POLICE EDUCATION: NEW DIRECTIONS

"The Use of Computers in Police Education: Pedagogical Mastery of Tools, Techniques, and Software," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

With the growth of computers and computer laboratories in higher education as well as the use of computer technology by law enforcement agencies, we hear the call for our students to be "computer literate." Fifteen years ago this literacy meant the ability to program a mainframe computer in FORTRAN, BASIC, or other language. Literacy has changed rather dramatically requiring entirely different skills for students. This paper explores the kinds of skills needed for contemporary computer literacy as specifically related to criminal justice.

"Practical Analytical Techniques: A Necessary Addition to Police Education," MARILYN PETERSON, New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice

Police education has traditionally focused on physical training, the law, patrol techniques, and simple investigative tactics. Little emphasis has been placed on problem-solving, analysis, or scholarship among police candidates. Law enforcement today is becoming more analytically oriented, with information collection and analysis effortsa requirement within every function. COllege-level research courses do little to provide police science graduates with practical research methods and skills and basic police training provides even less. . ..

211 "Teaching Community Policing in an Academic Setting," PETER PHILLIPS, Utical College of Syracuse University

In the context of "practical pedagogy," this paper describes the writer's experience with assigning undergraduate students to participate in on­ going community policing projects conducted by law enforcement agencies in a wide geographical area. Several examples of students' work products are critiqued, and correspondence is established between this coursework, internships, and job placement.

''The Effect of Higher Education on the Perception of Job Satisfaction Among Police Officers," M L DANTZKER, Loyola University-Chicago

The concept of requiring police officersto possess education above a high school degree continues to garner attention. The debate continues as to the validity and purpose for such a requirement, particularly among patrol officers. However, a growing concern among police administrators has been what appears to be quicker personnel turnover among college educated police officers. One reason suggested for this possible phenomenon is job satisfaction. This paper examines the results of a survey of over 2,500 police officers as to how education impacts the perception of job satisfaction.

PANEL 160 MINORITY PROFESSIONALS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

"Selective Minority Group on Police Forces," LARRY STOKES, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga and JAMES scon, Howard University

This exploratory study examines the extent to which Hispanic-Americans, Asian-Americans, and women are represented in the 19 municipal police departments. The findings indicate that Hispanics have been proportionately more successful in becoming sworn officersthan women; however, numerically there are more women than Hispanic-Americans hired as police officers. In urban areas that have sizeable Asian­ American populations, the percent of Asian-Americans on police forces does not reflect their population size.

"Female and Minority Police Command Officers: A Changing of the Guard," JEROME JACKSON, California State University-Fresno and CHINITA HEARD, University of TexaS-Arlington

This study examines the career patterns offemale and minority police officers who have servedand are servingin command positions. A major goal of the research is to identify, accumulate, document and verify the number of individuals, their impact on policing, and general reactions to this apparent changing of the guard. A major re sult of the investigation is the reduction of the void currently existing in criminological and sociological research regarding females and minorities. This study also increases the literature and knowledge-base of both the histories and the historical treatment of these groups.

"Community POlicing on Campus - A South African Perspective," P J POTGIETER, University of Zululand (South Africa)

The typical South African tertiary institution is a unique place composed of different culture groups. Campus protection is constantly required to maintain a calm, serene and quiet atmosphere conducive to learning. However, campus unrest, violent demonstrations, class boycotts, increasing crime rates and fear of crime necessitate a redefinition of the campus protection role-especially to address problems and needs of students. The democratization process brought compus protection at the crossroad. Although a relatively new concept in South Africa, community policing may prove a new policing style involving students in a joint venture in creating a sound partnership.

"Supporting Women in Policing," VICKI WILKINSON and IRENE FROYLANO, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

Women in Australia and across the world have indicated a greater willingness over the last 20 years to participate in policing as a career. This increased participation has been due, in part, to equal employment legislation which has insisted on police organizations removing explicit bias in their recruitment and deployment strategies. Even now in Western Australia there is a significantly low proportion of women within the ranks of the police force. Of even greater concern is the paucity of women in the middle and commissioned levels of the organization.

PANEL 161 WORKSHOP: OUI TREATMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL

A program designed to cost effectively, both punish and treat second offender DUl's, was started in Berks County in 1993. The model reduces prison overcrowding through the integration of treatment within the guidelines of a mandatory jail statute. High success rates plus the development and incorporation of a Relapse Risk Assessment Scale set this residential treatment model aside from more traditional approaches in working with this specific type of offender.

PANEL 162 CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY: TOWARDS THE 21ST CENTURY

"Criminal Justice in the 21st Century," ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

No abstract available.

"Restorative Justice: The Role of the Community," PAUL McCOLD, Old Dominion University

No abstract available.

"21 st Century Criminal Justice: A Transformationalist Perspective," GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina

No abstract available.

212 "Towards a Communitarian Vision of Justice," PETER CORDELLA, Saint Anselm College

No abstract available.

PANEL 163 POLICE MANAGEMENT TRAINING

"Correlates and Consequences of Police Officers' Support for the Quasi-Military Stress Academy," STANLEY SHERNOCK, Norwich University

This paper examines correlates and consequences of police officers' support for the traditional socialization of the quasi-military stress academy. The study, based on part of a larger job task survey condUcted under the auspices of a state criminal justice training council, includes over 70 percent of all patrol officers and their first-line supervisors in a rural New England state. Correlates examined included education, military background, police experience, motivations for entering policing, preference for on-the-job learning of police tasks, and evaluations of academy training.

"Management Development in the Policing Environment," MALCOLM RICHARDS (England)

This paper reviews the current situation regarding management development in police forces in England and Wales and an American Police Department.

"Police Executive Training: The FBI Perspective," DONALD WITHAM, FBI Academy

This paper examines contemporary issues relevant to management training. Discussed is the FBI's philosophy on police management.

"Joint Training: Changing Social Workers' Perception of Police," MITTIE SOUTHERLAND and KATHY FREDERICH, Murray State University and WILLIAM PELKEY

This paper presents the results of an evaluation study of joint social worker/police training on child sexual abuse and domestic violence. An equivalent experimental design was used to study the impact of training presented by a joint social work/police training team to joint social work/police audiences. Findings indicate a statisticallly significant "positive" change in the social workers' perception of the level of cooperation and the working relationship between social services and the police in response to the conduct of joint training.

PANEL 164 VIOLENCE AND CRIME

"Status Integration and Suicide: The Case of Suicide Following Homicide," ROBERT SILVERMAN, VALERIE HEARN, and MICHAEL GILLESPIE, University of Alberta (Canada)

Offender suicide which follows the act of homicide is a unique kind of suicide and provides a novel way to examine the theoretical assumptions of status integration theory at the micro-sociological level-through social ties between offendersand victims. Using Canadian national homicide data, and logistic regression analysis, examined are a set of hypotheses generated by status integration theory which have been re-formulated at the individual level. Findings confirm the idea that the closer the social relationship between victim and offender, the more likely suicide will follow a homicide. . ..

"Homicidal Youth in England and Wales, 1982-1 992: Profile and Policy," ROGER McNALLY, SUNY-Brockport

This paper ascertains the nature and extent of homicides committed by juveniles in England and Wales for 1982-92. The significance is multi­ faceted: first, to contribute to the fostering of policy and plans to mitigate reactionary legislation; and secondly, to identify actual trends of homicide to place in a more comprehensive perspective. Lastly, the results will serve as comparative data for future studies in Canada and the United States.

"Violent Rape and Bitemarks," CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, PHYLLIS GRAY-RAY, and EDWARD BRENNAN, Mississippi State University

Contrary to popular and professional belief, biting incidents in connection with violent rapes are not rare, but indeed happen increasingly. Consequently, bite mark evidence needs to be carefully searched for and uncovered early on in the beginning stages of all violent rape and murder investigations. During a state of rage and the time of his attackon a victim, the violent rapist reverts back to primal instincts wherein he bites his victim. The present content analysis of 15 serial rapists and murderers reveals and captures "these monsters" and their heinous crimes through the modern use of odontology.

PANEL 165 THE IMPACT OF GENDER IN SENTENCING: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES

"Mandatory SentenCing of Wives and Girlfriends Convicted as Parties to Drug Crimes," KATHRYN WINZ, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

This paper examines the harsh effects of federal mandatory sentencing on women who have, perhaps, been convicted more for their intimacy with drug dealers than for extensive drug transactions of their own. Under the federal criminal code, all parties to crime are fo und guilty of the same offense, regardless of the level of involvement. Federal mandatory sentenCing allows for only minimal reductions ifpa rticipation was minor. This paper examines the effect of federal laws on women's sentences in cases decided within the past five yers.

213 "The Effectiveness of Disparity in Sentencing Between Male and Female Offenders," VALERIA COLEMAN, Clark Atlanta University

This paper determines whether or not the suggestion of disparity in sentencing of fe male offenders by the courts has resulted in a higher rate of rehabilitation and decrease of repeat female offenders. A review of specific cases, literature, and statistics for Georgia suggest that female offenders are given more lenient alternatives to incarceration more frequently than male offenders before applying long-term prison sentences. This paper studied whether these court decisions have been effective in decreasing crime among the female population or present a serious imbalance of justice that warrants reevaluation by our justice system.

"A Race-Specific Analysis of Female Defendant Sentencing," PAULINE BRENNAN, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

No abstract available.

"The Likelihood of Incarceration Among Female Defendants: Findings from an Aggregate and Race-Specific Exploration," PAULINE BRENNAN, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

Little is known about how women are sentenced relative to one another, because most theoretical and empirical discussions of courtprocessing have concentrated on the treatment of males versus fe males. Thus, many have written of the need for more female-specific inquiries. In addition, the literature suggests that findings of leniency, equity, or harshness may be conditioned by a defendant's race; aggregate analyses may distort the impact of particular variables. With both in mind, aggregate and race-specific analyses are used to explore the likelihood of incarceration for black, white, and Hispanic females sentenced in New York City.

FEATURE SESSION 168 TERRORISM

"Patterns of Terrorism in Contemporary Europe," PHILIP JENKINS, Pennsylvania State University

During the 1970s and 1980s, western Europe was the scene of numerous terrorist incidents undertaken by both domestic and international groups. This paper seeks to explain the prevalence of terrorism in these years, and the subsequent decline, and considers the apparent contrast between the experience of Europe and the United States. It also explores the social and political factors in contemporaryEur ope that may lead to the revival of terrorist activity in the next five to 10 years, including the political realignments in eastern Europe and the rise of Islamic fu ndamentalism in North Africa and the Middle East.

'Warning Versus Alarms: Terrorist Threat Analysis Applied to the Iranian State-Run Media," SEAN K ANDERSON, Idaho State University

Although motive may not be relevant as an essential element of crimes and is frequently avoided in the trials of terrorists, terrorists consistently receive longer sentences than non-terrorists convicted of similar offenses. This study utilizes data on terrorists provided by the FBI, the Ad ministrative Office of U S Courts and the Federal Sentencing Commission and is matched with a sample of similarly convicted non-terrorists from the Federal Criminal Court Cases Integrated Data Base. Controlling for a number of demographic and sentencing-related variables, this study examines the validity of alternative hypotheses regarding the severity of terrorists vs non-terrorists' sentences.

"Punishing Political Offenders: The Effect of Political Motive on Federal Sentencing Decisions," BRENT SMITH and RUSS HENDERSON, University of Alabama-Birmingham

State-sponsored terrorism is a form of coercion, backed up by the threat and use of violence, to achieve political ends. These terrorist tactics also involve signaling of intentions and responses between the terrorist sponsor and those whom it targets. Accordingly, this study examines Iranian state-sponsored anti-U S terrorism during 1980-1 990 as an example of political communications aimed at manipulating USpoli cy through the threat and use of violence. The content of official Iranian media are quantitatively analyzed to demonstrate their systematic use of threat-projections as warnings and indications to the U S in this period.

FEATURE SESSION 169 CONTEMPORARY DELINQUENCY RESEARCH

"Relation of Family Process Variables to Early and Late Onset Delinquency," G R PATTERSON, Oregon Social Learning Center

The early onset model assumes that boys who are arrested early (before the age of 14) have different developmental history and different outcomes than those boys who are arrested late. Data is presented showing that early onset boys are at greater risk for both chronic offending and for violence than are for late onset boys. Data is presented showing that family variables contribute indirectly to both paths to delinquency. However, for the early onset boys, the mediating variable is antisocial behavior; and for the late onset boys, the mediating variable is involvement with deviant peers. . ..

"The Relationship Between Victimization and Offending Among Junior and Senior High School Students," RICHARD CLARK and STEVEN LAB, Bowling Green State University

Prior research has suggested a link between criminal victimization, particularly violence, and offending behavior. Utilizing data from a self­ reported survey of 7th through 12th graders in public and private schools from Lucas County (Toledo, OH) the relationship between victimization and offending is explored. Moving beyond prior research which has focused mainly on violence, this study includes measures of both property and violent crime, drug use, harassment (teasing, being bothered by other students), avoidance behavior, gang membership and fear. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.

214 "Case Studies of Foster Care Parenting and the Cycle of Rejection," KAREN WRIGHT, Children's Home of Wyoming Conference and KEVIN WRIGHT, SUNY-Binghamton

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 170 INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS: EVALUATIVE STUDIES

"An Evaluation of Offender Outcomes in an Intensive Supervision Program," SHELA VAN NESS, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga

A random sample of 159 clients in an intensive supervision program were studied to determine their outcomes in terms of (1) compliance with conditions of supervision; (2) recidivism, measured by new offenses for which a sanction of jail or incarceration resulted; and (3) level of adjustment in the community, using Allen's adjustment criteria index. Offenders averaged one detected role violation, resulting in very limited public danger. Ten percent recidivated within six months to 20 months after the program, counting both misdemeanorsand fe lonies resulting in jail or prison sanctions. Median adjustment scores rose from three to seven, indicating greater prosocial ties in the community, continuing after intensive supervision.

"An Evaluation of the Structured Sanctions Process in Multnomah County," DAVID CAVANAUGH, Applied Social Research; KIM GODFREY, BOTEC Analysis Corporation; and CARY HARKAWAY, Multnomah Department of Community Corrections

The Structured Sanctions Process (SSP) is a relatively new, statewide program in Oregon that allow probation and parole officers to intervene swiftly and certainly against offenders under their supervision who commit technical violations of parole and/or probation. SSP allows POs to use a "grid" to calculate "sanction units" and/or "intervention units" for a technical violation of parole based upon the offenders past history and the seriousness of the technical violation. POs can then convert these "units" into sanctions or other intervention at their discretion, eg, several days in jail or the custody of several weeks of drug testing and treatment.

"Preliminary Findings from an Evaluation of an Intermediate Sentencing Program," MICHELE L1VOJEVIC and SARAH GROVE, Shippensburg University

This paper presents preliminary findings from one year program evaluations of a pre-trial release (PTR) and a Community Service Program in Franklin County (PA). The reportincludes analysis of data derived from the following sources: a survey of public awareness of the program; interview data gathered from program staff, district judges, court personnel, (PTR) and program staffand employing agency staff (Community Service Program); client profiles; comparative programmatic costs vs incarceration cost. This paper also presents preliminary analysis of program success and failure rates in terms of program completion vs client "failure to appear" (PTR) and recidivism rates (pre-trial release and community service).

"Ad ult Offenders in an Electronic Home Detention Program: Factors Related to Failure," SUDIPTO ROY, Indiana State University

The Superior Court of Lake County (IN) established an electronic monitoring home detention program in 1989 for adult offenders. The Home Detention Unit of Lake County Community Corrections is responsible for administering the program. Home detention officers (not probation officers) of this unit are liable for monitoring the participants in the program. Data were collected on 170 adults who participated in the program from its inception to December 1992. This study examines the factors related to the participants' failure in successfully completing their sentences.

"Probation, Penalty and the Voluntary Sector," MIKE NELLIS, University of Birmingham (United Kingdom)

This paper concentrates on the emerging pattern of voluntary sector involvement in the British Probation Service, concentrating on the way in which some voluntary agencies, not content to be passive bodies to whom work is simply contracted-out, are seeking to influence the philosophy and working practices of the probation service, in ways which are consistent with their values and traditions, rather than with government-inspired correctionalism.

PANEL 171 PRISON RESEARCH: JUDICIAL INTERVENTION, PRISON PROGRAMS, AND PRISONER ADJUSTMENT

"Judicial Intervention and the Restoration of Order and Security: A Case Study," LEO CARROLL, University of Rhode Island

It is widely accepted that, at least in the shortru n, judicial intervention into prison operations precipitates disorder. This finding, however, derives from studies of cases in which strong but repressive regimes have been disrupted by the intervention. In other cases, the incapacity of state officials to administer the prison might be the reason for unconstitutional conditions. Such was the case in Rhode Island in the mid 1970s. This study documents actions taken by the courtto restore order in the prison so that the state could begin to implement the sweeping decree concerning the totality of conditions in Palmigiano v Garrahy.

''The History of Mother and Child Programs for Incarcerated Women," SUSAN CRAIG, Pennsylvania State University

Programs for incarcerated mothers and their children have received little attention over the years. These programs are rarely mentioned in the development of the correctional system. We do know that children were at one time allowed to stay with their incarcerated mothers. It was not until the 1970s that programs for mothers and children were looked at more closely and specific states took the lead by implementing such programs. This is a historical review of the unfolding of these programs for incarcerated mothers and their children.

215 ''Temporal Variations in Disciplinary Adjustment: Does Time Matter?" KAREN CASEY and KIMBERLY BOUDREAUX, Florida Atlantic University

The following study examines the adjustment of a cohortof fe male disciplinary offenders released from a maximum security institution over a two-year period. Demographics on the women are presented as well as descriptive data on various types of infractions the women committed. Furtherana lysis examines temporal disciplinary adjustment of the inmates. The cohortis divided into two groups: the short term inmates serving 18 months or less and the long term inmates serving over 18 months. Preliminaryfi ndings indicate that the patterns of infractions differ for shortterm and long term inmates.

"Expanding Prison Industries Through Privatization," TARA GRAY and JON'A MEYER, New Mexico State University

Chief Justice Warren Burger popularized the idea of "factories with fe nces" rather than "warehouses with walls". Indeed, private industry could employ large numbers of inmates if it weren't for a century of restrictive legislation that tries to prevent unfair competition through the employment of cheap prison Jabor, and uphold the principle of lesser eligibility, in which the inmate receives no better employment and training than the worst paid noncriminal. This paper argues that prison industries can significantly reduce the cost of incarceration and the amount of recidivism.

"Outcome Evaluation of the North Dakota Intensive/Family Treatment Program," M R BODAPATI and GARY RABE, Minot State University

Following the trend across the nation to reduce pressure on limited prison capacities, the North Dakota State's Department of Corrections instituted the Intensive/Family Program. Supported by federal and state operating funds, the program has been in operation for the last four years. The authors, utilizing factor analysiS, compare the recidivism rates of program participants for new offenses, probation violations and other infractions with a control group of non-program participants.

PANEL 172 THE IMPACT OF BOOT CAMP PRISONS ON THE SYSTEM AND INMATES

"How Shock Incarceration Contributes to Cost Avoidance: The New York State Experience," DAVID AZIZ and PAUL KOROTKIN, New York State Department of Correctional Services

This paper presents a detailed summary of the cost avoidance model used by the New York State Department of Correctional Services (NYSDOCS) to estimate the beds and dollars saved by their shock incarceration program. This cost avoidance model is based on the assumption of what would it have cost the Department to house successful shock graduates (who are released early to parole supervision) if the program did not exist and these inmates had to spend their full minimum sentence incarcerated in a NYSDOCS medium or minimum security prison. The model builds in offsets to this savings by examining higher cost of care and custody for the shock program, vacant program beds, and program removals. . ..

''The Federal Boot Camp Experience: Recidivism Among Boot Camp versus Non-Boot Camp Inmates," JODY KLEIN-SAFFRAN, Federal Bureau of Prisons

This research focuses on significant factors which seem to correlate with recidivism among boot camp and non boot camp inmates. This study identified "risk" variables which include variables that predict recidivism and measure characteristics ofthe person that are fixed and not directly amenable to change such as prison criminal behavior. In addition, the study identifies "need" variables which are variables that predict recidivism and measure dynamic characteristics ofthe individual which are amenable to change such as educational attainment, employability, drug and alcohol dependency etc. . ..

"An Experimental Study of an Enhanced Boot Camp Program: Preliminary Findings," J�N BOTTCHER, California Youth Authority

This paper presents preliminaryfindings on lengths of incarceration and recidivism from an experimentally designed evaluation of a boot camp and intensive parole program for juvenile offenders. The program, called LEAD, was initially established in September 1992. It is for relatively less serious offenders in the California Youth Authority.

"Community Supervision Intensity, Successful Adjustment, and Recidivism During Community Supervision," ROBERT BRAME and DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

One of the most commonly used criteria for evaluating correctional programs is the subsequent criminal behavior of program participants. Although the importance of recidivism as a success criterion is not in question, the wisdom of an exclusive focus on recidivistic outcomes in gauging program effectiveness is questionable. Recent research suggests that intensive community supervision plays an important role in the successful adjustment of offenders in areas such as education, employment, financial and fa mily responsibility, and residential stability although the effects of intensive supervision on recidivism outcomes appears to be relatively weak . ...

PANEL 173 COMMUNITY-BASED POLICING STRATEGIES

"Effective Strategies Relating to POlicing Refugee Communities-Dallas Police Operations in little Asia - A Case Study," RONALD COWART, Dallas Baptist University and VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

The American criminal justicesystem has failed to address the needs of its refugee populations, thereby making them at-risk and perpetuating a dangerous cycle of violence. They have become isolated, impoverished, crime ridden enclaves where passing patrols and trafficstops are

216 the residents only interaction with the police. In response to growing crime and victimization of refugees,the Dallas police departmentcreated a unique storefront operation within the heartof the city's refugee community, and hired southeast Asian public service officers to staff it. . ..

"Operation Roundup: The Community Impact of Large Scale Arrests of Gang Members," RONALD VOGEL, California State University-Long Beach

This paper presents research findings on Operation Roundup, a project initiated by the Santa Ana Police Departmentin California. The covert police operation was designed to curtail gang activity in a specific neighborhood by securing indictments and arresting 130 violent gang members belonging to the notorious 6th Street Gang. A purposive sample of 71 community members, selected from the neighborhood where the gang members operated, were contacted by telephone to complete a questionnaire about their fear of crime and their perceptions concerning the effectiveness of local law enforcement. The survey wasco nducted before and after the sweep took place.

"Age and Race Deference Reversals: Extending Turk on Police-Citizen Conflicts," LONN LANZA-KADUCE, University of Florida and RICHARD GREENLEAF, Framingham State College

Turk's theory of norm resistance by subject against authorities rests on the efficacy of norms of deference. This paper elaborates age and race deference patterns and extends them to police-citizen encounters at domestic disturbance calls. Resistance is hypothesized to be least likely when age and/or ra� norms of deference reinforce the positional authority of the officers (ie, when the officers are older and white). Resistance should be greater when there are deference reversals (eg, when younger and/or nonwhite officers deal with older and/or white subjects). . . .

"Youth Conflict with Rural Law Enforcement Officers in BeaufortCount y, North Carolina," TRACY SIMMONS, North Carolina Central University

Traditionally, little attention has been given to the issues of rural law enforcement agencies. The majority of the empirical literature is conducted on metropolitan law enforcement departments. For purposes of this research, the data comes principally from self-report surveys ofyouth and law enforcement officers in BeaufortCou nty (NC). This research addresses issues relative to the development of appropriate intervention strategies which will be useful in the reduction of the level of conflict between the two parties.

PANEL 174 TEENAGE WASTELAND: HATE CRIMES AND YOUTH SUBCULTURE

"America's Heartland: White Boyz, Gangs, and Violence," JAMES HOUSTON, St Ambrose University

On August 29, 1993, an 18 year old woman was brutally murdered for the keys to her car. What shocked the region and the nation was that it occurred among corn fields, and not in an inner-city alley. The perpetrators were not members of a minority group, but white kids who claimed allegiance to a major Chicago street gang. This paper probes the dynamiCS of an offense that captured the attention of white America and confronted us with stereotypes and growing alienation of our youth in the heartland.

"Canadian Skinheads: Street Gang or Street Terrorists?" STEPHEN BARON, University of Windsor (Canada)

This paper explores the violent criminal behavior ami supportfor violent change within a group of Canadia skinheads. Findings suggest that the members' violent behavior can be linked to childhood brutalization, current structural conditions, subcultural influences and situational determinants. The data indicate that most acts of violence stem from the demands for survival, battles with other gangs and the preservation of personal honor rather than coherent political acts. Responses imply ambiguous, varied and disorganized support for ideologically backed violent change.

"Autonomy and Subcultural Deviance: Racist vs Non-Racist Skinheads," RANDY BLAZAK, Emory University

What are the motivations for a young person to become a racist skinhead vesus a non-racist skinhead? According to a two-year ethnographic study, the motivations for becoming a skinhead are re markably similar in the two groups. Both camps are responding to a perceived threat to cultural status, either achieved (class) or ascribed (race, gender). Subcultural deviance provides the illegitimate means to retrieve lost status whether practically or symbolically. The difference is in the importance placed on individual autonomy. Youths initially join the racist skinhead subculture, operating autonomously from a society seen as manipulated by liberal, feminist, homosexual and/or "Zionist" interests.

"The 'Alienated' Skinhead: Reality or Manufactured Consensus?" MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Things are seldom as they seem. This is especially so when it comes to criminological descriptions of deviant youth subcultures. From the time they emerged onto the landscape of urban America in the mid-1980s, racist skinheads have been portrayed as alienated. Why else, runs the argument, would they engage in such blatant acts of xenophobic and homophobic violence and harrassment? Yet no one has ever taken the time to appraise this stereotype. That is the purpose of this paper. There are three groups of subjects in this study: 22 skinheads who have engaged in racist violence, 14 skinheads who have not engaged in such violence, and 52 undergraduate criminology students.

PANEL 175A WHITE-COLLAR CRIME AND SOCIAL CONTROL

"Environmental Crime in Canada," CARL KEANE, Queen's University (Canada)

No abstract available.

217 ''The Effect of Social Support on Reporting Behavior Among Fraud Victims," KAREN MASON and MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

Previous research on reporting among white-collar crime victims has focused on the demographic characteristics of the victims and descriptive characteristics ofthe criminal incident. This paper focuses on social and interactional dimensions of the victimization experience by examining the influence of social support on reporting behavior. Data forthis study was collected via a random sample telephone survey. The analysis suggests that measures of social supportmay be better predictors of reporting behavior than most demographic and descriptive measures of previous research. . ..

"SentenCing the Insider Trader," ELIZABETH SZOCKYJ, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

This paper examines, from a theoretical perspective, the sentencing practices ofthe Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice with respect to insider trading. The data is derived from insider trading cases which have been handled either criminally or civilly over a 10-year period.

"Risk-Taking Behavior and Consumer Fraud Victimization," JUDY VAN WYKand MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee

The general theory of crime (GTC) proposes that low self control and risk taking account for a major portion of the variation in individual criminal behavior. The demographic characteristics of victims closely resemble those of offenders, suggesting that offenders and victims may have other characteristics in common as well. This paper investigates whether traits identified by the GTC are associated with variation in fraud victimization. The data come from a revised version of a questionnaire designed by the National Crime Survey that was administered to a random sample telephone survey of 400 residents from an urban southeastern county.

"Attorneys: Crimes Committee in their Professional Capacities," BARBARA BELBOT, University of Houston-Downtown

This paper looks at criminal activities committed by attorneys while acting in their professional capacities. It approaches that issue by examining the state bar grievance process by which attorneys are subjectto discipline within their professional organizations and include an analysis of the types and numbers of criminal-related activities that often lead to discipline.

PANEL 177 POLICE ORGANIZATIONS IN CHANGE

"Applying Organizational Cultural Change Theory to Municipal Police Agencies in British Columbia," JAYNE SEAGRAVE, Simon Fraser University (Canada)

This paper describes how organizational cultural change theory was used to provide a theoretical framework in which to assess the potential for municipal police agencies in British Columbia to change their philosophies from traditional to community based policing. Nineteen RCMP officers in charge of municipal police detachments and 12 chief constables responsible for independent police departments provided data on their organizations and their views on the potential and limitations for change. This paper provides details on how these findings were analyzed using the theories and constructs of organizational culture and change developed by management scientists.

"Critical Issues Surrounding the Recruitment, Selection and Testing of Community Policing Officers," KRISTIN NOLEN and LYNETTE LEE­ SAMMONS, California State UniverSity-Sacramento

As the makeup of society changes and the demands placed on public organizations increase, our service organizations need to address these demands. In an effort to adapt to these changes, many police agencies are moving toward more decentralized, community-oriented organizational structures to entrenched community problems. This paper explores some of the critical issues which surround the recruitment, selection and testing of officers as agencies struggle to create a workforce that will be prepared to meet these changing societal needs and demands.

''The Political Ecology of Police Reform," GREGORY RUSSELL, California State University-Chico

Most studies of police organizational reform tend to focus on two broad fronts: community policing or outside control. However, there are, in fact, a variety of organizational models from which to choose. This study demonstrates that many attributes of these additional models are often employed under the name of other more commonly known models such as community policing. In doing so, this study establishes a taxonomy of variables and a framework for the study of police organizational reform. Lastly, it makes research design specifications for the study of this phenomenon and argues that the models most likely to effectively achieve their intended outcomes, are integrated models.

"Race, Gender, and Police Officers Attitudes Toward Occupational Deviance," ROBIN HAARR, Arizona State University West

Guided by a theory of social organization of policing that advances diversity, variation, and contrast in the police occupational culture, this paper examines how the police occupational culture(s) shapes patrol officers attitudes toward occupational deviance, and how such attitudes differ on the basis of an officers race and/or gender. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data gathered during 580 hours offield observations and from 48 structured interviewswith black male, black fe male, white male and white fe male patrol officers in one midwest police department, this study reveals that patrol officers differon their conceptualizations of "good" and "bad" police work, attitudes and propensity to participate in various patterns of occupational deviant activities.

218 PANEL 178 COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

"Technology as a Bolster to Police Response to Domestic Violence," ALBERT ROBERTS, Rutgers University

This paper focuses on the strengths and pitfalls of computerized case tracking systems and electronic necklaces used in New Jersey county to aid battered women. Examined is a data set of 1,000 domestic violence cases from two large suburban police departments. Comparisons are also made in the judicial outcomes of cases where electronic monitors were used by victims when the batterer violated a restraining order as compared to those where monitors were not used.

"Tracking Domestic Violence Arrests Through Prosecution and CourtDisposi tion," VINCENT HENRY and RACHEL JACOBOVITZ, New York City Police Department

The nation's current domestic violence policies are predicated upon a belief in the deterrent effect of police arrest and court prosecution for family offenses. This paper discusses: (1 ) the historical problems in tracking such cases afterar rest; (2) the use of advanced computer based information technologies in tracking cases in New York City from arrest through disposition; and (3) presents results of analyzing a large sample of domestic violence prosecuted in New York City.

"Electronic Monitoring with Battered Women in New York State and Colorado: Strengths and Weaknesses," LISA FRISCH, New York State Office of Domestic Violence

This paper presents a comparptive analysis of the use and effectiveness of electronic monitoring in the control of offenders arrested for domestic violence and the consequences for battered women in New York and Colorado.

"Computerized Case Management and Tracking of Batterers in Erie County (Buffalo), New York," JOHN WODARSKI, SUNY-Buffalo

This paper presents an analysis of the use of computer-based information technologies and the issues involved in the tracking and management of case information on batterers in Erie County (NY).

PANEL 179 EXAMINING THE STATUS OF POLICE SELECTION AND TRAINING

"Law Enforcement Inservice Training Needs in the State of Florida," PAUL BOWDRE, Palm Beach Police Department

In 1994 a random survey of 195 law enforcement agencies in Florida was conducted that examined in-service training needs as perceived within the individual organizations based upon their mission and environment. The results of the study revealed extensive similarities among agency types and sizes regarding training activities of high and average priorities. The results indicate that a large number of in-service training subjects were perceived as important and needed by a majority of Florida law enforcement agencies. This study has great impact for law enforcement training centers and academies for planning and instructional purposes.

"A Preliminary Examination of the Effects of Police Training: Immediate Changes and Long-Term Influences," JEFFREY SENESE and BENJAMIN WRIGHT, University of Baltimore

The present study attempts to determine if the retention of police in-service training information is affected by the type of content presented in the training session. A group of mid-level police managers attended two in-service training sessions on the same day that were devoted to personnel management and multicultural police strategies. The police managers were given three objecive tests related to the content of the two training sessions. . ..

"Police Training in Germany," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University

Police training in Germany is very thorough, extensive and perhaps longest in the world. There is a unique institution called Polizeifachhochschule (Professional Police High School), which is comparable to a university in America for higher police training. This paper proposes to explore the nature of German police training and examine whether it prepared the trainees to work with people for building up partnership between the police and people.

"Police University Education: Expectations in A Changing World," IRENE FROYLAND, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

Police officers are successfully undertaking university education in unprecedented numbers, and police departments are finding that more applicants have degrees in police studies, justice studies, etc. Degrees represent a costly investment to both the "state" and the individual but what are the expected returns? There is no widely accepted agreement on the objectives of this education and students make enrollment choices in a largely uninformed manner. This is partly because there is little agreement betweenthe major stakeholders about police on police education and even less agreement between academics and policy makers about how such agreement might be achieved. . ..

"Professionalization of the Police Through Higher Education: A Case Study," GERALD LYNCH, VINCENT DEL CASTILLO, and MARY ROTHLEIN, John Jay College

In 1993 John Jay College of Criminal Justice was asked by the Governor of Puerto Rico to assume responsibility for the education and training of police recruits and to establish, in time, a college of police science. The primary goal of this innovative, collaborative program is to enhance

219 the professional level of the police in Puerto Rico. To accomplish this goal, a branch campus of John Jay College was established at the police academy in 1994 in Gurabo, Puerto Rico.

PANEL 183 SHAPING CRIME LEGISLATION

"Parallels in Gun Control and Drug Prohibition: Intrusive Government Policy and the Demise of Liberty in the United States," E DUANE DAVIS, Western Carolina University

Major policy debate continues in this country on the volatile separate issues of drug prohibition and gun control. While many may see similarities in the two issues only as they relate to the danger of heavily armed drug dealers and the resultant violence attributed to this combination, there are parallels that run far deeper. This paper analyzes the various similarities fo und in restrictive legislation in both areas and the resultant implications these restrictions will have on future definitions of liberty.

'What Will Be the Crime Bill's Impact on the Juvenile Justice System?" TAMMY KING, Kent State University

In 1994 Congress passed one of the most extensive crime bills ever in the history of the United States. This bill is reflective of the current attitude, "get tough", that the United States population is exhibiting toward criminals in this nation. This paper focuses on how the Crime Bill will affect the juvenile justice system, specifically the juvenile delinquent. Will the United States abandon the "parens patriae" philososphy that it accepted over 100 years ago and move more rapidly toward the acceptances of a "get tough" philosophy for juveniles? Or will the United States apply "parens patriae" philosophy for only a certain group within the juvenile justice system?

"An Examination of the Evolution of Stalking Laws," LISA BOZAHARD

This paper examines the impact of laws aimed at deterring the crime of stalking. Included in this work is a brief profile of those who engage in this behavior, the situations in which stalking behavior is most likely to occur, the rationale for the enactment of anti-stalking legislation, and any effect the anti-stalking laws have had on deterring this behavior. It also considers the definition of the act and the applicability of the law to its offender population.

"The Practical Implications of Crafting for Compromise: The Case of Assault Weapon Legislation," WILLIAM VIZZARD, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

The author evaluates the structure and potential impact of recently enacted controls on assault weapons in light of the California experience and the author's own 27 years of experience enforcing firearms control laws. The focus of this paper is not primarily on the utilization of assault weapons in crime, but on the structure of function of the statutes themselves. Particular attention is focused on the enforcement problems generated by crafting legislation primarily as a political symbol with minimal consideration for problems of implementation.

FEATURE SESSION 184 ROUNDTABLE: THE CRIME BILL AND POLICE EDUCATION: A GREAT LEEP FORWARD?

This roundtable focuses on the impact of the Crime Bill, particularly the Law Enforcement Officers' Scholarship Program, on police higher education. Participants include representatives of several major criminal justice academic programs and individuals familiar with the LEAAlLEEP experience during 1968-1 980.

FEATURE SESSION 186 GANGS: RESEARCH, PREVENTION, AND ENFORCEMENT

"Gangs and Organized Crime Groups," DEBORAH WEISEL, Police Executive Research Forum

Problems related to gangs-especially gangs that are more organized, and engage in serious criminal activity including violence-dominate police operations in numerous cities. Increasingly, police and researchers liken some criminal youth gangs to more traditional organized crime. The picture is further complicated by the rise of newly emerging organized crime groups, such as Asian groups, competing in the criminal marketplace. The result is an array of various criminal organizations in communities whose criminal activities must be addressed by police. The research project reports early findings from a study to identify and describe relationships among these various groups. . ..

"Leaders of the Pack: A Descriptive Analysis of Eleven Gang Leaders in Columbus, Ohio," JACQUELINE SCHNEIDER, Western Carolina University

There is a relative absence in the literature concerning the life course events of American gang leaders. This compilation of case studies addresses this void by describing the life patterns, both social and criminal, of 11 identified gang leaders in Columbus (OH). Extensive interviews on an array of topics were conducted with incarcerated gang leaders, as well as an analysis of their juvenile and adult contacts with law enforement officials. It was fo und that the majority of the subjects had similar familial and educational backgrounds.

"Coordinating Law Enforcement Responses to Gangs and Other Threat Groups," KENT SHAFER, Columbus Division of Police

No abstract available.

220 "Organizing a Community-Based Comprehensive Gang Initiative: Prevention, Intervention and Suppression," KENNETH TRUMP, Tri-City Task Force

This presentation examines issues involved in developing and implementing effective law enforcement response to gangs and other threat groups. The discussion includes information on recognizing and identifying gangs and gang activities, including hidden indicators. The debate on what constitutes a gang, whether or not there is a "gang problem", and methods for dealing with denial, are examined. Also discussed is the importance of providing law enforcement personnel with an understanding of gang motivation and behavior, proper use of law enforcement intelligence, and expanding focus to include all "threat groups". . ..

PANEL 187 USING BOOT CAMPS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PRISON

"Boot Camp: It Isn't Just for Men," ANN OUSTERHOUT, Oregon Women's Correctional Center

The Oregon Department of Corrections recently "graduated" its first boot camp members, a total of 66 inmates. This was a milestone for the state, not only because of the nature of the project, but also because it was co-educational. Yes, female inmates who met the same requirements as male inmates, became part of the same platoon. How they responded, what their unique problems were, and what their success rate was, are described.

"The Perceptions and Attitudes of Hidalgo County Residents Toward Boot Camp Programs," ILiANA FLORES, University of Texas-Pan American

During the last decade, an alternative to incarceration has gained popularity among our correctional system. There are many individuals who support these programs, but there are many who oppose their implementation. With more communities considering their implementation, the public's opinion becomes very impertant. After the opening of a boot camp in south Texas, this study was taken into consideration. The study consisted of a randomized telephone survey which was administered to Hidalgo County residents.

"Boot Camps: An Alternative to Imprisonment," TIM GILLEY, East Tennessee State University

This paper presents an overview of boot camp prisons including the history and development of such programs. Examples of typical boot camps in states such as Tennessee, South Carolina, and Illinois are examined to illustrate and compare program requirements, expectations, and outcomes. A profile of a typical successful participant is elaborated upon, including categories of offenders, race, age, gender, offense, and education level.

"Does Shock Incarceration Provide an Environment Supportive of Rehabilitation," FAITH LUTZE, Pennsylvania State University

Shock incarceration programs have become an accepted form of imprisonment. Although many studies have debated whether boot camp prisons servethe purpose of punishment or rehabilitation, few have measured how inmates define the punitive or rehabilitative nature of such programs. This study examines whether shock incarceration provides an environment supportive of rehabilitation. The institutional environment of a shock incarceration program is compared with that of a more traditional minimum security prison. The sample is comprised of inmates from the Federal Bureau of Prison's Intensive Confinement Center and the Federal Bureau of Prison's Minimum Security Camp at Allenwood.

"An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Shock Incarce ration Programs," CARLA WOODLEY, Mississippi State University

An increase in prison and jail populations across the United States have caused correctional costs to escalate. Further, high recidivism rates have become a major concern for criminal justice officials. In an effort to lower recidivism rates and high correction costs, shock incarceration (SI) programs were implemented in 1983. SI is a type of correctional program in which young offenders who are convicted of less serious, non-violent crimes, and who do not have a prior criminal record are exposed to a demanding regimen of strict discipline, usually military-style, with physical exercise and physical labor. . ..

PANEL 189 POLICE PRACTICES: EMPIRICAL EXAMINATIONS

"The Effect of Level of Intimacy on Arrest in Assault Cases," EVE BUZAWA, University of Massachusetts-Lowell and TOM AUSTIN, Shippensburg University

Whether the police response to domestic assault diffe rs from how they handle incidents involving strangers continues to be a topic of debate and research. Based on a one year sample of cases from a midwestern city the authors tested the hypotheSis that an inverse relationship characterized the association between level of intimacy and arrest. Notwithstanding relevant elements of probable cause such as the presence of weapons, witness, injury and the offender, results confirmed the hypothesis. . ..

"Local Law Enforcement Agencies' Response to Environmental Crime," JOEL EPSTEIN and THEODORE HAMMETT, Abt Associates

This paper presents results from a study fo unded by the National Institute of Justice focusing on the responses of local law enforcement agencies to environmental crime. Drawing on a national telephone surveyof agencies and site visits to three programs-Middlesex County (NJ), Palm Beach County (FL), and Broward County (FL), this paper highlights organizational and strategic characteristics of innovative and effective programs.

221 "Background Investigation and Psychological Screening of New Officers: Effect ofthe Americans with Disabilities Act," LEANNE ALARID, Sam Houston State University

A sample of 33 Texas police departments were questioned about new officer selection procedures, and how, if at all, selection has been influenced by the Americans with Disabilities Act. Agencies were asked specifically about all aspects of background investigations and psychological screenings, including domains offocus, how checks/screenings are conducted, by whom, and areas which constitute automatic disqualification. Results indicate that although the content or placement of background investigations have not changed, a conditional offer of employment is typically given prior to psychological screenings.

"Celebrating Death: Police Funerals," J ROBERT LILLY, DEBORAH AYER, and BEVERLY CHASE, Northern Kentucky University

Given the attention devoted to the death of police killed in action by the media, police, state and federal legislation, and the vast scholarly literature on death and dying, it is surprising that so little efforthas been directed to examining the creation and maintenance of police funerals. This paper is a first effort to examine this timely subject. It reviews what is known about the patterns of police killed in action, and presents the findings from a case study of one city's response to its police killed in action. Of central concern is the question of why do the deaths of police killed in action generate celebrations similar to state funerals for national and international leaders.

PANEL 190 VA RIETIES OF HATE CRIME

''Violence Against Gays and Lesbians: Data from A Small City," BARBARA PERRY, University of Southern Maine

Bias motivated crime is clearly not restricted to major urban cities. This paper makes the argument that it is also a problem in smaller towns. In fact, the threat of such violence may be magnified in such a setting, where anonymity is virtually non-existent. Data from a small New England town is analyzed to determine offender and offense characteristics of incidents of violence against gay men and lesbians. Such analysis is facilitated by the existence of a very active police task force directed toward the resolution and prevention of bias-motivated crimes.

"Beware Thy Neighbor? Spatial Proximity and the Potential for Reactive Hate Crimes," WILLIAM FEINBERG , University of Cincinnati

Blau's empirically supported macrostructural theory of intergroup relations assumes that greater opportunity for contact resulting from spatial proximity increases the likelihood of social associations. While the theory cannot incorporate directly salience of ingroup relations as constraining outgroup associations, it should provide predictions about varying rates of reactive hate crimes requiring spatial proximity. A simple computer model of residential choices considers how structural characteristics (proportion minority and denSity) and salience of ingroup associations (particularly composition of neighbors) affect contact opportunity.

"Group Aspects of Violence Against Foreigners in Europe," TORE BJORGO, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

Violent attacks on immigrants and asylum seekers in Europe are predominantly carried out by groups rather than by individuals. However, most of these groups of young men or boys are not part of political or ideological organizations. They can better be characterized as local youth gangs, leisure time cliques, or as belonging to sub-cultural youth movements such as skinheads. Why do such groups of initially apolitical, often criminal youths get involved in what appears to be acts of political violence, or even terrorism? How do these acts take on political dimensions? ...

"Escalation of Gang Activity into Rural Cities: Gang Activity in Smalltown, Arkansas," JAMES GOLDEN and ELAINE PERSON, Arkansas State University

One of the most difficult factors in determining the threat level to the community in terms of gang activity is to determine who is involved in gang activity and who belongs to which of the gangs active in a given community. This paper examines the infiltration of a small town in Arkansas by two different gangs. Interviews with 35 recognized gang members document emerging gang activity from the gang's viewpoint. This paper also examines techniques used by gang members to keep other gangs from gaining a foothold into the area and examines these gangs as they move further into criminal activity in the area.

PANEL 191A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

"Political Crime: An Application of Merton's Theory of Social Structure and Anomie," DEANNA ALEXANDER, Virginia Tech

Political crime receives little attention by criminologists relative to other types of crime because of a lack of theoretical orientation to guide research efforts. This paper focuses on the application of Merton's theory of social structure and anomie as possible explanations for domestic crimes committed by the state. Specifically, this paper examines two CIA case studies and how the disjunction between cultural goals and institutional means was resolved in order that the CIA achieve its objective of national security. Also addressed are the implications of political crime's continuous if societal disjuncture is characteristic of the social structure.

'White-Collar Crime and the Class-Race-Gender Construct," DAVID FRIEDRICHS, University of Scranton

Criminologists who have studied white collar crime have tended to be divided between those who treat it as primarily an upper class or elite crime, and those who downplay or discount the class dimension. An effort is made here to shed some light on the assumptions which are adopted by these two camps. On the other hand, race and gender have traditionally been virtually invisible issues in the white collar crime literature. More recently, some claims about interconnections have been made, but these claims require some critical scrutiny . ...

222 "The Personal Files of Donald R Cresey: Reviewing the Career of an American Criminologist," JURG GERBER and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University

Donald Cressey was one of the pre-eminent criminologists of the 20th century. He worked with his mentor, Edwin Sutherland, to refine differential association theory, published six editions of the most important criminology text of the period, conducted an early empirical study of white collar crime, and wrote a landmark book on organized crime. This paper discusses Cressey's contributions to criminology through an examination of his personal files. These files contain unpublished papers, notes, and personal correspondence. From these files an attempt was made to provide insight into the thought processes of a criminologist who had widespread influence on the discipline and a generation of scholars.

"A Sociology of Scandal," DAVID SIMON, University of California-Berkeley and FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

Scandal is rarely viewed as a sociological phenomenon. The dictionary definition of scandal deals with the immoral and/or criminal behavior of individuals. Virtually all of the major scandals taking place on the federal level, from the investigation and cover-up of the Kennedy assassination to Iraqgate, have involved political organizations. All of these scandals share common characteristics that are rarely analyzed. This paper concludes with a research agenda regarding past and future scandals.

PANEL 192 TEACHING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: ISSUES AND APPROACHES

"Is There Room for Science in Criminal Justice and Criminology? A Content Analysis of Introductory Texts," MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, East Tennessee State University and RICHARD A WRIGHT, University of Scranton

The scientific method ostensibly provides a context for understanding the making of law, the breaking of law, and the social reaction to the breaking of law. While students are introduced to "science" in a variety of courses, examination of criminal justice curricula suggests that they are typically not "schooled" in methods of social science research until late in their academic careers. The result is exposure to tomes of facts without the provision of a context to understand or to evaluate. This examination begins with material covered in introductory criminal justice and criminology courses by analyzing the "scientific" content of the major introductory criminal justice and criminology texts.

"Seeing Ourselves: Exploring the Social Construction of Criminological Knowledge in a Qualitative Methods Course," RICHARD WRIGHT, University of Missouri-St Louis and MICHAEL STEIN, Lindenwood University

Compared to its quantitative counterpart, the teaching of qualitative methods in criminology and criminal justice has largely been neglected. Part of the explanation for this neglect is a widespread recognition that access to appropriate study sites is dangerous and difficult. Simply put, student researchers cannot rush the delicate process of penetrating a hidden or deviant population; nor can they magically comprehend the inner workings of the criminal justice bureaucracy to suit the requirements of course deadlines. During the winter semester 1994, the senior author attempts to overcome these problems by having advanced honors students study the social construction of criminological knowledge within the context of their own department using the standard tools of qualitative research: participant observation and interviewing.

"Learning Through the Start: On the Use of Motion Pictures and Criminal Justice Through Film and Hollywood," DEAN J CHAMPION, Minot State University

Ten motion pictures provide the medium through which various concepts and theories are introduced to students in introductory criminal justice courses. Films are selected that depict law enforcement, the courts, corrections, and other dimensions of the criminal justice system. Penetrating questions accompanied each film viewed. Students must pull relevant answers from films, supplementing their answers with textbook materials. Questions may be based on scenarios from actual events. Confrontational situations are presented, involving police officers and other personnel as persons are processed. Evaluations of course content and student performance indicate grade improvement through audiovisual aids.

''The Teaching of Community Organizing and Its Benefits for Community Policing," PETER SANZEN, Hudson Valley Community College

This article briefly discusses the historical evolution of policing in the 1960s and advocates for a movement to a new educational direction relating to community pOlicing. It focuses on the need to incorporate community organizing into the dialogue of community policing. This assignment brings to the community policing concept the need for applying the principles of community organizing/development, community wellness, the types of communities/community linkage, values, and their relationship to community policing.

PANEL 193 SYSTEM RESPONSES TO DELINQUENCY

"Rehabilitate or Punish?: Results From the 1994 Juvenile Facility Director Survey," TORY CAETI and CRAIG HEMMENS, Sam Houston State University; VELMER BURTON, Washington State University; and FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

Juvenile facility directors are in the position to best dictate the philosophy of their correctional facilities. Whether or not these directors manifest a rehabilitative or punitive approach to their job is of key importance to the goals of the facility, the treatment of the juveniles, and juvenile corrections in general. This research assessed the attitudes of juvenile facility directors in the United States to determine if they approach their work from a punitive or rehabilitative approach. Information about the demograpics of this population as well as implications for policy are discussed at length.

223 "Juvenile Justice Policies: Punishment or Rehabilitation," REBECCA PETERSEN, Arizona State University

Today's juvenile justice policies reflect a "get tough" approach to delinquency. Even though the original ideals of the juvenile justice system were to "rehabilitate" youth rather than punish them, in reality juvenile justice policies represent a "punishment" approach to delinquency. Alternatives to institutionalization, such as juvenile intensive probation supervision, reveal that punishment is primary with treatment falling at the wayside. Since "delinquents" are negatively constructed as deviant, they do not have the political power to resist the punishment policy that is coerced upon them. One method proposed in this paper is to empower, emancipate and enlighten these youths so that they can be represented and involved in the policy process.

"Treating Kids as Adults: Does it Make A Difference?" DONNA BISHOP, CHARLES FRAZIER, and LARRY WINNER, University of Florida

This paper reports the results of a six-year follow-up study of over 3,000 adolescent offenderswho were transferred to the criminal court system in Florida in 1987. With adjustments for time at risk, recidivism is examined in terms of rates of re-offending, seriousness of re-offending, and time to fa ilure. Findings for transferred youths are compared to those of a matched sample of delinquents who were retained in the juvenile system in 1987. Implications for transfer policy are discussed.

"Attitudes Toward Delinquents and Juvenile Justice: A Comparison of Student and Practitioner Responses," PETER BENEKOS, Mercyhurst College and ALIDA MERLO, WilLIAM COOK, WilLIAM BENNETT and HENRY DelUCA, Westfield State College

During an era of get-tough, punitive attitudes toward crime and criminals, sentencing and dispositional outcomes reflect less tolerance and compassion for youthful offenders, especially violent and gang-related delinquents. This study offers a comparison of the attitudes of students and juvenile justice professionals toward juvenile crime and their perspectives regarding the best ways to deal with youthful offenders. The study tests the hypothesis that students are more "treatment" oriented when compared to practitioners.

''The Role of the Juvenile Court Prosecutor: A Parens Patriae Figure or Mere State Representative," JOSEPH SANBORN, JR, University of Central Florida

For several decades prosecutors rarely worked in juvenile court. The In re Gault decision in 1967, however, granted defendants several constitutional rights that transformed juvenile courts into criminal court-like operations. Although prosecutors now regularly appear in juvenile court, they have not been told whether they should promote the court'sspecial rehabilitation mission oremulate their counterparts in adult court; research has not addressed this subject. In this study, 100 juvenile courtworkers from three juvenile co urts were interviewed to determine how prosecutors are operating in juvenile court and what these workers perceive to be the proper role for the prosecutor.

PANEL 194 COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES AND THE FUTURE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

''Technological Advances in Computer Crime and Crime Solving: A Modern Day War of Wits," STEVEN CHRISTIANSEN and CHIP BURNS, Florida State University

A major problem facing law enforcement investigators is the challenge to maintain or exceed the expertiseoftoday's hi-tech computer criminals. Increased computer usage and a lax response by law enforcement agencies has created more opportunities for computer crime. This paper examines various aspects of computer crime, methods of prevention, and the utilization of computers in criminal investigation. It concludes that law enforcement agencies and criminals will continue to struggle for technological supremacy in our ever-progressing society.

"Computers and Criminal Investigation," BRUCE BERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper addresses the use of computers in criminal investigation. Among other items examined, this paper discusses a number of existing forms of "information systems," as well as, "stand alone criminal investigation programs". Furthermore, this paper considers several ways recent advances in computer technology may have spawned changes in criminal behavior and corresponding police response.

"A Review of Current Issues and Developments in Computer System Security," JOHN FENSKE, Sam Houston State University

This paper is a review of current issues and developments in computer systems security. Computer security issues related to criminal justice networks and applications will be given special attention. It concludes with a prediction about security problems that may be faced by criminal justice administrators in the near future.

"Computerization of Law Enforcement: A Discriminant Analysis of the Adoption Process," KENNETH MUllEN, Appalachian State University

This study explores the area of diffusion of innovation within law enforcement; specifically, the diffusion of computer technology within city police departments. A national survey of city police agencies with a 51 percent return rate (N=303) was used to identify the characteristics of computerized and non-computerized agencies. Discriminant analysis was applied and identified the number of programs, per capita spending, and percent of civilian employees as being significant to the computerization process.

224 PANEL 195 LAW ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATION AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

"Facial Reconstruction and Reproduction Methods as an Investigative Tool," CAROL STRINGFELLOW-WA DDLE, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

The use of fa cial reproduction methods and equipment is becoming a frequently used tool in the investigation of missing persons and unidentified human remains. This paper describes the various facial reconstruction methods employed today, including electronic imaging equipment, three dimensional clay reproduction, two demensional drawing reproductions, computer assisted facial reconstruction and skull image superimposition. Conclusions are presented as to the effectiveness of these methods for investigative purposes.

"Exploring the Efficacy of Tracking Serial Killers in the United States," LYNN DICKINSON, Penn State-Harrisburg

Experts estimate that in 1976, serial murder represented 8.5 percent of all murders in this country, they now believe that figure has risen to as high as 22 percent. According to the UCR, annual solution rates have declined from 93 percent in 1962 to 64 percent in 1992. Exploring more effective ways to track and apprehend serial killers has become vital. Law enforcement agencies require a cohesive strategy if tracking and apprehension of serial murderers is to occur. The current national tracking system is VICAP and participation is strictly voluntary. The voluntary nature of the reporting affects the investigation and deprives VICAP from data . . . .

"Policy Promise: Battered Womens' Satisfaction with Police in a Mandatory Arrest State," MARGARET MARTIN, University of Connecticut

One impetus for domestic violence mandatory arrest policies has been victims' dissatisfaction with police response. A study of victims' perception of police responsiveness was co nducted in a mandatory arrest state. A randomly selected sample of victims were sent a mail survey and 53 responses were received. Overall, victims were satisfied with the helpfulness, respect and concern offered. They were more likely to be satisfied as the police compliance with seven policy directives increased. . . .

"Response to Domestic Violence and Future Intervention," BERNADETTE MUSCAT, Penn State-Harrisburg

Traditionally police officers have been reluctant to intervene in domestic violence disputes. In some cases, perceptions of intimate violence as being less severe or less threatening than stranger violence limited police response (Silberman, 1978). In other situations, the age old saying that a "man's home is his castle" reinforced societal norms that officers should not interfere in the citizenry's private domain (Brodie, 1972). At the same time, many argued that officers did not respond due to frustration regarding the victim's failure to sign complaints or follow through with pressing charges (Bard, 1970). . ..

"Police Response to Domestic Violence: Social Change or the Presence of the Past?" VANESSA GARCIA, SUNY-Buffalo

Has police response to domestic violence changed with the modified legislation and arrest pOlicies? This study is a qualitative analysis of a domestic violence response team of a western New York Police Department, several Buffalo (NY) staff who work in close contact with police. Over the course of two years, police officers and domestic violence victim's advocates were interviewed about police response to domestic violence. The study revealed that attitudes and responses to domestic violence are many times inconsistent with the departmental policy, as well as the law. . ..

PANEL 196 THEORETICAL ADVANCES IN CRIME CONTROL

"Breaking the Crime Control Paradox," BRYAN VILA, University of California-Irvine

The policy implications of a holistic approach to understanding criminal behavior are examined and fe asible crime control strategies are discussed that address child development issues as well as more traditional criminal justice system concerns. This approach uses a general paradigm based upon well-understood concepts from evolutionary ecology to identify the scope and scale necessaryfor a holistic understanding of crime and to integrate consistent empirical findings and insights from the many disciplines that study crime. At the micro-level, the paradigm explains how individual criminal behavior is influenced, but not determined by systematic interactions betweenfactors at ecological, individual, and societal levels over the life course. . ..

"Apprehended Criminals and Self-Rational Choice Perspective," DENNIS STEVENS, Mount Olive College

To examine the relationship betweencriminally violent attitudes and rational choice perspective, this study surveyed419 incarcerated offenders in a high-custody penitentiary and compared attitudinal responses of violent and nonviolent offenders. Results show that criminals exaggerated their own attitudinal ideals on the basis of their present experiences thus demonstrating a subjective or self-rational choice perspective. The data also show that violent offenders used anger as both an excuse and a tool to bring them closer to their objectives.

"Extending Power-Control Theory: Predicting Perceived Threats of Shame, Embarrassment, and Legal Sanctions," BRENDA BLACKWELL, University of Oklahoma

Hagan's power-control theory predicts gender differences in delinquency asserting that sons, compared to daughters, in patriarchal fa milies perceive less risk and are less deterred by perceived risks. In contrast, gender differences are smaller in less patriarchal families because mothers socialize daughters like sons. Grasmick and Bursik assert perceived risks of punishment should include threats of shame and embarrassment. Recently, Grasmick et al reported a decline in the effect of sex on perceived threats of sanctions fo r theft between 1982 and 1992.

225 PANEL 197 POTPOURRI I

"A Comparison of False Identification Use Between Two Virginia Universities," JEANNETTE DAVIS and MICHAEL KAUNE, Radford University, and KEITH DURKIN, Virginia Tech

Two similar in-depth surveys were administered to students at two universities in Virginia. The results of the surveys show similarities and diffe rences in false identification use and profiles of typical false identification users.

"A Description of False Identification Use in A College Town," MICHAEL KAUNE and JEANNETTE DAVIS, Radford University

This presentation describes the typical use and user of a false identification to purchase alcohol or gain entrance into a bar. The data are derived from a self-report survey which was administered to approximately 500 undergraduate students.

"Kevorkian and Beyond," COURTENAY SMITH, Western Carolina University

Euthanasia and physician assistant suicides are among the most controversial topics facing the criminal justice system today. This paper attempts to provide clear definitions of the issue and then provide arguments for and against its practice. Also, it attempts to predict the future direction of this area.

"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner - Tennessee's Recent Policy Responses to the AIDS Epidemic," WILLIAM SHULMAN, Middle Tennessee State University

There have been fractures within the State Department of Health in Tennessee over several issues of policy regarding the AIDS epidemic. These fractures or divisions have resulted both from internal disputes over certain issues posed by the epidemic and from outside political influences. The result of these fractures has been to cause vacuums or gaps in leadership from health officials which have been filed in this state by other policy making bodies, in particular the Tennessee General Assembly. . ..

PANEL 198 MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

"Criminal Justice System Referral for Mental Health Evaluation," ALEXANDER GREER, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry

This paper consists of three sections. The first section describes the Masachusetts system for criminal justice referral of suspects and defendants for mental health evaluations for competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, and substance abuse. The second section describes the development of a data collection system for gathering information on these referrals and outcome of the referrals. The third section reports preliminary data from the data collection system. . . .

"The Efficacy of Psychotropic Medications for the Treatment and Management of Incarcerated Offenders," MITCHELL MARSH, Ingalls Hospital Drug Information Center and JOEL SNELL, Kirkwood College

With a "three and out" violent offender policy, what will become of the American prison population? There may be millions of prisoners working in crowded prison industries. Under these conditions, can psychotropic medications be used to make prisons more tolerable for offenders, and more manageable for administrators? Some possible solutions are suggested from among the available mood stabilizer psychotropic medications.

"Multi-Axial Diagnosis in Forensic Settings," ANDREW COTLAR, Ball State University

This paper examines the use of multi-axial psychiatric diagnosis in forensic settings. It argues that multi-axial diagnosis reduces the danger that diagnostic information are misused or misunderstood in forensic settings.

"Danny Atteberry and the Washington Department of Corrections: A Case Study in the Treatment of a Political Prisoner," J MICHAEL OLIVERO and DONNA KOLB, Central Washington University

This paper examines the political activities and perspectives of Danny Atteberry during his 20 year incarceration with the Washington Department of Corrections. It also analyzes organization retaliation for these actions and perspectives by the Washington Department of Corrections, which include transfer to the U S Federal Penitentiary at Marion (IL) and incarceration for over 20 years despite never once being involved in a murder. Atteberry has been involved in several prisoner strikes and litigation concerning prison conditions.

PANEL 199 CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH AND PRACTICES

"Addressing an Inmate/Father Educational Need Through Collaboration of Public and Private Sectors," TED MARSHALL, Morehead State University

Prisons are often closed systems, particularly to outside sectors. Institutional budgets are strained to the maximum to meet basic institutional requirements. Additional money for innovative, creative programs is extremely limited and hard to secure. An unaddressed educational need for the approximately 66 percent of incarcerated men, affecting over 1 1/2 million children in the U S, is a prison inmate/father parenting program. To address this need, two public sectors, a prison and a state university, and one private sector, a statewide child abuse prevention association came together to pool their resources to develop such a program. . ..

226 "Institutional Television as A Two-Way Communication Tool for Inmates," JOHN KERWIN, Walla Walla Community College and RANDALL WOOLERY and KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College

Crowding and idleness are a dangerous combination that exists in many U S prisons. Among the administrative strategies for neutralizing this volatile mix is more effective utilization of institutional communication channels. Intra-institutional closed circuit television is one such communication too/. Since 1991, the Washington State Penitentiary has made innovative use of this medium by employing inmates as producers and on-camera talent. Based on previous research in which a large majority of inmates reported favorable views of "inside" TV, the present study offers expanded quantitative and qualitative data which confirm earlier findings that institutional television can function as an effective two-way communication tool.

"An Historical Analysis of the Development of Educational Programs at Green Haven Correctional Facility from 1961 through 1994," MARINA MYHRE, Rutgers University

This paper presents an historical analysis of the factors which have influenced the development of educational (academic, vocational, and self help/other) programs at Green Haven Correctional Facility from 1961 through the early part of 1994. The prevailing view has been that the Attica Prison rebellion of September 1971 brought about increases in fu nding, was the impetus for college programs in prisons throughout New York, and that the conservatism ofthe Reagan/Bush years caused a decrease in programming. However, a closer look shows a complex array of local events brought about the waxing and waning in educational programming at Green Haven Correctional Facility in the last 33 years.

"University Education and Prison Officer Training: 4 Years On," GUY HALL, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

In 1990, the author was commissioned to review the training of prison officers in Western Australia. In response to this review, Edith Cowan University was engaged to develop a new curriculum, and in conjunction with operational staff, deliver the training program. In addition, the University took responsibility for the assessment of trainee officers. The co-operative venture has been considered a success by both prison and academic staff. This paper reportson the formal evaluations of the new course by graduating officers, senior officers, prison administrators and academics. Factors leading to the success of the program are discussed.

FEATURE SESSION 200 CORRECTIONS IN ASIA AND LA TIN AMERICA

"Juvenile Justice in India: The Formalization of Informal Social Control," CLAYTON HARTJEN, Rutgers University

No abstract available.

"Juvenile Justice in China: A Holistic Approach fo r the Offender," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University

No abstract available.

"Japan's Reluctant Use of the Prison: An Examination of Certain Consequences," ELMER JOHNSON, Southern Illinois University

No abstract available.

"Prison Riots in Mexico and the United States: Exploring Common Causes and Responses to Inmate Rebellions," GILBERT GUTIERREZ, University of Northern Colorado

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 201 WOMEN AS VICTIMS OF CRIME

"Criminal Justice Responses to Female Victims of Crime," EVE BUZAWA, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

No abstract available.

"Flowers in the Jungle: Strengths and Obstacles in Trauma Survivors," ANGELA BROWNE

No abstract available.

'Women Battering as Coercive Control: Dilemmas and Challenges fo r Criminal Justice," EVA N STARK

No abstract availalble.

PANEL 203 IMPLEMENTATION OF REHABILITATIVE STRATEGIES IN BOOT CAMP PRISONS

''The Use of Intermediate Sanctions in Texas: An Overview of the Hidalgo County Boot Camp," PHILIP ETHRIDGE and JONATHAN SORENSEN, University of Texas-Pan American

This paper describes the first year of operation of the Homer Salinas Rehabilitation Center (Adult Boot Camp) located in Hidalgo County (TX). The facility is operated by the Hidalgo County Community Supervision and Corrections Department (adult probation department) and houses

227 mostly young, non-violent offenders for 180 days. An overviewof the boot camp programs and an analysis of residents attitudes and aftercare programs are presented.

"Boot Camps: An Alternative to Imprisonment," MARC BERUBE, Stonehill College

Boot camps continue to be an attractive form of correctional treatment in the eyes of the public. Prior programs, the few that have been researched, freq uently show problems of attaining intended goals. Recent research cites failure due to lack of follow-up car . This pap r re ports on programs that utilize this concept, to programs that do not offer any substantial form of aftercare. Data are used to assess if aftercare is an essential component for a reduction of recidivism rates among those who receive aftercare to those who don't.

"Substance Abuse Treatment in Correctional Boot Camps: What is Known and What is Needed," ERNEST COWLES and LAURA GRANSKY, Sangamon State University and THOMAS CASTELLANO, National Institute of Justice

Given the increasing realization that substance abuse is strongly linked to criminal behavior, prison drug treatment programming has become a central concern in the development of correctional sanctions. In response, a number of correctional boot camp (shock incarceration ) programs have been designed with the specific intention of addressing substance abuse in targeted offender groups. Furthermore, even boot camp programs that do not target the drug abusing population directly, often include substance abuse progra mming as an integral partof their design. . ..

"Evaluation of a Correctional Camp-Based Program for Serious Impaired Drivers in Western Canada," MICHAEL WEINRATH and JOHN GATRELL, University of Alberta

To rigorously test the effectiveness of a 30 day correctional camp-based impaired driving program, a four phase impact evaluation was conducted, consisting of : (1) pre and post-test score comparison; (2) 24-44 month retrospective study of repeat drinking and driving; (3) test of the program group success rate (N=288) with a matched comparison group (N=226) who undertook community-based treatment, further controlling for demographic, social and legal factors using logistiC regression, and (4) 145 fo llow-up interviews with program and comparison group members, assessing current functioning.

"Evaluating Treatment Oriented Bootcamps for Juveniles in Los Angeles," MICHAEL AGOPIAN and ROBERT POLAKOW, Los Angeles County Probation Department

Over the past decade the implementation of boot camps has become a major interest for correctional policy and agencies. Almost exclusively, such boot camps have focused on selected , adult offenders. This paper reports on the creation and evaluation of two new boot camps with a treatment orientation to servejuvenile offenders in Los Angeles County. This paper reports on the program development, implementation, treatment approach and services, and evaluation effort. The evaluation design utilizes a quasi-experimental, long-term tracking design.

PA NEL 204 PERCEPTIONS AND IMPACTS OF PUNISHMENT

"Crimes and Punishment Among Mentally Retarded Criminal Offenders: An Exception?" TA IPING HO, Western Carolina University

The previous studies consistently showed that a significantly increasing population of mentally retarded criminal offenders were present in the correctional institutions. Mentally retarded offenders present substantial difficulties for the criminal justice system and such difficulties are exacerbated by the nature of mental retardation among offenders. The present study, including a total population who had been admitted to Mentally Retarded Defendant Program (MRDP), Florida State Hospital, during 1977-91, is examining characteristics of criminal activities and the relationship between mental retardation and criminal responsibility.

"How Sex Offenders View the Criminal Justice Process: Criticizers, Debaters, Thankers and the Spared," DOUG PRYOR, Wake Forest University and NATALIE KROOVAND, Indiana University

This paper, based on interviews with 29 men, presents a typology of molestation offenders according to how they interpreted the response of the criminal justice system in their cases. "Criticizers" saw the system as victimizing them. "Debaters" felt their sentences were justified but that control personnel were uncaring. "Thankers" said the system had been responsive to their needs. "Spared" offenders believed they got off easy but were confused why. Data about how each group saw their victims, their acts, and control agents, and the relevance of the typology for potential re-offending and for a restorative view of justice are discussed.

"The Clinton Plans on Crime and Health Care: Creating New Federal Crime and Their Implications for the Future," JERALD BURNS, Alabama State University

This paper explores the implications of President Clinton's crime bill and the plan for health care as they pertain to the creation of new crimes and punishments at the federal level. The discussion focuses on the number and extent of new crime statues and minimum federal sentencing guidelines for such violations. One conclusion that is drawn is that while much of this legislation on the surface appears to be good, the implications or consequences for the future of the fe deral criminal justice system may be very negative, damaging and costly.

"The Influence of Religiosity and Gender on Adherence to Orientations Toward Punishment and Treatment Among Juvenile Decision Makers," MICHAEL LEIBER and ANNE WOODRICK, University of Northern Iowa

Building on the work of Gilligan and Grasmick, the role of gender socialization and religion on attitudes toward the punishment and the

228 treatment of youth are examined. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are used to assess juvenile justice decision makers' views and what similarities and differences may exist in the determinants of those views.

''The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment," LAURIN WOLLAN JR, Florida State University

No abstract available.

PANEL 205 COMMUNITY POLICING: ORGANIZATION AND POLITICS

"Examining An Unsuccessful Implementation of Community Policing: An Organizational Case Study," GEORGE CAPOWICH

During an NIJ-funded evaluation of a community policing project at a midwest urban police department,the attempt to implement this innovation began to unravel. The chief who led the reform effort retired under pressure and the project was abandoned. This occurred despite strong training, support within management, established organizational supports, and active community alliances. Using frame analysis, this paper analyzes the events and forces that coalesced over an 18-month period to counteract the implementation of community policing . .

"Community Policing and Political Posturing: Playing the Game," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

The movement toward community policing requires not only comprehensive organizational change but also effective navigation through the political environment. This paper, based on the author's work with over 200 police organizations, discusses dynamics found in political negotiation and posturing. Specifically, the paper offers several "political axioms" �s well as other observations and strategies in political discourse.

"The Politics of Community Policing in Seattle, Washington (1 985-1 993}," WILSON REED, Northern Arizona University

This study examines the development of community policing in Seattle (1 985-1993). Community pOlicing is an increasingly influential approach in law enforcement and has been defined by its proponents as a model partnership between citizens and police. In theory, the basic characteristics of community policing are that it is personalized policing where the same officer patrols the same area on a permanent basis, operates from a decentralized mini-station or "storefront," and works with citizens to identify and solve crime problems. This study examines how one police department maneuvered th rough political pressures to create what its supporters claim is a model for community policing.

"Community Policing and HierarChy," DeVERE WOODS JR and JOANNE ZIEMBO-VOGL, Michigan State University

Community policing is touted as the future of American policing. Some critics. though. question whether community policing is compatible with traditional policing organizations. This study employs the principal-agent model to examine program implementation. The usefulness of the principal-agent model to explain program implementation is evaluated using data from a recent national surveyof larger police agencies. The paper also reveals sources of organizational resistance to community policing and recommendations fo r police executives.

PANEL 206 IMPLEMENTING HATE CRIME LAWS

"The Hate Crimes Statistics Act: A Case Analysis of the State of Wisconsin," KIMBERLY VOGT, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

This paper examines the history and implementation of hate crime legislation in Wisconsin. Data on hate crimes for the state are analyzed and compared with national level data . Two major issues are discussed: the availability and reliability of data on hate crimes, and the practical application of hate crime legislation by both law enforcement and judicial personnel. Interviews with criminal justice personnel provide insight toward the application of this type of legislation.

"Sentencing Enhancement: The Hate Crime Debate," PAUL STRETESKY, Florida State University

In an attempt to locate the "Golden Zigzag" within conflicting values of individual rights and social utility, this paper explores the debates oversentencing enhancement legislation for hate crimes. While focusing on legal doctrines such as vagueness, overbreadth and motive, theories of punishment such as deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation, and the individual and social harms caused by hate crimes, this paper concludes that sentencing enhancement legislation upholds the social utility model while endangering individual rights, usually to the detriment of those persons the laws are created to protect.

"Hate Crimes and Penality Enhancement: Cases and Controversies," CRAIG HEMMENS and KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, Sam Houston State University

No abstract available.

"Irreconcilable Differences: Formulating A Typology of Violent Hate Crimes Against Minority Group Members," LLOYD KLEIN. Queensborough Community College

The recent occurrence of attacks on homosexuals ("gay bashing") and racial minorities developed into a persistent pattern of social intolerance. The intervention of the federal and state governments under the aegis of hate or bias crime legislation has emerged as an on-going legal antidote. This paper utilizes the Mertoniantypology ra nging from tolerance through manifest discrimination in considering: (1 ) various degrees of intolerance between majority and minority groups and (2) an analysis of convergence between racial and gender attitudes.

229 "Bias Crime: The Issue of Gender," JANA NESTLERODE, West Chester University

Bias crime legislation has proliferated over the past several years. The lofty goals of such laws include the equal protection of citizens from victimization prompted by immutable characteristics. Thus, citizens are specially protected from crimes motivated by racial or religious bias. In this battle against hate, however, only 15 states currently protect victims from crime motivated by gender bias. This paper examines this phenomenon, in light of data regarding violence against women. While not all crimes against women could or should be categorized as bias crime, some of those victimizations fall squarely into the definition of such crimes. . . .

PA NEL 207 FEMALE OFFENDERS AS VICTIMS: FEMALE VICTIMS AS OFFENDERS

'When Domestic Violence Leads to Murder: A Case Study of the 'Framingham Eight'," LISA BARLOW, Westfield State College

According to a recent report, domestic violence is the single greatest cause of injury to women in the United States. American women are repeatedly subjected to varying degrees of physical, sexual and psychological abuse by their partners. A small but increasing number of these women are putting an end to such abuse by taking the lives of their abusers. Afterthe killing, most of these women are charged with murder or manslaughter, and increasingly, they attempt to use self-defense as a justification for their homicidal actions. This paper profiles women who kill their batterers, and how the law deals with them.

"Co-Responsibility in Domestic Violence Situations," KELLY LATO, Minot State University

This paper explores the preconceived notion of men being the central cause of domestic violence and that women are not just innocent victims. To understand the phenomenon of domestic violence, women should take responsibility for their parts. High statistic rates suggest that men do not report violent offenses initiated by women to authorities for fe ar of embarrassment.

"Alternatives to Prostitution and Incarceration: Project WISH (Women in Search of Hope)," M GRACE BURKE, Crime and Justice Foundation

No abstract available.

"Patriarchal Society and Chemically Dependent Female Offenders," AMY PATTERSON, Pennsylvania State University

A substantial proportion of female offenders are drug users. Research has shown that the drug abuse problem of these offenders is at least as severe as the problem of their male counterparts. Despite the need for effective chemical dependency treatment, the drug treatment many fe male offenders receive has been basically the same as that offe red to male offenders. The dynamics of fe male abuse and addiction, however, are different than those of males. This paper proposes a model of chemical dependency for fe male offenders based on the fe male experience of drug abuse and addiction.

PA NEL 208 WORKSHOP: CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

This workshop examines the need for cultural competence, and the process of developing cultural competence in criminal justice. A theoretical framework is presented that will enable the participants to develop a way of analyzing the degree of cultural competence in an organization and in an individual.

PANEL 208A VA RIATIONS ON A THEME: WHITE COLLAR CRIME

'Why the Relatively Rich Steal and How to Catch Them," EDWARD THIBAULT, SUNY-Oswego and DOUGLAS BLAINE, Penn ServicesGroup Inc

Most theories of criminology do not apply well to elite deviance by upper middle class professionals. Corporate executives may feel that they are deprived relative to some group of a higher status that they consider their peer group. In order to maintain their status within the perceived peer group, some of the relatively rich may have to maintain a material goods foundation well above their means. Control theory maintains that those with a stake in the community are less likely to commit crime. . . .

"From Teflon to Velcro: The Rise and Fall of John Gotti Jr," MELANIE SONGER, Mercyhurst Colle,ge

In the world of organized crime there have been many individuals who have become notoriously famous for their activities and life sty I s. Individuals like Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Vito Genovese, and Carlo Gambino have become legendary godfathers of organized crime. There is one individual, however, who has become a legend in his own time. A modern day godfather, John Gotti Jr started his career as a lowly street punk and worked his way to the top of the Gambino crime family. This paper examines the early life of John Gotti Jr, four major crimes he committed in the Gambino family, and the three major trials that earned him the titles of "Teflon Don" and ''Velcro Don".

"The Ames Spy Case and the Typology of Spies," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

The Aldrich Ames spy case reputedly represents the capture of the highest and most damaging mole in the history of the Central Intelligence Agency. Parallels between this case and other episodes are drawn utilizing a previously developed typology of spies. Ames fits the late 20th century, post Cold War model of the mercenary spy.

230 "The Ve rbal Revolver: The Life and Crimes of A Professional Fraudster," ROBERT HOLLAND, Queensland State Police

This is a story about William Walsh, a professional false pretender. His story commences in New Zealand during the 1940's and recounts a number of the fraudulent activities he was involved with during the next 40 years until his death in the late 1980's in Australia. William Walsh was a master of dramaturgical scene manipulation. This account traces his activities, identified how he plied his trade, how he 'cooled out his marks' when cornered, and how he was able to repeatedly defy the court process. A narrative approach is used to reconstruct the crimes, and to achieve a descriptive understanding rather than an explanation of the behaviors.

PANEL 209 ASSESSING CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

"Curriculum Enhancement: Examining Departmental Goals, Course Content, and Students' Assessments," TINA LENTZ, TERRY EDWARDS, ELIZABETH GROSSI, and RICHARD TEWKSBURY, University of Louisville

This paper reviews a project designed to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a justice administration undergraduate curriculum. Data was collected through interviews and survey instruments, from employers, graduate and law schools, and graduates. It was then analyzed, focusing on identifying the specific skills and knowledge, as advocated by employers and graduates, necessary for obtaining and succeeding in employment or graduate/professional education. Specific courses were identified in which to develop these needed skills; likewise, unnecessary skills or knowledge were eliminated from the curriculum.

"Assessment of Student learning and Ethical Dilemmas: Applications for Criminal Justice Education," BRYAN BYERS, Valparaiso University; MICHAEL P BROWN, Ball State University; and TIMOTHY JURKOVAS, Firelands College

Considerable attention has been given to the issues of ethics and decision making within criminal justice education. This study addresses an ethical dilemma in law enforcement using a vignette approach within a quasi-experimental design. The treatment is a session with the experimental group involving an exploration of values and decision making. Three student populations consisting of a 2-year associate degree program, one 4-year liberal arts criminology program, and 4-year criminal justice and criminology program found in a major comprehensive university are used. Discussion of the conclusions, relevant policy issues, and applications to criminal justice education are offered.

"Gatekeeping in Criminal Justice," DAVID JENKINS and PAT KINKADE, Texas Christian University, and MATTHEWLEONE, University of Nevada at Reno

The overall utility of a university degree to the criminal justice professional has long been an issue of debate. In addition, for those who do advocate college experience as a requirement for those entering a criminal justice position, a secondary debate has evolved concerning the form that a university curriculum should take the best to serve the operations of the criminal justice system. This paper posits that the question of "utility" is in partthe result of the criminal justice educators' inability to resolve the question of "curriculum" and offers a model which may provide for such resolution.

"Computer Based Education in Criminal Justice: Evaluation of Performance," BRIAN JOHNSON and CLIFFORD VAN METER, Grand Valley State University, and ROY WA LKER, University of Illinois

Computer based education allows students, in traditional classes and independent study, to use computers to obtain information at their convenience while allowing faculty to set and test objectives, while monitoring student performance. Grand Valley State University has used, for the last three years, software developed by Roy Walker and other faculty members at the Police Training Institute from the University of Illinois. This presentation documents student performance on pre-tests and post-tests in the computer-guided education modules compared with traditional pen and pencil tests.

PANEL 210 EDUCATION AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

''The Role of Parents and Peers in School Attachment and Delinquent Behavior," RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

Explanations of delinquency have identified parental relationships and peer associations as importantfactors in explaining self-reported and official delinquency. Attachment and involvement in school have likewise been identified as important variables in explaining delinquency. This paper examines the differential roles of parental relationships and peer associations in school attachment and delinquent behavior. Analyses of previous research findings and data from youth surveysind icate that school attachment and delinquent behavior are both partially explained by parental and peer relationships.

''The Impact of Law Related Education on Kentucky's Juvenile Justice Population," PAUL KNEPPER, Northern Kentucky University

Kentucky is the first state to implement Law Related Education (LRE) to juvenile justice populations on a state-wide basis. This paper reviews Kentucky's LRE initiative and ongoing efforts to evaluate its impact. LRE aims to give young persons an understanding of law and democratic institutions according to the premise that those who understand the rationale for legal rules are less likely to violate them.

"Literacy and Delinquent Behavior: A Literature Review," RHONDA ROBINSON and LENICE BRIGHT, Wichita State University

The literature review presented utilizes sources spanning 1970-present. This paper examines the research completed in the area of juvenile delinquency and deviant activities relative to literacy and language development.

231 "Literacy and School Performance as Antecedents to Gang Membership," DELORES CRAIG, Wichita State University

This paper reports on research which involved extensive profiling of 50 active youth gang members. Their school records were reviewed for language development, academic performance, disciplinary problems, attendance, etc. Family involvement as a support for academic performancewas also researched. The school records all indicated a decline in performancein the fourth grade. Implications are considered.

PA NEL 211 ISSUES IN COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

"Assessing Accuracy in Criminal History Records: A Case Study of Eight Washington Counties," KIMBERLY McGEORGE, CHRISTOPHER SIMON, and NICHOLAS LOVRICH, Washington State University

In response to the shift toward statewide and nationwide automation in reporting criminal records, accuracy has emerged as a high priority due to the access to these records by both criminal justice and public agencies. This paper presents the results of a base line audit of fe lony arrests and dispositions from eight Washington counties. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made for correcting inaccuracies in criminal history records.

"The Red Light District on the Information Highway: Pornographic Stories and the Internet," FRANK WILLIAMS III and MARILYN McSHANE, Califo rnia State University-San Bernardino

One of the first uses of new information technology is oftenthe transmission of pornographic materials. This paper content-analyzed sexual literature on the Internet (Alt-Sex-Stories Usenet). In general, the materials are concerned with bondage, pedophilia, domination, and harm to women. A small proportion of the materials are extraordinarily violent, representing extreme deviance. Because anyone can read these stories, some interesting issues are raised about their effect and legitimacy.

"An Electronic Search of the Research Literature: Lessons From the COATE Project," JAMES O'KANE, National Development and Research Institutes

Technical advances in computer retrieval systems and the growth of the Internet have led researchers on the Correctional Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness (COATE) Project to explore the benefits and confront the challenges of electronic information searching. This paper discusses the basic components of appropriate search strategies of co nducting effective electronic literature searches and the probable impact that electronic literature searches may have on future literature review efforts.

"Help Is on the Way!: The Automated Pre-Sentence Report," SAM BLANKENSHIP, Posy County Probation

This presentation and demonstration profiles the use and capabilities of an automated program, operating in a PC environment, for compiling and writing pre-sentence investigation reports in the Posy County Circuit Court (Posy County, IN). The uses of this automated information in probation and victim services are also discussed.

PANEL 212 LEGAL ISSUES AND POLICE ACTIONS

"Section 1983 Liability and the Police: Understanding the Risks," MICHAEL SMITH, Arizona State University

Police in the United States today are under greater scrutiny than at perhaps any other time in our nation's history. Police officers and administrators are increasingly concerned with civil liability. This paper presents a doctrinal analysis of Supreme Court decisions interpreting 420.S.C 1983. The primary federal statute for holding law enforcement agencies and their officers civilly liable for improper conduct. Specifically, this paper addresses who may be sued under 1983, which forum may be appropriate, and what immunities may apply.

"Unraveling Civil Liability Decisions Aganst the Police," JOHN ETERNO, New York City Police Department

The litigious atmosphere of today's society clearly points to the enormous need for increased knowledge and planned responses by law enforcement agencies to civil lawsuits. The current research assists in explaining what causes these lawsuits. This study utilizes the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics database (LEMAS) to determine those variables that predict the number of civil suits an agency receives. Results indicate that variables outside the direct control ofthe law enforcement agency are responsible for many lawsuits. However, there are several variables that can be manipulated by the agency to reduce the amount of litigation.

"Complaints: Police Communication Traits and Public Perceptions," E ELAINE BARTGIS, Fairmont State College and BRYAN PATTERSON, West Virginia University

The overwhelming majority of police officer's time is spent engaging in communication of one sort or another. Other disciplines have identified a number of relevant communication traits which people exhibit. With the growing concern for police-community relations, the field should examine the way in which officers' communication traits may influence the public's perception ofthem. This research examines the relationship between communication, apprehension, willingness to communicate, verbal aggression, argumentativeness, and nonverbal immediacy with regard to citizen-based complaints against law enforcement personnel. ...

"Reflections on the Promotion of Integrity in Policing," IRENE FROYLAND and JOHN McROBERTS, Edith Cowan University (Australia)

Like other organizations, police servicesin Australia have been embarassed by behavior that fails to reach the expected standard. The usual

232 response has been a negative one, focusing on problems after the event. An alternative approach, under consideration in some Australian states, attempts to develop a measure of integrity to be used when making career decisions about each officer. Research on behaviour management would suggest that a more positive approach is needed. To be effective it would have to focus on positive behaviors; use the police culture rather than fight it, develop change from within rather than impose it, and make ethical behavior an automatic response.

PANEL 214 ISSUES IN ADJUDICATION

"Disclosing to the Jury the Defendant's Election to Remain Silent: English and American Legal Considerations," CHRISTINE YARED, Grand Valley State University

Legislation recently passed by the Parliament in England provides that in certain circumstances the prosecution can disclose to the jury the fact that the defendent exercised the right to remain silent. This paper compares and contrasts the English law to United States fe deral law interpeting the Fifth Amendment self-incrimination clause.

''The 'Science' of the Battered Woman Syndrome: An Analysis of the State of Art," ANITA BLOWERS and BETH BJERREGAARD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

The admissibility of expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome in homicide cases where the battered woman kills her abuser has been questioned in both state and federal courts. Probably the single largest deterrent to having such testimony ruled admissible is the reliability of the subject matter. Several courts have held that the topic of the battered woman syndrome is not yet sufficiently developed enough to enable experts to proffer a reasonable opinion. This paper analyzes the general state of the art concerning the battered woman syndrome in relation to the criteria set forth in State v Kelly, 478, A2d 364 (NJ 1984)

"Don't Expect the U S Supreme Court to Order A New Trial Because of Prejudicial Publicity," RICHARD FREY, SUNY-Brockport

In a series of cases in the 1960's the Supreme Court overturned criminal convictions and railed against the dangers publicity posed to a fa ir trial. Clear guidelines were given trial judges on how to fulfill their duty to protect defendants from inherently prejudicial publicity. Today a few criminals may still go free because the constable has blundered, but no conviction has been overturned by the USSupr eme Court in more than 25 years on grounds prejudicial publicity infected the trial process.

"Prosecutorial Discretion: The Effects of Race and Ethnicity on the Pretrial Diversion Decision," C WAYNE JOHNSTON and JOHN HOLMES, Central Washington University

This research examines the use of discretion when prosecutors determined eligibility for a deferred prosecution program. The results indicate that when race and ethnicity are examined through OLS models, race is fo und to be Significant. However, when offense characteristics are included, race fails to be significant. The emphasis here is that the research should address the issue of "interactions effects". Without the interaction effects term being applied, researchers would fail to comprehend the relationship of how specific offender and offense factors play a role in the decisions of prosecutors.

PANEL 215 LETHAL VIOLENCE

"Changing Contexts of Lethal Violence in Urban Areas and the Need for A New Typology of Shared Responsibility in Episodes of Homicide," ALLEN BARREn, California State University-Los Angeles

No abstract available.

"Estrangement, Interventions, and Intimate Femicide," DESMOND ELLIS

No abstract available.

"Demographic DecompOSition of Homicide Rates in the District of Columbia," BONNEY ADAMS, University of Maryland

Mortality trends in the United States indicated a sharp increase of deadly assaults in the late 1980's. Dramatic increases in murders appear to be concentrated in specific metropolitan areas. One of these cities, Washington, DC, has experienced a tremendous rise in murders and has been pushed into the public eye in regards to this issue. One prevailing theory regarding this phenomenon suggests that drugs, especially crack cocaine, is the primary factor escalating the incidence of deadly assaults. . ..

"Preventing imployee Violence: The Coalescence of Business Philosophy and Criminal Justice Philosophy," JOHN WHITE, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

Violence in the workplace by employees has emerged to become a major concern of business and criminal justice officials as occurrences of assaults, harassment, threats, and even murder continue to increase. These incidents have generated questions such as, do employees who commit multiple murder possess similar characteristics as other mass murders? Is there a consistent profile of the workplace murderer? What variables leading to employee violence can be eliminated, thereby averting violent episodes? ...

233 PANEL 216 CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS

"Media Involvement in Prison Riots," SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida-Daytona Beach and RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

Three of the most infamous prison riots in recent U S history took place in Attica (NY), Santa Fe (NM), and Lucasville (OH). This study examines underlying conditions behind these riots, and developments of the past three decades since they occurred in 1971 and 1993. Analysis shows the ways both rioters and authorities were influenced by previous riots, and the crucial partplayed by representatives of the media in negotiations and taking back the three institutions. The importance of media coverage of riots are discussed and what is to be learned from the participation of the media in these three events.

"The Dilemmas of Incarcerated Parents," CAROL ELLIA

This paper examines and addresses the challenges that incarcerated parents and their children endure to maintain some resemblance of a parent/child relationship while the parent is imprisoned. Another aspect of this paper discusses the possible solutions that would allow the parent/child relationship to be more mutually nurturing during the prison separation. Such possibilities illustrate the parenting skills courses and programs that are in existence across the country in various correctional facilities.

'What Correctional Leaders Read: Results from A National Survey of State Adult and Juvenile Correctional Directors," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University-Yuma

Previous studies of what is read in criminal justice have focused on the reading preferences of the criminal justice academic community. Few, if any, research efforts have examined the reading preferences of criminal justice practitioners. State adult and juvenile correctional directors were surveyed to determine their criminal justice reading preferences. The presentation includes the reading preferences of correctional directors; comparison ofthe reading preferences betweenjuvenil e and adult correctional directors; and the reading preferences of practitioners and academicians are compared.

"Separation, Parenting, and Male Inmates: A Preliminary Report," JAMIE KERR, KATE HANRAHAN, and LANETTE MOLONEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ROSEMARY GIDO, Pennsylvania State University

The separation of inmate from fa mily, particularly the separation of inmate and child, has received increased attention in the past few years. In large part, this attention reflects the increase in the numbers of women incarcerated. This paper reports on the salience of separation from family and children among incarcerated men. It reports on the findings of an empirical study of attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of a sample of male inmates.

"Parenting Programs for Incarcerated Mothers and Children," SUSAN GILES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Children are the unrecognized victims of a justice system that incarcerates mothers without considering the needs of their children. This paper reports on a national surveyof all prisons and jails in the United States that house over 25 fe male inmates to determine the programs that supportthe relationship of incarcerated mothers and their children. The results are presented using graphs and charts which compare and contrast the responses of jails and prisons. Recommendations are made for future policy decisions.

FEATURE SESSION 217 FUTURE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE THEORY

"The View From History: Notes Toward A Theory of Criminal Justice," SAMUEL WA LKER, University of Nebraska-Omaha

The historyof criminal justice suggests a "modified conflict theory" of American criminal justice. The historical evidence suggests a persistence of inequality in American society which is manifested in various ways in the administration of criminal justice. At the same time, it suggests that the American political system is relatively open, to the extent that historically powerless groups (racial minorities) women have been able to effect signficant changes in the administration of justice. This capacity for change suggests a modified conflict theory.

"Enough Criminal Justice! Why Criminal Justice Degrees Should Wither Away," MICHAEL LYNCH, Florida State University

At this point in history, the future of criminal justice education looks bleak. This statement appears strange in the midst of an explosion in criminal justice expenditures, apparatus, and enrollments in university criminal justice programs. But, this is exactly why the future of criminal justice education is bleak: it has failed miserably at its mission: producing people with knowledge capable of "containing" the crime problem. In addition, the mission of criminal justice programs and faculty, the goals of students, and the desires of state agencies who hire students with criminal justice degrees are currently incongruent. ...

"Building Bridges and Taking Down Fences: The Future of Criminal Justice Theory," JEFFREY SNIPES and EDWARD MAGUIRE, SUNY­ Albany

Criminology is a distinct field of study from criminal justice. Compared with criminology, criminal justice remains in its theoretical infancy. Criminal justice scholars have defined theory loosely, often confUSing theories with ideologies or philosophies. Past theories run the gamut from ideological prescriptions for more effective crime control to mislabeled theories of crime. Afterdemons trating that many past "theories of criminal justice" are neither theories, nor theories of criminal justice, the dependent variables which these theories should attempt to explain are discussed.

234 "Criminal Justice Policy and the Pretense of Theoretical Favor," HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 21 8 ISSUES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PRISONS FOR WOMEN

"Correctional Programming and Management with Women Offenders," MERRY MORASH and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University

No abstract available.

"The Importance of Training Staff About the Special Needs of Female Offenders," CHRISTINE RASCHE, University of North Florida

No abstract available.

"Employment and Deployment of Male Correctional Officers in Prisons for Women," LINDA ZUPAN, Northern Michigan University

No abstract available.

PANEL 221 CORRECTIONS: INNOVATIONS AND ALTERNATIVES

"Internationalization of Electronic Monitoring-A Step Towards the Mecdonaldization of Crime Control?" MICHAEL LINDENBERG, University of Hamburg (Germany)

In the U S between 1983-1 987, electronic monitoring was a rapidly expanding and highly competitive market. Since 1987, when there were 16 vendors in the U S, one company has come to hold a market share of approximately 70 percent. But domestic control markets are never big enough, and Bl lnc has with considerable success penetrated foreign EM markets. This success has been based on developing and selling a control product which is derived from the control culture of the US. Unexplored are questions which arise when domestic control technology is taken abroad. . ..

"So Called Private Conflicts: Justice Acting Discreet," MARIE.MARTHE COUSINEAU, Universite de Montreal (Canada)

A number of authors have studied the question of the particular penal treatment applied by police authorities and penal courts to situations of conjugal violence. In comparison with other criminalizable acts, it has been shown that the accused is far less likely to be arrested and detained by the police, be kept in pretrial detention, be found guilty and condemned to prison. A study conducted, which consisted in following the progress of a cohortof 1,792 persons charged under criminal law, shows that the cleavage is not only between cases of conjugal violence and other types of cases, but is to be fo und almost as prominently in situations where the protagonists are known to one another. . ..

"How to Get Prison Out of You: Improvements and Institutional Environment and Inmate Outcomes in California," ROD MULLEN and ELAINE ABRAHAM, Amity Inc; JOHN RA TELLE, RJ Donovan Correctional Facility; and HARRY WEXLER, The Psychology Center

This paper describes a 200 bed semi-isolated prison drug treatment program in a 4,600 man prison in San Diego (CA). The project is a joint venture between the California Department of Corrections and Amity, a private non-profit substance treatment organization. The program has been in existence over four years and has shown significant affects in improving the prison environment from a prison administrators point of view and eptacasy in reducing re-arrest and recidivism post treatment for inmates. ..,

"Alternatives to Incarceration in Quebec Since 1970," PIERRE LANDREVILLE, Universite de Montreal (Canada)

The evolution of prison populations in Quebec since 1970 were analyzed and have found that offenders enter prison at a more and more advanced age, particularly in the penitentiaries (sentence of two years and over). On the basis of this finding we would like to explore the hypothesis that alternative solutions to incarceration have helped to retard entry into the prison system over the last 20 years, and that they had been used considerably as alternatives to imprisonment.

PANEL 222 TEACHING COMMUNITY POLICING

"Teaching the Basics of Community Oriented Policing: A Matter of Conceptual Reaching," MICHAEL CALDERO, Bellevue Community College

This paper describes the methodology employed not only to explain the potential of community oriented policing, but also to teach this concept to students who generally possess little or no knowledge of law enforcement practices or the operations of the criminal justice system. This approach first reduces COP to two basic components: The reduction of the social distance between the police and their constituents, and the empowerment of previously powerless groups. ...

"Teaching About Community Policing (and Life): The Moments of Truth in Policing," CHRIS BRAIDEN, Chris Braiden Consulting Inc

Policing cannot be separated from life. A greater understanding of life yields the same for policing. Yet, North Americans still remain unsure how they want their police to perform their duties. If the object is to prevent crime and disorder, then how do we measure the success of a non-event? It can be argued that the moments of truth in pOlicing occur every time a copper of policy touches the lives of a person, intentionally or otherwise - our responses to these actions are how we are judged. This paper describes and explains how we taught

235 community policing and rebuilt the Edmonton Police Service around these moments of truth in this city.

"Development and Delivery of Statewide Community Oriented Policing Curriculum: The Oregon Experience," KAREN EVANS, Board on Public Safety Standards and Training

This paper describes a th ree-yea r fe dera lIy funded g rant designed to provide commu n ity policing tra in ing to state, county, local law enforcement providers, community and government leaders. Sections on training needs assessment, curriculum development, evaluation, and a unique training delivery strategy are included. Over 200,000 hours of training were provided to constituents statewide. This paper emphasizes the partnerships and collaboration required to successfully develop and implement the training.

"Teaching Community Policing in an Academy Environment," JOSEPH HARPOLD, FBI Academy

This presenter discussed teaching a course on community policing in an academy environment, with a focus on how community policing has been incorporated into the curriculum at the FBI Academy. The emphasis of this presentation is on the content of this course and some background on its development. The future of this course is examined as well as its relationship with other courses in the curriculum.

PA NEL 223 LAW, CRIME, AND FIELD RESEARCH

''True Confessions: Law, Crime, and Field Research," JEFF FERRELL, Regis University

Field research in criminal subcultures inevitable entangles those who practice it in complex and ambiguous relations with subjects and situations of study, with issues of personal and social responsibility, and with law, legality, and illegality. These complex social relations in turn raise difficult methodological, theoretical, moral, and political questions. This paper bases an exploration of these issues on the author's three years of field research inside the contemporary urban graffiti underground, including his arrest, trial, and conviction in conjunction with the research project.

"Reversing the Ethnographic Gaze," STEPHANIE KANE, Indiana University

When the ethnographic gaze is reversed and the ethnographer becomes its object, the sense of vulnerability that ensues expands social analysis. This kind of field experience pushes participant-observation to its methodological extreme. The usual layers of protection that buffer the social scientist from moral attack fall away. Identity slides into a deviant frame, dramatically altering the phenomenology of knowledge production. This essay analyzes two such field experiments at prostitution sites in Chicago and Belize City that were carried out in the context of the author's AIDS research and intervention projects.

'When Equal Treatment is Not Fair: Subjective Observations of a Woman Researcher Working with Women Prisoners," ANGELA WEST, Indiana State University

The fieldwork for this research was conducted at a state correctional facility for women. Quantitative data was gathered via a pre/post­ examination of the state's AIDS education program. Qualitative data was gathered through focus group interviews with Hispanic, black, white, and HIV-positive women to clarify general needs and concerns as women prisoners, and to determine how those vary by race/ethnicity. During the research proces, the author encountered several unexpected problems.

"Ethnostatistics: Toward the Demise of Drive-By Criminology," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Much of the research and scholarship on crime and delinquency is plagued by a sort of drive-by criminology-especially in the area of interpersonal violence. Social scientists who rely strictly on the statistical analyses of large data sets fail to discover the verstehen of doing violence; while stubborn ethnographic biases discourage the macro-level inquiry necessaryto puzzle out the social and psychological patterns leading to such violence. Alas, researchers in both camps appear to be so obsessed with their own methodologies that they omit essential parts of reality. This paper explores the potential of ethnostatistics as resolution to this dilemma.

PANEL 224 FEMALE OFFENDERS

"New Women's Violent Crime: Toward A New Theory," ROBIN ROBINSON, Rutgers University

The criminal justice system has seen a rise in recent years of violent fe male offenders, both adult and juvenile. Where once most violent fe male crime was apparently associated with responses to domestic violence in which the crimes of women and girls could be seen as acts of self-defense, female-perpetrated violence may be taking on a new character as well, including robberies, assaults, and gang activity not immediately associated with the domestic milieu. This paper is a speculative discourse that considers past explanations for fe male violence, theories of power, fe minist psychological theory and the public acknowledgement of crimes against women to arrive at a working hypothesis of new women's violent crime.

"Institutional Availability, Parity, and the Criminal Processing of Female Felony Offenders," ELAINE RIZZO, Saint Anselm College

This paper examines the impact of the creation of a women's prison on the courtproceSSing and sentencing of fe male offenders. The study population is all fe male fe lony offenders processed during a pre and post-prison time period on one New Hampshire Superior Court. A post­ prison increase in referral, prosecution, and incarceration of fe male fe lony offenders was found. Case dismissals, rejections, and the use of suspended sentences decreased. Results are discussed in the context of an emergent emphasis on equal treatment of female offenders.

236 "Incarcerated Women with Their Children: A National Survey of 'Boarding-In' Programs," JANET KNIGHT, Massachusetts Department of Corrections

The majority of incarcerated fe males have children that must be placed in the care of others while the mother is not present, the increasing concern is over the effect this forced separation has on the emotional and social development of these children. A survey was conducted of the Departments of Correction in all 50 states asking for descriptions of programs already in place that would allow the children of an incarcerated woman to remain with her during her imprisonment. This paper reports the number, type and location of these programs and discusses what each has reported as strengths or problems with their operation.

"A Description of Female Offenders in the Massachusetts Boot Camp," MICHAEL SHIVELY and ROBERT TENAGLIA JR, Massachusetts Department of Correction

The Massachusetts Departmentof Correction's Boot Camp opened in August of 1992, and began admitting women in May 1993. This paper offers a description of the Boot Camp and a profile of its female offenders. Included are discussions of the program's treatment elements, offender demogra phics and criminal histories, current offenses, and attrition and recidivism rates.

PANEL 227 CURRENT ISSUES AND TRENDS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

"Citation Analysis as a Measure of the Influence of Scholars in American Criminology and Criminal Justice," ELLEN COHN, Florida International University and DAVID FARRINGTON, Cambridge University

The analYSis of citations makes it possible to identify influential scholars and topics during particular time periods. We review the use of citations and conclude that they provide a reasonably valid measure of the influence and prestige of scholars. However, the number of diffe rent articles (or books) in which a scholar is cited may be a better measure than the total number of citations. The most-cited authors in each of six major American criminology and criminal justice journals in 1986-90 (excluding self-citations) were determined. Over all six journals, the most-cited authors were Marvin E Wolfgang, Michael J Hindelang, and Alfred Blumstein.

"Field Experiences: Making Them Work," MARY KING, Fitchburg State College

Field experiences can be critical to the education of students in varied disciplines, including criminal justice studies. By design, an internship has remarkable potential for integrating theory and practice while facilitating personal growth and professional identity. Not all sutdents, though, complete their internship with a sense of personal or professional empowerment. The presenter discusses data from her research on factors contributing to the phenomenology of fulfillment in success and their application to field experiences in criminal justice. . ..

"The Use of Online Discussion on a Criminal Justice Research Methods Course: An Evaluation," ANNMARIE KAZVAKA, Niagara University and RALPH TAYLOR, Temple University

The Internet can supplement classroom instruction by providing access to data and literature not otherwise easily accessible to students. A more recent approach has been to use e-mail as a forum for on-line discussions about course topics. This paper reviews an on-line discussion of issues relevant to criminal justice research. One unique feature of this project was that students had the ability to discuss the topic with the author of their test as well as among themselves. . ..

"The Extent and Quality of Compliance with the Student Right-to-Know Act," KATHERINE PRIDEMORE, University of Cincinnati

In response to the attention crime on campus has received in the last few years, Congress passed the Student-Right-To-Know Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1990 (20 USC 1001). The Act requires all colleges and universities to prepare an annual security reportincluding campus crime statistics and current campus safety policies. Although Congress is specific about what crimes and violations colleges and universities must report, Congress did not write into the Act exactly how a college or university must comply.

PANEL 228 LEGAL ISSUES IN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

"An Empirical-Legal Approach to Challenging Supreme Court's Procedures in Proportionality ReView," JONATHAN SORENSEN, University of Texas-Pan American and DONALD WA LLACE, Central Missouri State University

While not constitutionally required, the majority of death penalty states have retained proportionality review. Due process and statutory challenges are still available. This study involves a systematic evaluation of how state supreme courts interpret their responsibility to perform proportionality reviews, a review of reversed cases, and an examination of the empirical evidence ostensibly relied upon by the courts in making these determinations. Suggestions are made for future study and legal challenges to state proportionality reviews.

"Assistance for the Accused: Statutory Provisions for Counsel, Experts, and Other Resources in Capital Cases," CHARLES LANIER and JAMES ACKER, SUNY-Albany

This paper examines state and federal statutes which govern legal representation in capital cases. Because "it is the capital defendant who pays the price for the failings of counsel...generally with his life" (Blackmun, dissenting from a denial of certiorari in McFarland v Scott), legal representation takes on a special significance in capital cases. This paper describes and analyzes legislation pertaining to capital representation from all 38 U S jurisdictions (37 states and the federal government) which authorize the death penalty. . ..

237 "Significant 20th Century Death Penalty Cases in Federal Courts: What the Jurisprudence Means for the Future," JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton

This paper is a survey of the significant cases in the federal court system which have influenced the direction and scope of death penalty jurisprudence. Through an understanding of pastand more recent cases and the principles contained within, an understanding ofthe directions which the Supreme Court of the United States may pursue in the future may be predicted, assuming the continued validity of stare decisis.

"Justice at the Crossroads: Life Meets Death Head-On," JOYCE REED, East Carolina University

In rural eastern North Carolina, indigent capital defendants are represented by court-appointed counsel who are generally unfamiliar with the complexities of capital litigation . These cases are frequently reversed on appeal for counsel's fa ilure to investigate adequately mitigating factors which might have resulted in a life sentence instead of death. This paper examines a capital mitigation project which makes available to appointed counsel low-cost but reliable expert assistance by using the diverse resources of a major university.

PANEL 229 COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

"Defining Community Policing: Practice Versus Paradigm," JOANNE ZIEMBO-VOGL and DeVERE WOODS JR, Michigan State University

While many believe that community policing has advanced beyond the defining stage, conflict still exists between community policing, as envisioned by theorists, and co mmunity policing as defined and practiced by police organizations. Why is there so much disparity between the theory and application of community policing? Part of the answer lies in the differing utility the concept holds for practitioners and researchers. Analyzed within the precepts of the Trojanowicz paradigm, content analysis of community policing job descriptions and definitions was performed on data obtained during a 1994 national survey or police departments conducted by Trojanowicz, Woods, et at.

"Community Policing as an Antidote for Civil Disorder," MICHAEL HOOPER, Pe nn State-Harrisburg

This paper focuses on the effectiveness of community policing in the context of civil disorder. Social conditions that have been associated consistently with precipitating civil disorder are identified, and the capability of community policing to successfully neutralize the potency of such conditions is examined. The holistic role of law enforcement in administering an array of treatment reg imens calculated to prevent disorder, while controlling crime, is evaluated in the light of past successes and present social realities.

"Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as A Formal Component of Community Policing," ROBERT LOUDEN, John Jay College

Traditional methods for the delivery of police servicesdo not appear to effectively respond to the demands on police organizations presented by the dilemmas inherent in our ever changing society. The current trend in the U S toward community based and problem oriented policing presents a window of opportunity for a serious reflection on Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as a fo rmal component of poiice organization and activity. This paper attempts to consider ADR in the context of organized policing in America. Many concepts and procedures used as examples of ADR related tehcniques have been attempted by numerous police agencies.

"A Problem Oriented Police Response to Tourist Robberies in Dade County (Miami, FL): Crime Reduction or Displacement?" STEVEN ELLISON, Florida International University

As a result of many highly publicized tourist robberies, the Metro-Dade Police Department, in an effort to curtail the crimes, implemented a new problem oriented police program, Tourist Oriented Police (TOPS). This study evaluates that program's effect upon crime reduction and displacement.

PANEL 230 ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF CRIME

"The Movement to the Postindustrial Society and 90s Crime Rates," GARLAND WHITE, Old Dominion University

This study examines the effects of the deindustrialization ofthe 1970-90's on the change in crime rates from 1970-1990 for the largest 50 cities in the United States. The study is based on an analysiS of census data and Uniform Crime Report data for the 50 largest cities in 1980.

"Crime and Economic Conditions in the US: Comparison of Time Series and Regression Correlations," SYLVIA BACA and JOHN URIBE, New Mexico Highlands University

This paper compares the results of five regional studies on crime and economic conditions in the United States, namely, the United States border region with Mexico, the United States border region with Canada, the east coast, the west coast, and the Gulf of Mexico coast, with the results of an MSA study at the national level. All the studies use an econometric model relating serious crime rates by county as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigations with socio-economic conditions, including unemployment rate, families below poverty level, percentage of the labor force in blue collar jobs, age composition and level of education. ...

"Socio-Economic Conditions and the Incidence of Crime in the West Coast of the United States," JOHN URIBE, New Mexico Highlands University

This paper examines the relationship between socio-economic conditions and the incidence of serious crime in the west coast of the United States. More specifically, it establishes by means of an econometric model the degree of con-elation between the total crime index as reported

238 by the Uniform Crime Report and various socio-economic variables, namely, unemployment rate, families with income below poverty level, percentage of labor force in blue collar jobs, age composition, and education level. A cross-section analysis by county is done for a region two counties deep along the west coast from Washington to southern California, which constitutes one of the most densely populated regions in the country. '"

"The Role of Incentives in the Deterrent Process," XIAOGANG DENG, University of Massachusetts-Boston

Previous deterrence research has mainly focused on various perceived costs of crime in the deterrent process. However, the impact of incentives of crime tends to be ignored. The attractiveness of a particular target of crime may induce an offender to commit crime in spite of the potential costs. This study assesses the roles of shame, embarrassment, and incentives in the deterrent process. A self-administered survey was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses in two separate samples.

PANEL 231 POTPOURRI II

"The Legitimization of Bribery Among Filipinos of Northwstern Mindanao," TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Based upon five months of field research in northwest Mindanao, this paper reviews the concept of bribery in a poverty sticken Filipino locale. In-depth interviews and observations permit insights into how a previously deviant activity, the offering and acceptance of money for special favors, has become increasingly legitimized. How this pattern may be corrupting traditional values is addressed.

"Conjugal Visits in American prison," JANICE JOSEPH, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

Conjugal visits are common in Europe and Latin America, but in the United States only a few states allowed such visits. During conjugal visits, the inmate and his or her spouse are permitted to spend time together privately on prison grounds, during which they engage in sexual relations. Although there are several benefits to this program, it raises several serious issues such as pregnancy, the transmission of HIV, and unequal treatment of inmates. This paper examines the nature and extent of conjugal visits and also addresses the advantages and disadvantages of such visits.

"Methodological Strategies for a Study of Tavern Gambling and Gaming," MICHAEL McSKIMMING, Indiana Univesity of Pennsylvania

This paper addresses various issues related to undertaking an ethnographic examination of tavern life as it relates to gambling and gaming. Specific issues include gaining access, developing rapport, establishing a field role, inconspicuous field note recording, and data organization and analysis. In addition, various aspects of ethics and problem resolutions are examined.

"Gangs, Violence, and Moral Panics in the San Francisco Print Media," DAVID BROTHERTON, John Jay College

Both the print and television news media in recent times have been highly effective mechanisms in the framing of gang members as social problems. Zatz (1 987), in her documentation of a "moral panic" (Cohen 1972) that developed around Chicano gangs in Phoenix (AZ)sho ws that media coverage reinforced, framed and helped to inspire demands for increased social control measures against youth gangs and their members ....

PANEL 232 ISSUES AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

"The Concept of Community Reintegration: Its Meaning and Contemporary Usage," EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University

This paper is a review of the concept of re integration as it is applied in the field of community-based corrections. It is believed that the concept, while broadly accepted as an appropriate goal, has lacked conceptual clarity and may ultimately prove unachievable in light of the degree of community-disorganization currently exhibited in some communities. It is believed that instead of fo cusing on the reintegrating the offender that the emphasis should shift toward probation taking a larger role in community development.

"Combining A Therapeutic Community with Work Release," AMIE NIELSON and FRANK SCARPITTI, University of Delaware

This paper reports the mechanisms used in combining two well established techniques used in the rehabilitation of criminal offenders. While the therapeutic community is becoming an increasingly important method of treating the substance abusing offender, work release was established long ago as an effective way of reintegrating the parolee into the community. Until recently, these two techniques have never been combined in one community treatment facility. The CREST Outreach Center was established in 1991 to treat parolees with a history of substance abuse. '"

''Voluntary Probation Revocations: An Analysis of the Elect to Serve Option in North Carolina," MARK JONES, East Carolina University

No abstract available.

239 PANEL 233 PAROLE DECISION-MAKING: ISSUES IN PREDICTION AND RECIDIVISM

"Utility vs Morality and Purpose: Some Considerations in the Prediction of Recidivism for Potential Parolees," MARY ZAGER, Northeastern University

Prison records offer a plethora of potential independent variables for the prediction of recidivism. Some of these variables have served as strong predictors (eg, age, prior record, conviction offense) while others are theoretically interesting (eg, psychological evaluations and treatment, institutional work and educational programs) and some available information is inappropriate for use in these models (eg, race/ethnicity). Five-year follow up information on 1,000 prisoners released from Arizona prisons is used to compare both the predictive use of available variables, and the implications for the system of the most (and least) useful predictors of recidivism.

"Exploring the Effects of Plea Bargaining on Parole Decision-Making in the State of New Jersey," CAROLYN TURPIN-PETROSINO, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

An objective of the New Jersey Parole Act of 1979 was to limit discretionary parole decision-making. The concept of presumptive parole calls for parole release when eligible unless the paroling authority finds preponderant evidence of probably recidivism. The New Jersey State Parole Board is mandated to perform a risk assessment of recidivism potential which includes the examination of past and present crimes. Plea bargaining may interfere with this task. This study was an experiment designed to explore if plea bargaining changes parole decision-making behavior and if crime seriousness causes punitive parole decision.

"A Study of the Impact of Executive Influence on Parole Decisions Between 1985 and 1992," BETTY LUTHER

The Massachusetts Parole Board makes decisions to grant or deny early release from prison. Over the past 10 years, the probability of an offender being paroled has fluctuated between 33 and 80 percent in any given month. This study was designed to examine factors that may account for the significant fluctuations that have occurred in the rate at which offerders are paroled. . ..

"Politics and Discretion: The Acquisition of Technology in Police Agencies," DALE NESBARY, Oakland University

While many have explored the impact of technology on policing, somewhat less attention has been paid to the factors that impact a decision to acquire new technology. These factors include: perceived need oftechnology; municipal/departmental political and organizational structur ; commissioner's political skills; budgetary environment; administrative and leadership skills of command staff; and willingness of sworn staff to use computer techology. This paper discussed how these factors affected the Boston Police Department in selecting a new computer-aided ' dispatch (CAD) system and surveys 30 major American police agencies with respect to their acquisition of CAD systems.

FEATURE SESSION 234 CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY AND JUSTICE

"Feminism and Justice: Thinking About Crime as Though Women Mattered," MEDA CHESNEY-LIND, University of Hawaii

This presentation continues the call for what might be called a fe minist praxis. It briefly notes the discomfort fe minist scholars have trying to find an intellectual and political home in the academy, with a particular concern about the pressure on women to embrace either "macho methods" or "theoretical obscurity" to make their work acceptable. It then goes beyond this point, to urge that fe minists begin to imagine what a theory of crime and justice would look like if women (and their offenses and victimizations) mattered. As if this task were not enough, the paper also argues that fe minist scholars must get off the campus and into the community with their work so that the needs of girls and women ca ught up in the criminal justice system are addressed.

"Postmodern Theory and Justice," PETER MANNING, Michigan State University

An issue that crosscuts many segments of the criminal justice system is the concept "justice." A semiotic approach to the concept of justice is proposed with examples. The influence of post-modernism on the problem of justice are discussed.

"Peacemaking as Justice," SUSAN CAULFIELD, Western Michigan University

Peacemaking criminology is one of the more recent critical perspectives to address issues of harm and justice. Proponents believe that a world of peace and social justice is possible. This perspective is particularly concerned with manners in which harm can be reduced and peaceful proceses can be facilitated. It is believed that the reduction of harm will lead to a reduction in crime, since the structural forces that foster crime are the same forces that foster the broader concept of harm. Also important is the notion that peacemaking itself is a just way in which to proceed.

"Left Realism and the Struggle for Justice," WALTER DeKESEREDY, Carleton University; BRIAN MacLEAN, Kwantlen College; MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University

This paper reviews how left realism emerged as an alternative discourse and practice to the law and order policies of Thatcher's Britain, and specifically out of the politics of policing in 1980s Britain. The relevance of leftrealist criminology is global, however, and has been adapted to other specific contexts. After a critical evaluation of its potential to move beyond a simple negation of right realism, this paper covers the degree to which class, gender and racial inequities can be reduced in criminal justice practices by a sensitivity to left realist premises and empirical developments.

240 FEATURE SESSION 235 ROUNDTABLE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELINQUENCY AND DRUG USE: FINDINGS FROM THE ROCHESTER YOUTH DEVELOPMENT STUDY

The Rochester Youth Development Study is an on-going panel study examining the development of serious delinquency and drug use. The study began with a panel of seventh and eighth graders in 1988 in which subjects were oversampled to include a disproportionate number of high-risk youth. The panel members, and their primary caretaker, were interviewed every six months over a four-and-a-half year period. In addition, information on each of the subjects was collected from such agencies as the schools and police. '"

FEATURE SESSION 236 BOOT CAMP PRISONS: THE SEARCH FOR EFFECTIVE MODELS

"Contemporary Program Innovations in Correctional Boot Camps: The Search for Efficacious Program Models," THOMAS CASTELLANO, National Institute of Justice and ERNEST COWLES, Sangamon State University

A growing body of research has highlighted the limitations of correctional boot camps in their attempts to reduce recidivism and generate system cost savings. Resulting dissatisfaction with extant boot camp models has generated a modest level of experimentation and innovation with new philosophies, program structures, and treatment offerings. This paper describes a number of innovative adult and juvenile correctional boot camps, operating at both the local and state level, and presents preliminary information and thoughts on their ability to achieve their correctional goals. Policy and research implications are discussed.

"The Philosophy of Shock Incarceration in New York State," CHERYL CLARK, New York State Department of Correctional Services

In the debate over the efficacy of shock incarceration programs nationally (see Adam Nossiter, "As Boot Camps for Criminals Multiply, Skepticism Grows" New York Times, December 18, 1993, page A 1, and GAO Prison Boot Camps April 1993, p 25) attention has been primarily on whether these programs save money for corrections systems and/or lower the recidivism rates for participants. This extension of the Martinson question 'What Works?" seems to be the exclusive focus of the academic and practitioner program analysts who have been informing the Boot Camp debate. . ..

'What Have We Learned About the Impact of Boot Camps?" DORIS MacKENZIE, University of Maryland

No abstract available.

PANEL 237 PERSPECTIVES ON POLICE USE OF FORCE IN THE WAKE OF THE RODNEY KING AND MALICE GREEN EPISODES

"Expanding the Police Use of Force Research Agenda," WILLIAM VIZZARD, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

Examined is the utility of an alternative use of force paradigm, that force has utility and that failure or delay to implement certain types of force may impose significant social costs, even in a democractic society. The prevailing research paradigm, that all use of force is antithetical to democractic process, has focused research almost exclusively on excessive use of force by pOlice and the means of controlling such behavior. Although this has proved a useful approach for both theory and practice, its presumptions discourage research into the possibility that, under some conditions, specific types of force application by police may reduce social cost and affirm democractic government.

"Self-Defined Roles in POlicing: A Case Study of the Detroit Police Department," WILLIAM BROWN, University of Michigan-Flint

Following the killing of Malice Green in Detroit, two Detroit police officers were sentenced to prison for second degree murder. After the sentencing of these two officers, a study of the Detroit Police Departmentwas conducted, employing a survey instrument designed to measure attitudes and perceptions of selected variables: (1) perception of role; (2) perception of administration; (3) attitude toward the courts, (4) perception of risk; (5) perception of changes in criminal behavior, etc. This paper includes statistical analysis of these data. Data generated from a two-year observational study of this police department are presented and discussed.

"Public Perception on Police Use of Force," KEVIN CONKLIN, University of Delaware

In 1991, the University of Delaware conducted a crime poll, which addressed many criminal justice issues, one of which was the police's right to use force. In order to get an understanding of the results of the survey and where the public stands on the police's right to use force, an in-depth analysis of the data was conducted by using SPSS, a statistical program. Through this analysis, Significant differences in opinions were found.

"The Integration and Recognition of University Criminal Justice Degrees as a Part of the Police Certification Process," C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University

This paper is a follow up to a study of the feasibility of implementing the Ohio Peace Officers College Academy Concept at Youngstown State University. It discusses the problems identified in the implementation of that program in a four year degree institution. A group of solutions are discussed and some recommendations of what direction the university and state certification boards or entities might take. Ultimately the goal should be to require a college degree in criminal justice for entrance into a certified police academy and the curriculum in the academy should not duplicate that material covered in the college program.

241 PANEL 238 MINORITY COMMUNITIES, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, AND CRIME

''Toxic Racism: The Placement of Toxic Production Industries in Ethnic Minority Communities," ANDRE THOMPSON and VINCENT MILES, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This research attempts to forecast the ethical problems related to the discriminatory placement of toxic production industries throughout the United States. Past research has shown that hazard waste facilities are disproportionately placed in poor, minority communities. The ideal of moral exclusion and environmental racism are addressed in the literature, and serveas a basis of the study. The Environmental Protection Agency's legislation, as it pertains to the disposal of hazardous waste, along with an overview of the health risks associated with hazardous materials, was also examined.

"The Hundred YearWar: US Drug Enforcement Policy and Institutionalized Racism," DAVID BARLOW and HEATHER PFEIFER, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and MELISSA BARLOW, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

In the 1880s, the U S federal government initiated its first assault on illegal drugs. The attack on those who smoked opium set the pattern for future legislative and enforcement practices, particularly for drug offenses, for the next 100 years. This paper places early federal drug legislation into its political, economic, and social context in order to gain better insight into the current war on drugs. The most striking observation is the use of the criminal law to institutionalize racism through the manipulation of a moral panic based on myth, prejudice, and racial fear.

"Assimilation of Cultural Minorities in Contemporary Society," DOUGLAS CAYWOOD, Western Forensic Sciences

Consideration is given to a limited evaluation of how the amalgamation of people from diverse lands produced "Americans". Included are observations on societal barriers to assimilation of such people and legal complexities of the past and present. Stress is given to the criminal justice impact in the process of assimilation. This includes activities of cultural groups/gangs and ca usal factors for these activities.

"A Phenomenological and Contextual Analysis of Disproportionate Crime in Black Communities," ALLEN BARRETT, California State University­ Los Angeles

Usual proxies of socio-economic variables, miseryindexes, and other theoretical considerations have consistently failed to adequately explain blacklwhite divergences in either violence or property crime. Statistical controls for a host of socio-demographic and spatial variables have not yet produced definitive explanations of the disproportionate involvement of African-Americans in crime. Societal reaction studies have also failed to produce definitive conclusions. . . .

PANEL 239 POLICE ORGANIZATION, HIRING, AND EDUCATION

"The Relationship Between Work Performance and College Education in Two Small Municipal Police Departments," JOSEPH GRAZIANO, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

The majority of research concerning the value of higher education and work performance has centered on larger law enforcement agencies. Two small Illinois law enforcement agencies were the focus of this study. Police patrol officers' files with two or more years of police service were examined. Also, command and field officerswere interviewed pertaining to the diffe rences between the college and noncollege-educated officer.

"Entry into Law Enforcement at the Command Rank Level for University Degree Holders," HARALD SCHWEIZER, University of Central Oklahoma

Present promotional policies in medium and large state and local law enforcement agencies require specific minimum years of serviceat each rank for promotional eligibility, and all applicants must enter at the lowest ra nk, thereby promoting conformity and inhibiting the infusion and implementation of new ideas by motivated commanders who have not yet been corrupted by the organization's climate and past history. Police officers surveyed in Oklahoma oppose the idea of allowing entry at a higher rank for university degree holders, while a look at agencies in Chile, Ecuador, Singapore, and Germany, show that such an aproach can and does work.

''The Nature of Contemporary Organizational Change in American Policing: Do the Ends Justifythe Means?" JIHONG ZHAO, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections and QUINT THURMAN, Washington State University-Spokane

For twodecades, community-oriented policing (COP), exemplified by its innovative operations and strategies, have servedas the incarnation of this organizational change in contemporary American policing. However, there is an absence of clear knowledge concerning why police organizations change. This research is based on a national surveyof 221 police departments in 47 states. The findings indicate that there have been little, if any, changes in the primary functions of American police forces during the past 40 years. . ..

"Altering the Scale of Police Organizations: Re-Thinking Police Consolidation," JOHN MEYER JR, Kutztown University

Local policing is fa cing some of the most serious challenges to date as available resources are cut and crime becomes inter-jurisdictional. Fresh thinking on consolidation is needed but we must not replicate traditional goals, operations and administration. Agencies to be merged need to incorporate new approaches that capitalize on the re-defined area while creating new social control administrative styles.

242 PANEL 240 CRIME, VIOLENCE, AND VICTIMS

"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: The Case of Adult Victims," E JOAN KUDSK and JAMES NOLAN, Norfolk State University

Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) has been described as a bizarre form of child abuse in which parents with a serious personality disorder induce real or factitious physical disorders in children. But MSP is not limited to dysfunctional parents and children. Focusing on cases in which the victim is an adult, this paper argues that MSP may be explicated to include intentionally induced illness or the fabrication of symptoms in dependent persons by more powerful caregivers. Caregivers may exploit their dominant position to maintain control over persons such as elderly parents, medical patients or anyone in a submissive position.

"Trends in Weapon-Specific Violent Crime Rates in the United States, 1973-1 992," SUSAN CARLSON and BRIAN JACKSON, Western Michigan University

This paper presents preliminary results from a project on weapon-specific violent crime rates funded by the National Institute of Justice. Trends in national, monthly, weapon-specific violent crime rates are examined using unpublished Uniform Crime Report data for 1973-1 992. These analyses offer a more detailed picture of weapon-specific violence trends than in past research. Possible reasons for over-time trends and differences in trends across types of weapon-specific offenses are developed. This paper concludes with a discussion concerning the potential impact of recent federal gun-control legislation on future trends in weapon-specific violent crime.

"Medicalizing Mayhem: The Evolution of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy as a Social Program," TONY SMITH, PAUL SCHUPP, and EDWARD MAGUIRE, SUNY-Albany

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSP) is a psychiatric disorder in which a person intentionally produces or stimulates illness in another and then presents the victim for medical attention, pretending to have no knowledge about the source of the illness. In nearly all documented cases, the offender is a mother, and her child(ren) the victim(s). The syndrome was first "discovered" by Meadow in 1977, and since that time, has appeared in the medical and psychiatric literature with increasing frequency each year.

PANEL 241 ORGANIZED GANGS

"Street Gangs," JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

This paper discusses how street gangs operate in several major urban centers. Gang activities, legal and illegal, are reviewed as well as the effect that these activities have on crime in these diffe rent communities.

"Asian Gangs," SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This research reviews the involvement of Chinese, Vietnamese, Laotian and Korean adolescents in street gangs and the types of criminal activities in which these groups are participants. The street gangs affiliation with other groups are also reviewed.

"Italian Gangs," THOMAS BARKER, Jacksonville State University

This study analyzes the evolution of Italian street gangs into the most powerful organized crime groups in the United States. The past, present and future of the Italian gangs, as well as, their legal and illegal activities are discussed.

"Hispanic Gangs," JAY CREDITOR, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

The rise of Hispanic gangs, Cuban, Dominican and Columbian, are examined as well as the illegal activities from where they gain their assets. The participation of these gangs win violent crime as well as narcotic trafficking are analyzed and compared to other ethnic gangs.

"Columbian Drug Gangs," MICHAEL SEFFENS, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This paper reviews the criminal activities of Columbian drug gangs. The violence they use against members who defythe gang leaders are viewed as well as the way they respond to ligitimate individuals who criticize their corrupt activities.

PANEL 244 MENTAL DISORDER, ADDICTION, AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

''Vulnerable Suspects in Police Custody: The Mentally Disordered and Drug Users," PHILIP BEAN, TERESA NEMNITZ, and DIANNE WINTERBURN, Loughborough University (United Kingdom)

These authors report on current research undertaken in the U K on the manner in which the pOlice deal with two vulnerable groups in police stations; the mentally disordered and drug users. Results show that in spite of establishing legal procedures outcomes are often quite diffe rent leaving open questions about how, if at all, such groups can be protected.

"Statutory Examination of Mentally III and Mentally Retarded Criminal Offenders," LIANNA SALEEBY, Norman A Wiggins School of Law and TAIPING HO, Western Carolina University

The previous studies consistently showed that a significantly increasing population of mentally disordered criminal offenders were present in

243 the correctional institutions. Mentally retarded offenders present substantial difficulties for the criminal justice system and such difficulties are exacerbated by the nature of mental disorder among offenders and confusion about similarities or differences between mental retardation and mental illness.

"Problems and Aspirations of a Cocaine-Involved Perinatal Sample," ELAINE ZAHNDand DORIE KLEIN, Western Consortiumfor Public Health

To determine the problems and aspirations of a cocaine-involved perinatal sample, analyzed data were drawn from in-depth interviews of401 pregnant women and adolescents who reported high or problem use levels of alcohol and otherdrugs. Subjects were recruited in two California counties from criminal justice, social service, health and community agencies utilizing an alcohol and drug screening threshold. Findings are presented for the cocaine sample of 101 subjects on the social context of their problems (arrests, alcohol and drug infested neighborhoods, family alcohol/drug use, violence, etc) as well as on their aspirations (educational, vocational) and on their help seeking behaviors.

PANEL 245 FEAR OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN THE WORKPLACE

''Victimization and Fear of Crime Among Hispanics," LYNN NEWHART and GARY SEIBEL, Western Kentucky University

This study employs multi-item measures offear of crime and victimization experience to explore the differential effects of property and personal victimizations on fe ar of crime. Analysis from a probability sample of Hispanic adults in Texas (N=403) reveals that, controlling for other variables in the model, fear of crime, at the individual level is tied to property victimization. Multivariate analysis also reveals that a significant gender-victimization effect exists. These findings are discussed in terms of a general social vulnerability effect noted for gender, age, and education.

"The Impact of Fear of Crime on the Daily Lives of a Group of College Students in New York City: A Qualitative Study," KRISTINA RODRIGUEZ and ESTHER MADRIZ, Hunter College

Until very recently, most Americans reported the economy as their primary concern. However, recent polls indicate that crime has become the nation's top fe ar. These polls also show that although crime has always been a major issue, especially in urban environments, today individuals are more concerned and express more fe ars of personal victimization than ever before. Research on the topic of fear of crime is substantial and continues to appear regularly in sociological, psychological and criminological journals. Most ofthese studies use a quantitative methodology.

''Violence in the Workplace: Profiling Violent Employees," TOO BURKE and CHARLES O'REAR, The George Washington University

Violence in the workplace has become increasingly common. Over the past several years, thousands of employees have been killed or injured due to occupational violence. This paper profiles the potential violent employee by examining case histories. Discussion includes vulnerable employees; high-risk occupations, causes and effects; liability issue; prevention and security practices; and recommendations.

PANEL 246 RESEARCH ON AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

"Social Science-Related Research Centers: A SurveyAssessing their Initial Development and Current Utilization," JAMES WELLS, Eastern Kentucky University and BRIAN MURPHY, North Georgia State College

As partof a needs assessment conducted by a criminal justice department gathering data for the establishment of its own social research center, a surveywas conducted from a sample of social science research center directors. Directors of the research centers responded to a series of questions concerning the initial development and current utilization of their centers. Results of the survey provide key information about mission, etc. . ..

"One Person Criminal Justice Programs: An Exploratory Study," PETER HORNE, Mercer County Community College

This paper examines the issues which confront one-person criminal justice programs. Clearly there are both advantages and disadvantages to these kinds of programs run by only one full-time faculty member. Identification, categorization and analysis ofthe myriad issues challenging professors running such programs are the central focus of the exploratory study. Nationwide, as many as one-third of the community college criminal justice programs may be staffed by an individual educator. Additionally, some four-year college programs are staffed in this manner as well.

"Teaching Sensitive Criminal Justice Topics in a Politically Correct University Setting," LYLE SHOOK, Auburn University

This paper addresses the problems of teaching criminal justice subjects that may not be considered as politically correct.

"Counseling in the Criminal Justice System: Teaching Techniques for Intervention Strategies," JOHN VIOLANTI and PAUL BRULE, Rochester Institute of Technology

Controversy over counseling strategies in the criminal justice system have long been topic of debate. Undergraduate criminal justice degree program courses involving counseling and intervention strategies are often not offered, or lost as obscure electives. Nonetheless, counseling and intervention are important elements in criminal justice higher education considering the fa ilure of detention facilities and community-based alternatives to affect behavior and reduce recidivism. This paper illustrates ways counseling and intervention strategies can be presented in the classroom. It also addresses the need for couseling courses in criminal justice curricula.

244 FEATURE SESSION 251 COMPUTERS AND ORGANIZATIONS OF AMERICAN JUSTICE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

"Promises and Perils of 21 st Century Information Technology: Can Constitutional Rights be Protected?" GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina

Emerging information-biotech age technology-from artificial intelligence to virtual reality, biosensors to organic bain chips-is reviewed in light of constitutional rights, such as due process, privacy (assumed), and presumption of innocence. The "promise" of the technology from crime control are compared with the "perils" to the constitution. Recommendations for "reform" to alleviate the conflict are also examined.

"Information Systems and Management Culture: Will Policing Move out of the Dark Ages?" GARY SYKES, Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute

Policing still retains a management culture informed by F W Taylor and defined by 0 W Wilson. This "command and control" style accompanied by the "blaming system" of accountability impedes the development of data-driven management so prevalent in the successes ofthe private sector. This paper examines the likelihood of changes and the continuing resistance to performance-based organizational reform. It argues that the use of information systems to drive strategy and resource utilization remains an unrealized dream until major cultural changes become a reality in law enforcement agencies.

"Evolving the American Justice Organization of the Twenty-First Century: Impact of Computer-Based Technologies on Criminal Justice Management," WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge

Computer based technologies, especially those used in communications and information processing, are changing the nature, operations and methods of delivering services in American police, courts, corrections and juvenile justice organizations. The use of these technologies in criminal justice organizations ofthe 1990s is also changing patterns of human interaction and eroding the utility oftraditional authority centered, styles of bureaucratic management. This paper explores the theme that technology, as a catalyst of change, is emerging as a new type of American justice organization for the delivery of criminal justice services in the 21 st century in which women may play the dominant role in executive management.

FEATURE SESSION 252 GEOGRAPHY OF CRIME

"Integrating Macro and Individual Differences in the Study of Delinquency," MARC OUIMET, University of Montreal

Although delinquency rates observedwithin different areas of a city are strongly correlated with socio-demographic indicators, it is still not clear how the local environment influences individual behavior. This paper presents preliminary results of a research on: (a) the socio-demographic predictors of the level of delinquency observed for the Montreal's 498 census tracts, (b) the influence of fa mily variables on the level of delinquency observed among a sample of 495 young delinquents, and (c) the relationships existing between the characteristics of the environment in which the youth are living, the youth's fa mily variables and their own level of delinquency.

"Fast Spots and Slow Spots," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

No abstract available.

"Regional Variation in Illegal Drug Sales," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University

No abstract available.

FEATURE SESSION 253 RE-EXAMINING CONVENTIONAL WISDOM IN SENTENCING: EXTRA-LEGAL AND COMMUNITY EXPLANATIONS

"Social Determinants of Sentence in China," JIANHONG LUI, Rhode Island College and DENKE ZHOU and ALLEN LISKA, SUNY-Albany

This paper examines the determinants of sentence of criminal offenders in the People's Republic of China. Using inmates' self-report data from Tianjin, China, this research tested the hypothesis that social network, "Guanxi," has stronger influence on sentence in China than individual characteristics. The analysis has fo und some supporting evidence for the hypothesis. The analYSis does not find evidence supporting the common belief that higher individual social status reduces the sentence.

"Sentencing in a Southeastern State: The Effects of Race," JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University

This paper is a report on the determinants of sentence length in a sample of approximately 1,500 offenders in Tennessee. Bivariate and multivariate analyses, including path analysis, were used to weigh the effects of legal and social variables, especially race, on sentence length for offenders sentenced to probation, community corrections, and imprisonment.

"Prior Record and Sentencing: How the Passage of Time Between Prior Events and the Current Offense Affects Sentence Severity," MICHAEL VIGORITA, Rutgers University

Prior record has consistently been proven to be an importantsentencing determinant. However, little is known about how judges weigh prior

245 events (ie, arrests, convictions, custodial sentences) and prior offense types, and how the passage of time affects these event weights. The current research addresses one of these issues. It is hypothesized that the further back in time an event is from the present offense, the weaker its effect on sentence severity will be. The data are taken from a ra ndom sample of 1,200 superior court sentences, using presentence re ports and judgements of convictions.

"Trouble in "Metro City": The Importance of Macro Influences on Judicial Outcome," JEANNE FLAVIN, American University

Studies of judicial outcome frequently focus on "micro-level" phenomena such as offense severity and prior record, and employ offender data gathered over the course of months or years. However, some of the most germane influences on judicial processing are "macro" (eg, political climate, case backlog, available space in prisons and jails) and not captured in the data. Changes in these factors over the course of the data collection period are usually down played in micro-level studies. In instances where the researchers fa il to report the jurisdiction under study altogether (opting instead for references to "Metro City"), these macro influences are ig nored entirely.

PANEL 254 BEYOND THE PENOLOGICAL TEXT: THE CONTEXTS OF RACISM WITHIN CORRECTIONAL THEORY AND METHODS

This session examines the corpus of extant penological texts as they reproduce and legitimate racism th roughout the correctional system. Specifically, this environment establishes the setting in which the systemic racism in the criminal justice system can be explored as a direct result of the theoretical paradigms on which various penological cannons are fo unded. Participants are encouraged to present papers which critically address racism in the correctional system from both a historical and contemporary perspective, utilizing unique theoretical and methodological models.

PANEL 255 WORKSHOP: PREPARING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDENT FOR A MULTICULTURAL WORLD OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Most criminal justice and criminology students (urban and suburban) do not have multicultural urban inner city exposure. This workshop provides teaching strategies and methodologies to address the need for multi-cultural awareness by criminal justice students.

PANEL 256 WOMEN IN CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

"Interstate Flight of a Battered Woman: Paradoxes of Patriarchy," KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

There has been much focus on battered women who kill but not on those who ru n away. A composite case history illustrates the paradoxical situation of a woman who leaves her state, in fear of her life, aftertermination of her relations with a batterer. To prosecute on assault charges, due process requirements for the defendant require a victim to confront his/her accuser, but this involves the victim in re-exposure to danger of discovery. If a victim is married and the battering spouse contests a divorce in the state of domicile, the termination of the marriage canot be accomplished.

"Violence Among Female Drug Sellers," IRA SOMMERS and DEBORAH BASKIN, John Jay College

Violence among fe male drug sellers in New York City is examined. Few studies address the origins of violence in drug selling, specifically whether such violence reflects generalized violence orviolent behaviors contingent on drug selling. Violence within and apart from the context of drug distribution is examined for 156 women from two New York City neighborhoods where street-level drug dealing is pervasive. . ..

"Class, Culture, Gender, Race, and Inmate-Mothers: A Marxian Criminological Approach," JACINTO MENDOZA, Bowling Green State University

This paper examines, from a radical (Marxian) criminological perspective, what criminologists, correctional leaders, policy makers, and the general public may need in understanding the dilemmas of a specific correctional population: Hispanic and black mothers. The author attempts to answer the following: First, how do inmate-mothers in corrections perceive their social world within capitalist society? Second, is there a relationship between the political-economy, class, culture, gender, race, and an inmate-mother's view of her imprisoned context?

PA NEL 257 ARBITRARINESS AND AMBIVALENCE ABOUT DEATH AS PUNISHMENT: THE PUBLIC, THE JUROR, AND THE EXECUTIONER

This panel deals with objective elements of arbritrariness and the subjective experience of ambivalence about the death penalty among people at distinct pOints in the process that leads to death as punishment. It begins with the perspective of the public as revealed in surveys of the people's general punishment priorities and specific death penalty attitudes in two southern states: Tennessee where executions have not resumed since Furman and Texas with more executions than any other state. . . .

PANEL 258 WORKSHOP: INCENTIVES FOR PRISONERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES

The Prison Service of England and Wales are planning a structured system of non-sentenced based incentives whereby prisoners "earn" or lose facilities based on their behavior, willingness to cooperate and performance. The aims are connected with active and constructive engagement in prison regimes, good order and safety, and progression through the prison system. The work has included a literature review of incentives in prison regimes; a review of existing incentive approaches, their aims and values; and proposals for a national policy and good practice framework within which prison governors can operate local approaches.

246 PANEL 258A ISSUES IN PROSECUTION

'Waiver to Adult Court: Are Juvenile Offenders Getting the Correct Message?" G ROGER JARJOURA, Indiana University-Indianapolis

Waiving juvenile offenders to adult courtis thought to represent the greatest degree of punishment available fo r juvenile offend rs. Juvenile offenders should understand the negative consequences of being treated as an adult; yet, anecdotal evidence suggests that juveniles view being transferred to adult court as an attractive alternative to being processed through the juvenile justice system. This paper reports findings from a project which looks at the use of waiver in a large urban juvenile court. It includes a statistical analysis of the use of waiver as well as interviews with juvenile offenders scheduled for a waiver hearing.

"Private Prosecution: A Constitutional Practice?" GARY WILLIS and KATY MARTIN, Pembroke State University

Private prosecution, the use of private attorneys employed by the victim or the victim's family to prosecute criminal cases, originated in early English common law and was transplanted to the colonies by the early settlers. This paper traces the history of private prosecution, reviews exisiting statutes and case law, and, most importantly, presents the findings of a national surveysample of public prosecutors in the 30 states that permit private prosecution. On the basis of the findings, the paper asserts that the private prosecution as presently practiced violates the due process rights of the accused.

'Wearing the Crown: Prosecutorial Work, Professional Identity, and Job Satisfaction," IAN GOMME and MARY HALL, Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada)

Findings are presented from a study of the social organization of the work of Crown prosecutors in a province in eastern Canada. Data for this study were collected at various points in time and in various locations across the province between 1990-1992 through structured and unstructured interviews, participant observation, and the analysis of secondary materials. In this paper, various aspects of work, and and th way in which these aspects are interpreted by workers, are discussed in the context of professional identity formation.

PANEL 261 DELINQUENCY CAUSATION AND RECIDIVISM

"Multiple Failure Factors and Juvenile Delinquency in a Cohort Group," ROSE MARY STANFORD, University of South Florida-Ft Myers and PATTY ROBERTS

The scope of factors contributing to delinquency is studied in a cohortof habitual delinquents. The chronic recidivist constitutes only a small percentage of delinquent youth but accounts for a disproportionate number of offenses. This study explores the variety of factors which confront this group (eg, education problems and disabilities, abandonment issues, medical and emotional problems, lifestyle). Each of these variables contibutes to fe elings of self-worth and human value. Individually they do not invariably lead to delinquency. However, as the variables multiply, the path to delinquency becomes increasingly the available alternative.

"Delinquency Causation as Perceived by Youth Workers in that Field: An Initial Review of the Collected Data," WILLIE EDWARDS, East Texas State University

The present study ask juvenile practitioners about their perceptions of, or explanations for, the cause of juvenile delinquency. Open- and closed-ended questions were submitted to a sample of juvenile probation officers, questions which solicit information about delinquency. In this study the data were analyzed, employing correlations and other statistical techniques that allow the researcher to determine what youth workers perceive as the cause and direction of juvenile delinquency. Characterization and descriptive information of juveniles, and their family structure (and environment) will be one benefit of this study. . ..

"Recidivism and Survival Analysis of Youth Held in Utah's Juvenile Secure Facilities from 1987 to 1990," ROBERT DOWNING and JOHN DeWITI, Salt lake City Divison of Youth Corrections

The current study assess the recidivism of fo ur cohorts of youth placed in long-term secure care. Subjects were 270 youth committed to the Utah State Division of Youth Corrections from 1987-1 990. Survival analYSis and descriptive measures of recidivism are presented following these youth through the Youth Correction's system and into the Utah adult correctional system. Specific meassures monitored fe lony rates and types of re-offending following release from secure care. Subjects were tracked into the Utah adult correctional system. Survivalanal ysis trends are presented to highlight the critical periods when recidivism was most likely to occur.

"Predictors of Recidivism Among Youth in an Intensive Supervision Program," JEFF JENSON and TRACI RIECKMAN, University of Utah and JOHN DeWITI and ROBERT DOWNING, Salt lake City Division of Youth Corrections

This study examines recidivism rates and factors related to recidivism among 93 youths released from an intensive observationand assessment program in a state juvenile correctional facility. Self-report and official record data are used to assess changes in school performance, family involvement, drug use, and delinquency before and after program participation. Findings reveal significant reductions in drug use and improvement in school performance among subjects at six-month fo llow-up. Survivalana lyses indicate that 30 percent of youth are reconvicted during the follow-up period. . . .

247 "Persistence in Crime: A Recidivism Study of Institutionalized Juvenile Offenders," CHARLES DEAN, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; ROBERT BRAME, University of Maryland; and RICHARD RIDEOUT, North Carolina Division of Youth Services

Of late, research and theory have increasingly been pointing to childhood experiences in the search for problem behavior that persists over the life course. Most children who offend, however, do not continue their criminal behavior into adulthood. The empirical identification of factors that account for the decision to cease offending is, therefore, of considerable importance. Toward this end, the population of 1,676 juvenile offenders, released from North Carolina training schools in 1988-1 989, were followed through 1994. Using case background characteristics and an arrest outcome measure, the analysis tries to identifyfactors associated with the decision to continue or cease offending.

PANEL 262 POLICE TRAINING AND USE OF FORCE

"law Enforcement Training Critical for limiting liability," RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University

Over the past two decades, courts in the United States have found a relationship between the amount of training police officers receive and their job performance. Acts committed or omitted by law enforcement personnel which cause injury have led to liability suits. lack of, or inadequate training has become a basis for findings of negligence or the partof the officer, the police agency, its supervisory personnel and the governmental entity employing them.

"Officer SurvivalTr aining: Are we Training Survivalor Paranoia?" PATRICK MAHER, Personnel and Organizational Development Consultants

Facing ever increasing criminal homicides of officers in the early 1970s, police trainers shifted their emphasis to "officer survival," developing and emphasizing tactics, caution, and assumptions of potential threat in every encounter. However, while the criminal homicide of officers, and violent crime itself, has decreased homicides by police still are often highly controversial. It is the thesis of this paper that training material emphasizes caution, assumptions of danger, and references statistics that are often misleading, incorrect, or ignores police errors and constitutional issues, leading the police to overreact and to ignore or misunderstand their role in a democratic society.

"Effects of Physical Exertion on Police Recruits in Judgmental Shooting Situations," CHRISTOPHER CAPSAMBELlS, St Petersburg Junior College

This study investigates the effects ofthe addition of physical exertion on a police recruit in ajudgmental shooting situation. Thirty police recruits in an academy were selected to participate in the study. Fifteen recruits in the control group participated in five potential deadly force scenarios from a rested state. Fifteen recruits in the experimental group were required to ru n through a stress course prior to participating in the same fivescenarios. Results indicated that the control group performed significantly better on judgment and movement. No significant differences between the two groups were indicated for accuracy, reaction time, use of cover, and verbal command.

"Mental Practice Enhances Recruit Police Officer's Acq uisition of Critical Psychomotor Skills," THOMAS WHETSTONE, Austin Peay State University

Seventy-two recruit police officers in three cohort groups (classes) participated in an experiment to determine what, if any, effects mental practice would have on the acquisition of basic marksmanship skills. Using a pre/post-test experimental design and both guided and self­ directed imagerysessions it was determined that mental practice does improve range performance. Analysis revealed a relationship between higher gain scores (than those of the control group) and belief in the technique and the amount of time spent in self-directed imagery. Anecdotally the recruit officers reported more confidence in their skills and an open-minded attitude toward this and other non-traditoinal learning techniques.

"Death Confrontations and the Police Subculture: The Police Officeras Survivor,"VI NCENT HENRY, long Island University-C W Post Campus

Encounters with death have profound and indelible psychic consequences. Each encounter with the death of another is, symbolically, an encounter with one's own mortality. These psychic transformations, which Robert Jay lifton termsthe "psychology of survival," result in the evolution and development of new modes of adaptation, thought, and feeling within the survivorand among groups of survivors. This paper applies lifton's concepts of survivaland death immersion to the subculture or urban policing.

PANEL 263 HATE CRIMES AND ENCODED CRIMINALITY

"Hate Crimes: Is the law an Effective Change Agent?" MARCIA STEINBOCK, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

RecentUn ited States Supreme Court decisions on hate crimes are modifying state law aproaches to this problem. This paper analyzes both the decisions and their impact upon various state laws. Extra-judicial means of addressing the hate crimes issue are also discussed.

"Cyberspace, Capitalism, and Encoded Criminality: The Iconography of Theme Park," JEFFREY CASS, Texas A & M International University

This paper takes as its point of departure one of Wired magazine's advertisements: the computer game Theme Park. The ad promises that the user will learn the inner workings of capitalist enterprises by playing the role of corporate boss. The hope is to demonstrate, however, that the icongraphy of Theme Park-a reworking of Eden-represents not only the capitalistic colonization of the cyberpunk subculture, but that such iconography reveals a criminality being encoded into the veryarchitecture of cyberspace. In fact, the capitalist interests that clamor for access to cyberspace also demand the importation of criminality to maintain their control over cyberspace.

248 "Criminalization of Hatred: The Texas Experience," JAMES LOVE and LORENE STONE, Lamar University-Beaumont

Texas state law went into effect in 1993 that criminalized acts of hatred and bigotry. This paper examines "hate crimes"-crimes motivated by bias or hatred-in Texas. The inquiry explores key legal and political issues involved in the drafting and passage of the Texas hate crime laws. Two major issues are addressed in this paper-the legal definition of hate crimes in Texas in comparison to definitions employed in other states and the political process which resulted in passage of the very broadly defined Texas "hate crime" legislation.

"Race and Serial Murder: What Explains the Predominance of White Offenders?" OTWIN MARENIN and ERIK FRANCIS, Washington State University

Serial murder is almost wholly committed by white, male offenders. Using statistics for all extreme (10 or more victims) serial murderers from 1900-1993, existing theories of violence and serial murder are analyzed and limits of traditional theorizing are suggested.

PANEL 265 SEXUAL ASSAULT

"Ethnicity, Attitudes, and Sexual Assault on Campus," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University

No abstract available.

"Factors Influencing Victim Labeling of Forced Sexual Intercourse as Rape," ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama

No abstract available.

"The Issues of Rape and Date Rape as Reported by Female and Male Students at the University of Illinois," MICHAEL CHARLES, University of Illinois

No abstract available.

"An Overview of Sex Offender Laws," DONNA NELSON, Eastern Michigan University

Sex offender registration laws have been passed in two distinct periods: the first period from 1944-67 involved six states, while the current trend beginning in 1985 encompassed at least 33 states prior to the passage of the 1994 federal anticrime bill. Intended to protect communities, most laws were enacted after brutal sex offenses and the subsequent public outcry. Several laws have included proviSions for community notification. Critics dub them scarlet letter laws and contend the laws create a fa lse sense of security. This paper uses a social constructionist approach to examine the aforementioned phenomena.

PANEL 266 STATE COURTS AND THE CRIMINAL TRIAL

"Drunk Drivers in the Courts: An Exploration of a Criminal Justice Process," JON'A MEYER and TARA GRAY, New Mexico State University

Due in part to efforts by MADD, increasing attention is now paid to the menace of the drunk driver. Many states are stiffenng penalties for driving while impaired, while some have even enacted mandatory sentences to deal with their growing problem. To explore how drunk drivers are processed through the court system, 205 drunk driving cases in southern Califo rnia were studied. Several questions were addressed, including which defendants plead not guilty, what types of sentences were imposed for the offense, and whether mandatory sentences were imposed as ordered by legislative mandate was examined.

"An Analysis of Judicial Utilization of Social Science Research," DAVID GIACOPASSI and RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, University of Memphis

Social science research has been used to shed light on a variety of legal issues. The courts have, at times, embraced the research while, in other instances, the courts have refused to accept the validity of conclusions based on the data. This paper analyzes judicial response to social science research and conditions that determine its utilization within the decision-making framework.

''Voting Behavior on the Wisconsin Supreme Court: Rights of the Accused," DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh

From August 1983-August 1992, the personnel on the Wisconsin State Supreme Corut remained constant. During this period the court decided nearly 300 cases involving the rights of the accused. This study examines these cases to determine the existence of voting blocs, the stability of these blocs (if they exist), the background factors associated with these blocs, and other decisional factors. The author also seeks to determine if the court as a whole became more conservative as public opinion shifted in this state. Attempts are made to link findings from this study with the literature on voting behavior on other appellate bodies, particularly the United States Supreme Court.

"How Should the CourtRespond When the State's Key Witness Recants His Story: Should the Defendant Receive a New Trial?" ETTA MORGAN-SHARP, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Are self-incriminating confessions given in return for leniency voluntary or forced? What criteria is used to determine whether or not they are voluntary or forced and how reliable are these confessions? This paper discusses the importance of the state's key witness recantation of this story in a murder for hire scheme and its implications on the defendant's right to a new trial.

249 FEATURE SESSION 267 DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNITY POLICING

"Coercion and Community Policing: Police Behavior Toward Suspects," ROBERT WORDEN and JEFFREY SNIPES, SUNY-Albany and STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University

The coercive authority that police exercise has always taken a variety of forms, including but not limited to arrest, but under community and problem-oriented policing one might expect that officers would make more and more creative use of non-arrest alternatives. Using observational data collected in a departmentthat was implementing community policing, the behavior of officers toward suspected offenders is discussed, the influences of situational factors on officers' choices are analyzed, and the behavior of officers who are positively oriented to community policing with the behavior of officers who are less favorably disposed toward community policing are compared.

"Alternative Approaches to Controlling Drug Problems," LORRAINE GREEN, Northeastern University

A number of cities in the United States have started to develop alternative crime prevention and drug control strategies. These initiatives develop working partnerships with "stakeholders" and encourage them to take more responsibility for controlling drug problems on their properties. The alternative tactics focus on cleaning up the places where drugs are sold rather than directly targeting the people who use or sell drugs. Alternative strategies do not rely on arresting people and are based on the assumption that opportunities for drug dealing can be reduced by targeting the situations and places that facilitate drug sale or use. . ..

''The Work Yet to be Done: Community Policing as a Potenkin Village," MICHAEL BUERGER, Pennsylvania State University

This paper evaluates the present state of community policing. Seven errors of community policing proponents are described: intellectual dishonest; "good faith" plagiarism; inappropriiate private sector borrowings; the "cult of the chief'; cult-like properties of community policing; ambiguous definitions; and failure to answer line officers' 'What do I do that's different?" question. Community policing is analyzed as fo ur distinct components: deployment (controlled by police management); coalition (police agencies working with other agencies); a working style of individual patrol officers; and partnership, the police working with the community. Future research areas and police capacity-building development needs are identified.

FEATURE SESSION 268 SPECIAL PROSECUTORIAL ISSUES

''The Adjudicated Mentally Retarded Client: From Deinstitutionalization to Incarceration," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and GUSTAVO MORAL, Independent Services Network

In 1981 , a class action suit was filed in federal district courtagains t the New Hampshire State School. A consent-decree led to the eventual closure of the State School with the clients placed throughout the state within communities under the care of private providers. New Hampshire became the first and only state to relinguish its responsibilities for the mentally handicapped. In 1994, the state passed a law which authoriz d involuntary commitment of the MR to the secure psychiatric unit which is located at the state prison. This paper discusses the evolution of this clinical/legal dilemma.

"Double Jeopardy: The Necessity of a Reappraisal," JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton

The Fifth Amendment provision protecting accused persons against being tried twice for the same crime has effectively been eroded by congressional passage of numerous new federal crimes and by the willingness ofthe federal government to prosecute persons who have been completely through the state courtsystem. The case of United States v Dixon redefined the concept of the same crime in a maner which permits sucessive prosecutions by the same authority as well as by separate sovereign jurisdictions.

''The Grand Jury: A World Class Failure," F E DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi

Criticism of the grand jury within the United States is well over a century old. Its efficacy in protecting against poorly supported charges has been doubled while a variety of prosecutorial abuses have been attributed to it. The experience of countries outside the United States supports its critics. The grand juryis more limited in its spread than most common law criminal procedures, being confined to countries of the old British Commonwealth and one offspring of the American system. Even within this sphere, it was not regularly used in all jurisdictions. From the mid- 19th century abolitions gained on adoptions until today, only two jurisdictions retain the possibility of grand juries.

FEA TURE SESSION 269 POLICY ISSUES IN CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION

"Correctional Educational Reform Through Court Intervention," OSA COFFEY

No abstract available.

"A New Sense of Direction: Correctional Education from the Federal Perspective," GAIL SCHWARTZ, U S Department of Education

No abstract available.

250 "Special Education for Youthful Offenders with Disabilities: A Brief Analysis of Mandates and Programming," ROB RUTHERFORD, Arizona State University

No abstract available.

''TBA,'' CAROLYN EGGLESTON, California State University-San Bernardino

No abstract available.

PANEL 270 MASS MEDIA AND THE SHAPING OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE REALITY

"True Lies: The 0 J Simpson Story and "Crime Time" Television," LLOYD KLEIN, Queensborough Community College and JOAN LUXENBURG and SHAWNA CLEARY, University of Central Oklahoma

The sensational June 1994 murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman touched off an unprecedented 'media feeding frenzy'. Modern America has not seen such media coverage since the proliferation of tabloid journalism. Media coverage subsumed newspapers, television newscasts, magazines, talk programs, and a combination of tabloid and network magazine programs. This paper examines (1) a breakdown of media coverage in stages encompassing the beginning, continuing development, and the subsequent trial stages; (2) a critical analysis of tabloid television as based upon the Simpson story coverage; (3) media impact as analyzed by Altheide and Snow, Tuchman, Schudson, Mannion, Fishman and other leading researchers; and (4) the juxtaposition between celebrities and media creation of social imagery.

"Newswork, Moral Panic, and the Sociology of Emotions: A Case Study of the Social Construction of Deviance," STEVEN GORELICK, City University of New York

The mass media play a central role in shaping and defining deviance during the periods of extraordinary public alarm that have been referred to as "crime waves" or "moral panics". As described by Cohen, a moral panic begins with a dramatic, widely publicized event, moves rapidly to the social definition of the event--and the involved deviant acts and actors--as symptomatic of widespread moral decay, and finally results in swift and drastic attempts at social control. This paper reports findings from a study of how print and broadcast journalists covered a widely publicized case of child sexual abuse during a recent period of moral panic. ...

"The King-Denny Tapes: Can Media Events Alter the Criminal Justice System?" H BRUCE PIERCE, North Carolina Central University

The story of Rodney King and Reginald Denny's taped attacks is the story of America's strained race relations; police and citizen frustration and a criminal justice system struggling to change. This paper explores the system "invention" that is criminal justice; what the common denominator survival interactions are between police minority communities and what the cyclical sequence of police-community conflict is and how it directly influenced the King-Denny beatings. The paper concludes with a series of questions as to the issues raised by the King-Denny tapes and suggest their use as teaching tools.

"The Media Access vs Fair Trial Debate: Much Ado About Nothing?" ROBERT CHAIRES and B GRANT STITT, University of Nevada-Reno

Pretrial publicity surrounding infamous criminal cases invariably generates substantial debate about the conflict between free press and fa ir trial rights. It is suggested that the calls for reform surrounding the issues are ill-founded in that: (1) historically, juries were chosen from those individuals who knew the most about a case; (2) there is little compelling empirical evidence that juries are unduly swayed by media intervention; and (3) existing mechanisms to control the most egregious abuses are adequate. It may in fact be that the perception of a First/Sixth Amendment conflict does more damage to the trial process than the actual existence of prejudicial pretrial information.

PANEL 271 DIRECTIONS IN CORRECTIONS: VIEWS FROM AROUND THE WORLD

"Trends in Corrections in Europe and North America: Results of a U N Survey," MATTI JOUTSEN, European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (Finland)

This paper reports on the results of a UN surveyof the operation of criminal justice. Data on corrections in over 40 European and North American countries-including the countries created out of the former USSR-are included. These data show considerable variation in prison population. With but a few exceptions, prison populations are increasing across Europe and NorthAmerica; in much of eastern Europe, the increase has negated much of the impact of the amnesties at the end of the 1980s.

"Developments in Indonesian Prisons, Policies, and Practice," TOM COURTLESS, George Washington University

The author presents a critical report on his activities while a Fulbright professor at Indonesia's University of Airlangga Law School where he taught a course on the "prison crisis." Drawing on visits to Indonesian prisons and meeting with prison officials, the report related Indonesian prison policies and practices to developments in the United States and to the recently revised Indonesian Penal Code.

''The Concept of "Dangerousness" and its Implication in the Criminal Justice System of the People's Republic of China," SIMON WONG, University of Hong Kong

There are twoconcepts of "dangerousness" in China's criminal justice system: dangerousness to society and individual dangerousness. these concepts influence the methods of control and reform that prisons employ as they try to decrease the "dangerousness" of the prisoners.

251 Moreover, various forms of administrative detention are justified as ways to prevent persons with dangerous propensity from recommitting crime. Even after release, ex-prisoners are subjected to different degrees of constant surveillance because of their dangerousness.

PA NEL 272 POLICING: CRITICAL ASSESSMENTS

"How Could Four Eyewitnesses be Mistaken? US v Mario Escobedo (1994)," THOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University

In preparation to testify as an expert in a bank robbery trial in Dallas, the defense attorney especially wanted a key question answered: How could four eyewitnesses be mistaken? This paper addresses that issue by focusing upon quality control procedures and reasons why a well designed live lineup provides more reliability than a photoarray. This paper also discusses: (a) serious problems with discovery, (b) why use of expert psychological testimony is needed when the primary evidence comes from eyewitnesses, and (c) "the place" of ethics within the mission and administration of criminal justice.

"Fiasco in Waco," R REUBEN MILLER, Teikyo Loretto Heights University

The failed ATF raid on the Branch Davidians compound in February 1993 prompted the FBI to take over the case. The Bureau handled the case as a siege/barricade situation of hostage-taking incidents. Despite the advantages that the FBI had, the final assault on the compound resulted in fatalities. What caused this deadly conclusion? This paper examines this incident from two perspectives: (1) bargaining/negotiations framework, and (2) bureaucratic decision-making model. The study examines the perceptual gap between the FBI and the Davidians, and the inter-departmental dynamics between the ATF and FBI which led to the catastrophe.

"Some Implications of the Constable-Generalist," ANNE SINGH and WILLEM de LINT, University of Toronto

The constable-generalist is a neologism in police discourse. The literature has paid scant attention to the implications of the widespread use of this term. This paper explores these implications and concludes that the term 'constable-generalist' contains several unresolved contradictions. In general, while the term constable generalist suggests many capacities on the part of the police, little thought has been given as to how these capacities can be legitimately fitted to the constitutional parameters of the office. Instead, the lack of attention to these inherent contradictions has facilitated a continued-jurisdictional expansion of the constabulary office .

"The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act: An Evaluation of Title I Public Safety and Community Policing," MICHAEL PALMIOTTO, Wichita State University

This paper evaluates the key provisions of the "Public Safety and Community Policing" component of the 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Law. SpeCific areas to be reviewed include additional manpower for community policing and supportservices. How these police provisions relate to the crime control model are examined.

PANEL 273 ASSESSING AND RESPONDING TO DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS

"Expressed Desire for Treatment Among Drug Using Arrestees in Four American Cities," EDWARD SABIN, Towson State University

This secondary analysis of drug use forecasting (DUF) surveydata, relates nine socio-demographic variables to expressed desire for treatment by drug using arrestees in four U S cities in 1992. Two cities (New York and Philadelphia) are high in the percentage of arrestees desiring treatment and two cities (Dallas and Denver) are low. Across cities the strongest multivariate predictors of desire for treatment is prior experience with treatment and respondent having previously injected a drug. ...

"Gambling and Problem Gambling Among Methadone Clients," BARRY SPUNT, John Jay College and HENRY LESIEUR, Illinois State University

One hundred seventeen methadone clients (60 percent male, 40 percent fe male; median age 39) in New York City were interviewed regarding their involvement in gambling. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (the SOGS) was used to determine the extent of pathological gambling in this sample. A six-dimension set of questions (including SOGS items and other questions related to loss of control, emotional, family/social, job/school, financial and legal problems) was used to determine the extent of problem gambling. Gambling participation rates were high with 91 percent lifetime, 78 percent in past 6 months and 69 percent in past 30 days. ...

"Chemically-Dependent Criminal Offenders: A Three Year FOllOW-Up," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

The Institute for Health and Human Services Research at Florida State University has evaluated approximately 45 intervention programs fo r chemically dependent offenders since 1990. Three years follow-up data has been analyzed for 2,876 clients who have been in these probrams. A number of treatment programs show strong positive effects on clients for about one year. By the end of the second post-treatment year, the effects are much smaller. Thirty-six months after completing treatment, differences between treated clients and untreated controls have almost disappeared.

''The Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Through the Drug Use Forecasting Program: A Multi-Trait Assessment," CHARLES KATZ, CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL, and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska-Omaha

The majority of drug use data obtained by researchers thus far has been generated through the use of self-reports and urinalysis, in fact, such methods are often the only way to accurately identify individuals who use drugs. There has only been a minimal amount of research

252 concerning the validity of the self-reported drug use among arrestees in the drug use forecasting (DUF) program. This paper presents initial evidence on the validity of self-reported interview data when compared to urinalysis, and to give a detailed description of the variables associated with the accuracy of self-reports.

PA NEL 279 THE ISSUE OF SOCIAL CONTROL AND DELINQUENCY

"Young Women and the Juvenile Justice System: No Longer the Forgotten Few," MEDA CHESNEY-LIND, University of Hawaii

It is now more or less understood that the history of the juvenile justice system is a textbook example of institutionalized sexism. Today, a number of changes are occurring, and these are assessed in this presentation. First, the impact of the de-institutionalization movement of the 1970s is briefly reviewed. Additional changes are promised by the recent re-authorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act and these are reviewed as well. Finally, the remaining problems of high detention rates for girls and transinstitutionalization are discussed. . ..

"Correlates of Delinquency and Social Bonding: A Test of Hirschi's Theory," KIM WEAVER and DONALD YATES, Ferris State University

This paper tests Travis Hirschi's social bond theory of juvenile delinquency. Salient to Hirschi's theory are explanations of delinquency which tie conventional religious, family, school, and occupational bonds to reduced or lowered childhood delinquency patterns. Hirschi sees conventional social bonding creating a formidable buffe r from the otherwise penetrating influences of social anomie and strain, and social disorganization forces, prevalent in the lives of minority and other socially disenfranchised youth. Hirschi's theory involves attachment to the social institutions and commitment to childhood ideals, involvement in childhood activities, and belief in the morality of the law.

"A Review of Women Offenders from a Social Control Framework," PAMELA SCHRAM, Michigan State University

This paper reviews the literature on women offenders within a framework of social control. However, before such a review could be implemented, it is necessary to develop and define this fra mework. The first portion of this paper attempts to answer the question of 'What is social control?" From this discussion, the next step is to contextualize the social control of women offenders. The second portion of the discussion applies this framework by reviewing the literature to explore the types, extent and forms of social control women have experienced within the criminal justice system. . ..

"Re-Thinking the Involvement Dimension of Social Control Theory," SHERMAN DAVIS, Michigan State University

Regarding social bond theory's elements of involvement, Hirschi (1969) contends that the more involved an individual in conventional activities, the less involved this individual will be in delinquent activities. This is so, primarily because the individual's time is occupied in such things as meeting, appointments, deadlines, and working hours. The time to commit delinquent "acts rarely arises." By utilizing data from the fifth wave of the National youth Survey, the present research focuses on and expands the involvement dimension of social control by developing a model of conventional activity involvement.

"The Transfer of Juveniles to Adult Court: The Unexplored Viewpoint," FRANCES REDDINGTON, Central Missouri State University

Juvenile crime is a major issue in criminal justice. Concern focuses heavily on the violent and serious juvenile offender. Most states have turned to the adult system as the answer of what to do with these offenders. As a result, there have ben changes in many state statutes about transfer, with the overall result being an increase in recent years in the number of transferred juveniles into the adult system and into adult prisons. Studies have examined the transfer process from every conceivable angle except from the point of view of the prison administrator. This paper explores the placement of youth into adult prisons and examines the attitudes of those given the responsibility for those youths placed in adult facilities.

PA NEL 280 THE QUALITY ISSUE IN POLICE TRAINING

"A Proposal for Instituting National Standards for Law Enforcement Training and Education, Certification, and Decertification," DANA De WITT, Chadron State College

This research focuses on the present disparities which exist in state training systems and the associated standards mandated for certifying law enforcement personnel. A proposal is made that describes and outlines a method for ensuring all law enforcement candidates receive a common core of learning experiences both in terms of content and hours. Various approaches for implementing this type of program are also examined. The issue of a computerized networkaccessible nationwide and containing pertinant information concerning all police officers who have had any number of problems which might lead to decertification is proposed.

"Quality vs Quantity of Police: Police Professionalism, Education, and Community Expectations," THERESA ZERBEL and BARRY HANCOCK, Indiana University-South Bend

The recent crime bill passed by the Clinton administration will undoubtedly increase the number of law enforcement officers. Increases in the quantity of officers has not and will not ensure an increase in the quality of law enforcement. As a policy matter, "get tough" proposals advocating more "cops" and community expectations of lowered crime may be politically expedient, however, professionalizing and educating the police we currently have, may in the long run, be the most efficient policy for addressing crime. This paper suggests that quality service by police is far more important than the number of police.

253 "Ethical Training: Is it Needed in Today's Law Enforcement Culture?" THOMAS CHAMBERLIN, North Carolina Central University and GARLAND NEWCOMB, University of District of Columbia

Today society is questioning the ethical values of all-particularly the government servants. The law enforcement officer is a government servant and faces much criticism; some justified, some unwarranted. This paper begins by discussing ethics in general and ramification due to the lack of ethics. They then focus specifically on ethics in law enforcement. The overall purpose of the study is to determine if a need for ethics training exists in the law enforcement community and, if so, to determine the most desirable as well as efficient method of trianing.

"Issues in Community Policing: Training Officers in Problem Orientation," DUANE DUKES, John Carroll University

The recent growth of community policing in this country has exceeded reasonable efforts to measure its overall impact. For political, economic, and philosophical reasons, cities are committed to its implementation despite the lack of information on its success. Furthermore, the type of policing required under this model is quite different from that which nearly all of today's field and command officers were trained. Officers hired through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were hired in the "scientific model" that emphasized criminal pursuit and crime detection.

PA NEL 282 ISSUES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

"Problems with Home Confinement," AMY KOPCYNSKI, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

Home confinement has become a popular alternative to doing time in a correctional facility. When home confinement is discussed very few people bring up the problems associated with this type of sentence. This paper analyzes the problems presented by home confinement and make recommendations on how to correct these problems.

"Police Sexual Misconduct," ALLISON BOUSSIDAN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This paper focuses on the various types of police sexual miscondict. Remedies to this abuse of power are explored as well as comparisons between male and fe male officers. Specific cases and incidents of sexual harassment are cited. Both officer and citizen initiated acts are discussed as well as the consequences faced by the offending officers.

"Campus Rape," MARIA HATZIKONSTANTINOU, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This research reviews data related to rapes committed on college and university campuses th roughout New York metropolitan area and conducts interviews of students on these college campuses to ascertain whether or not there is a disparity between the number of rapes reported and the actual number of rapes perpetrated. Rape prevention programs set up by local law enforcement agencies and college personel are discussed. It is anticipated that there will be large discrepancy between the number of campus rapes reported and those not reported.

"Gambling and Police Corruption," JANINE POLLENZ, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This study discusses gambling and the efforts made by police agencies to enforce laws that make gambling illegal and a crime in New York state. Gambling laws are examined as well as police policy related to enforcement of gambling laws as well as amount of corruption that may flourish because of a law enforcemnt agency's involvement in reg ulating illegal gambling.

"Telemarketing Crime," CHRISTINA DEHART, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This paper examines the effects that criminal activity has on the telecommunications industry. The research of the telemarketing crime problem includes the initial contact method, products offered by telemarketing, victim profile and products sold. This research identifies the type of participation that is required of the criminal justice system to deter this type of crime.

PANEL 283 MINORITIES AND WOMEN'S ISSUES

'Verbal Aggression: Does One's Marital Status or Gender Increase the Likelihood of Vulnerability?" NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

Verbal aggression is a relatively new area of concern within intimate violence research. This study utilizes a sample of 5,159 subjects. The data was provided by the National Family Violence Resurvey of 1985 conducted by Straus and Gelles. Academics and laymen have traditionally been concerned with physical violence among intimate partners. Currently, non-physical violence has been fo und to be just as damaging as physical abuse. This study aims to prove that marital status and gender do affect whether an individual is more vulnerable to verbal aggression. ...

"Are there Gender Differences in Attitudes Regarding Criminal Responsibility and Criminality," PAT KIRBY, American University

This paper explores the differences between genders regarding perception of crime and criminal responsibility. The data is taken from the General Social Survey (1972-1 991). The independent variables of attitudes concerning individuals breaking the law, individual attitudes regarding the sentencing of criminals, the treatment of criminals by the courts. Attitudes about the death penalty, ie, favoring or opposing it and the importance of the death penalty are analyzed to determine if gender differences exist. Factor analysis and regression are methods used in analyzing the data.

254 "Gender Representation and Violence Against Women," RENEE KASINSKY, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

This study is an examination of how gender is represented and socially constructed in narratives of violence against women in the mainstream and alternative print media. Mainstream media often portray women as willing victims. Mainstream media accounts frequently engage in "blaming the victim" and portray violent events as isolated from their contextual framework. Narratives of women speaking in their own voices in the alternative press offer more diverse images of women who have been the recipients of violence. The deconstruction of gender roles challenge hegemonic views on the violence against women presented in the mainstream media.

"Mentoring, Minorities, and the Criminal Justice System," EVERETTE PENN and SHAUN GABBIDON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

An explanation of the fundamentals and techniques of a minority mentorship program located on a predominately white, rural university in western Pennsylvania. The program, which was fo unded and is operated by minority graduate students, provides a strong academic and supportive environment for minority undergraduate students who predominately come from urban areas in which large proportions ofcollege aged minorities are under the auspicious of the criminal justice system. The program is presented as a preventative technique in orderto keep these students out of the criminal justice system and onward to graduation.

PANEL 284 SPECIAL ISSUES IN CRIME AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

"Legal Reform and Resuscitating the Law Profession in Vietnam: AfterWin ning the War, Losing the Revolution," GARY FEINBERG, St Thomas University

This paper originates out of a legal mission to Southeast Asia in summer 1994. Based upon interviews with the former Prime Minister of Vietnam and its current chief economic architect, Nguyen Xuan Oanh, as well as representatives from the Ministries of Foreign Affa irs and Justice, the Supreme Court, and the Hanoi and Saigon Bar Associations, this relatively seminal effort provides an overviewof major economic and political changes occurring in Vietnam today. . ..

"Common Misconceptions about the Crime of Conspiracy," CLIFF ROBERSON and JOSEPH SAGER, University of Houston-Victoria

This is a discussion regarding the common misconceptions about the crime of conspiracy. The history regarding those misconceptions and their effect on public opinion in conspiracy cases are provided.

"Discovery of the Truth in Adversary and Non-Adversary Criminal Procedure," ZORAN MILOVANOVICH, Lincoln University

Discovery of the truth is viewed as a fu ndamental goal of the criminal justice process in both common law and civil law traditions. However, adversary and non-adversary models of criminal procedure markedly differ with regard to methods used to pursue that goal. This paper examines techniques and mechanisms used in both legal traditions to promote truthfinding objective and establish the ground for effective implementation of substantive criminal law. It also compares how different models of criminal procedure treat truth-deflecting values and analyzes the conditions under which those values are allowed to prevail over commitment to the truth.

"Guns and Product Liability: Magic Bullet, or Another Dud?" DAVID KOPEL, Independence Institute

Advocates of gun control and gun prohibition have proposed a number of new product liability theories on which to drive gun manufacturers and sellers out of business. Absolute liability and expanded interpretations of "negligent marketing" are two of the newest approaches. This paper analyzes the I�gal and policy arguments for and against the new liability theories.

FEATURE SESSION 285 POLICE ABUSE OF FORCE

This session presents perspectives on police use and abuse of force. Collectively, these presentations offertheor etical and empirical inSights and programmatic responses.

FEATURE SESSION 286 PRISON-BASED TREATMENT FOR DRUG-INVOLVED OFFENDERS

"Drug Abuse Treatment in the Criminal Justice System: Where are we and Where are we Going?" PETER DELANY, National Institute on Drug Abuse

The tremendous growth in the offender population incarcerated for drug related crimes and the dual epidemics of cocaine use and HIV AIDS has prompted a renewed interest in drug abuse treatment with the criminal justice-involved client. As fu nds are shifted away from drug interdiction to drug treatment there is a renewed interest in finding out what works with this population. This paper examines the current state of the research and future directions for researchers and practitioners.

"Developing Appropriate Treatment for Women within a TC Model," DOROTHY LOCKWOOD and JILL McCORKEL, University of Delaware and HILARY SURRATT, University of Miami

Originally, therapeutic communities, as well as most other drug abuse treatment modalities, were designed for and by men. As the number of women in need of and seeking treatment increases, so does the need to adapt treatment programming to better serve women. This presentation addresses the development of an in-prison TC for women offenders. Gender specific therapies and services are described. In addition, the coordination between corrections and treatment as well as aftercare services are discussed. And finally, preliminary data on

255 program effectiveness and client success are presented.

"Drug Treatment Program Evaluation," ANITA ARCIDIACONO, Federal Bureau of Prisons

The Bureau of Prisons (BOP) has dramatically expanded the availability and intensity of drug abuse treatment programs throughout its institutions. As a critical element ofthe overall treatment initiatives, the BOP's Office of Research and Evaluation is evaluating the high intensity unit-based drug abuse treatment programs offered through an interagency agreement with the National Institute on Drug Abuse. This project is a multi-site, longitudinal study following inmates through their various treatment experiences. . ..

"Strengths and Shortcomings of Prison-Based Treatment for Male Drug-Involved Offenders: An Empirical Assessment," STEVEN MARTIN and JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware

A review of studies of prison-based treatment programs reported in the literature reveals few outcome studies and even fewer reports of effective long-term results for prison releasees. This is a discouraging finding when the national drug initiative has specifically targeted criminal justice populations as primarytargets for treatment of hard core users. In this paper data is used from an ongoing longitudinal study of male drug-involved offenders in Delaware (N=7S0) to review the incidence and nature of past treatment experience in a prison sample.

FEATURE SESSION 287 CURRENT RESEARCH IN CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION

"Does Correctional Education Affect Recidivism?" DANIEL LOCKWOOD, Clark Atlanta University

No abstract available.

"Evaluation Research in A Correctional Setting: Lessons Learned from A Contextualized Literacy Program at Rikers Island," RONALD SZCZVPKOWSKI, Magi Educational Services

No abstract available.

"Impact Evaluation of the LITE Program," GENNARO VITO, University of Louisville

No abstract available.

''TBA,'' LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida

No abstract available.

PANEL 288 THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN "POPULARIZING" IMAGES OF CRIME AND CRIMINALS

''The Media and the Mindhunters: A Case Study in the Americanization of International Criminal Justice," ELIZABETHJENK INS, Pennsylvania State University

In the last decade, techniques of criminal investigation in several other countries have been profoundly influenced by new methods stemming from the United States, especially the criminal profiling pioneered by the U S Justice Department. This paper discusses the means by which the new "mind hunting" techniques were introduced and subsequently naturalized in Great Britain, with special reference to the role of fictional depictions in the mass media. Though criminal profiling has been used with some success, there have also been instances (such as the recent case of Rachel Nickell) in which questionable use of profiling has led to severe criticisms.

"Media Distortion and Crime: Effects on Public Perceptions and Policy," STEPHEN DeMUTH and RICH WALLACE, Virginia Tech

The intent of this paper is twofold. The first goal is to describe how the media has historically impacted perceptions of criminal behavior and its participants. Second, the paper addresses the issue of how evolutionary technology as well as societal and institutional changes impact future perceptions of crime and the development of public policy.

"Using LEXIS/NEXIS to Conduct Criminal Justice Research: The Representation of Deadly Female Violence in the Print Press," CHRISTINE PLUMERI, SUNY-Brockport

This paper is dissertation research on the representation of gender in two major U S newspapers (ie, the New York Times and the New York Newsday). The data collection has been made easier by the use of LEXIS/NEXIS, which allows access to news sources on-line via office and/or home computers. This presentation focuses on this type of database as well as discusses some expected findings.

''The Female Psychopath in Art versus Science: An Analysis of Film Portrayals of the Femme Fatale," JACQUELINE HELGFOTT, Seattle University

Psychopathological conditons may be presented more contemporaneously in film than in the scientific literature. Specific aspects of psychopathology have been portrayed in film prior to their presentation in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or Mental Disorders. This paper is an extension of a previous study on the relationship between artistic presentations of psychopathy in film with scientific presentations of psychopathy in research and literature. It compares film presentations of female psychopathy to scientific and literature presentations. . ..

256 PA NEL 289 THE NATIONAL EVALUATION OF G.R.E.A.T.

"Overview of the National Evaluation of GREAT," FINN ESBENSEN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

In 1994, NIJ and ATF awarded fu nding fo r a national evaluation of the GREAT program. The research design included both cross-sectional and longitudinal components to assess outcome measures. Implementation of the program and office training are also evaluated.

"Theoretical Orientation of GREAT," L THOMAS WINFREE, New Mexico State University

The GREAT program has expanded substantially since its introduction in 1991 by the Phoenix Police Department. This paper assesses the stated objectives of the GREAT curriculum in light of dominant theoretical explanations of gang fo rmation.

"Field Experimental Designs: Problems of Implementation," MOLLY BROWN and JENNIFER WEST, University of Nebraska-Omaha

When conducting field experimental designs, problems concerning ra ndomization are common. This paper focuses on the logistics of successfully implementing random assignment and of maintaining high retention rates in a national sample.

"Preliminary Findings of the National Evaluation of the GREAT Program," FRANCES BERNAT, Arizona State University West; JACQUELINE HELFGOTT, Seattle University; RON TAYLOR, Temple University; and DAVID CORBIN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

Preliminary results from the longitudinal case studies are presented. Sample selection, program implementation, and officerselection practices are compared among the six longitudinal sites.

PANEL 290 POLICING: OPERATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES

"Serial Killers: Does Understanding their Violent Fantasies and Patterns of Behavior Help Capture Them?" JOHN WHITE, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey

Manifesting sexual aggression and powerby committing egregious sexual deviations culminating in serial murders were once termed"motiveless crimes." In recent years, efforts have been made to understand and predict serial killer behavior. Social scientists have made inroads into understanding the evolution of variables forming a sexual killer's mindset. Law enforcement has developed computer systems as investigative tools. However, a persistent question remains. Does this new knowledge and new computer systems enhance the ability of the police to capture serial killers? ...

"Law Enforcement and Activist Groups," GREGORY CORAM, Monmouth College

Demonstrators are viewed as the most visible disruption to any community or business. Law enforcement becomes involved to prevent hostile or disruptive behaviors during such an encounter. However, industry and the community engage in behaviors that may encourage or precipitate such demonstrations. It is essential for law enforcement to have a psychological understanding of a demonstration and develop strategies and techniques to effectively deal with such a situation. An activist group, such as ACT-UP, possess many of the psychological characteristics that are evident in any group setting. . . .

"Police Supervisors and Unethical Behavior in Police Organizations," JEFFREY MAGERS, Jefferson County Police Department

Police leaders have the responsibility for the ethical climate in their organizations. The ethical tone emanates from the top of the organization and is carried forth by the successive structure of leaders, managers, and supervisors to the employees throughout the organization. Communication plays a major role in how this message is transmitted through the organization. Done so effectively, the police leader may produce a more ethical organizational climate th rough the power of effective communication. This study explores communications and its influence on the ability of police leaders to influence the ethical climate of police organizations.

"Crime Analysis: From the 19th to the 21 st Century in Two Years," SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants

This paper details the implementation of crime analysis into a small (53 sworn) police department. Discussed are difficulties encountered, resistance met and overcome, and potential for future developments.

PANEL 291 MARIJUANA, TOBACCO, AND THE WAR ON DRUGS

"Marijuana Growing and Law Enforcement," JOHN FULLER and JAMES O'MALLEY, West Georgia College

This paper details some of the issues and problems faced by a multi-agency task force responsible for marijuana growing in Georgia. This task force made up of representatives from law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal level has been battling marijuana growers for a decade. This paper highlights some of the successes and identifies some of the problem areas. Additionally, the issue of crime displacement is discussed.

257 "Marijuana Trade in Rural Kentucky: The Political and Economic Functions of Drug Crimes," RONALD GULOTIA and STONNIE DENNIS, Murray State University

Marijuana trade has been an important part of the economy of rural Kentucky for more than a decade. This paper presents a functional analysis of this trade, based on qualitative data collected in interviews with growers, traders, and law enforcement personnel. The analysis focuses on the functions the trade servesto the local economy, to poor farmers, to local law enforcement agencies and agents, and to local and national political systems and to individual politicians.

''Th Emerging War on Tobacco: Implications for Criminal Justice," W WESLEY JOHNSON and MYRNA CINTRON, Sam Houston State University

In the past several decades American society has become increasingly interested in the regulation of tobacco. This interest is evidenced by increases in the number of laws regulating cigarette smoking, the number of civil cases seeking compensation for exposure to tobacco smoke, massive drug education programs, increases in the number of citizens who disapprove of tobacco smoking and recent media coverage. This paper examines the role of the media in the emerging war on tobacco. Specific attention is given to the potential intended and unintended effects of tobacco regulation on the criminal justice system and American society.

"Drug Enforcement in Rural Areas," RALPH WEISHEIT, L EDWARD WELLS, and DAVID FALCONE, Illinois State University

Rural areas of America are used for drug production, as trans-shipment points, as smuggling routes into the U S. In addition, drug use is a problem among rural residents. Despite the multitude of ways in which rural areas are effected by drugs, and the impact of rural areas on drug problems in urban communities, this issue has been largely ignored in the drug literature. This study, part of a 2-year study of crime and policing in rural America, reports on the observations and reactions of rural police to drug problems in their communities.

PANEL 292 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PUNISHMENT

''Toward a Theory of Punishment in the Psychiatric Courtroom: On Language, Law, and Lacan," BRUCE ARRIGO, Rowan College of New Jersey

Theoretical advances in critical criminology signal an increasing reliance upon the post-modern agenda when examining complex socio-Iegal phenomena. This essay furthers this evolutionary trend in theory-build ing. Under consideration are the conceptual tools of Jacque Lacan's psychoanalytic semiotics. Several of his formalizations on discourse, subjectivity and knowledge are broadly defined and subsequently applied to the dynamic process of decision making in the psychiatric courtroom. By examining the structure and operation of "clinicolegal" language, this article concludes by outlining a theory of punishment.

"Controlling Homeless Mothers: Punishment and Surveillance in a Homeless Shelter," VICTORIA PITIS, Brandeis University

This paper is a case study of the rules and surveillance practices of a family homeless shelter. The researcher worked as a staff member of the shelter and kept field notes. She fo und that the shelter's punitive practices made the institution seem "like jail" for some of its clients, and that its �urveillance practices facilitated intervention on the partof the shelter into the personal lives of its residents. The consequences of this intervention, often involving other social service agencies and sometimes the police, can be serious for the residents.

"From Legitimate Punishment to Legitimacy in Punishment Regimes in Islam: From Theory to Practice, the Case of the Qisas (Retribution) in Islam," HAMID KUSHA, Maryville University

In traditional Islan's notion of retributory punishment, two concepts occupy significant places: Known as the qisas-i nafr (retributory capital punishment for intentiona1 murder), and qisas-i udw (retributory punishment for intentional bodily injury), these traditional punishments were meted out based on the notion that legitimate punishment is prescribed by God. This paper explores the theory behind these punishments and explores such punishment cases that have been carried out in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

"Symbolic Reassurance: Why we Punish," RONALD HUNTER, Jacksonville State University

No abstract available.

PANEL 295 ROUNDTABLE: CRIMINAL JUSTICE EVA LUATIONS: GANG PREVENTION PROGRAMS

"Gangs as Targets of Intervention," ROBERT YIN and JUNE SIVILI, Cosmos Corporation

COSMOS Corporation is conducting a process and impact evaluation of six gang prevention and early intervention strategies at three program sites. The evaluation emphasizes the roles of agencies, fa milies, peers, and community groups in the lives of high-risk youth. Gang prevention strategies target gang membership prevention, early intervention strategies to reduce undesirable gang activities. The evaluation uses an innovative research design-bringing to the field of gang research the use of a more practical approach for evaluating complex, multi-strategy programs. The design strategy is based on the use of multiple comparisons of data to evaluate interventions.

"Process Evaluation," KATHERINE WILLIAMS and MARCIA COHEN, DSG Inc

Recent research shows an increase in fe male participation in youth gang activity in the U S. This paper presents interim findings from an

258 evaluation of three federally-fu nded fe male youth gang prevention programs which serve both African-American and Hispanic fe males. The study examines program organization and services, processes by which fe males come to be involved in gangs, kinds of activities fe males engage in as gang members, and processes that may lead to fe males' leaving the gang. The evaluation design includes a process and impact evaluation.

"Impact Evaluation," G DAVID CURRY, University of Missouri-St Louis

No abstracts available.

PANEL 296 BATTERING

"Batte ring in Dating Relationships: A Test of Social Learning Theory," BECKY WYLlE-JARDINE and CHRISTINE SELLERS, University of South Florida

No abstract available.

"Determinants of Victim Co-Production in Partner Violence: Seeking Warrants in Offender Absent Cases," ALISSA WORDEN, SUNY-Albany

No abstract available.

"Current State of Affairs of Domestic Violence Research," DIANE DWYER, SUNY-Brockport

No abstract available.

"TBA," LYNETTE FEDER, Florida Atlantic University

No abstract available.

PANEL 297 JUVENILE JUSTICE AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

"The Behavior of Law and the Juvenile Justice System," CAROLYN NILLES, Marshall University

In this paper the proposition set forth by Donald Black in Th e Behavior of Law is examined in the context of the juvenile justice system. In surveying research it is hoped that some conclusions can be reached regarding Black's theoretical ideas and their relevance for juvenile justice. Addressed are Black's propositions regarding the behavior of law and social setting, ie, stratification, morphology, culture, organization, and social control (Black, 1976). While Black discusses both the quantity and the quality of law, because of data limitations, only the quantity of law in various aspects of the juvenile system are examined . ...

"Organizational Models in Juvenile Justice," SUSAN GUARINO-GHEZZI, Northeastern University

The juvenile justice system in the United States is less a true "system" than a disorganized array of often competing agencies. Each jurisdiction has created a combination of interlocking agencies, statutes and policies that is an id iosyncratic reflection of unique infrastructures and cultures. Juvenile justice is particularly vulnerable to a pattern of "justice by geography" because of the diverse philosophies that the systems struggle to implement. This paper examines organizational structures in juvenile justice and their importance for achieving balanced goals based on surveys of 16 states as well as participant observation in three jurisdictions.

"Medicalization of Juvenile Delinquency as Social Control: An Assessment of Issues and Impacts," KRISTEN TATUM-PRESTON, University of Tennessee

This paper explores issues and trends in the medicalization of juvenile delinquency as a form of social control. Discussion involves the history of social control of delinquency through the medical field. Other areas investigated are the specific types of control employed by private treatment facilities, the adolescents targeted by these facilities for care, methods of obtaining referrals, comparisons of treatment fa cilities to correctional facilities. It also focuses on how this trend is affecting youth, the juvenile justice system, and society as a whole.

"Is Delinquency Increasing or Decreasing? Trends and Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency During 1980-1 992 Period," SUMAN SIRPAL, Florida Internatinal University

More recently, there has been a national trend towards treating juveniles as adults under law. There is a public outcry to "get tough" with the juveniles because of the perceived escalating rates of juvenile delinquency. Using official data, this paper investigates if there is a crime wave perpetrated by juvenile offenders? If juveniles are becoming increasingly violent in the acts they commit? The official delinquency rates are compared for 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1992 to comprehend any discernible trends and patterns. This paper presents the incidence and prevalence of delinquency during these years.

"Juvenile Justice Revisited: The Role of History and the Cycle of Judicial Disorganization," SUZETTE COTE, SUNY-Buffalo

The various problems of the social organization of juvenile justice emanate from a stagnated, cyclical social history of judicial reform. Rather than learning from past reform fforts and moving toward a common goal, justice officials find themselves embedded in philosophical debates

259 over issues of rehabilitation, incarceration, recriminalization, and what roles court administrators and social workers are supposed to be in relation to the law and welfare of juveniles.

PANEL 298 MANAGING POLICE USE OF FORCE THROUGH TRAINING

"Police Training in Positional Asphyxiation," MERLYN MOORE, Sam Houston State University

This paper discusses the major transportation, training, legal and policy issues related to securing prisoners by use of the "hog-tie" procedure, positional asphyxia and excited delirium from cocaine and other drugs.

"The Role of Police Trainers in Controlling Excessive Force: A Proposal Paper," H BRUCE PIERCE, North Carolina Central University

This proposal intends to examine the role of police trainers in identifying the current content and structure, teaching systems and training needs in the use of force by their respective departments. It is based on a survey of the 50 departments assessed by Scrivner in her study of The Role of Police Psychology in Controlling Excessive Force. It compares the impact of the police trainer on the department's use of force handling, as a function of "incident" driven training versus "systems-integrated" training. Additionally, the departmental impact of command level trainers versus salaried or consultant trainers are examined.

"Force Management: Changing the Police Paradigm," MICHAEL CHARLES and GREG CONNER, University of Illinois

The use of force by police agencies is perhaps the most misunderstood, troublesome, and litigious area surrounding the police function. Unfortunately, police agencies generally do not have workable use of force policies, they do not provide appropriate use of force training, and they have not grounded their use of policies and tactics in sound deparmental mission statements and use of force models. The authors discuss an integrated approach to force management in which citizens are involved in the development of use of force policies.

"Blaming the Victim in Police Excessive Force Litigation," PATRICK MAHER, Personnel and Organizational Development Consultants

This paper examines two civil cases in which police were fo und liable for use of excessive force. In both cases, the defense tactic was to blame the victim for police use of excessive force. Such tactics raises questions about the duty of police to protect rather than harm its citizens, and it raises ethical and philosophical issues about the duty of government to indemnify its citizens when it causes harm.

PANEL 300 POTPOURRI III

"Race or Social Class? The Non-Representative Nature of American Juries," HIROSHI FUKURAI, University of Califo rnia-Santa Cruz

The nation's Supreme Court has yet to recognize the achieved status as a cognizable class (ie, one based on income and education) in evaluating the cross-sectional representation of potential jurors. The analyses reveals that when educational background is incorporated in analyzing the underrepresentation of racial groups on jury venires, minority jurors with college education were, in fact, over-represented at a statistically significant level. The results show that social class status such as educational attainment overrides ascribed dimensions of race and holds greater logical merits in explaining the eligibility of prospective jurors under the current jury selection system.

"Comprehensive Treatment to Social Order: A Chinese Approach Against Crime," WEIZHENG LlU, Monmouth College

China, a nation used to be described as a society free of crime, now is facing a serious crime problem. By analyzing secondarysour ces, this paper describes the strategy of comprehensive treatment to social order applied by the Chinese government in crime prevention and criminal reformation.

"The Hunt for Randomized Experimental Reports: Document Search and Retrieval Efforts for a 'What Works?' Meta-Analysis," ANTHONY PETROSINO

One of the most important phases of a meta-analysis is the search and retrieval of primary research documents. This is the data collection phase for the quantitative review. A detailed discussion of the process involved in searching, locating and retrieving documents for a meta­ analysis of crime reduction field experiments are presented. The inclusion criteria, the rationale for the type of searches used, and a detailed presentation of six major techniques, including electronic technology, are discussed. Five additional techniques are mentioned and recommendations to prospective meta-analyses are offered.

"Contemporary Islamic and American Sentencing: A Comparative Perspective," DAVID GRISWOLD, Florida Atlantic University

In this paper, contemporary Islamic and American sentencing and their rationales are compared. While Islamic sentencing has remained relatively unchanged, American sentencing has become more punishment oriented and punitive in the past 20 years. The relative merits of the Islamic and American approaches to sentencing are discussed.

260 PANEL 301 ISSUES IN THE DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF CRIME

"The Ethics of Police Officers and Active Informants in the Investigation of Organized Crime in the United Kingdom," PA UL COOPER, John Moores University (England) and JON MURPHY, Merseyside Police (England)

Police use of active informants within criminal organizations is fraught with ethical difficulties, and some pOlice services in the United Kingdom proscribe the practice. Other services,however, driven by the need to develop quality criminal intelligence, employ a small number of officers in informant handling. These officers work within an official policy and ethical framework that offers only the broadest of operational guidelines for the important and complex issues that informant handling regularly presents. This paper considers the key ethical issues in this area and critically assesses whether more complex ethical models for informant handling are capable of operational implementation.

"Community Policing as an Alternative Drug Enforcement Strategy: A Consideration of Current Research," BARRY GOETZ, Brown University

Community policing is promoted as a progressive strategy where the officer's role is transformed from that of professional crime-fig hter to one of community organizer, advisor, and problem solver. General objectives include "order maintenance" and extending the discretionary powers of the police to promote public safety and the public health using alternatives to arrest and incarceration. But suprisingly, little has been addressed in the literature about how community policing strategies impact drug enforcement specifically, considering the amount oftime police spend on policing illegal substances. ...

"Solving Non-Simple Homicides," KORNI KUMAR, SUNY-Potsdam and STANLEY TURNER and LEONARD SAVITZ, Temple University

The records of the Homicide Unit of the Philadelphia Police Department for 1988 were secured. The files listed 402 victims of fe lonious homicide in Philadelphia in 1988. Close examination of the particular cases, however, revealed that 38 cases were not victims of criminal homicide in that year. Three cases were found to be suicides, two homicides had not taken place in 1988, two killings were determined to be non-culpable accidents, and there were 30 victims of justifable homicide. There were 364 victims left who were involved in 340 instances of "homicide episodes" . ...

"Missing the Link: Emerging Relationships Between Police and the Military," PETER KRASKA, Eastern Kentucky University

Academic attempts to understand the police have given little attention to the inherent link between the police and military. One could come to the misleading conclusion from much of the policing literature that the adoption of the paramilitary model was due simply to organizational concerns. This incomplete, depoliticized account of police development masks the ways in which the police and military overlap--politically, culturally, and materially. The most important link is that they both share the prerogative to use force, fo rming the foundation of state power. With the advent of the Post Cold-War era and the latest war on drugs, current trends demonstrate the emergence of a disturbing new relationship between the police and military. ...

PANEL 302 LEGAL ISSUES REGARDING EQUAL TREATMENT, JUSTICE, AND CIVIL RIGHTS

"The Quest for Civil Rights: Modern Rioting Creates a New Recipe for Danger," BOBBI MARKERT, Western Carolina University

The African-American quest for civil rights in the United States is still a growing movement today. The recent LA riots foreshadow the increasing tension among races. Do these riots contribute to the suppression of minorities? Are we allowing emotions whipped up by the media to govern trials? Core, radical racist groups are using and creating racial tensions for social gain. The quest for civil rights has become a quest for power. This paper explores the potential ramifications of the 0 J Simpson verdict regarding civil unrest not only in LA but in communities throughout the United States.

"The Politicization of Race and Crime," ROBERT BING III, University of Texas-Arlington

This paper focuses on the current research on race and crime. Issues range from use of phrase "black-on-black" crime to the exploitation of race as a method upon which to generate revenue. Another focal point is an examination of some of the current research purporting to show that crime is a uniquely black phenomenon.

"Justice, Race and Gender: Pauli Murray and the Law," MARY ATWELL, Radford University

Pauli Murray (1910-1985), a black woman lawyer, scholar, and activist, was a pioneer in the struggle for civil rights in the United States. Murray's scholarship as well as her life's work dealt with issues of equal justice for blacks and women. This paper examines Murray's legal career and her writings with the purpose of defining how her positions were shaped by the intersection of race and gender in her own experience and her awareness of those factors in the experience of others. It focuses espeCially on her concern with equality within the criminal justice system.

"The Impact of Individuals with Disabilities Education Act on the Disciplinary Exclusion of Students from Public Schools: Educational Vision or Unintended Consequences," MICHAEL REESE, North Georgia College

For 20 years, fe deral courts have analyzed provisions of the individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Several decisions have created obstacles to the authority of public school officials to exclude handicapped students from their institutions. An original study by this author a decade ago focused on the dual standard of discipline fostered by these decisions. This paper examines the legislative history of the Act and the relevant cases in an effort todetermine if these results reflect sound educational policy or unintended, and indefenSible, consequences.

261 FEATURE SESSION 303 A NEW SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF DRUGS AND CRIME: RESULTS FROM RECENT EVALUATIONS OF DRUG COURTS

"Comparative Models of Treatment Delivery in Drug Courts," STEVEN BELENKO, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

Growing interest over the past few years in new approaches to adjudicating drug-involved offenders has engendered renewed efforts to link substance abuse services to the courtprocess. Although a range of efforts have been implemented, treatment-oriented drug courts, typified by the so-called "Miami model", have garnered the most scrutiny. With drug courts a key part of the recently enacted federal crime bill, along with a proposed $1 billion in fu nding over six years, the development of these drug courts has intensified. But few jurisdictions have merely replicated the "Miami model" diversion drug court without modifying the program design to fit local conditions.

"Assessing the Impact Treatment of Drug Courts," JOHN GOLDKAMP, Temple University

The growth of treatment drug courts has occurred very rapidly with very little research to report on its accomplishments, strengths and weaknesses. The lessons from the first sizeable empirical study of a treatment drug courtco nducted in Miami are discussed as well as implications for the future of the movement, drug treatment and criminal court processing.

"Maricopa County's Drug Court: An Innovative Program for First-Time Drug Offenders on Probation," ELIZABETH DESCHENES and PETER GREENWOOD, Rand Corporation

The nationwide wide drug court movement represents one of the most recent innovations in the criminal justice system aimed at decreasing the number of drug-involved offenders by providing drug treatment and intensive court supervision. Although the majority of drug courts are diversion programs, the Maricopa County (AZ.) Drug Court is a post-adjudication program for probationers with a first-time felony conviction for drug possession. Probationers are required to participate in an out-patient comprehensive drug treatment program that includes drug education classes, group counseling, and drug testing.

"A Process Evaluation of Alameda County's Service Delivery System for High Risk Youthful Offenders: Linkages Between the Drug Court and Probation Department," SANDRA TUNIS and JAMES AUSTIN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency

In 1992, the National Institute of Justice awarded a contract to the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) ot conduct a process evaluation of four Correctional Options Demonstration Programs. The Drug Abuse Control (DACC) Program of the Alameda County, California Probation Department (Adult Division) had been funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance as an intermediate sanction program. The target population includes those convicted of a drug-related fe lony, who have previously failed diversion.

FEA TURE SESSION 304 CURRENT ISSUES IN POLICE CIVIL LIABILITY

"Panhandling and the Police," RICHARD SLUDER, Central Missouri State University

Legislation to control panhandling has drawn both praise and criticism. Proponents of these measures argue that panhandlers are not only a public nuisance, but also contribute to social disintegration and crime, cause business losses, and elevate citizen fear of crime. Critics, however, argue that statutes prohibiting public begging are in violation of the First Amendment's free speech provisions and th Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. This article reviews legal decisions on the constitutionality of panhandling statutes and assesses their implications for policy makers and law enforcement personnel.

"Police Civil Liability for First Amendment Violations," MICHAEL VA UGHN, Georgia State University

This paper explores police civil liability for First Amendment violations. It focuses on First Amendment case law in which the police are sued pursuant to Section 1983 in twotypes of situations. First, cases in which police officers are sued for violating citizens' First Amendment rights are analyzed. Second, cases in which police officers sue their supervisors or their department for First Amendment violations are examined. Policy implications and future directions are explored.

"Hi-Risk Police Activities, Liability and Risk Management," GEOFFREY ALPERT, University of South Carolina; RANDY PLYER, South Carolina Risk Management; and WILLIAM SMITH, Sedgwick of the Carolinas

This study reviews law enforcement risk management techniques and their potential impact on the safety of the public and financial responsibilities of the government. While many police activities require some level of management and control, hi-risk activities including use of force and emergency response driving, demand the most serious attention. In recent years, concern over these hi-risk activities has increased as traditional law enforcement tactics have been supplemented by consideration of ethics, public safety and financial liability. This study relates the concerns of ethical behavior, public safety and liability to hi-risk law enforcement activities.

FEATURE SESSION 305 RACE, CRIME, AND JUSTICE: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Race is a major factor in the administration of justice in America. The recent cases of Rodney King and Colin Ferguson are two glaring examples. While much of current criminal justice theory and practice focuses on individual responsibility for crime and its just punishment, it cannot be denied that historically, minorities, especially those of black racial identity, have suffered such injustice under the color of law. This panel addresses critical issues surrounding the interplay of race and law, its historical and philsosphical origins and its potential impact on modern criminal law.

262 PANEL 306 VICTIMS OF STEREOTYPES?: COPS, WOMEN, CHILD VICTIMS, AND MINORITIES IN THE MEDIA

''The Portrayal ofWomen and Blacks in the Crime Film Genre (1972-1 992}," DEBRA LAUFERSWEILER, Northern Virginia Community College; VICKY DORWORTH, Montgomery College; RETA ROBERTS, The College of West Virginia; and MARIE HENRY, Sullivan County Community College

Various forms of popular culture serveto educate and socialize, as well as, influence human behavior. In a discipline such as criminal justice, little is known by the general public about the individual actors within the system. Therefore, the construction of reality may very well come from media representation. A content analysis was used as a method to systematically evaluate two decades of crime film to investigate what gender and race messages were apparent in the genre. A sample of 42 films was drawn to determine if gender and race differences existed in regard to occupational representation, victimization, and offending.

"Targets of the Media: Negative Images of Mass Media on Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement," ALLAN RUTLEDGE, East Tennessee State University

The mass media and entertainment industry have for decades played a significant role in influencing the public image of law enforcement in America. Dichotomous portrayals of law enforcement in the media seem to cause much confusion betweenwhat is reality and what is solely entertainment. Public perceptions rely heavily on what is presented in the mass media and law enforcement seems to sufferfrom a negative depiction. This paper examines the media's negative perceptions and their impact on the perceptions and attitudes of the public towards law enforcement and law enforcement agencies.

'Victims of Child Homicides in the News Media: A Content Analysis of the Chicago Tribune," NICOLE VAN DOORN, Indiana University

This research examines the presentation of victims, primary and secondary, and offenders of child homicides in the news media. This research is based on a content analysis of a series run by the Chicago Tribune titled "Killing Our Children." The data are collected from the entire 189 article series which ran from January 1993-January 1994. Variables such as article size, age, income level, and other demographics of victims and offenders were collected. There was also extensive collection of data on the number and type of sources cited about and by victims and offenders. Findings and implications of these findings are discussed.

"Media Portrayal of Juvenile Crime in Arizona," STEPHANIE KUEHNE, Arizona State University

In January 1994 two major Phoenix newspapers began a series of articles examining the juvenile justice system and juvenile crime. A content analysis of the articles presented are conducted dealing with several issues. First, is there a focus on juveniles as individuals or are they more likely to be presented as gang members. Second, is there a diffference in the portrayal of female juveniles and male juveniles. Third, do the articles focus on juveniles or on the juvenile justice system. . ..

PANEL 307 GANGS, DRUGS, AND INTERVENTIONS

"Tabula Rosa Intervention/Prevention Project: The Resocialization of Delinquent Gang-Involved Females," ERNEST De ZOLT, John Carroll University and LINDA SCHMIDT, Task Force on Violent Crime

Current patterns of female criminality continue to be on the increase. While documentation of reported increases in violent fe male crime rates are smaller than the rates fo r all fe male crime and comparatively to rates of male criminality, patterns of violent female crime are shown to exist. The purpose of the Tabula Rosa Intervention/Prevention Project is trifold: (1) to implement the multi-staged intervention program for delinquent gang-involved fe males for the purpose of reducing future rates of victimization and delinquency involvement; (2) to develop a qualitative database from which to document the frequency and versatility of adolescent female criminality; and, (3) to develop an interventionist model for violent fe male offenders.

"A Social Constructionist Approach to the Study of Youth Gangs: An Examination of the Perceptions of Decision Makers and Delinquent Youth," MICHAEL LEIBER, MICHELLE O'CONNOR, TINA ENGSTROM, and DAWN DUNGAN, University of Northern Iowa

A social constructionist approach is used to examine and compare perceptions of juvenile delinquents to decision makers regarding the extent of gang activity and the nature of the dynamics underlying involvement with gangs in a midwestern state. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are employed to assess the similarities and differences in responses.

"Underestimation, Over-Reaction, and Ignoring the Obvious in the Youth Gang Dilemma," WILLIAM BROWN, University of Michigan-Flint and RANDALL SHELDEN, University of Nevada-Las Vegas

This paper addresses several issues associated with the American youth gang dilemma. Responses to the gang dilemma, strategies for the eradication of that quandry, and outcomes of recent poliCies which have failed to deliver promises of success in the ''war'' against youth gangs were the focus. Data from a recent ethnographic study of youth gang members in Detroit reveal that current policies, camouflaged in "catchy" phrases and slogans, represent "old wine in new bottles". These policies rely on the same logic (illogic) and ideology of policies which failed during the 1960s and 1970s.

263 "Gangs, Violence, and Drug Use in Rural Northern Missouri," ROSEMARY BARROW, WAYNE VanZOMEREN, CLARKYOU NG, and PAULA HOLMAN, Northwest Missouri State University

Violence, gang activities, and drug use in public schools are receiving national attention. In order for the U S Department of Education's America 2000 goals to be accomplished, these activities must be curta iled. This paper presents the results of a survey of school counselors; high school principals, superintendents, co unty sheriffs and city police chiefsin rural areas in northern Missouri to evaluate the prevalence of violence, gangs and drug use perceived by these individuals. Comparisons are made of these perceptions with actual statistics of occurences obtained from law enforcement records.

"A Social Network Approach to Youth Gang Intervention," MARK FLEISHER, Illinois State University

This paper discusses the findings of systematic street ethnography in Seattle and Kansas City (MO) among teenage gang members and active adult street criminals who were adolescent gang members. Data show youth gangs to be homophilous networks of weak social ties, which are linked to weak natal and extended fa mily networks. The social nature of youth gangs and a lack of neighborhood social control is predicated for the most part on weak family ties. This research suggests that anti-crime, anti-gang intervention must begin within households and that neighborhood economic interventions, alone, are unlikely to reduce intrahousehold violence and neighborhood street crime.

PANEL 308 POLICE USE OF INFORMANTS

''The Nature and Significance of Confidential Informing," J MITCHELL MILLER, University of Tennessee

Confidential informing, though vital to detective work, is a rarely studied phenomenon. The general lack of information is attributable to researchers' inability to identify a sample of informants as well as the secrecy inherent to the topic. This paper presents an unprecendented ethnographic analysis of empirical data. Asnowball sampling technique enabled loosely structured interviewswherein informants reconstructed their participation in undercover casework. Primary issues addressed include: motivation, police agent and informant relationship, nature of casework, and problems typical of the informing arrangement. ...

''The Role of the Police Informer in the British Criminal Justice System," COLIN DUNNIGHAN, University of Hull (England)

Recent years has seen British police forces placing increasing emphasis upon the more proactive use of intelligence resources and surveillance techniques for offender targeting and the investigation of crime. Such strategies require good intelligence systems being in place and one of the main tools of an intelligence system is the informer. Drawing on the findings of a two-year project, this paper questions the widely held belief of senior officersthat informers are an efficient cost-effective resource and identifies negative consequences that informer-based policing policies are producing for individual police officer, police forces and ultimately, the British criminal justice system.

"A Critique of Criminal Informant Programs: Management's Responsibilities," THOMAS CHAMBERLIN, North Carolina Central University

Criminal informants are an integral part of law enforcement. History has identified successes and abuses via utilization of the informant. This paper presents an historical perspective on informant operations followed by operational definitions of informants by today's law enforcement organizations. An analysis of organizational policy is discussed identifying management's deficiencies and acknowledgement of non-committ ant to the organization's criminal informant program (CIP). The conclusion reached is a law enforcement folly which results if the organization maintains compliance through deception.

"Factors Which Influence the Likelihood of Arrest in Violent Crimes: A NIBRS Analysis," HOWARD SNYDER, National Center for Juvenile Justice

The FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) collects detailed incident, victim, and offender information on each violent crime incident reported to law enforcement, as well as if an arrest was made. An analysis of several hundred thousand NIBRS records investigates the relative impact on the probability of arrest of the following factors: victim(s) demographics, offender(s) demographics, victim-offender relationship(s), the type(s) of offense, etc.

PANEL 309 ISSUES IN THE WAR ON DRUGS

"Current Drug Laws in the USA and Bigotry," GARY WEBB, Ball State University

Effective crime control and an effective criminal justice system are not possible within the context of our current drug laws. Current drug laws and initiatives to enforce them shift the focus from crime control to institutionalized bigotry.

"Searching for Heroin in New York, Chicago, and San Diego," ANN ROCHELEAU, BOTEC Analysis Corporation

Rising heroin imports and fa lling heroin prices may lead to growth in the number of new heroin users. Lack of retail availability is a possible barrier to heroin initiation. But unlike price and purity, availability is not routinely measured. This study uses "search time" as an indicator of heroin availability. In a previous study on the mechanics of heroin purchase in Boston, "search time"-the period from deciding to acquire heroin to actually buying it-was found to be a viable measure of heroin availability. In fact, the average search time for Boston addicts was 48 minutes. This paper reports on the replication of the heroin availability study in three U S cities-New York, San Diego, and Chicago. . ..

264 ''The Impact of Task Forces on Drug Control and Violent Crimes," CHRISTOPHER HENSLEY, PHYLLIS GRAY-RAY, MELVIN RAY, and R GREGORY DUNAWAY, Mississippi State University

This paper presents the results of a multi-year (October 1990-September 1994) evaluation of selected Mississippi drug control projects. Eight multijurisdictional drug task forces were selected to be evaluated. Data collection and analysis fo cused on assessing whether or not drug­ related crimes and violent crimes, as a result of task force activities, were on the decline in the target areas. Data were obtained from a statewide telephone survey, a survey of task force agents, and task force quarterly performance reports.

"A Longitudinal Analysis of Federal Asset Forfeiture," GREG WA RCHOL, Michigan State University

Once an obscure body of custom's laws, asset fo rfe iture has evolved into an integral part of the federal drug enforcement initiative. Due to the unique nature of these laws and their use as an alternative sanction, forfeiture has been subject to considerable attention. Proponents argue that forfeiture is a form of poetic justice, while critics sight the law's potential for infringement on civil liberties. But, surprisingly, this topic is almost completely devoid of empirical research. This study helps facilitate a better understanding of this program with a longitudinal, quantitative analysis of individual federal asset forfeiture cases.

PANEL 310 CASE HISTORIES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

"Organized Crime in the United States of America--A New View Point: New York City's Chinatown, 1890-1 910," JEFFREY MclLLWAIN, Pennsylvania State University

An analysis of New York press accounts from 1890-1 910 shatters many myths about Chinese organized crime in the United States. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this analysis provides strong evidence that proves Chinese organized crime is neither "emerging" nor "non-traditional." By focusing on the first "tong war" betweenthe Hip Sings and On Leongs, it was fo und that both tongs were involved with police and political corruption, labor racketeering, prostitution, gambling, immigrant smuggling, drug trafficking, and violent crimes. These activities occurred under the fronts of legitimate businesses, and predates in structure and sophistication organizations of diffe rent ethnic origin later recognized as criminal syndicates.

"BCCI: White-Collar Criminal or Organized Crime Enterprise?" ANTHONY MARKET, Western Connecticut State University

Traditional white-collar and organized crime paradigms fail to adequately explain the deviance found at the Bank of Credit and Commerce International. Smith's spectrum-based theory of enterprise was fo und to provide the most satisfactory paradigm. A review of the history of BCCI and examples of BCCl's financial and other crimes are discussed. A review of the regulatory actions against BCCI is also included, both to complete the history discussion of BCCI, and to show how BCCI managed to deflect the law enforcement efforts of both the American and British governments.

''The Classification of Illegal Enterprises: Narrowing the Focus of Inquiry," DONALD LIDDICK, Pennsylvania State University

The enterprise model of organized crime, founded on the notion that illegal firms are governed by the same economic principles as legal firms, has been hampered by an overly broad focus of inquiry--that is, too many behaviors are subsumed under the same category. This paper suggests narrowing the focus of inquiry through the creation of a new classification scheme, called vice enterprises. Illegal enterprises in this category include organized prostitution, the proviSion of illegal gambling services, and the distribution of illegal drugs. ...

"Korean Organized Crime and the Japanese Yakuza," RONALD IACOVETTA and DAE CHANG, Wichita State University

This paper focuses upon the historical development of organized crime in Japan (the Yakuza) and the affiliation with organized crime in South Korea. It traces the close historical linkage between organized crime in these two countries and considers the impact of this association The characteristics of Korean and Japanese organized crime and the family lineage factors that create a symbiotic relationship between organized crime in Korea and Japan are addressed. Discussion also focuses on the general and individual characterisitcs of this relationship and the phenomenon of territorial expansion.

PANEL 31 2 ROUNDTABLE: WRITING A CRIMINAL JUSTICE TEXT

This workshop is designed for professors who are considering writing their own textbook. It covers all phases of the textbook production process including: obtaining the contract; writing the manuscript; peer review; rewrite with the copy editor; galleys and proofs; and interaction with the acquisitions editor, developmental editor and production editor. ...

PANEL 314 FAMILY VIOLENCE

"Kadi Justice: A Qualitative Assessment of Decision-Making in the Juvenile Justice System," CHARLES CORLEY, ANGEL PREWITT, TIMOTHY BYNUM, and MADELINE WORDES, Michigan State University

This paper explores the extent to which juvenile court processes and decisions reflect a form of kadi justice. That is, justice whereby judiCial processes and sanctions are geared towards individualized treatment. To achieve its goal of individualized treatment. To achieve its goal of individualized justice the principal of offense is weighted less heavily in juvenile courtand courtofficials consider a broader realm of offender characteristics. This is done in an attempt to meet the needs of the child. ...

265 "Community Policing and Family Violence: Can the Criminal Justice and Health Care Systems Work Together toward a Solution?" JOSEPH RYA N, Pace University

The criminal justice community understands that it must develop linkages to other systems which can assist in reducing violence. Current discussions on linking the multi-disciplinary response to violence center on the seemingly logical assumption that to make this possible one simply has to "just do it," and that all supporting mechanisms are in place to ensure its success. The authors question such an assertion, and argue that it goes beyond the sharing of information.

"Coordinate Responses to Domestic Violence," BRUCE TAYLOR and ROBERT DAVIS, Victims Services

Many programs have been developed to assist victims of domestic violence and provide group counseling for batterers, but rarely are such programs provided in a coordinated fashion. Moreover, evaluation studies of programs for batterers and programs for victims have lacked sufficient methodological rigor to yield conclusive answers about their effectiveness. This presentation reviews the literature on coordinated responses to domestic violence, and provides suggestions on research methodology. .,.

"Past Violence, Future Violence: Is there a Different Impact for Spouses and Cohabitors?" NICKY ALI, Purdue University-Calumet

This study drew from the National Family Violence Resurvey of 1985 provided by Straus and Gelles. Five thousand one hundred fifty-nine married and cohabiting couples were asked about violent experiences in their fa mily of orientation. These experiences and observationswere fo und to be related to future violent relationships. Those who had seen violence among their parents or had experienced abuse as children were more likely to encounter violence as adults. Moreover, the frequency of observationsan d/or experiences increases the likelihood of future violence. . ..

PANEL 315 TREATMENT OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS

"Community Intensive Supervision Program: A Longitudinal Analysis," NORMA FEINBERG and CHARLES HANNA, Duquesne University and GAIL STEVENS, West Virginia State College

This study is an evaluation ofthe CISP program, a community intensive supervision program for juveniles run by the Allegheny County Juvenile Court. The program was chosen by the Office ofJu venile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to receive the Gould-Wysinger Award in 1992. The evaluation compares juveniles who successfully complete the program with those who do not in terms ofthe current offense, delinquency history, fa mily background and demographic variables. In addition, a longitudinal analysis regarding recidivism of both groups as juveniles and adults is included. Policy implications and future research are considered.

"Group Therapy Techniques for Adolescent Offenders," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and THOMAS YOUNG, Southeast Community College

Adolescents diagnosed as conduct disorder is on the increase posing a challenge to treatment facilities. The group process lends itself to this clinical· problem for two basic reasons--therapeutic effectiveness and economic cost. Here, a look is taken at current approaches toward the treatment of delinquent youth from a critical clinical perspective discerning between task/action, support/self-help and treatment groups. Techniques and processes along with aftercareare discussed with consideration given to cultural and subcultural variations in gang populations. The application pertains to Anglo, Hispanic, and American Indian youth.

"Evaluating a Community School for Paroled Juveniles," BRIAN SMITH, Arizona State University

This paper discusses the evaluation of a "community" school for paroled juveniles. The school is one component of a larger, federally funded program which seeks to teach participants to "exercise the rights and responsibilities of citizenship". Preliminary data indicate that the school does not adequately address the juveniles' sense of "community". The paper also discusses the constant struggle for structure between teachers and students.

PANEL 316 SPECIALIZED POLICE TRAINING

"Special Operations Training: A Cooperative Venture Between Multiple Law Enforcement Agencies, the military, and Academe," ROBERT POCKRASS, Mankato State University

In order to be effective, police training must be realistic and true. Nowhere is this more true than in the area of special operations, eg, SWAT tactics. There is a substantial literature on the subject in publications such as the Law Enforcement Bulletin and in a number of books. Nonetheless, training has lagged behind the realities of contemporary law enforcement. American police agencies are poorly prepared, as events in Texas, Idaho, and Minnesota have shown, to deal with situations where the police themselves may become the target. This paper ' deals with practicaltr aining involving several sheriffs and police teams, members of a USMC MP unit, and a university law enforcment program.

"Critical Issues Surrounding Community Police Training," PHILIP HOLMES, Califo rnia State University-Sacramento

The increase in societal concern with crime has lead to innovations in policing methodologies. Traditional pOlicing styles are being supplemented, and at times replaced, with more community-oriented approaches. In addition, many agencies are working to create workforces that more closely resemble the ethnic and gender makeup of the communities they serve. This paper examines the issues which surro und police training as agencies attempt to prepare a diverse group of employees to work with the public to reduce crime, as well as signs of physical

266 and social disorder in our communities.

"Detective Training for the State of Michigan Law Enforcement Agencies," PATRICK HEALEY

This study was to determine if there was a need to change the detective training and establish a basic detective course in Michigan based on the perceptions of 27 selected criminal investigative detectives throughout Michigan. An additional purpose was to determine what they perceived to be the critical subjects that needed to be included in a curriculum designed for such a course and how such a program could be implemented and financed. The ethnographical method was used to gather the research information. The major findings were that the participants unanimously agreed that a basic detective course should be established. . ..

"Issues in Selecting and Training Police Peer Counselors," RONALD McVEY, PHILIP BONIFACIO, and ROBERT LOUDEN, John Jay College

The use of peers as counselors to assist police officerswith emotional problems has produced mixed results. Factors that must be considered in implementing a pOlice peer counseling program are selection methodology, curriculum development and criteria for determining successful performance in training. This paper seeks to identify successes and difficulties encountered in developing a peer counselor training program to assist officers who have sustained a serious line-of-duty injury. It also gives recommendations regarding strategies for implementing peer counseling training projects for police.

"Special Response Teams -- A Rural Perspective," MARY ROGERS, Minot State University

Integration or urban and rural societies/cultures and the inherent problems rural communities will face must be acknowledged by those citizens through the information and actions of rural law enforcement. Rural law enforcement must address their effectiveness for response to the violent culture produced by the loss of social structure and values, economic disparity, and multi-cultural diversity in a traditionally cohesive environment. Focused on is emergency response teams, defined as teams equipped and trained to function as a tactical unit in an enforcement confrontation. . ..

PANEL 318 ROUNDTA BLE: BEYOND "TOWN AND GOWN": IMPROVING ACADEMIC PRACTITIONER RELATIONSHIPS

This discussion focuses on the state of the union between academic and practitioners in the criminal justice domain. Topics such as culture clash, incentives and disincentives for agency-based research, levels of discourse, and the vicissitudes of such collaborations are discussed.

PANEL 319 ROUNDTABLE: THE PROS AND CONS OF A NATIONAL POLICE OFFICER EXAM

Several commentators have indicated that policing has changed dramatically over the psat 100 years. Some commentators on policing have indicated that almost everything has changed. However, a close look appears to reveal that it has been mainly the environment, available technologies, and the laws under which police officers operate that have changed. Although a number of police department currently require some college credits as part of their entry-level criteria, a full four-year college requirement is seldom required by local jurisdictions despite the recommendations of various national commissions. . ..

PANEL 320 REASONABLE DOUBT AND FOURTH AMENDMENT ISSUES

"Grave Doubts about Reasonable Doubt: An Analysis of Case Law and Statutory Law in the Fifty States and the Federal Circuits," CRAIG HEMMENS, KATHRYN SCARBOROUGH, and ROLAND del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

From recent Supreme Court decisions it is apparent that the definitions of reasonable doubt in American jurisprudence are inconsistent and confusing. To highlight the confusions, this paper looks at the definitions of reasonable doubt in statutes and case law in the 50 states and federal circuit courts of appeals. A definition of reasonable doubt is recommended.

"Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt: What does this Phrase "Constitutionally" Mean?" RICK STEINMAN, Lindenwood College

The 1994 United States Supreme Court companion cases of Victor v Nebraska and Sandoval v California addressed the question of whether the applicable juries understood the judicial instructions concerning the meaning of "proof beyond a reasonable doubt". This paper examines the above cases and assesses when a judicial instruction violates the due process clause and also discusses under what conditions a judicial instruction will withstand constitutional attack. . ..

'Waiver of Fourth Amendment Rights: Case for Equal Treatment Under the Law," PAUL FALZONE, California State University-Sacramento

Since the Supreme Court decision of Schneckloth v Bustamonte (1973), the constitutionally adequate criteria for an individual to waive their rights under the Fourth Amendment was held to be a standard of voluntariness under the totality of the circumstances surrounding the waiver. Other equally important rights may only be waived if a more stringent standard is followed. For example, Fifth and Sixth Amendment waivers require a knowing and intelligent decision per Mira nda v Arizona (1964). This paper explores the waiver doctrine as applied in cases over the years since these decisions. . ..

"The Good Faith Exception and th · Fourth Amendment: The 1994-95 Term of the USSupreme Court," ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College

Should evidence be excluded as the tainted fruit of an illegal arrest, or should it be admitted based on a "good faith mistake", when a pOlice officer in good faith relies on erroneous information supplied by a pOlice computer and thereby arrests an individual, and subsequently finds

267 contraband on the indiviudal resulting from a search and seizure incident to that arrest (Arizona Evans,v United States Supreme Court, 1994- 95 docket)?

PA NEL 321 THE ECONOMICS OF GANG CRIME: RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS

"The Economic Impact of Gangs in Relationship to Attitudes about Community Policing," JOHN LASKEY, Morton College

Community policing in theory establishes closer relationships with residents and cuts down on crime and therefore improves the economic stability of a neighborhood. Gangs, however, have some potential negative economic impact including: grafitti, criminal damage to property, deteriorating real estate values, small business displacement, and other variables. Examined here is the relationship between perceived economic impact attributable to gangs and attitudes about community policing.

"Legal and Illegal Incomes Sources for Gang Members," EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University

Some researchers have suggested that most of the gang drug income goes through the hands of young gang members engaged in drug sales work and basically only the top gang leaders derive much economic benefIt. This research focuses on examining the variety of income sources among gang members (legal and illegal). Other issues include the costs of gang membership (dues, etc), and how gang members use their disposable income. The types of income producing crimes gang members benefit from are also examined.

"Economic Conditions that Foster Gang Membership," JAMES HOUSTON, St Ambrose University

If man's spiritual life is mediated or conditioned by economic life, how then do we account for the variances in whether a youth joins a gang or does not join a gang? Labor experiences and perceptions about legitimate opportunity are examined in relationship to the issue of gang joining behavior. This paper provides empirical results investing how economic conditions are or are not associated with a greater likelihood of having joined a gang.

"Economic Functions in Highly Structured Gangs," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University

While a number of qualitative studies have highlighted the economic functions in gang life empirical evidence is woefully lacking. This paper is based on survey data , and examines the economic functions in highly structured gangs. Variation in dues and fines, the gang treasury, support payments to incarcerated gang members, and other economic functions are examined.

FEATURE SESSION 322 FEAR OF CRIME, VIOLENCE, AND EXCESSIVE FORCE: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON THEIR CONNECTION TO POLICE LEADERSHIP, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND PROFESSIONALISM

"Public Reactions to Street Justice: A Case Study of British Reactions to the Administration of On-Street Summary Justice," IAN McKENZIE, University of Portsmouth (England)

In the spring of 1994 a police officer, later charged with common assault and who pleaded guilty at court, gave a 'clip around the ear' to a youth who was allegedly harassing elderly people. The punishment awarded by the court (a 100 pound fine) and the fact of the prosecution itself, were condemned by a massive proportion of the population, many of whom declared the officer to be a hero. This paper examines the background to this event and analyses the public reaction to it in the context of police accountability, police professionalism, police internal discipline, policing ethics, and public fear of crime.

"Leadership, Supervision, and the Police Use of Excessive Force: A Comparative Study in Three Developing Nations," RICHARD BENNETT, American University

Police scholars attribute the existence of police use of excessive force to a lack of leadership and supervision, and a climate of violence within the agency and society in general. Most of the current research investigates the determinants of excessive force among large urban forces in developed nations. This research reports the findings of an investigation of the determinants of pOlice use of excessive force in three developing Caribbean nations. . ..

"Police Challenges and Responses: A World Perspective," DlLlP DAS, Western Illinois University

This is a review of six issues including fe ar of crime, criminal violence and police brutality as they have emerged in 10 countries. Consideration of how each country has tried different methods of resolving these issues is presented. Data is abstracted and summarized from the International Police Executive Symposium of 1994 .

FEATURE SESSION 323 CORRECTIONS MANAGEMENT

"Developing Methods to Manage Overcrowded Institutions," JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

No abstract available.

"Strategies for Improving Correctional Organizations," RONALD WALDRON and AL TURNER, Federal Prison System

No abstract available.

268 "The Evolution of Prison Management: Two Decades of 'Reform'," JOHN ANDREWS, Alger Maximum Security Correctional Facility

No abstract available.

"Backgrounds and Attitudes of Correctional Supervisors by Rank," JOHN MASON, Bowling Green State University

No abstract available.

PA NEL 324 VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS

''Victim Offender Reconciliation in a Maximum Security Prison," JULIA HALL, Drexel University

To facilitate the healing process following a crime both victims and offenders need to perceive each other as human beings not stereotypic characters. To achieve psychological closure, victims need answers to questions not raised at trial and to hear expressions of remorse. Offenders need self-understanding to assume full responsibility, and work toward restoration of the victim. A successful mechanism toward this goal is the establishment of a victim offender reconciliation program (VORP) within a large, maximum security prison.

"Crime Causes Injuries," JOHN GEHM, University of South Dakota

"Crime causes injuries. Injuries create obligations. Justice is making things right." It is a simple definition, yet one with far reaching implications for the criminal justice system today. Such an approach to understanding justice has been characterized as a "restorative" model. Stressing reparation and a primary role for the victim, restorative justice has been contrasted with a prevailing retributive model. The retributive model emphasizes the state ownership of the conflict and infliction of a just measure of pain to balance the scales. This paper compares and contrasts the dominant themes of both models. ...

'Work Place Violence Among State Government Employees," VIVIAN LORD, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Concerned with the increasing number of work-related threats of violence complaints North Carolina's Employees Assistance Program staff were receiving, a study was conducted to assess the actual scope of the problem. A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of employees, approximately four percent, or 3,500. Questions included requests fo r information concerning types of violence witnessed, characteristics of the violator and work place, and awareness of interventions available. Preliminary results are reported.

"Criminal Justice Correlates of Pregnancy Policy," PATRICIA MURPHY, SUNY-Geneseo

Since the late 1980's several states have utilized a variety of state statutes to prosecute pregnant substance misusing women. The states primarily prosecuted under child abuse and drug abuse legislation. This research examines state level correlates of prosecution and compares them to other indicators of the status of women and children. This research examines the fo llowing hypotheses: prosecution is more likely in states with higher proportions of their population incarcerated. Prosecution is more likely in states with higher per capita criminal justice expenditures and high levels of poverty, inequality, and infant mortality.

PANEL 325 CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

"The Fortune Society: An Anti-Incarceration Program," JAMES DAVIS, Jersey City State College

This research is a study of Fortune Society, a non-residential anti-incarceration facility located in Manhattan. Four samples were selected, namely, the successful, unsuccessful, rejects, and the present attendees. The results revealed that the successes had the least number of past incarceration rates; most offenders had positive attitudes toward Fortune; a great deal of individual attention was given to each offender; etc ....

"The Beloit Project: A Preliminary Evaluation," RICHARD SALEM, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

The effectiveness of an innovative community corrections program is examined. The program combines "criminal thinking" counseling, drug/alcohol counseling, case management and close supervisionfor offenders on probation or parole who generally have extensive adult and juvenile criminal backgrounds in Beloit (WI). Significant reductions in criminal activity occur comparing frequency of arrests before program involvement to that after involvement for a one-year follow-up period.

"Factors Influencing Parole Revocation Decision," BAHRAM HAGHIGHI and WILLIAM WILKINSON, University of Texas-Brownsville

Recent research shows a distinct increase in the number of parole technical violators. Pressed by the lack of adequate prison space, on one hand, and the public concern regarding offenses committed by parolees, on the other, parole boards have found themselves in a difficult position in dealing with parole technical violators. This study explores factors which influence parole boards in dealing with parole technical violators.

"Shame, Humiliation, and Embarrassment (S.H.E.): A SentenCing Objective," CATHERINE ELWELL, Rutgers University

In the past the promulgation of and justification for criminal penalties was public exhibitions. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne's Scarlet letter described the plight of Hester Prynne, the adulteress forced to wear a scarlet "A" on her chest to show her crime. This 17th centurysa nction

269 exemplifies punishment by public shaming, humiliation, and embarrassment. By the mid-1 780s political, social, and economic change discarded this form of punishment. The emergence of the criminal justice system altered these punishments to reflect more of what society now considers punishment - incarceration. . ..

"A Return to Treatment in Community Corrections," THOMAS ELLSWORTH, Illinois State University

Recent research has reported that community correctional programs which include aspects of treatment and rehabilitation are more likely to reduce offender recidivism than are those which focus exclusively on surveillance-oriented practices such as curfew, electronic monitoring, and drug testing. This research focuses on the prevalence of treatment practices in one state's intensive probation supervision program. Data was gathered using participant-observation and task analysis techniques.

PANEL 326 POLICING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS: FROM MUNICIPAL TO INTERNATIONAL

"The Historical Treatment of Municipal Policing in Canada," JEFFREY ROSS, Kent State University

Historical research produced on municipal policing in Canada is reviewed, partly through the creation and analysis of a database. In general, outlined are three types of work comprehensive treatments, historical case studies of particular forces, and studies examining subprocesses in particular forces and discusses its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a series of recommendations for improving the existing knowledge base are made.

"Creation of Regional Police Departments," BOYD MESSINGER, La Roche College

This presentation deals with factors surrounding the formation of consolidated police department. Derived from structured interviews with police chiefs of small regional departments, the paper outlines some political, economic, and police service issues that were influential in the merging ofthese police agencies from separate departments. In some cases, the consolidation involved municipalities that had never had a local police force , but traditionally relied on state or county resources.

"An Analysis of Public Perceptions Toward a State Policing Organization," MARK CORREIA and MICHAEL REISIG, Washington State University

Research concerning citizen perceptions of policing organizations has been widespread at the local level. However, little attention has focused on state poliCing organizations. This focus is particularly interesting considering the traditional law enforcement orientation taken by state police. This study analyzes categorical data collected from a statewide sample. Interesting relationships between citizen characteristics and perceptions of police are identified and implications for future reseach are discussed.

"United States/Mexican Border Law Enforcement: The Effects of NAFTA on Law Enforcement in the Border Regions," LORIE RUBENSER, Arizona State University

This paper addresses law enforcement issues in the border regions along the United States/Mexican border. Specific emphasiS is placed on the effects of NAFTA on the law enforcement activities of border area agencies. Areas of discussion include the regulation of cross-border traffic including immigration, resource and man power needs of law enforcement agencies, and the relationship between United States and Mexican law enforcement agencies.

PANEL 327 AN INTERNATIONAL PERSEPCTIVE ON DRUGS

"Heroin for Addicts - First Experiences with State Controlled Delivery of Heroin to Addicts," HElKE GRAMCKOW, CSR Inc

This paper assesses the initial experiences related to state controlled maintenance and treatment efforts that provide addicts with heroin. Such trials are underway or are being developed in Great Britain, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, The Netherlands, and Australia. The idea behind these efforts is to develop an alternative treatment option that may increase the likelihood of addicts to participate and overcomes many of the drawbacks other efforts, such as methadon programs, show. While it is too early to judge the fe asibility of these programs, a number of issues can be identified that need to be considered in order to successfully establish such trials.

"The Drug Policy Debate," FRANCISCO MEINOZ-CONDE, University of Seville (Spain) and BELLA ACOSTA, Hospital Universitant (Spain)

No abstract available.

'What's Happening in Holland? Street Ethnography and Drug Policy," FREDERICK HAWLEY, Western Carolina University

Much has been said and written about United States' war on drugs. The current zero-tolerance policy option has been criticized for its unrealistic view on drug use and associated draconian punishments. The Netherlands presents a model based on tolerance, realism, and civility. Howver, sensationalism obscures the functional reality of this system. Few have investigated decriminalization of cannabis products, the social consequences, ie, the drug subculture and its norms, and implicatons for other western nations. Particular attention is paid to the coffee house scene, drug use conventions, and the social worlds of coffee shop habitues.

270 "Illegal Drug Production in the CIS and Some Possible Policy Options," JAMES A VAN FLEET and JULIUS GYLYS, University of Toledo

There is little historical data on Soviet drug abuse trends from the 1940s. Moscow treated drug abuse statistics as a state secret. Soviet authorities refused to even acknowledge a domestic drug problem before the era of glassnot. More recently, however, the Soviet media detailed an alarming rise in domestic drug abuse and global drug trade. The reasons most often given in the Russian press for the current drug abuse problems include a breakdown in traditional values, social aberration among young, Gorbachev's failed 1985 initiative to restrict the use of alcohol, and the exposure of young Soviet soldiers to drugs while serving in Afghanistan.

PANEL 328 EXPLORING ORGANIZED CRIME

"Cargo Theft," JULIENNE SALZANO, Pace University

Hundreds of thousands of trucks transverse in the New York/eastern New Jersey area on a weekly basis. Since the deregulation of the trucking industry, highjacking and cargo theft has gone up 400 percent. Organized groups of truck highjackers are sophisticated, cu nning, and deadly. With buyers on the line, the illicit cargo is re-boxed, reloaded on a clean truck, and shipped out before the police can be notified. Truck drivers have been kidnapped, bound and gagged at gunpoint, and left in empty trailers-or even killed.

"An Exploratory Investigation of International Trafficking in Human Organs," THOMAS FOSTER, Ohio State University-Mansfield

This paper is based upon a review and synthesis of media information and the professional literature relating to international human organ trafficking. It addresses the following: What is the extent and what are the typical circumstances which surround the sale-for-profit-of human organs for purposes of transplantation? Which groups, nationalities, and types of persons are typically involved as sellers and as buyers (or intermediaries)-in these transactions? Which organs are in greatest demand and how has the rapidly growing demand for certain organs-which has been accelerated by the development of new anti-rejection drugs-influenced the international marketing and sale of organs?

"Lawyers for the Mob: Lifestyles, Legal Expertise, and Professionalism," JAMES CALDER, University of Texas-San Antonio

Popular portrayals implicate mob lawyers as unethical servants of greedy and vicious mafiosi. Stereotypes suggest confluence of values between mob lawyers and their clients, including blind allegiance to a boss' innocence and to defend against justice system persecution. Mob lawyers, it is presumed, are minimally competent in the law, plying their trade through escape and evasion from persistent but naive prosecutors. This paper examines the career paths, diversity of legal practice, legal sophistication, and ethical and personal characteristics of lawyers for the mob. '"

"MaChiavelli, the Mafia, and Walt Disney: What is the Lion King Telling Children?" L MICHAEL McCARTNEY and KRISTAN NOLAN, Westfield State College

This paper analyzes the Walt Disney production, Th e Lion King, from the perspective of Niccolo Machiavell's classic work, The Prince, and describes the striking similarities between the teachings of that text, the behavior of the traditional mafioso, and the chief characters in the movie. All subscribe to an illiberal, undemocractic, patriarchal and sexist approach to order maintenance which separates the end of compliance from any ethical consideration regarding the means by which it is to be obtained. '"

PANEL 329 ROUNDTABLE: UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS DOING GANG RESEARCH IN A SMALL MIDWESTERN CITY: A COOPERATIVE LEARNING APPROACH

In a cooperative learning environment, students enrolled in an advanced research seminar during Fall 1994 at the University of Wisconsin� Parkside fo cused on community research and development concerning gangs and delinquency prevention issues in Racine (WI). The objectives were to show how cooperative learning enhanced the research project; to give the audience a better understanding of gang research in a small midwestern city; and to illustrate how cooperative learning meshes different types of students.

PANEL 330 WORKSHOP: MINORITIES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

The future stability of this country balances on the scales of justice and how the system is perceived and applied in communities. This workshop will help to understand the process and challenge the myths and realities regarding the criminal justice system and its minority participants. It examines the need for a change in vision and process of justice. The focus is on the need for more comprehensive services. Discussed are the laws and policies affecting minority population and outlines a plan of reversal that includes support systems from all segments of society. . . .

271 POSTER SESSION ABSTRACTS

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 8:00 am -12:00 pm

"Implementation of the Brady Bill Gun Laws: A Surveyof Law Enforcement Agencies," KEN ADAMS and JAMES PLIANT, Sam Houston State University

The Brady Bill stands one of the most significant pieces of gun control legislation that has been enacted over the past several decades. The bill prohibits the sale of a handgun if the purchaser meets any of several criteria (eg, fe lony conviction, illegal alien, history of mental illness, history of drug abuse) while also req uiring criminal history background checks of all prospective handgun purchasers. Early reports on the implementation of the bill highlighted many implementation problems, such as differing interpretations of the legislation along with a variety of procedural disparities, inefficiences, and glitches. . ..

"An Investigation of the Role of Pornography in the Lives of Battered Women," NATALIE BANKS, JENNIFER SHEPARD, and MICHELLE HANSEN, Northwest Missouri State University

Domestic violence is a persistant condition in marriages and co-habitation situations. One of the possible determinants of this problem may be pornography. Research has supported that viewing pornographic material leads to increased fe elings of aggression and a tendancy to view women as objects. This study was to discover what role pornography played in the abuse of women by their partners. . . .

"A Strategy for Establishing Sufficiency in Criminal Justice Forecasting Models," FRED CHESSMAN II, University of Baltimore

During the past 20 years, researchers have developed a wide array of sophisticated mathematical and computerized models which are capable of accurately forecasting possible impact of proposed criminal justice policies. These models provide the necessary but not sufficient means to model policy impacts. Sufficiency entails a strategy for selecting a few high probability scenarios from a potentially large pool of possible outcomes ....

"A Cognitive-Based Approach for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Expert Psychological Testimony," STEVE HURWITZ, Tiffin University

Historically, expert psychological testimony was based upon the evaluation of an individual. In a relatively new form of testimony, experimental psychologists present general research results to assist jurors in their evaluation and interpretation of specific trial facts. In this study undergraduate jurors read a transcript of an armed robbery trial that included expert psychological testimony on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. . ..

"Sentencing and Crime Level," MAX KOMMER, Ministry of Justice (The Netherlands)

In the process of preparing a European Sourcebook on Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, data have become available that can be used to make comparisons between a number of European countries. In earlier work, different indicators have been used to compare sentencing or "punitiveness" levels between European countries. In this paper, data on the United States are included and the results are combined with an analysis of crime levels. . ..

"Exploring the Relationships Among Landuse, Physical Deterioration, Resident Based Control and Calls for Police Service in an Inner-City Neighborhood," ELLEN KURTZ and RALPH TAYLOR, Temple University and BARBARA KOONS, Michigan State University

Using data collected from an inner-city neighborhood in Philadelphia, this block-level analysis explores the relationship among landuse, physical deterioration, resident based control and calls for police service. The underlying premise of the research is that land use is a key factor in determining both resident based control and physical deterioration. These factors, in turn, are related to calls for police service, actual crime levels, and residents' perceptions of problems within the neighborhood. . ..

"Verbal, Performance Intelligence, and Antisocial Personality Characteristics," MARK SNOW and HEATHER PLAGER, Boise State University; STEVEN THURBER, California School of Professional Psychology; and ROGER BUnON, Vocational Rehabilitation Services

The notion that crime and delinquency may be related to an intellectual imbalance (ie, performance greater than verbal intelligence) has be n corroborated in several studies with juvenile offenders (Miller, 1987; Walsh, 1991; Cornell and Wilson, 1992). One theoretical explanation for this finding is that relative to verbal 10, elevated performance scores may represent a type of developmental arrest in regard to brain maturation. . ..

'Video Productions as a Learning Tool in Undergraduate Criminal Justice Education," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University

Various teaching methods have been employed in undergraduate criminal justice education. Video productions as a learning tool in the criminal justice classroom has received little attention. The Summer of '94' Criminal Justice Video Proje ct (Northern Arizona University-Yuma) immersed undergraduate criminal justice students in the use of video products as a vehicle for approaching key criminal justice principles and concepts ....

"Research Design on the National Evaluation of GREAT Program," JENNIFER WEST and MOLLY BROWN, University of Nebraska-Omaha

This session informs the observerof the overall design of the national evaluation of the GREAT program. The process evaluation includes

272 selection of schools, selection and training of officers, and asssessment of the impact of training. The outcome assessment consists of both cross-sectional and longitudinal components with data collected from students, parents, school personnel, and law enforc ment personnel.

"Minimum Drinking Ages and Alcohol/Drug-Related Behaviors Among Young Adults in New York," JIANG YU and RENEE VARONE, New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services

From the late 70s to mid-80s, states raised the minimum drinking age to prevent youthful alcohol abuse and traffic fatalities. New York state raised its minimum drinking/purchasing age from 18 to 19 in 1982 and from 19 to 21 in 1985. How effective have the laws been? A time series study was conducted to examine alco hol-related behaviors among youths before and after the enactment of the minimum drinking age laws. The study focuses on alcohol use, alcohol purchasing practices, drinking-driving, perceptions of alcohol enforcement, parents' and peers' attidues toward alcohol use, and the use patterns of cigarettes and marijuana over time.

THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 1995, 1:00 pm - 5:00 pm

"The Influence of Contacts with the Police on Citizen Attitudes Toward Police," EDWARD ALVEY and GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University

This analysis draws on a community survey conducted for the police department in Lexington (KY). The particular focus was on the relationship between the nature of citizens' latest contacts with the police and their expressed attitudes toward the police.

"Community PoliCing and Police Agency Accreditation: Content Analysis of CALEA Standards," GARY CORDNER and SCOTT KUNKEL, Eastern Kentucky University and GERALD WILLIAMS, Sam Houston State University

This study compares the results of a 1993 content analysis of 897 police agency accreditation (CALEA) standards and a 1994 analysis of the newly-revised set of 436 standards. The main focus is on the standards' compatability with community policing, but the analyses also look at the implications of the standards for police organization and management.

"Meeting the Challenge of Training Police Officers in Working with Persons with Mental Illness," TOM GANGLE, MHMRA of Harris County and FLOYD JENNINGS

Given the current urban social and economic conditions, the mentally ill will continue to come into crisis contact with police officers. Houston patrol officers receive training in optimal performance and threat analysis. By identifying risk factors and monitoring their stress response, officers can maintain mutual safety and improve options for crisis resolution at the community level. This training enables officers to reduce use of jails, and increase use of community alternatives through better communication with the subjects, other involved persons, and the local mental health agency personnel.

"Police Suicide: Data and Lethality Scale," ELIZABETH LANGSTON, Center for Criminal Justice Studies

A number of police suicides in New York City has generated many questions about suicide and law enforcement officers. The Center for Criminal Justice Studies, which is the research arm of the Fraternal Order of Police, is studying suicides of FOP members and other law enforcement agents using FOP insurance data. The study provides estimates of police suicide, and addresses topics such as the ages of victims, and method of suicide. ...

"Developing Personnel for Tactical Assignments: Procedures and Exercises for Female Office rs," TOMAS MIJARES, Southwest Texas State University and JOE STAN, Travis County Sheriff's Department

Due to the types of physical tasks regularly performed by police personnel assigned to tactical operations, the mandatory possession of established levels of muscular strength and endurance has been recognized in the literature. Historically, women have been under-represented in this area, in many cases because of the physical requirements. POlice agencies may avoid criticism and litigation by providing the training and equipment for applicants to prepare for testing and selection. ...

"The Neofunctionalist Basis for Community Policing," THOMAS O'CONNOR, Mercyhurst College

The question arises whether community policing is based on accepted theory. Trojanowicz (1992) proposed the underlying postulates of normative sponsorship and critical social theory. This paper illustrates the core ideas of neofunctional theory and connects them to the practical concerns of inner-city residents and needs of police agencies.

"The Delivery of Law Enforcement Services in Canton, Missouri," TAMMY RADER

This paper examines how services are distributed within a small town. It also examines crime rates, citizen complaints, and police responses as they relate to the adminsitration of justice in a small town setting. To that end, emphasiS is placed on a review of official statistics, agency records, and applicable federa l studies.

"Recruitment and Selection in Major U S Police Departments," BETH SANDERS, ROBERT LANGWORTHY, and TOM HUGHES, University of Cincinnati

This poster describes the recruitm nt and selection methods of major police departments in the United States. The study was admin istered

273 in two waves in order to examine the personnel practices of large police departments. Data were first collected in 1990 and the survey was re-administered in 1994. The study also examines whether changes have occurred in recruitment and selection processes.

'Where the Cops Are: A Probability Explanation for Differential Processing," LAWRENCE TRAVIS III, University of Cincinnati

Building on the observations of Peter Blau concerning the effect of social structure and population distribution on inequality in general, this poster examines a probability explanation for apparent discrimination in criminal justice processing. It seeks to determine the "base rate" expectations for arrests for diffe rent groups based on their proportional representation among sub-groups at risk for arrest. The poster addresses the implications of this approach for the debate over the discrimination/non-discrimination theses.

"ADA Implications for Police in Situations Involving Hearing Impaired Persons," SUZANNE YOUNGBLOOD, Harrisburg Area Community COllege-Lancaster Campus and THOMAS LYNCH, Central Texas College

There are approximately 24 million hearing-impaired people in the United States. Law enforcment officers may encounter them as victims or perpetrators of crime. The implications of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) for law enforcement agencies are many. The ADA contains specific guidelines for law enforcement from contact by text telephone to the officer handling the call to making an arrest. This presentation provides practical applications of the ADA as it applies to law enforcement agencies.

"A Profile of Parolees and Probationers in a Specialized Treatment Program: Clinical and Criminogenic Characteristics," des ANGES CRUSER, PAMELA DIAMOND, and LINDA RICHARDSON, MHMRA of Harris County

This poster presents a study of 100 clients of the New START Program in Harris County (Houston, TX),the third largest county in the United States. The session describes the mentally impaired offender population, including clinical and social fe atures of the impairments and criminal involvement. The material illustrates treatment and case management team structures and techniques used in the program. Information was collected from a battery of eight assessment instruments capturing social, psychological, intellectual, and psychiatric information. Also described is the process used to apply the information in the development of the mental health justice plan for each client.

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 8:00 am - 12:00 pm

"Help is on the Way! Automation of Victim Communications and Restitution," SAM BLANKENSHIP, SBCS Inc

SBCS Inc, in conjunction with the Posey County Indiana Circuit Court probation department, has developed PC software which automates presentence victim letter writing and forms printing. Victim entries subsequently are linked to court restitution orders. The system handles multiples of multiple defendant-multiple victim cases. Defendant payments are recorded in the system. Payment distributions to victims are automatically proposed in an editable, integrated spreadsheet. ...

"The Impact of the Conservative Model of Corrections on Public Attitude," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

Since the early 1970s, the United States has pursued a much more punitive approach toward crime. Correctional policies have become increasingly conservative and the rate of incarceration has risen dramatically. This paper uses longitudinal data to examine the impact that these policies have had on public attitudes toward crime and the criminal justice system.

"Boot Camps for Juveniles in Florida," ELIZABETH CASS and PAULA POLHILL

Florida currently operates more boot campus for juveniles than any other state in the United States. This paper describes the development and operation of juvenile boot camps in Florida. The distinguishing fe ature of Florida's programs, the collaborative partnerships between various sheriff's departments and the Florida Departmentof Juvenile Justice, is described. As previous research has indicated, the importance of post-release community supervision, a description and discussion of such aftercare services are provided. ...

"A Preliminary AnalysiS ofa Zero Tolerance Parolee Drug Treatment Program," STEPHEN COX, WILLIAM DAVIDSON, and TIMOTHY BYNUM, Michigan State University

In an attempt to curb the high recidivism rate of parolees with substance abuse problems, the Michigan Department of Corrections is piloting an intensive drug treatment program. This program consists of randomly testing parolees three to five times per week for a six-month period and immediately locking up for three days those parolees testing positive. The philosophy of this program is that the combination of intensive and random testing with clear and immediate sanctions will decrease drug use and lower a parolee's chances of recidiviating. This paper discusses the program process and presents preliminary results.

"A Study in Correctional Leadership and Conflict Within the Informal Organization of a Correctional Setting: A Paradigm Shift in Correctional Treatment," FRANCIS CROWE, Ferris State University

This research was designed to achieve two purposes. First, it ascerta ined what modes were preferred by inmates to resolve conflict in a correctional setting as measured on the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Second, it measured whether participation in a 12-hour, conflict resolution, cognitive treatment program would significantly change the inmate's ability to handle conflict in a more positive manner. There were three major components to this research. ...

274 "Jail Officer Job Satisfaction: An Analysis of Predictor Variables," DENA HANLEY, ANDREW THOMAS, and ERIC JEFFERIS, University of Cincinnati

Predictors of jail officer job satisfaction are analyzed using logistic regression models. The sample for the study is comprised of 216 county and city jail officers from 17 facilities in southwest Virginia.

"Jail Officer Victimization: An Analysis of Risk Predictors," ERIC JEFFERIS and ANDREW THOMAS, University of Cincinnati

Concern has grown for the safety of criminal justice professionals. Nonetheless, the well-being of correctional officers, particularly jail officers, has received little attention. This paper extends a previous work by using logistic regression models to predict risks of assaults and threats of assaults for officers in small to mid-size jailS. The sample for the study is comprised of 216 jail officers from 17 county facilities in southwest Virginia.

'What Works in Correctional Intervention?" FRANK PEARSON and DOUGLAS LIPTON, National Development and Research Institutes

The COATE project is engaged in an exhaustive world-wide meta-analytic review of the published and unpublished research literature (since 1968) assessing the effects of correctional interventions (eg, counseling, punishment, diversion) on many outcome measures (eg, recidivism, drug use). Typologies have been developed including 150 types of criminal justice interventions ranging from medical treatments (eg, detoxification) through psychotherapy and vocational skill development to "alternatives" therapies (eg, acupuncture), and 80 types of outcome variables.

"A 2 + 2 Model of Criminal Justice Higher Education," THOMAS WATERS, Northern Arizona University and GARY NEUMEYER, Arizona Western College

Efforts to enhance the interface between community colleges and fo ur year institutions are designed to foster educational partnerships. 2 + 2 models of higher education allow students to progress through degree programs by completing lower division course work at a community college and transferring to a fo ur year institution to complete their degree requirements. The 2+ 2 criminal justice program sponsored by Arizona Western College and Northern Arizona University-Yuma is presented . ...

"Violent Interactions Among Adolescent Students and a Plan for Violence Prevention in Public Schools," DANIEL LOCKWOOD, Clark Atlanta University

This presentation reports the preliminary findings of a research project examining adolescent violence from a social interactionist perspective. The work is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Justice. The results of the research are related to the creation of violence prevention programs for public schools. In-depth, clinical, open-ended interviews were conducted with young people to explore the moves in violent incidents and the thoughts and fe elings accompanying these actions. . ..

FRIDAY, MARCH 10, 1995, 1 :00 pm ·5:00 pm

"Comparison of a Sample of Carjackers with a Sample of Grand Larcenists of Motor Vehicles Among New Commitments to the New York State Department of Correctional Services, 1985-1 993," ROBERT FISHER and CHARLES NYGARD, New York State Department of Correctional Services

A simple typology developed by the authors was applied to a random sample (n=72) of carjackers committed to New York state adult penal institutions on new offenses, 1985-1993. Most carjackers fell into two categories: (a) either they planned to steal the car, etc, for drugs or for profit or (b) they took the motor vehicle by force only to flee the scene of another crime, usually a robbery, and later abandoned the vehicle. Carjackers usually employed a gun or knife , usually chose a convenient target of opportunity such as taxi drivers, motorists stopped for lights, or acquaintances who had offered them a ride. The carjackers were compared to grand larcenists on demographic and offense characteristics.

"The Current State of Police Academy Training," TOM HUGHES, ROBERT LANGWORTHY, and BETH SA NDERS, University of Cincinnati

In 1990, a comprehensive survey of 72 major police departments was conducted by Peter and Deidre Strawbridge. This surveyfocused on police recruitment, selection, and training. The Police Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences in concert with the Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy and the University of Cincinnati Division of Criminal Justice decided to re-administer the surveyin 1994. The poster is based on these two data collections. It focuses primarily on academy training as conducted by major American police departments. . ..

"Circumstances of Multiple Defendant, Multiple Victim Homicide," JOHN HUMPHREY and KENNETH GRUBER, University of North Carolina­ Greensboro

No abstract available.

"Self-Control, Risky Lifestyles, Routine Conflict and Crime: A Test of the General Theory of Crime," LESLIE KENNEDY, University of Alberta and DAVID FORDE, University of Memphis

Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Th eory of Crime proposes that low self-control is a cause of criminal behavior. Several recent studies, showing mixed support, test it for understanding crime and imprudent behavior. This paper reassesses the general theory of crime highlighting the importanceof proximate causes in explaining propensity towards violence. Data for this study were collected in 1994 as a surveyof 2,052

275 respondents from two Canadian provinces. Drawing from the insig hts provided by routine activities theory we operationalize risky behavior. Imprudent behavior is examined by including measures of smoking, drinking, speeding, and driving without a seatbelt.

"The Logical Structure of Rape," VICTOR LARRAGOITE, Texas Christian University

Leading theories of rape focus on patriarchal structures and subculture processes to explain the phenomena. In essence, current theories see rape as learned behavior and as an act of compulsion rather than temptation. Rape is depicted as complex, planned, and the result of sexist tutelage where the offender rapes in order to reify his dominant position. AI alternative to current theorizing would be provided by a theory that accounts for rape by examining the logical structure of the event. Th is work combines a theory of self-control, routine activities, and situational attributes (temporal and spatial) that damages current rape explanations.

"Geography of American Correctional Institutions and Facilities," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

No abstract available.

"Early Victimization, Drug Use and Criminality: A Comparison of Male and Female Prisoners," DOROTHY McCLELLAN, Texas A&M University­ Corpus Christi; DAVID FARABEE, Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse; and BEN CROUCH, Texas A&M University

In-depth interviews with 1,030 male inmates and 500 fe male inmates in Texas prisons yield solid information on childhood and family background, victimization, psychic distress, substance abuse, and experience with the criminal justice system. This rich data set permits a comparative analysis of the relative victimization of male and fe male inmates, and its relationship to subsequent substance use and criminality.

"Gangs, Weapons, and Public Schools," ELIZABETH McCONNELL, Valdosta State University

Findings presented were from surveys mailed to Texas public school superintendents and counselors, and from personal interviews with gang members. The major focus of the presentation was: {1} gang use of weapons at school, {2} other crimes committed by gang members at school, and {3} educational administrators' responses to gangs, weapons, and other school crimes. Based on the official data, it appears that from 15 percent to 18 percent of the public schools in Texas were characterized by gangs. A similar finding (1 8 percent) was reported in a national survey of United States schools.

"Cognitive Psychology and Criminology: Prototypical Reasons for Committing Embezzlement," LOUIS VENEZIANO and CAROL VENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

In an attempt to integrate the fields of cognitive psychology and criminology, respondents were presented with a description of an embezzlement, and then asked to ra nk the explanations (eg, thrill-seeking) that conformed to their prototypical conception ofan individual who would commit that crime. The prototypicai explanation for embezzlement centered around fo ur clusters of reasons (economic need, greed, money to support ilegal activities, and revenge). Such a prototypical explanation is partially consistent with research conducted concerning types of embezzlers. The results are also discussed in terms of their policy implications.

"The Complexities of Rural Violence," RALPH WEISHEIT, DAVID FALCONE, and L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University

Rural violence is an important but neglected aspect of contemporary research on violence. Studying rural violence is important in its own right. At the same time, there are aspects of rural violence that challenge simplistic assumptions about the causes of violence, as well as the utility of policies aimed at controlling violence. This presentation illustrates the findings of a study of rural crime, drawing on data from various published sources, as well as original data developed during the study.

276 1995 ACJS MEETING PARTICIPANTS

Numbers after the names refer to panels; PS refers to Plenary Session; and P refers to Poster Session (scheduled Thursday and Friday).

Abraham, Elaine, 221 Baker, Ralph, 114 Blankenship, Sam, 211, P 3.1 Acker, James, 228 Balady, Ingred, 31 1 Blazak, Randy, 174 Acosta, Bella, 327 Baldau, Virginia, 110 Bloss, William, 49 Adalist-Estrin, Ann, 185 Ball, Richard, 10 Blount, William, 33 Adamitis, James, 51, 246 Ballard-Mack, Margie, 151 Blowers, Anita, 214 Adams, Bonney, 197, 215 Banks, Natalie, P 1.2 Blumberg, Mark, 9, P 3.2 Adams, Ken, P 1.1 Barak, Gregg, 62, 299 Blumenthal, Kathy, 22 Agnew, Robert, 139 Barker, Thomas, 241 Bodapati, M R, 171 Agopian, Michael, 203 Barlow, David, 238 Bohm, Robert, 145, 162, 274 Aguillera, Josie, 34 Barlow, Lisa, 207 BOin, Arjen, 111 Akande, Yemi, 181 Barlow, Melissa, 238 Bonifacio, Philip, 86, 316 Alarid, Leanne, 129, 132, 189 Barnes, Allan, 130 Bonta, James, 27 Albanese, Jay, 180 Barnett, William, 115 Bottcher, Jean, 172 Alexander, Deanna, 13, 191A Baron, Stephen, 174 Bottom, Norman, 2, 19 Alexander, Monica, 52 Barrett, Allen, 157, 215, 238 Botts, Michael, 118 Ali, Nicky, 96, 283, 314 Barrow, Rosemary, 307 Boudreaux, Kimberly, 171 Allen, Brenda, 220 Bartgis, E Elaine, 212 Bouley Jr, Eugene, 36 Allen, Harry, 140 Barton, Alana, 132 Bouloukos, Adam, 42 Alpert, Geoffrey, 304 Baskin, Deborah, 256 Boussidan, Allison, 282 Alvarez, Alexander, 129 Batchelder, Jennifer, 44 Bowdre, Paul, 179 Alvarez, Ricardo, 34 Bazemore, Gordon, 30 Bowers, William, 257 Alvey, Edward, P 2.1 Beal, Mary, 13 Boyd, David, 110 Anderson, Barry, 116 Bean, Philip, 244 Bozahard, Lisa, 183 Anderson, John, 104 Beh, Elizabeth, 185 Bracey, Dorothy, 184 Anderson, Richard, 75 Belbot, Barbara, 27, 175A Bragle, George, 128 Anderson, Sean, 42 Belenko, Steven, 132, 303 Braiden, Chris, 222 Anderson, Sean K, 168 Belknap, Joanne, 79 Brame, Robert, 172, 261 Andrews, John, 323 Bell, James, 11 Bramlet, Gwen, 273 Andrews, Larry, 113, 158 Benekos, Peter, 193 Brandl, Steven, 32, 86, 173, 189 Andujar, Elly, 22 Bennett, C Lee, 191 Brantingham, Patricia, 107 Andzenge, Dick, 97, 150 Bennett, Katherine, 36, 64 Brantingham, Paul, 107 Applegate, Brandon, 119 Bennett, Lee, 293 Brazleton, T Berry, 185 Archambeault, William, 194, 251 Bennett, Richard, 128, 250, 322 Breci, Michael, 102, 290 Arcidiacono, Anita, 286 Bennett, William, 193 Brennan, Edward, 164 Armstrong, Troy, 30 Bensinger, Gad, 154 Brennan, Pauline, 132, 165 Arrigo, Bruce, 292 Benson, Michael, 153, 175A Brickman, Ellen, 226 Ashe, Michael, 90 Benyon, John, 77 Bright, Laurie, 156 Atwell, Mary, 302 Berg, Bruce, 194 Bright, Lenice, 68, 210 Auchter, Bernard, 125, 277 Bernat, Frances, 101 , 289 Briody, Robert, 16, 111 Austin, James, 60, 156, 303 Berube, Marc, 203 Britz, Marjie, 102 Austin, Tom, 189, 272 Beyer, Jerrold, 21 Brock, Joe, 167 Austin, Timothy, 231 Bing III, Robert, 302 Brockett, Ramona, 1 Avant, Freddie, 20 Bishop, Donna, 103, 193 Broderick, John, 195 Ayer, Deborah, 189 Bjerregaard, Beth, 214 Brodt, Stephen, 145 Ayers, Ken, 152, 155 Bjorgo, Tore, 190 Brody, David, 80 Aziz, David, 172 Blackburn, Wayne, 24 Brotherton, David, 231 Baca, Sylvia, 230 Blackstone, Sarah, 145 Brown, Angela, 201 Bachand, Donald, 115 Blackwell, Brenda, 196 Brown, Kelly, 85 Bachrach, David, 115 Blaine, Douglas, 208A Brown, Margaret, 275 Bailey, Frankie, 78, 288, 306 Blankenship, Michael, 69, 131, Brown, Michael, 32 Baker, Kevin, 88 192, 274 Brown, Michael P, 26, 209

277 Brown, Molly, 114, 289, P 1.9 Castellano, Thomas, 170, 203, Copus, Gary, 20 Brown, William, 237, 307 236 Coram, Gregory, 290 Browning, Sandra, 136 Caulfield, Susan, 234 Corbett Jr, Ronald, 318 Brule, Paul, 246 Cavanaugh, David, 170 Corbin, David, 289 Brusten, Manfred, 45 Caywood, Douglas, 238 Cordelia, Peter, 162 Buccio-Notaro, Phyllis, 71 Cetrola, Gabriela, 95 Cordner, Gary, 301 , 313, P 2.1, Buerger, Michael, 205, 267 Chaires, Robert, 4, 270 P 2.2 Bumphus, Vic, 99 Chamberlin, Thomas, 262, 280, Corley, Charles, 11, 210, 279, Burke, Gerald, 115 308 314 Burke, M Grace, 207, 276 Chamlin, Mitchell, 139 Correia, Mark, 326 Burke, Tod, 245 Champion, Dean, 192 Corrothers, Helen, 60 Burns, Avon, 151, 248 Champion, Dean J, 46 Corsentino, Dan, 122 Burns, Chip, 194 Chang, Dae, 132, 310 Cote, Suzette, 297 Burns, Jerald, 204 Charles, Michael, 265, 298 Cotlar, Andrew, 198 Burrow, John, 99 Chase, Beverly, 189 Courtless, Tom, 271 Burruel, Armand, 202 Chastain, Charles, 85 Courtright, Kevin, 6, 74 Bursik Jr, Robert, 153 Cheatwood, Derral, 154 Cousineau, Marie-Marthe, 221 Burton, Velmer, 129, 193 Cheesman II, Fred, P 1.3 Cowart, Ronald, 173 Butcher, Carl, 113, 158 Chermak, Steven, 62 Cowles, Ernest, 50, 203, 236 Butler, Mary, 55 Chesney-Lind, Meda, 234, 279 Cox, Clarice, 81, 319 Button, Roger, P 1.7 Chiabi, David, 114 Cox, Stephen, P 3.4 Buzawa, Eve, 189, 201 Chiles, Sonya, 275 Cox, Steven, 13 Byers, Bryan, 209 Christiansen, Steven, 194 Craig, Delores, 68, 210 Bynum, Timothy, 11, 218, 226, Chukwudolue, Charles, 14 Craig, Heather, 134 259, 313, 314, P 3.4 Churchill, Nancy, 225A Craig, Susan, 171 Byrne, James, 60, 318 Cintron, Myrna, 291 Crank, John, 108 Cabana, Donald, 257 Clare, Paul, 89 Crawford, Greg, 17 Caeti, Tory, 1, 64, 193, 264 Clark, Cheryl, 236 Creditor, Jay, 241 Calathes, William, 147 Clark, Richard, 123, 169 Crews, Gordon, 87 Calder, James, 328 Clark-Crummie, Ann, 72 Cronkhite, Clyde, 45 Caldero, Michael, 222 Clarke, James, 66 Crouch, Ben, P 4.7 Call, Jack, 147 Clarke, Ronald, 107 Crowe, Francis, P 3.5 Callihan, Elizabeth, 126 Clear, Todd, 60, 180 Crowley, Joan, 265 Camp, Damon, 36 Cleary, Shawna, 270 Cruser, des Anges, P 2.11 Camp, Scott, 44 Clifford , Mary, 18 Cullen, Francis, 87, 129, 180, Campbell, John, 57 Close, Daryl, 35 193 Caney, Jack, 166 Cochran, John, 139, 153 Curan, Jeanne, 98 Canter, Roz, 90 Coffey, Osa, 269 Curry, G David, 10, 295 Cao, Liqun, 87 Cohen, Debra, 38 Curtis, Richard, 109 Capogrossi, Francesco, 45 Cohen, Marcia, 295 Curtis, Richard W, 117 Capowich, George, 205 Cohn, Ellen, 227 Cuvelier, Steven, 27, 129 Capsambelis, Christopher, 262 Coldren Jr, James, 50, 101 Dallam, Audrelee, 53, 151 Carbonnel, Joyce, 27 Cole, Cynthia, 5 Damon, Priscilla, 55 Carlie, Mike, 51, 154 Cole, George, 109 Daniels, Beth, 83 Carlson, Joseph, 37 Cole, Richard, 147, 266 Dantzker, M L, 115, 158 Carlson, Norman, 176 Coleman, Valeria, 126, 165 Das, Dilip, 77, 112, 179, 322 Carlson, Susan, 240 Collins, Harry, 220 Davidson, William, P 3.4 Carroll, Leo, 44, 171 Collins, William, 9, 150 Davies, Kimberly, 80 Carson, Barbara, 96 Condon, Richard, 138 Davis, E Duane, 183 Carson, Taj, 150 Conklin, Kevin, 237 Davis, James, 164, 325 Carter, David, 65, 158, 184, 205 Conley, John, 243 Davis, Robert, 314 Case, Carole, 153 Conner, Greg, 298 Davis, Sherman, 99, 279 Casey, Karen, 23, 171 Conrad, Marion, 159 de La Torre, Angela, 208 Casey, Pamela, 277 Cook, William, 193 de Lint, Willem, 272 Cass, Elizabeth, P 3.3 Cooper, Paul, 301 De Nike, Howard, 61 Cass, Jeffrey, 85, 263 Copple, Peter, 137, 281 De Witt, Dana, 280, 298

278 De Zolt, Ernest, 307 Eigen, Joel, 4 Fisher, Robert, P 4. 1 Dean, Charles, 203, 261 Eigenberg, Helen, 102 Flaum, Allison, 311 Decker, Scott, 186 Eisenberg, Terry, 48 Flavin, Jeanne, 253 Deflem, Mathieu, 128 Eitel, David, 29 Fleisher, Mark, 307 DeGraw, Darrell, 157 Ekeh, Kaylene, 66, 126, 175 Fletcher, Beverly, 181 Dehart, Christina, 282 Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, 69 Flores, lIiana, 187 DeKeseredy, Walter, 234 Ellia, Carol, 216 Flores, Albert, 34 del Carmen, Rolando, 36, 141, Ellis, Desmond, 215 Floss, Martin, 3 155, 318, 320 Ellison, Steven, 87, 229 Ford, Marilyn Chandler, 36, 127 del Carmen, Alex, 87 Ellsworth, Thomas, 325 Forde, David, P 4.4 Del Castillo, Vincent, 179 Elrod, Preston, 26 Foster, Burk, 147 Delany, Peter, 286 Elwell, Catherine, 325 Foster, Thomas, 328 Deluca, Henry, 193 English, Kim, 259 Fosterlee, lynn, 38 Dempsey, John, 312 Engstrom, Tina, 307 Fosterlee, Robert, 38 DeMuth, Stephen, 288 Epstein, Joel, 189 Fox, Daren, 167 Deng, Xiaogang, 230 Erez, Edna, 188 Fox, James A, 184 Dennis, Stonnie, 291 Esbensen, Finn, 289 Fox, James W, 58 Deniston, William, 50 Espinoza, Martha, 34 Fox, Susan, 57 Dershem-Bruce, Holly, 144 Estrada, leticia, 34 Francis, Erik, 263 Dery III, George, 80 Eterno, John, 212 Frank, James, 32, 136, 152, 267 Deschenes, Elizabeth, 303 Ethridge, Philip, 203 Frazier, Charles, 193 Devaney, Kathy, 55 Evans, Karen, 222 Frederich, Kathy, 163 Devine, F E, 268 Evans, Robert, 20 Freeman, Robert, 37 Dewey, Jennifer, 50 Evans, T David, 89, 136 French, laurence, 72, 268, 315 DeWitt, John, 261 Ewald, Uwe, 61 Frey, Richard, 214 Diamond, Pamela, P 2.11 Falcone, David, 118, 291, Friedrichs, David, 191A, 234 Dickinson, lynn, 195 P 4.10 Frisch, Lisa, 178 Dison, Jack, 127 Falkin, Gregory, 156 Froyland, Irene, 160, 179, 212 Donahue, Michael, 15 Falzone, Paul, 320 Fukurai, Hiroshi, 300 Dorne, Clifford, 85, 114 Famega, Christine, 47 Fuller, John, 291 Dorworth, Vicky, 275, 306 Farabee, David, P 4.7 Fusco, Lisa, 191 Dover, Tom, 17 Farrell, Ronald, 153 Fyfe, James, 285 Downing, Robert, 261 Farrington, David, 227 Gabbidon, Shaun, 283 Duffee, David, 217 Farrington, Keith, 33, 84, 199 Gaddy, Karen, 220 Dugan, Patricia, 257 Farrokh, Faridoun, 85 Gaines, larry, 250 Dukes, Duane, 280 Fede� lynette, 23, 296 Gale, Kathleen, 129, 256 Dull, R Thomas, 294 Feinberg, Gary, 284 Gangle, Tom, P 2.3 Dumond, Robert, 182 Feinberg, Norma, 315 GarCia, Jose, 34 Dunaway, R Gregory, 309 Feinberg, William, 190 GarCia, Venessa, 195 Dunford, Dorothy, 39 Feinman, Clarice, 120 Garcia, Veronica, 34 Dungan, Dawn, 307 Felson, Marcus, 107 Garofalo, James, 33 Dunnighan, Colin, 308 Feltes, Thomas, 104 Garrett, Gerald, 327 DuPont-Morales, M A Toni, 3, Fennick, Ruth, 89 Garrison, Carole, 112 75, 127, 215 Fenske, John, 194, 264, 284 Gary, Gordon, 113 Durkin, Keith, 197 Ferguson, Florence, 126 Gatrell, John, 203 Durr, Duncan, 3 Fernandez, Gustavo, 34 Gaudette, George, 81, 90, 143, Dwyer, Diane, 296 Ferrell, Jeff, 223, 299 319 Ebbe, Obi, 117, 154, 188 Ferro, Vanessa, 213 Gavisar, Sara, 91 Edelbacher, Hofrat, 112 Feucht, Thorn, 94 Gehm, John, 324 Edelstein, Alan, 131 Feyerherm, William, 11 Geller, William, 285 Edmunds, Christine, 294 Fidler, John, 161 Gendreau, Paul, 76 Edwards, Steve, 313 Field, larry, 293 Gentry, Richard, 114 Edwards, Terry, 18, 118, 152, Figy, Susan, 191 Gerber, Jurg, 191A 155, 209, 326 Finckenauer, James, 92 Gethmann, Sharon, 133 Edwards, Willie, 261 Finn, John, 68 Giacomazzi, Andrew, 21 Eggleston, Carolyn, 269 Fisher, Bonnie, 123 Giacopassi, David, 266

279 Gibbons, Stephen, 84 Gutierrez, Gilbert, 200 Heide, Kathleen, 148 Gibbs, John, 33 Guyon, Lois, 89 Heinle, Marlene, 46 Gido, Rosemary, 9, 37, 185, Gylys, Julius, 327 Helfgott, Jacqueline, 101, 288, 207, 216 Haarr, Robin, 13, 177 289 Giever, Dennis, 33, 74 Hafley, Sandy, 136 Heliotis, Joanna, 59 Gilbert, Evelyn, 1 Hagan, Frank, 191A, 208A Hemmens, Craig, 64, 191A, 193, Giles, Susan, 216 Haghighi, Bahram, 325 206, 320 Gillespie, Michael, 164 Hahn, Paul, 31 Henderson, Russ, 168 Gilley, Tim, 187 Hale, Donna, 23, 78, 299 Henriques, Zelma, 28, 66, 151, Gilman, Evan, 44 Haley, Keith, 130 175 Glenn, Judith, 191 Hall, Guy, 199 Henry, Marie, 275, 306 Glonti, Georgi, 92 Hall, Julia, 324 Henry, Vincent, 178, 262 Godfrey, Kim, 170 Hall, Mary, 258A Hensley, Christopher, 164, 309 Goetz, Barry, 237, 301 Hallett, Michael, 119 Hepburn, John, 180 Golden, James, 190 Halsted, James, 4 Hernandez, Liana, 34 Go�kamp, John, 303 Hamm, Donna, 106 Heryse, Lynne, 21 Gomme, lan, 258A Hamm, James, 106 Hewitt, Robert, 144 Goodman, Michael, 13, 309 Hamm, Mark, 10, 101, 174, 206, Hickey, Eric, 294 Goodstein, Lynne, 132, PS III, 223 Hickey, Thomas, 93, 155 218 Hammett, Theodore, 9, 189 Hill, Pamela, 151 Goodwin, Julia, 278 Hancock, Barry, 262 Hillsman, Sally, 219 Gordon, Jill, 20 Hancock, Nigel, 258 Hilson, Janice, 102, 264 Gorelick, Steven, 270 Hanley, Dena, P 3.6 Hinojosa, Michelle, 34 Gorthy, Mark, 242 Hanna, Charles, 315 Hinton, Leslie, 12 Gosselin, Denise, 293 Hanrahan, Kate, 33, 74, 101, Ho, Taiping, 204, 244 Graff, David, 6 216 Hobbs, Dick, 100 Gramckow, Heike, 104, 327 Hansen, Michelle, P 1.2 Hobler, Bruce, 75 Gransky, Laura, 203 Hanson, Robert, 8 Hoffman, Vincent, 173, 193 Gray, Tara, 171, 266 Harb, Scott, Harb, 6 Holden, Richard, 65, 144 Gray-Ray, Phyllis, 164, 309 Harkaway, Cary, 170 Holland, Robert, 49, 208A Graziano, Joseph, 239 Harlan Jr, John, 112 Holman, Paula, 307 Greek, Cecil, 62 Harper, Hil, 20 Holmes, John, 214 Green, Donald, 10 Harper Jr, Dee, 56 Holmes, Philip, 316 Green, Lorraine, 267 Harpold, Joseph, 222 Holmes, William, 50, 259 Greenberg, Martin, 81, 319 Harrell, Aggie, 275 Holsinger, Alex, 15 Greenberg, Sally, 317 Harrington, Susan, 191 Homel, Ross, 107 Greene, Helen, 175 Harris, Jo Ann, 126 Hooper, Michael, 229 Greene, Jack, 226, 313 Harris, Philip, 76 Hoover, Larry, 184, 264 Greenleaf, Richard, 173 Hartjen, Clayton, 200 Hope, Tim, 91 Greenwood, Peter, 303 Hartman, Jennifer, 85 Horne, Patricia, 39 Greer, Alexander, 198 Haselwood-Bates, Heidi, 157 Horne, Peter, 246 Gregg, Lori, 99 Hassin, Yael, 132 Horney, Julie, 219 Gren, Leroy, 18 Hatzikonstantinou, Maria, 282 Houle, Barbara, 46 Grennan, Sean, 241, 282 Hawkins, Homer, 315 Houston, James, 174, 321 Griffiths, Kurt, 30 Hawley, Frederick, 327 Howard, Gregory, 42 Griset, Pamala, 219, 232 Hawley, Tom, 54 Howell, Johnny, 17 Griswold, David, 300 Hayeslip, David, 313 Huey, Jacqueline, 126 Grossi, Elizabeth, 209 Hayler, Barbara, 144 Huff, C Ronald, 186 Grove, Sara, 170 Hazelwood, Robert, 52 Huff, Timothy, 113 Gruber, Kenneth, P 4.3 He, Sherray, 99 Hughes, Judy, 91, 149 Guarino-Ghezzi, Susan, 297 Healey, Patrick, 316 Hughes, Tom, 250, P 2.8 Guerra, Kirsten, 34 Heard, Chinita, 160 Humburg, Joel, 149 Guilfoyle, Karen, 30 Heard-Mueller, Barbara, 20 Humphrey, Dennis, 318 Guilfoyle, Michael, 30 Hearn, Valerie, 164 Humphrey, John, P 4.3 Gulotta, Ronald, 291 Hebert, Laura, 133 Hunsicker, Jeffrey, 260 Gunkel, Steven, 29 Heffernan, Esther, 176 Hunt, Sarah, 55

280 Hunter, Ron, 225, 292 Kaplan, John, 135 Kroovand, Natalie, 204 Hurst, Yolander, 133 Kappeler, Victor, 23, 49, 86, 304 Krug, Charles, 81, 319 Hurtado, Pedro, 114 Kapple, Barbara, 329 Kudsk, E Joan, 240 Hurwitz, Steve, P 1.4 Kashem, Mohammed, 31 Kuehne, Stephanie, 306 I acovetta , Ronald, 310 Kasinsky, Renee, 283 Kumar, Korni, 135, 301 Immarigeon, Russ, 119 Katz, Charles, 273 Kunkel, Scott, P 2.2 Inciardi, James, 286 Kaune, Michael, 197 Kuntz, Leslie, 46, 268 Ingham, Alfred, 293 Kazyaka, AnnMarie, 227 Kurtz, Ellen, P 1.6 Ingley, Stephen, 143 Keane, Carl, 175A, 208A Kusha, Hamid, 292 Ingram, Jefferson, 228, 268 Keels, Renee, 185 Kvashis, Vitaly, 121 Innes, Christopher, 44 Keilitz, Susan, 277 Lab, Steven, 91, 123, 169 Israel, Michael, 64, 146 Kellermann, Arthur, 94 LaGrange, Randy, 89 Ivkovich, Sanja, 80 Kelley, Thomas, 129 Laitinen, Ahti, 45 Jackson, Angela, 147 Kelly, Robert, 92 Land reville, Pierre, 221 Jackson, Brian, 240 Kennedy, David, 94 Landsberg, Gerald, 166 Jackson, Jerome, 95, 160 Kennedy, Devereaux, 150 Lang Jr, Paul, 8 Jackson, Pamela, 153 Kennedy, Leslie, P 4.4 Langley, George, 135 Jackson, Richard, 255 Kenney, Dennis, 226 Langston, Elizabeth, P 2.4 Jacobovitz, Rachel, 178 Kerle, Kenneth, 47, 90, 143 Langworthy, Robert, 3, 16, 250 Jacobs, Pearl, 311 Kerr, Jamie, 216 P 2.8, P 4.2 Jamieson, Katherine, 29 Kershenstein, R Kent, 128 Lanier, Charles, 228 Janeksela, Galan, 68, 132 Kerwin, John, 199 Lanza-Kaduce, Lonn, 173 Janikowski, Richard, 93, 141, Kethineni, Sesha, 89 LaRose, Anthony, 38 155, 266, 274 Keve, Paul, 176 Larragoite, Victor, P 4.5 Jarjoura, G Roger, 258A King, David, 40 Latessa, Edward, 3, 16, 20, 318 Jefferis, Eric, 15, 16, P 3.6, King, Marie, 182 Lato, Kelly, 207 P 3.7 King, Mary, 227 Laub, John, 318 Jenkins, David, 209 King, Tammy, 183 Lauen, Roger, 119 Jenkins, Elizabeth, 288 Kinkade, Pat, 209 Laufer, William, 29 Jenkins, Morris, 95 Kinte, Karen, 13 Laufersweiler, Debra, 306 Jenkins, Philip, 168 Kirby, Pat, 283 Lavrakas, Paul, 91 Jennings, Floyd, P 2.3 Klein, Andrew, 201 Lawrence, Richard, 210, 216 Jensen, Eric, 20, 72 Klein, Dorie, 244 Lazar, Michael, 101 Jenson, Jeffrey, 82, 261 Klein, Lloyd, 206, 270 LeBeau, James, 252, P 4.6 Johnson, Brian, 209 Klein-Saffran, Jody, 172 Leducer, Darrell, 12 Johnson, Byron, 79 Klockars, Carl, 285 Lee, Leona, 148 Johnson, Elmer, 200 Klofas, John, 14, 26, 323 Lee-Sammons, Lynette, 135, Johnson, John, 242 Knepper, Paul, 210 177, 222 Johnson, W Wesley, 291 Knight, Janet, 59, 224 Lehman, Joseph, 185 Johnston, C Wayne, 214 Knour, Arthur, 73 Leiber, Michael, 204, 307 Johnston, Les, 77 Knox, George, 321 Leinen, Stephen, 213 Jolley, Jerry, 84 Knutson, Julie, 329 Lenahan, Thomas, 81, 188 Jones, David, 266 Kolb, Donna, 198 Lentz, Susan, 4 Jones, Delores, 1, 28, 305 Kolenick, Carol, 220 Lentz, Tina, 209 Jones, Mark, 232 Kommer, Max, P 1.5 Leone, Matthew, 209 Jones, Peter, 27 Koons, Barbara, P 1.6 Lesieur, Henry, 273 Joseph, Janice, 66, 175, 188, Kopcynski, Amy, 282 Letman, Sloan, 13, 160, 248 231 Kopel, David, 284 Levine, James, 80 Joutsen, Matti, 142, 271 Koper, Christopher, 105 Lewis, Brenda, 116 Jurkovac, Timothy, 209 Korotkin, Paul, 172 Liddick, Donald, 310 Kabingesi, M G, 104 Kowalski, Matt, 91 Lilly, J Robert, 83, 100, 116, 140 Kalinich, David, 202, 323 Kraska, Peter, 49, 102, 301 189 Kandel-Englander, Kratcoski, Peter, 51 , 76 Lindenberg, Michael, 100, 221 Elizabeth, 148 KrauB, Detlef, 61 Lindquist, Charles, 14, 124, 140 Kane, Stephanie, 223 Krimmel, John, 144, 213 Lindsey, Michael, 11 Kania, Richard, 78, 103 Krohn, Marvin, 235 Lingamneni, Jagan, 83

281 Lipson, Donna, 220 Markovits, Inga, 61 McPherson, William, 82 Lipton, Douglas, P 3.8 Marquart, James, 27, 69, 82, McRoberts, John, 212 Liska, Allen, 139, 253 129 McShane, Marilyn, 211 Littlefield, John, 287 Marques, Jose, 87 McSkimming, Michael, 231 Liu, Weizheng, 300 Marron, Jeannine, 49 McVey, Ronald, 86, 316 Lively, Martin, 100 Marsh, Mitchell, 198 Meadows, Robert, 19 Livingston, Troy, 149 Marshall, Christopher, 192, 273 Megargee, Edwin, 27 Livojevic, Michele, 170 Marshall, Ted, 43, 199 Meier, Nicholas, 35 Lizotte, Alan, 235 Martin, Howard, 144 Meinoz-Conde, Francisco, 327 Lockwood, Daniel, 287, P 3.10 Martin, Katy, 258A Mellow, Jeff, 52 Lockwood, Dorothy, 286 Martin, Margaret, 195 Menard, Kim, 207 Lofgreen, Victor, 128 Martin, Steven, 286 Mendoza, Jacinto, 256 Long, Billy, 9, 152 Mason, John, 323 Merlo, Alida, 193 Long, Lydia, 115 Mason, Karen, 175A Messinger, Boyd, 326 Lopez, Faustino, 34 Masters, Ruth, 294 Messner, Steven, 139 Lopez, Guillermo, 34 Mastrofski, Stephen, 135, 267, Metchik, Eric, 73 Lorant, Lisa, 79 313 Meyer, Cheryl, 79 Lord, Vivian, 324 Matu, Alberto, 181 Meyer, Deanna, 43 Louden, Robert, 86, 229, 316 Maume, Michael, 133 Meyer, Fred, 114 Loughran, Edward, 225 McCabe, Kimberly, 127 Meyer, Jon'a, 171, 266 Love, James, 263 McCarthy, Belinda, 232 Meyer, Michael, 70 Lovell, Rick, 202, 216 McCarthy, Bernard, 325 Meyer Jr, John, 239 Lovrich, Nicholas, 37, 211 McCartney, L Michael, 328 Michalowski, Raymond, 18 Lowe Sr, Ronald, 7 McCauley, R Paul, 2 Michealson, Croft, 24 Lucadamo, Thomas, 118 McCleary, Richard, 292 Micucci, Anthony, 2, 134 Luginbuhl, James, 131 McClellan, Dorothy, P 4.7 Mignon, Sylvia, 131, 229 Lui, Jianhong, 253 McCluskey, John, 102 Mijares, Tomas, P 2.5 Luther, Betty, 233 McCold, Paul, 162 Miles, Vincent, 40, 147, 238 Lutze, Faith, 187 McConnell, Elizabeth, 17, Miller, J Mitchell, 308 Luxenberg, Joan, 270 P 4.8 Miller, Melvin, 43 Lyman, Dean, 220 McCorkel, Jill, 286 Miller, Paula, 75 Lynch, Gerald, 179 McCormack, Robert, 142 Miller, R Reuben, 272 Lynch, Michael, 217 McCormick, Kevin, 88, 254 Miller, Shirley, 131 Lynch, Thomas, P 2.10 McCoy, Candace, 155, 219 Milovanovich, Zoran, 284 MacKenzie, Doris, 100, 172, McCullough, Malcolm, 9 Minor, Kevin, 58 187, 236 McCurrie, Thomas, 321 Minor, Marsha, 58 Mackey, David, 74 McDermott, M Joan, 145 Misner, Gordon, 98 MacLean, Brian, 234 McDevitt, Jack, 318 Mitchell, Dana, 319 Madden, James, 8, 130 McDonald, Douglas, 140 Mock, Lois, 94 Madriz, Esther, 145, 245 McDonald, William, 125 Molla, Barbara, 5, 71 Magers, Jeffrey, 290 McElvain, Trishia, 101 Moloney, Lanette, 6, 74, 216 Maghan, Jess, 120 McGarrell, Edmund, 50, 169, Mombouquet, Diane, 24 Maguire, Edward, 217, 240 235, 259 Monaghan, Daryl, 134 Maguire, Kathleen, 171 McGeorge, Kimberly, 211 Montoya, Pedro, 32 Mahaffey-Sapp, Carla, 113 Mciliwain, Jeffrey, 310 Moon, Melissa, 16, 85 Mahan, Sue, 216 Mcintosh, James, 50 Moore, Libby, 257 Maher, Patrick, 262, 298 McKenna, James, 241 Moore, Mary, 38 Malema, T Z, 157 McKenzie, lan, 77, 322 Moore, Merlyn, 298 Mann, Coramae, 11, 28 McLaughlin, Vance, 15, 78 Moore, Robert, 138 Manning, Peter, 108, 234 McLean, Regin, 22 Moore Jr, Richter, 262 Mannion, Marea, 78 McMurray, Harvey, 217 Moral, Gustavo, 268 Manor, Orly, 132 McNally, Roger, 164 Morash, Merry, 218 Marenin, Otwin, 37, 84, 263 McNamara, Kristy, 86 Morfeld, Chris, 41 Markert, Bobbi, 302 McNamara, Robert, 86 Morgan, Rod, 77 Market, Anthony, 31 0 McNeece, C Aaron, 32, 273 Morgan-Sharp, Etta, 266 Markovic, John, 101 McNulty, Elizabeth, 108 Moriarty, Laura, 17, 105

282 Morley, Harv, 1 9 O'Malley, James, 291 Pierce, CAllen, 237 Morn, Frank, 4, 54 O'Rea� Charles, 245 Pierce, Greg, 84 Mortenson, Renae, 329 O'Rourke, Hugh, 59 Pierce, H Bruce, 270, 298 Motiuk, Larry, 27 O'Shea, Kathleen, 181 Pillai, Vijayan, 149 Mould, Michelle, 188 O'Toole, Michael, 143 Pisani Jr, Angelo, 15, 113 Moyer, Imogene, 6, 40 Oliver, lan, 45 Pisciotta, Alexander, 243 Mueller, David, 21 Oliver, William, 28 Pitts, Victoria, 292 Mueller, G 0 W, 70 Olivero, J Michael, 130, 198 Plager, Heather, P 1.7 Mueller, Patrick, 97 Olsen, Dan, 12 Plante, Elizabeth, 167 Mukoro, Saliba, 238 Opolot, James, 19 Pliant, James, P 1.1 Mullen, Kenneth, 194 Orvis, Gregory, 95, 225 Plumb, Gregory, 114 Mullen, Rod, 221 Osborne Jr, William, 3 Plumeri, Christine, 188, 288 Mullins, Wayman, 168 Osgood, DWayne, 289 Plyer, Randy, 304 Munson, Alice, 85 Ouimet, Marc, 252 Pockrass, Robert, 163, 316 Muraskin, Roslyn, 109, 132 Ousterhout, Ann, 187 Pogrebin, Mark, 202, 233 Murphy, Brian, 246 Paboojian, Aliene, 96 Polakow, Robert, 203 Murphy, Jon, 301 Painter, Kate, 123 Polhill, Paula, P 3.3 Murphy, Patricia, 296, 324 Pallat, Julie, 41 Polite, Marie, 7 Murphy, Rosemary, 226 Palmiotto, Michael, 272, 308 Polk, 0 Elmer, 85 Muscat, Bernadette, 195 Palumbo, Dennis, 91 , 119 Pollenz, Janine, 282 Muzzati, Stephen, 4, 21 Panter, David, 17 Pollock, Joycelyn, 35, 78 Myers, Laura, 36 Parent, Dale, 60 Polsenberg, Christina, 117, 261 Myhre, Marina, 199 Parham, John, 149 Ponomarev, Pavel, 89 Nalla, Mahesh, 2, 19, 204 Parhizgar, Kamal, 114 Pontell, Henry, 29 Nassar, Paul, 73 Parker, Mary, 67 Pope, Carl, 11 Nataragan, Mangai, 128 Parsonage, William, 101 Porter, Dawn, 147 Nellis, Mike, 98, 100, 170 Passas, Nikos, 101 Porter, Marc, 242 Nelson, Donna, 265 Pates, Lee, 278 Potgieter, P J, 104, 160 Nelson, James, 46 Patritia, Johnson, 305 Prewitt, Angel, 314 Nemnitz, Teresa, 244 Patterson, Amy, 207 Price, Barbara, 104, 120 Nesbary, Dale, 233 Patterson, Bryan, 212 Pridemore, Katherine, 227 Ness, James, 81, 319 Patterson, G R, 169 Proto, Andrew, 242 Nestlerode, Jana, 206 Payne, Michael, 83 Pryor, Doug, 204 Neubauer, David, 109 Payne-Thomas, Minnie, 330 Putnam, Carol, 94 Neugebaue� Robynne, 254 Pearson, Frank, P 3.8 Rabe, Gary, 171 Neumeyer, Gary, P 3.9 Pease, Susan, 62 Rader, Tammy, P 2.7 Newcomb, Garland, 280, 298 Pechnik, Chris, 41 Radke, Kevin, 167 Newhart, Lynn, 245 Pelfrey Jr, William, 145 Rafter, Nicole, 243 Newman, Graeme, 42, 292 Pelfrey Sr, William, 105, 145 Ralph, Paige, 82 Newman, Jeffrey, 159 Pelkey, William, 163 Rand, Clinton, 225A Nichols, Gary, 24 Penn, Everette, 283 Rasche, Christine, 201, 218 Nielson, Amie, 232 Perez, Annette, 34 Ratelle, John, 221 Nielson, Linda, 135 Perroncello, Peter, 143 Ray, Melvin, 309 Nilles, Carolyn, 297 Perry, Barbara, 190 Reboussin, Roland, 52 Nogala, Detlef, 100, 134 Person, Elaine, 190 Rebovich, Donald, 125, 277 Nolan, James, 240 Peters, Roger, 303 Reddington, Frances, 279 Nolan, Kristan, 328 Petersen, Rebecca, 193 Reed, Joyce, 228 Nolen, Kristin, 177 Peterson, Julie, 12 Reed, Thomas, 272 Noonan, Susan, 133 Peterson, Marilyn, 158 Reed, Wilson, 205 Noose, Gregory, 144 Petrosino, Anthony, 300 Reed, Winifred, 110, 289, 295 Noyes, Michael, 40 Petrisino, Caroline, 162 Reese, Michael, 302 Nygard, Charles, P 4.1 Pfeifer, Heather, 238 Regulus, Thomas, 202 O'Connell, Paul, 59 Phelan, Lynn, 264 Reichel, Philip, 154, 200 O'Connor, Michelle, 307 Phillips, Cynthia, 32 Reid, Sue, 141, 274 O'Connor, Thomas, 129, P 2.6 Phillips, Mary, 132 Reiner, Scott, 133 O'Kane, James, 211 Phillips, Peter, 158 Reisig, Michael, 21, 37, 326

283 Remsburg, Chuck, 48 Sabath, Michael, 50 Shichor, David, 124 Rengert, George, 252 Sabin, Edward, 26, 273 Shillady, Shawn, 161 Rhoades, Philip, 98, 322 Sacco, Dominick, 31 1 Shively, Michael, 59, 224 Richards, Malcolm, 112, 163 Sacco, Vincent, 96 Shook, Chadwick, 64 Richardson, Linda, P 2.11 Sagatun-Edwards, Inger, 266 Shook, Lyle, 246 Ricks, Truett, 184 Sager, Joseph, 284 Shulman, William, 197 Rideout, Richard, 261 Saleeby, Lianna, 244 Siedschlaw, Kurt, 53 Rieckman, Traci, 261 Salem, Richard, 325 Siegel, Larry, 162, 319 Rieson, Kimberly, 148 Salzano, Julienne, 328 Sieh, Edward, 232 Riley, Brian, 242 Sanborn Jr, Joseph, 193 Sigler, Robert, 188, 265 Riley, Joanne, 185 Sanders, Beth, 250, P 2.8, Silverman, Eli, 73 Riley, John, 111 P 4.2 Silverman, Robert, 164 Riley, Wendy, 86 Sandys, Marla, 62, 257 Simmons, Tracy, 173 Ringel, Cheryl, 50, 79 Sanzen, Peter, 192 Simon, Christopher, 211 Ritchie, Sloan, 33 Sapp, Allen, 113, 144 Simon, David, 191A Rizzo, Elaine, 224 Savitz, Leonard, 301 Sims, Barbara, 102, 118 Robbins, Ira, 176 Saylor, William, 44 Singh, Anne, 272 Roberson, Cliff, 284 Scalone, Sister Rose, 9 Sipe, Ron, 72 Roberts, Albert, 178 Scarborough, Kathryn, 102, 206, Sirpal, Suman, 148, 297 Roberts, Dorothy, 305 264, 320 Situ, Yingyi, 18 Roberts, James, 130 Scarpitti, Frank, 232 Sivili, June, 295 Roberts, Jim, 202 Schafer, Nancy, 117 Skelton, David, 146 Roberts, John, 146 Schenider, Jacqueline, 186 Skrapec, Candice, 294 Roberts, John W, 176, 243 Schlegel, Kip, 29 Slane, Alton, 320 Roberts, Patty, 261 Schmalleger, Frank, 35 Sluder, Richard, 43, 212, 304 Roberts, Reta, 275, 306 Schmidt, Linda, 307 Slusarski, Kimberly, 80 Robinson, Rhonda, 210 Schoneburg, Volkmar, 61 Small, Mark, 50 Robinson, Robin, 224 Schram, Pamela, 279 Smith, Benjamin, 133 Rocheleau, Ann, 309 Schulz, Dorothy, 120 Smith, Beverly, 70, 243 Rock, Marjorie, 166 Schupp, Paul, 240 Smith, Brent, 168, 281 Rodriguez, Kristina, 245 Schwane� Shawn, 70, 147 Smith, Brian, 315 Rodriquez, Santana, 34 Schwartz, Gail, 269 Smith, Carolyn, 235 Roesch, Beverty, 95 Schwartz, Martin, 234 Smith, Courtenay, 197 Rogers, Mary, 46, 316 Schweizer, Harald, 239 Smith, Les, 130 Romero, Angelica, 34 Scott, Elsie, 45 Smith, Linda, 15, 75, 287 Rosenbaum, Dennis, 123 Scott, James, 160 Smith, Michael, 91, 212 Rosenfeld, Richard, 94, 139, 271 Scuro Jr, Joseph, 48 Smith, Tony, 240 Ross, Darrell, 111 Seagrave, Jayne, 177 Smith, William, 304 Rosoff, Stephen, 29 Sebuck, Elizabeth, 130 Smy�a, John, 69, 157, 274 Ross, Jeffrey, 10, 49, 168, 281, Seddon, Ayn, 40 Snell, Joel, 198 326 Seffens, Michael, 241 Snipes, Jeffrey, 217, 267 Roth, Mitchel, 54 Seibel, Gary, 245 Snow, Mark, P 1.7 Rothlein, Mary, 179 Seidman-Smith, Eleanor, 138 Snowden, Lynne, 47 Rottman, David, 109 Seis, Mark, 18 Snyder, Howard, 308 Rounds Jr, Delbert, 96 Seitz, Deborah, 329 Solis, Carmen, 73 Roy, Sudipto, 170 Sellers, Christine, 15, 296 Solomon, Roger, 48 Ruback, R Barry, 200 Senese, Jeffrey, 179, 280 Solomon, Shellie, 110, 259 Rubense� Lorie, 130, 326 Shafer, Kent, 186 Sommers, Ira, 256 Rush, Jeffrey, 105, 225, 241 Shaughnessy, Edward, 93 Song, John, 21 Russell, Gregory, 177, 228 Shearing, Clifford, 108, 140 Songer, Melanie, 208A Russell, Katheryn, 53 Shearn, Regina, 75, 148 Sorensen, Jonathan, 69, 157, Rutherford, Rob, 269 Shelden, Randall, 307 203, 228 Rutledge, Allan, 306 Shepard, Jennifer, P 1.2 Soules, Leslie, 46 Ryan, Joseph, 314 Shepard, Robin, 32 Souryal, Sam, 154 Ryan, Kevin, 43 Sherman, Lawrence, PS II, 184 Southerland, Mittie, 65, 163 Ryan, Patrick, 241 Shernock, Stanley, 51, 163, 316 Spade� Dean, 93, 155

284 Sparks, James, 64 Tekyi, Kofi, 72 Vigorita, Michael, 253 Spasojevic, Dragan, 88, 254 Tenaglia Jr, Robert, 224 Vila, Bryan, 196 Specher, Jeffrey, 161 Terrill, Richard, 200 Violanti, John, 86, 246 Spizuoco, Frank, 289 Tesoriero, James, 59 Visa no, Livy, 88, 254 Spohn, Cassia, 114, 219 Tewksbury, Richard, 209, 213 Vito, Gennaro, 69, 274, 287 Spunt, Barry, 273 Thibault, Edward, 208A Vizzard, William, 183, 237 Sridharan, Sanjeev, 16, 59 Thomas, Andrew, 3, P 3.6, P 3.7 Vogel, Ronald, 173 Stadel, Romi, 46, 268 Thomas, Charles, 124 Vogel Jr, George, 161 Stan, Joe, P 2.5 Thompson, Andre, 6, 238 Vogt, Kimberly, 206 Stanford, Rose Mary, 261 Thompson, Bankole, 188 Voight, Lydia, 56 Stanley, Debra, 62 Thompson, Ernie, 157 von Lampe, Laus, 92 Stark, Evan, 201 Thompson, Laura, 87 Waizer, Jonas, 166 Steiger, Thomas, 44 Thompson, William, 62 Wakefield, Bill, 209 Stein, Michael, 192 Thomson, J Michael, 116 Wa ldbauer, Helga, 12 Steinbock, Marcia, 263 Thornberry, Terence, 235 Wa ldron, Ronald, 323 Steiner, Benjamin, 257 Thornton, William, 56 Walker, Chris, 24 Steinman, Rick, 320 Thurber, Steven, P 1.7 Walker, Donald, 112 Stephens, Gene, 162, 251 Thurman, Quint, 21, 239 Wa lker, Jeffrey, 42 Stevens, Dennis, 26, 196 Tillman, Robert, 29 Wa lker, Roy, 209 Stevens, Gail, 315 Timm, Howard, 65 Wa lker, Samuel, 49, 114, 217 Stevenson, Carolyn, 22 Transeau, Alvin, 64 Wa llace, Donald, 228 Stinchcomb, James, 184 Traub, Stuart, 2 Wallace, Harvey, 294 Stinchcomb, Jeanne, 31 Travis, Lawrence, 16, P 2.9 Wallace, Rich, 97, 288 Stitt, B Grant, 270 Tromanhauser, Edward, 248, Walpen, Laurent, 112 Stohr, Mary, 31 321 Walsh, William, 136, 250 Stojkovic, Stan, 31, 202 Trump, Kenneth, 186 Walters, Stephen, 47 Stokes, Larry, 151, 160 Tunis, Sandra, 156, 303 Wang, Zheng, 82 Stone, Lorene, 263 Tunnell, Kenneth, 299 Warchol, Greg, 309 Strang, Heather, 47 Turkson, Benjamin, 72 Warren, Janet, 52 Straus, Murray, 103 Turner, AI, 323 Waters, Thomas, 216, P 1.8, Stretesky, Paul, 87, 206 Turner, Michael, 119 P 3.9 Stringfellow-Waddle, Carol, 195 Turner, Roger, 249 Watkins, Cory, 32 Sudbrack, Billie, 167 Turner, Stanley, 301 Weaver, James, 25 Sullenberger, Thomas, 20 Turner, Susan, 124 Weaver, Kim, 279 Sullivan, Anne, 96 Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn, 233 Webb, Gary, 309 Sulton, Ann, 305 Unnithan, N Prabha, 149 Webb, Vincent, 222, 273 Sundor, Adam, 29 Uribe, John, 230 We ber, Steve, 161 Sundt, Jody, 119, 133 Uwazie, Ernest, 95 Websdale, Neil, 79 Surratt, Hilary, 286 Vagg, Jon, 105 Weinrath, Michael, 203 Surrette, Ray, 62 Van Den Broebck, Tom, 104 Weisburg, David, 91 Sviridoff, Michele, 109 Van Doorn, Nicole, 306 Weisel, Deborah, 186 Sykes, Gary, 48, 251 Van Fleet, James, 327 Weisheit, Ralph, 291 , P 4.10 Szczypkowski, Ronald, 287 Van Meter, Clifford, 209 Welch, Michael, 14, 247 Szockyj, Elizabeth, 175A Van Ness, Shela, 170 Wells, James, 246 Tafoya, Sharon, 290 Van Voorhis, Patricia, 27, 76 Wells, L Edward, 118, 291, Tafoya, William, 45 Van Wy k, Judy, 175A P 4.10 Takata, Susan, 98, 329 Vandiver, Margaret, 38, 257 Welsh, Wayne, 76 Tatum, Becky, 28, 249 VanMaanen, John, 108 Werth, Eric, 125 Tatum-Preston, Kristen, 297 VanZomeren, Wayne, 307 West, Angela, 9, 223 Taylor, Karen, 116 Vardalis, James, 104 West, Jennifer, 289, P 1.9 Taylor, Bruce, 314 Varone, Renee, P 1.10 Wexler, Harry , 221 Taylor, Carl, 126 Vaughn, Michael, 43, 304 Wheeler, Catherine, 52 Taylor, Dorothy, 23, 175 Veneziano, Carol, 32, P 4.9 Whetstone, Thomas, 179, 262 Taylor, Ralph, 227, P 1.6 Veneziano, Louis, P 4.9 Whisler, Philip, 33 Taylor, Robert, 65 Verdiguel, Jorge, 34 Whitcomb, Debra, 277 Taylor, Ron, 289 Victor, Elizabeth, 38 White, Garland, 230

285 White, Giselle, 151, 249 Wright, Kevin, 169 White, John, 215, 290 Wright, Richard, 192 White, Timothy, 166 Wright, Richard A, 85, 192 Whitehead, John, 103, 253 Wrinkle, Robert, 157 Whitson, Marian, 1, 99, 151 Wu, Bohsiu, 117 Wiatrowski, Michael, 104 Wylie-Jardine, Becky, 296 Wilkinson, Vicki, 160 Xu, Xinyi, 129 Wilkinson, William, 325 Yaffee, Joanne, 95 Williams, Brian, 15 Yared, Christine, 214 Williams, Carol, 185 Yates, Donald, 149, 279 Williams, Gail, 16, 111 Yeager, Peter, 328 Williams, Gerald, P 2.2 Yeboah, Judith, 72 Williams, Jack, 293 Yin, Robert, 295 Williams, James, 149 Young, Clark, 307 Williams, Jimmy, 53 Young, Gay, 25, 63 Williams, Katherine, 295 Young, Thomas, 315 Williams III, Frank, 21 1, 274 Young, Vernetta, 175 Williamson, Deborah, 58 Youngblood, Suzanne, P 2.10 Williamson, Tom, 77 Yu, Jiang, P 1.10 Willis, Cecil, 89 Zabielinski, Barry, 75 Willis, Gary, 258A Zadal, Tim, 220 Wilson, Janet, 26 Zager, Mary, 233 Wilson, Nancy, 18 Zahnd, Elaine, 244 Winfree, L Thomas, 289 Zalman, Marvin, PS 1, 141, 219 Winkle III, John, 133 Zedlewski, Ed, 110 Winner, Larry, 193 Zendlovitz, Debra, 79 Winslow, Daniel, 124 Zerbel, Theresa, 280 Winterburn, Dianne, 244 Zevitz, Richard, 51 Winton, Ann, 73 Zhao, Jihong, 239 Winz, Kathryn, 165 Zhou, Denke, 253 Witham, Donald, 163 Ziembo-Vogl, Joanne, 205, 229 Wodarski, John, 178 Zuern, Glenn, 37 Wolfe, Nancy, 61 Zupan, Linda, 218 Wolford, Bruce, 75, 199, 269, 287 Wollan Jr, Laurin, 204, 274 Wo ng, Charlotte, 145 Wong, Simon, 271 Wood, Diane, 5, 71 Wood, Marcia, 31 Wood, Peter, 240 Woodiel, Loftin, 54 Woodley, Carla, 187 Woodrick, Anne, 204 Woods, David, 12, 209 Woods Jr, DeVere, 205, 229 Wooldredge, John, 20 Woolery, Randall, 199 Worden, Alissa, 219, 296 Worden, Robert, 102, 267, 285 Wordes, Madeline, 314 Worthy, Evon, 13 Wright, Benjamin, 179, 280 Wright, Betsy, 49 Wright, John, 133 Wright, Karen, 169

286 NOTES

287 NOTES

288 ACJS

IISpendll Time with Us in Las Vegas

1996 Annual Meeting

March 12-16, 1996

Las Vegas Riviera Las Vegas, NV

Theme:

The Future of Crime and Justice

Persons interested in participating in the 1996 Annual Meeting should contact Lee Ross, 1996 Program Chair, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Social Welfare, Box 786, 1 133 Enderis Hall, Milwaukee, WI 53201 ; (4 14) 229-531 1 (fax) .