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Morphology and Floods in the Alpine Region Benno Zarn, Hunziker, Zarn & Partner AG, CH-Domat/Ems KHR, From the Source to mouth, a sediment budget of the Rhine River 25-26 March 2015, Lyon France Content 1. Catchment 2. Hydrology 3. River Training - Morphology 4. Bed load transport Alpenrhein 26.03.15 1 1. Catchment drainage area: 6’119 km2 DE average altitude: 1’800 a.s.l. Bodensee glaciation: < 1.4% AT 100-year flood: 3’100 m3/s Ill bed load: 35’000 – 60’000 m3/y CH LI suspended load: 3 Mio. m3/y Landquart Vorderrhein Plessur Hinterrhein Lai da Toma IT Alpenrhein 26.03.15 2 Catchment Geology schist Alpenrhein 26.03.15 3 Catchment DE AT Val Parghera CH LI Val Pargehra IT schist Alpenrhein 26.03.15 4 Catchment tributaries moraine, sediment source Plessur Alpenrhein narrowing Hinterrhein (Domleschg) about 200 years ago 26.03.15 5 Catchment AT 1927 flood – torrent control e.g. Schraubach CH LI Rutschung Schuders um 1950, IT 15 – 20 Mio. m3 Dammbruch Buchs / Schaan 1927 950 [ m a.s.] 900 2003 850 1896 800 750 [m] Alpenrhein 6000 5000 4000 3000 26.03.15 6 river training - morphology Schraubach 2. Hydrology 1999, 2005 Nord, 1910 main divide Süd, 1987 1834, 1868, 1927, 1954, (2002) Alpenrhein 26.03.15 7 hydrology large floods in the past catastrophic floods extrem large floods very large floods large floods 4 3 2 1 0 1200 1220 1240 1260 1280 1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 4 1927 1987 3 2 1 0 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Alpenrhein 26.03.15 8 hydrology 1927- and 1987 floods Alpenrhein Rhine gorge – ruin aulta (Vorderrhein) 26.03.15 9 hydrology hydro power – storage basin storage volume [106 m3] 800 Ragall Kops Kops 1967 600 Spullersee 1965 Spullersee Panix 1992 Panix Feldkirch Spullersee 400 1976 Gigerwald Buchs Lünersee 1959 Lünersee St. 1968 Maria Zervreila 1958 Zervreila Curnera 1966 Curnera Rodund 200 Vaduz Marmorera 1954 Marmorera Sargans Silvretta 1951 Silvretta Inbetriebnahme 1925 Inbetriebnahme Spullersee Latschau 0 Lei di 1959 Valle Nalps, Mapragg Vermunt Gigerwald Landquart Kops 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Panix Chur Reichenau Silvrettasee Davosersee Solis Curnera Sufers Nalps Santa Maria Zervreila Marmorera Valle di Lei Alpenrhein 26.03.15 10 hydrology average hydrograph bevor/after storage construction 3 discharge [m /s] Domat/Ems E 3229 km2 500 Januar Februar März April Mai Juni Juli August Sept. Oktober Nov. Dez. 400 1969-2008 after construction storage basin 1899-1953 befor construction storage basin 300 200 100 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 [h] decrease snowmelt runoff about 80 - 100 m3/s increase winter discharge (average 30 up to 60 m3/s, daily changes up to 180 m3/s) Alpenrhein reduction of the sediment transport capacity of about factor 1.6 26.03.15 11 hydrology 3. River training - morphology - systematically since ca. 1850 - narrowing to increase the bed load transport capacity - example downstream mouth River Landquart Landquart Tamina Mastrilser Rheinauen Alpenrhein Dufourkarte, blau eingefärbt heutiger Flusslauf 26.03.15 12 river training - morphology Bodensee 90 Hard Fussach Vorarlberg St. Gallen 85 St. Margrethen Lustenau 80 Diepoldsau Altstätten 75 70 65 Ill Feldkirch 60 Vorarlberg Fürstentum Liechtenstein 55 50 Buchs Schaan 45 Vaduz 40 Balzers Ellhorn Fürstentum Liechtenstein 35 Sargans Graubünden Bad Ragaz 30 Tamina St. Gallen 25 Landquart Graubünden Landquart Mastrilser Rheinauen 20 15 10 5 Plessur Vorderrhein 0 Chur Alpenrhein Reichenau Hinterrhein 26.03.15 13 river training - morphology Bodensee 90 Hard Fussach Vorarlberg St. Gallen 85 St. Margrethen Lustenau 80 Diepoldsau Altstätten 75 70 65 Ill Feldkirch 60 Vorarlberg Fürstentum Liechtenstein 55 50 Buchs Schaan 45 Vaduz 40 Balzers Ellhorn Fürstentum Liechtenstein 35 Sargans Graubünden Bad Ragaz 30 Tamina St. Gallen 25 Landquart Graubünden Landquart Mastrilser Rheinauen 20 15 10 5 Plessur Vorderrhein 0 Chur Alpenrhein Reichenau Hinterrhein 26.03.15 14 river training - morphology cut at Fussach (1885 - 1900) Bodensee 90 Hard Fussach Vorarlberg St. Gallen 85 St. Margrethen Lustenau 80 Diepoldsau Altstätten 75 70 65 Ill Feldkirch 60 Vorarlberg Fürstentum Liechtenstein 55 pre stretch at the mouth since 1972 50 Buchs Schaan 45 Vaduz 40 Balzers Ellhorn Fürstentum Liechtenstein 35 Sargans Graubünden Bad Ragaz 30 Tamina St. Gallen 25 Landquart Graubünden Landquart Mastrilser Rheinauen 20 15 10 5 Plessur Vorderrhein 0 Chur Alpenrhein Reichenau meander cut at Diepoldsau (1909-1923) Hinterrhein 26.03.15 15 river training - morphology “erosion” between 1950 and 1974 2 [m] Ill 1 1944/45 Plessur 1940/41 0 Landquart -1 1950/55 -19795 -2 1950/55 -1974 -3 -4 -5 -6 Wehr Reichenau Wehr Felsberg Waffenplatz Buchs Vorder-/Hinterrhein Ellhorn alte Mündung -7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 distance [km] Alpenrhein 26.03.15 16 river training - morphology gravel mining gravel mining [106 m3] 7 km 0.0 - 23.7 6 km 23.7 - 65.0 km 65.0 - 90.0 5 4 3 1940-1944 1945-1949 1950-1954 1955-1959 1960-1964 1965-1969 1970-1974 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2 1935-1939 1 0 Brücke Buchs/Schaan über den Alpenrhein, Einsturz 1972, Werdenberger Jahrbuch Alpenrhein 26.03.15 17 river training - morphology 4. Bed load transport bed load transport model 1974-95 calibration parameter reference - gravel mining Lake of Constance (observed) - variation mean bed level (observed) parameter changeable - grain size (inside observation range) - bed load input 3 95 ca. [m /year] - 74 80'000 average annual bed load transport 1974 -1995 year 70'000 / 3 60'000 mining Ill Landquart 50'000 Plessur Lake of Constance Lake 40'000 gravel 34’500 m 30'000 20'000 Vorder-/Hinterrhein 10'000 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 distance [km] Alpenrhein 26.03.15 18 bed load transport 2.0 mean bed level change 1974 - 1988 [m] observed 1.5 Mastrilser calculated model 1 Rheinauen 1.0 calculated model 2 Ill Landquart 0.5 Plessur Wehr Reichenau Wehr 1974 0.0 aggradation -0.5 erosion -1.0 Buchs -1.5 Ellhorn Felsberg platz -2.0 Waffen- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 distance [km] 2.0 mean bed level change 1988 - 1995 [m] observed 1.5 Mastrilser calculated model 1 Rheinauen 1.0 calculated model 2 Ill Landquart 0.5 Plessur Wehr Reichenau Wehr 1988 0.0 aggradation -0.5 erosion -1.0 Buchs -1.5 Ellhorn Felsberg platz -2.0 Waffen- 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 distance [km] Alpenrhein 26.03.15 19 bed load transport comparison mean bed level change: - prediction 22 years (regime 1974 – 1995) - observation 15 years (1996 – 2011) 2.0 [m] 1995 - 2011 observed GM5) 1.5 Ill Landquart 1.0 Plessur 0.5 1995/96 Wehr ReichenauWehr 0.0 aggradation -0.5 predicted Buchs -1.0 Felsberg erosion -1.5 Ellhorn distance [km] -2.0 Waffenplatz 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Alpenrhein 26.03.15 20 bed load transport verification model parameter as calibration 1974 – 1995 except - discharge (bed load input by tributaries) - gravel mining as observed 1996 – 2011 - bed load input by Maschänser Rüfi (debris flow) [m3/Jahr] gravel mining at mouth of River Landquart 60'000 calibration 1997-1995: 43'500 m3/year 50'000 40'000 verification 1996-2011: 18'700 m3/year 30'000 20'000 10'000 mining bevor 1974 bevor mining showed not 0 1969 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Alpenrhein 26.03.15 21 bed load transport Verification 1996 - 2011 2.0 [m] 1996 - 2011 calculated Run3) 1.5 1996 - 2011 observed GM5) Plessur 1.0 Landquart 3 ? Ill 0.5 1995/96 Wehr ReichenauWehr 0.0 aggradation -0.5 2 predicted Buchs -1.0 Felsberg 1 4 erosion -1.5 Ellhorn distance [km] -2.0 Waffenplatz 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Probable explanation for the differences 1 local effect 2 bed load transport as «waves» ? 3 underestimation bed load input Vorderrhein/ Plessur? 4 underestimation bed load input Landquart, Ill? / grain size ? Alpenrhein 26.03.15 22 bed load transport Conclusion - understanding of the past is necessary for prediction - bed load budgets are the first step - second step: models - third step: better understanding of the processes and alterations in the tributaries for adequate assumptions of the bed load input in the main river Alpenrhein 26.03.15 23 bed load transport .
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    File20-graubunden-loc-swi7.dwg Book Initial Mapping Date Road Switzerland 7 Peter 21/11/11 Scale All key roads labelled?Hierarchy Hydro ChapterGraubunden Editor Cxns Date Title Spot colours removed?Hierarchy Symbols Author MC Cxns Date Nthpt Masking in Illustrator done? Kerry Christiani Book Off map Inset/enlargement correct?dest'ns BorderCountry LocatorKey A1None Author Cxns Date Notes Basefile08-geneva-loc-swi6.dwgFinal Ed Cxns Date KEY FORMAT SETTINGS New References09-geneva-loc-swi7.dwg Number of Rows (Lines) Editor Check Date MC Check Date Column Widths and Margins MC/CC Signoff Date ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd GraubündenPOP 193,920 / AREA 7106 SQ KM / LANGUAGES GERMAN, ROMANSCH, ITALIAN Includes ¨ Why Go? Chur . 267 Ask locals what it is that makes their canton special and Lenzerheide they’ll wax lyrical about how, well, wild it is. In a country & Valbella . .. 272 blessed with supermodel looks, Graubünden is all about Arosa . 274 raw natural beauty. Whether it’s wind-battered plateaux in Surselva Region . 276 Engadine where clouds roll over big-shouldered mountains, the Rhine gouging out knife-edge ravines near Flims, or the Flims, Laax & Falera . 276 brooding Alpine grandeur of the Swiss National Park, this Valsertal . 277 wonderfully remote region begs outdoor escapades. Bündner Herrschaft . 279 While you’ve probably heard about Davos’ sensational Maienfeld . 280 downhill skiing, St Moritz’s glamour and the tales of Heidi Klosters & Davos . 281 (fictionally born here), vast swaths of Graubünden remain little known and ripe for exploring. Strike into the Alps on The Engadine . 286 foot or follow the lonesome passes that corkscrew high into Unterengadin .
  • Jritisih Lfr1ai Q0urual. the JOURNAL of the BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

    Jritisih Lfr1ai Q0urual. the JOURNAL of the BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

    THE jritisih Lfr1aI Q0urual. THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. - ~~~~~~~tinbon: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE OF THE BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 429, STRAND, W.C. KEY TO DATES AND PAGES. THEF following table, giving a key to the dates of issue and the page numbers of the BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL and SUPPLEMENT in the second volume for 1921, may prove convenient to readers in search of a reference. Serial Date of Journal Supplement No. Issue. Pages. Pages. 3157 ...... July 2nd 1- 30 1- 16 3158 ...... ,. 9th 31- 64 17 24 3159 ...... ,, 16th 65- 102 25- 32 3160 ...... ,, 23rd 103- 136 33- 64 3161 ...... ,, 30th 137- 176 65- 92 3162 ...... Aug. 6th 177- 224 93- 96 3163 ...... 9 13th 225- 266 97 - 100 3164 ...... ,, 20th 267- 304 101 - 104 3165 ...... 27th 305- 342 105 - 108 3166 ...... Sept. 3rd 343- 384 3167 ...... ,, 10th 385- 424 109- 110 3168 ...... ,, 17th 425- 468 - 114 3169 ...... ,, 24th 469- 510 115 - 116 3170 ...... Oct. 1st 511- 544 117 - 132 3171 ...... 8th 545- 582 133- 144 3172 ...... ,, 15th 583- 620 145 - 152 3173 ...... 22nd 621- 678 153- 160 3174 ...... 29th 679- 726 161 - 176 3175 ...... Nov. 5th 727- 774 177 - 180 3176 ...... ,, 12th 775- 818 181 - 184 3177 ...... ,, 19th 819- 872 185- 192 3178 ...... ,, 26th 873.- 924 193 - 204 3179 ...... Dec. 3rd 925- 972 205 - 216 3180 ...... ,, 10th 973 - 1016 217 - 224 3181 ...... , 17th 1017- 1060 225- 232 3182 ...... ,, 24th 1061 - 1100 233 - 256 3183 ..... I ,, 31st 1101 - 1138 257 - 260 INDEX TO VOLUME II FOR 1921. READERS in search of a particular subject