GRADE EIGHT  TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012  Page 45 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved

One Stop Shop For Educators resurfaced in its second incarnation in 1915. For more information about the KKK in Georgia during Reconstruction see: The New Georgia Encyclopedia: “Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era” http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-694 Sample Question for H6a (OAS Database) Sample Question for H6b What was Abraham Lincoln's official stand on slavery during the Why was Georgia often referred to as the "heart of the Confederacy" during presidential campaign of 1860? the Civil War? A. The African slave trade should be ended immediately. A. Georgia was the site of most of the military victories. B. Slavery should not be allowed to spread into new territories.* B. Georgia's soldiers fought harder than those from other Confederate states. C. A constitutional convention should be held to resolve the issue. C. Robert E. Lee once referred to Georgia by that term and the name D. All slaves within the United States should be freed within ten remained. years. D. Georgia had the best railroads and more industry than other Confederate states.* c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on If you were a member of Congress, how would you have treated the South after Georgia and other southern states, the Civil War? emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; In one paragraph, outline your plan. In a second paragraph, compare your plan to sharecropping and tenant farming; one of the three Reconstruction plans that were actually used. In a third Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th paragraph, justify why you think your plan is better than either Presidential, amendments to the constitution; Henry Congressional, or Military Reconstruction. McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan. Sample Question for H6c Which organization did the federal government create in 1865 to supervise the transition of slaves to freedom? A. Howard University B. Freedmen's Bureau* C. American Civil Liberties Union D. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People SS8H7 The student will evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia between 1877 and 1918. The years between 1877 and 1918 were a time of both great social and economic successes and failures in Georgia’s history. This standard requires students to learn about the key political, social, and economic changes that happened in Georgia during this time period. Examining this time period will give students and better understanding of the people and events that shaped the state today. After the Civil War and Reconstruction period, Atlanta began its “rise from the ashes” and slowly became one of the more important cities in the South, proving it by hosting events such as the International Cotton Exposition. Henry Grady began to champion the cause of the “New South,” one that was industrial and self-sufficient. Entrepreneurs, both black and white, developed new services and products. One example was Alonzo Herndon, who rose from slavery to eventually own the most profitable African-American business in the country. Unfortunately, the “New South Era” was also a time of terrible racism and injustice. Segregation and “Jim Crow” were the law of the land. The KKK reorganized after the murder of Mary Phagan, and this time targeted not only blacks, but Jews, Catholics, and immigrants as well. Tom Watson, once a champion of the “common man,” both black and white, gained greater notoriety after he changed his position and became an ardent segregationist and anti-Semite. Additionally, Atlanta the “city too busy to hate” experienced the worst race riot in its history. During this period of racial strife, several successful African-American men became well known throughout the country for their work with civil rights. This group of men included educators W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T. Washington, along with Georgian John Hope. In addition, women, such as Rebecca Felton and Lugenia Burns Hope, made important contributions to the state. Georgia Department of Education Dr. John D. Barge, State School Superintendent SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE EIGHT TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012 Page 45 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved One Stop Shop For Educators Finally, some of the animosity that Georgia and the rest of the South felt toward the United States stemming from the Civil War and Reconstruction dissipated as thousands of southerners, including many from Georgia, joined the military during World War I. Along with supplying soldiers, Georgia made several contributions to the cause. From training the nation’s fighting men and women in the many military “camps” found in the state, to growing “Victory Gardens,” Georgians played a role in the Allied victory. The Bourbon Triumvirate a. Evaluate the impact the The Bourbon Triumvirate was a group of three politicians (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry John B. Gordon) who dominated Georgia politics for over 20 years. These men, who all had been key Grady, International Cotton figures during the Civil War, rotated positions as governor and U.S. Senator from the 1870s to 1890s. They held a common interest in developing the railroad and mining industries in Georgia, serving the Exposition, Tom Watson and the interest of those men who were part of the old antebellum planter class, and instituting low taxes which Populists, Rebecca Latimer resulted in few government services. In addition, all three of the men were white supremacists who Felton, the 1906 Atlanta Riot, the supported and took advantage of the convict lease system. The power of the Bourbon Triumvirate Leo Frank Case, and the county began to wane as the ideals of the Populist Party and the New Democrats began to dominate the unit system had on Georgia Democratic Party in 1890, as well as, the deaths or retirement of the three members. during this period. Members of the Bourbon Triumvirate Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894) was born in South Carolina, but spent most of his early years in the mountains of North Georgia. He attended Yale Law School and moved back to Georgia where he became a successful lawyer. He was elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1849 and became a state judge in 1855. In 1857, he was elected governor of Georgia and remained in this position throughout the Civil War. During the Civil War he bickered with C.S.A. President Jefferson Davis on several occasions. Though a zealous secessionist before the war, Brown briefly joined the Republican Party after. As a Republican he served as the chief justice of Georgia’s Supreme Court. He later switched his allegiance back to the Democratic Party and served in the U.S. Senate from 1880-1890. Alfred H. Colquitt (1824-1894) was born in Walton County, Georgia. He graduated from Princeton University in 1844 and returned to Georgia and became a lawyer. In 1846, he joined the Army during the Mexican-American War. In 1853, he was elected a U.S. Representative where he served only one term before returning to Georgia where he became a member of the General Assembly in 1859. A fervent secessionist, he was elected to the Georgia Secession Convention in 1861 and joined the Confederate Army after Georgia seceded. Colquitt had a distinguished military career during the Civil War and fought in some of the major battles from 1861-1863. Due to his service, he was eventually commissioned as a major general. After the war, Colquitt served as Georgia’s governor from 1876- 1882 and as a U.S. Senator from 1883-1894. John B. Gordon (1832-1904) was born in Upson County, Georgia. As a child he moved to Walker County with his family due to his father’s work in Georgia’s coal industry. After leaving the University of Georgia without graduating, he ended up managing his father’s coal mine before the start of the Civil War. Though receiving no military training, Gordon rose to prominence in the Confederate Army due to his fearless fighting style and made his mark as a military strategist. Gordon fought in several important battles and rose to the rank of major general at the end of the war. After the war, Gordon returned to Georgia where he was an outspoken opponent of Reconstruction and is thought to have been the leader of the Georgia chapter of the KKK. Gordon was elected as a U.S. Senator in 1872 and served in this position until 1880. He resigned his position amidst scandal to head the Western and Atlantic Railroad. However, Gordon remained popular among white Georgians and was elected governor in 1886 and back to the U.S. Senate in 1891, serving until 1897. Gordon spent the rest of his life writing and speaking about the Civil War, and, it has been said, embellishing his role in it. Note: Historians have contended that the Bourbon Triumvirate was not a unified and cohesive unit as was projected by the contemporary press or what was written about and discussed in later years. The members had many different views about several issues and, personally, had a strong dislike for one Georgia Department of Education Dr. John D. Barge, State School Superintendent SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE EIGHT TEACHER NOTES REVISED 10/16/2012 Page 46 of 144 Copyright 2012 © All Rights Reserved One Stop Shop For Educators another. Note: The rise of the Farmers Alliance and the Populist Party and the adoption of some of their ideals by the Democratic party can be compared and contrasted to the recent Tea Party movement and its influence on the Republican party. An activity such as this would allow a teacher to bring current events into the Georgia Studies classroom. For more information about the impact of Bourbon Triumvirate on Georgia see: The New Georgia Encyclopedia: “The Bourbon Triumvirate” http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3592&hl=y, The New Georgia Encyclopedia: “Joseph E.

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