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PART I Foundations of Microbiology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORPART SALE OR DISTRIBUTION I FoundationsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of MicrobiologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 Microbiology: Then and Now CHAPTER© Jones 2& BartlettThe Chemical Learning, Building LLC Blocks of Life © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 3 Concepts and Tools for Studying Microorganisms CHAPTER 4 Structure and Organization of Prokaryotic Cells CHAPTER 5 Microbial Growth and Nutrition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCHAPTER SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 Microbial Metabolism NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The six chapters in Part I embrace several aspects of the six principal (overarching) concepts as described in the ASM Fundamental Statements for a concept-based microbiology curriculum. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © M.I.T. Case No. 17683C, “C Food ,” by Roman Stocker, Steven Paul Smriga, and Vincente Igancio Fernandez. Paul Steven Roman Stocker, by ,” Case No. 17683C, “C Food © M.I.T. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS Evolution • Cells, organelles (e.g., mitochondria and chloroplasts), and all major metabolic pathways © Jones & Bartlettevolved Learning, from early LLC prokaryotic cells. Chapters 3 ©and Jones 4 & Bartlett Learning, LLC • The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. Chapter 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cell Structure and • The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy Function (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). Chapters 3 and 4 • Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immunity, and phage infection. Chapter 4 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,• LLC Bacteria and Archaea have specialized© Jones structures & Bartlett (e.g., flagella, Learning, endospores, LLC and pili) that NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoften confer critical capabilities.NOT Chapter FOR 4 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa, and algae) carry out some of the same processes as bacteria, many of the cellular properties are fundamentally different. Chapter 3 Metabolic Pathways • The interactions of microorganisms among themselves and with their environment are © Jonesdetermined & Bartlett by their metabolic Learning, abilities LLC (e.g., quorum sensing, oxygen© Jonesconsumption, & Bartlett nitrogen Learning, LLC NOTtransformations). FOR SALE ORChapters DISTRIBUTION 1 and 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • The survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depend on its metabolic characteristics. Chapters 2, 5, and 6 Information Flow and • Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and Genetics© Jones & Bartlettdrug Learning, resistance). LLCChapter 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Microbial Systems • Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. Chapters 1–6 • Most bacteria in nature live in biofilm communities. Chapters 3 and 4 Impact of • Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental knowledge about life Microorganisms processes. Chapter 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,• LLC Because the true diversity of microbial© Jones life &is largelyBartlett unknown, Learning, its effects LLC and potential benefits NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhave not been fully explored. ChaptersNOT FOR 1 and SALE 3 OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284101041_CH01_001_034.indd 1 03/04/17 9:16 am © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER PREVIEW CHAPTER 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1.1 TheNOT Discovery FOR SALE of Microbes OR DISTRIBUTION Leads to Questioning Their Origins Microbiology: Microbiology Pathways: Being a Scientist © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Investigating Learning, the Microbial LLC World 1: NOT FORThen SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and Now NOT FOR SALECan Life OR Arise DISTRIBUTION Spontaneously? MicroInquiry 1: Scientifi c Inquiry and Spontaneous Generation Space. The fi nal frontier! Really? The fi nal frontier? The image on the right in the chapter opening illus- 1.2 Disease Transmission Can Be Prevented tration shows one of© an Jones estimated & Bartlett 350 billion Learning, large LLC Clinical Case 1: Childbed Fever : A © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 24 galaxies and more thanNOT 10 FOR stars SALE in the ORvisible DISTRIBUTION uni- Historical Refl ection NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION verse. However, the invisible microbial universe on 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Earth consists of more than 10 30 microorganisms (or Microbiology Reveals the Germ microbes for short) distributed among an estimated 1 trillion (10 12 ) species. As the image on the left 1.4 With the Discovery of Other Microbes, shows,© Jonesmicrobes & mightBartlett be microscopicLearning, LLCin size, but the© JonesMicrobial & WorldBartlett Expands Learning, LLC they NOTare magnifi FOR centSALE in theirOR DISTRIBUTIONevolutionary diversity 1.5 ANOT Second FOR Golden SALE Age OR of Microbiology DISTRIBUTION and astounding in their sheer numbers. Together, Involves the Birth of Molecular Biology we can refer to the global community of microbes and Chemotherapy and their genes as Earth’s microbiome . 1.6 A Third Golden Age of Microbiology Is Now © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC A Day in the Life of a Microorganism NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Because microorganisms exist in such diversity and vast numbers in the oceans, landmasses, and atmo- The Oceans sphere, they must play important roles in the very The oceans and seas cover more than 70% of planet survival of other organisms on the planet. Conse- Earth and represent the foundation that maintains quently, could understanding© Jones & these Bartlett microscopic Learning, LLCour planet in a habitable© condition. Jones & A Bartlett critical fac-Learning, LLC organisms on EarthNOT be as FOR important SALE asOR studying DISTRIBUTION tor in this maintenance isNOT the marineFOR SALE microbiome, OR DISTRIBUTION stars and galaxies in space? Let’s uncover but a few which, composed of some 3 × 10 29 microbes, dom- examples of what a “day in the life of a microorgan- inates ocean life. High densities of these organ- ism” is like in shaping the fundamental life pro- isms can be found anywhere from the frozen polar cesses around the globe. regions to the hot, volcanic thermal vents and the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Photographic image of nearby galaxies in space (right) and a light microscope image (left) of bacterial cells (larger dots), © Jones &viruses Bartlett (smaller Learning, dots), and a LLCdiatom (center). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR (left) SALE Courtesy of JedOR Alan Fuhrman,DISTRIBUTION University of Southern California. (right) Courtesy of JPL-Caltech/NASA.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 9781284101041_CH01_001_034.indd 2 03/04/17 9:16 am Microbiology: Then and Now 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORcold SALE seeps OR on DISTRIBUTIONthe dark seafl oor. Making up 90% ofNOT soilFOR can SALE have up OR to DISTRIBUTION1013 microbes living in the water- the ocean biomass, this marine microbiome is criti- fi lled pore spaces in the soil ( FIGURE 1.1 B ). cal to regulating life on Earth. This diverse soil microbiome is responsible for Every day, many of the dwellers in this microbial many daily activities essential to life. Here are some community perform the following: of the activities soil microorganisms perform: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ▶ Create the foundation for all marine food ▶ Carry out 90% of all biochemical reactions webs by performingNOT FOR photosynthesisSALE OR DISTRIBUTION (in occurring in the soil.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sunlit areas) and chemosynthesis (in dark ▶ Recycle dead plant and animal material and areas) to convert carbon into sugars and return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. nutrients on which all fi sh and ocean mam- ▶ Represent a source for many of today’s anti- © Jonesmals directly & Bartlett or indirectly Learning, depend. LLC biotics.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ▶NOT Provide FOR upSALE to 50% OR ofDISTRIBUTION the oxygen gas we ▶ ProvideNOT FORplants SALE with ORimportant DISTRIBUTION nutrients, breathe and many other organisms use to such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. stay alive by performing photosynthesis Think of it this way—microbes are helping ( FIGURE 1.1 A ). to feed the world. ▶ Control atmospheric aerosols and cloud for- Microbes also can degrade pesticides and other © Jones & Bartlettmation Learning, through LLCthe sea spray ejected into© Jonessynthetic
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