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Martinus Willem Beijerinck His Life and His Work Pi

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Martinus Willem Beijerinck His Life and His Work Pi MARTINUS WILLEM BEIJERINCK HIS LIFE AND HIS WORK PI. I From the bronze plaque by Professor A. W. M. Ode. MA TI US WILLE 1 BEl] RI CK HIS LIFE AND HIS WORK BY G. VAN ITERSON JR., L. E. DEN DOOREN DE JONG AND A. J. KLUYVER WITH 13 PLATES OF WHICH TWO COLOURED Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. 1940 ISBN 978-94-017-5741-6 ISBN 978-94-017-6107-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6107-9 Preface n 1920 a committee was formed by numerous friends and admirers of I Mar tin u s Will em Be ij e r inc k with the aim of rendering ho­ mage to this great biologist at the occasion of his 70th anniversary. The initiative taken by the first undersigned, who acted as president to this com­ mittee, led ultimately to the publication of the "Verzamelde Geschriften" ("Collected Papers") of B e ij e r inc k in five stately volumes. After Be ij e r inc k's death on January 1st, 1931, it seemed expedient to collect in a final volume those publications of Be ij e r inc k which had appeared after his retirement from the chair at Delft. On considering the publication of this volume the undersigned arrived at the conclusion that it was most desirable to add to it a detailed biography of the remarkable author of all these memoirs, as well as a comprehensive review of his scientific achievements. It was then decided that each of the three undersigned should take care of a part of this task. The review was therefore divided into three parts: one, purely biographical, a second part dealing with Be ij e r inc k's studies in the field of general botany, and a third part in which his microbiological work would be considered. The well-deserved fame which Be ij e r inc k has attained in various branches of biology seems to justify the idea of publishing this biographical and laudatory essay also separately. In doing so it has become possible to make it 'accessible to a wider circle of readers. Before finishing this preface the authors wish to express their profound gratitude to all those who have assisted them in their task. In the first place the precious collaboration of the late Miss H. W. B e ij­ e r inc k, sister of the scientist, should be most gratefully acknowledged. The liberal way in which she has allowed access to data of biographical interest has been of the greatest value for the successful completion of the purely bio­ graphical part. Already during her lifetime, Miss Be ij e r inc k put her diary at the disposal of the second undersigned, a token of confidence which has been highly appreciated. Her unfailing interest in the publication as a whole has greatly stimulated the work. It is a matter of sincere regret to the authors that she did not live to see the book completed .. On December 26th, 1937 this energetic and sympathetic woman, whose life was so tightly interwoven with that of her famous brother, quietly passed away at the age of ninety. The authors also wish to thank Mr. W. M. Be ij e r inc k, retired Major of the Artillery, for information concerning the genealogy of the B e ij e r inc k family. VIII PREFACE In the successive phases of the development of the book various British colleagues have been most kind in giving us their advice regarding the linguistic side of the publication. In this respect the authors feel especially, and profound­ ly, indebted to Dr. Hug h N i col, bacteriologist of Rothamsted Exper­ imental Station, for the untiring and devoted way in which he has accomplished the most unselfish task of correcting the manuscripts from the point of view of the language. In doing so, he has not only eliminated numerous short­ comings in English style and composition, but at several places his critical suggestions - which were always to the point - have greatly influenced the redaction of the survey given. Delft, October 1940. G. VAN lTERSON JR. L. E. DEN DOOREN DE J ONG A. J. KLUYVER Contents PART I. BEIJERINCK, THE MAN by L. E. den Dooren de Jong Page Chapter I. Descent .. 3 II. Childhood . 6 III. Adolescence 11 IV. The secondary school teacher. 13 " V. The industrial microbiologist 19 VI. The academic teacher 23 " VII. Beijerinck at work. 35 VIII. The retired scholar . 41 " PART II. BEIJERINCK, THE BOTANIST by G. van Iterson Jr. Page Chapter IX. Studies on galls. 51 X. Morphological investigations on adventitious formations " and regeneration phenomena 61 XI. Studies on phyllotaxis 68 XII. Minor morphological researches 71 " XIII. Cross-breeding experiments 74 " XIV. Investigations on gummosis . 79 XV. Studies on starch, and problems of colloid chemistry. 83 " Pure cultures of algae . 86 " XVI. XVII. Considerations on heredity 90 Bacterial root nodules 94 " XVIII. x CONTENTS PART III. BEI]ERINCK, THE MICROBIOLOGIST by A. ]. K 1 u Y v e r Page Introduction. 99 Chapter XIX. The birth of the microbiologist. 100 " XX. Growth and maturation of the microbiologist 102 XXI. A more detailed appreciation of Beijerinck's main con­ tributions to microbiology . .. 106 a. The isolation and investigation of Bacillus radicicola . 106 b. Free oxygen in its relation to the vital phenomena of fermentation organisms . .. 109 c. Studies on luminous bacteria. .. 111 d. Pure cultures of algae, zoochlorellae, and gonidia of lichens . 114 e. Studies on yeasts . 114 f. Beijerinck's contribution to the virus concept. 118 g. Investigations on lactic acid bacteria . 121 h. Investigations on the natural group of butyric acid and butyl alcohol bacteria. 125 't. The genus Aerobacter Beijerinck. 128 1. Investigations on Sarcina ventriculi . 130 k. Investigations on acetic acid bacteria 132 l. On sulphate reduction. 134 m. On denitrification. 136 n. On nitrogen fixation by free-living micro-organisms 138 o. Investigations on urea-decomposing bacteria. 144 p. Bacillus oligocarbophilus, an agent of the biological purification of the air. 146 q. Studies on microbial variation 148 The en voy. 153 APPENDICES Page A. The "Stellingen" accompanying Beijerinck's doctorate thesis. 157 B. List of Beijerinck's assistants in his academic period . 160 C. List of communications from the Laboratory for Microbiology at Delft, published by Beijerinck's collaborators in the years 1895-1921. 161 D. List of Doctor's Theses, wholly or largely prepared under Beijerinck's direction. ., 165 E. Addressfs made on September 30th, 1905 at the presentation of the Leeuwenhoek Medal of the "Koninklijke Akademie van CONTENTS XI Wetenschappen te Amsterdam" to Beijerinck. 166 F. Article published by Professor S. Hoogewerff on the occasion of the silver jubilee of Beijerinck's professorship. .. 170 G. Address delivered by Professor G. van Herson Jr. on March 16th, 1921 on the occasion of the seventieth anniversary of Beijerinck's birthday. .. 173 H. Abstract from the lecture given by Beijerinck on the occasion of his retirement from the chair at the "Technische Hoogeschool" on May 28th, 1921. .. 180 I. Speeches held by Professor G. van Herson Jr. and by Professor A. J. Kluyver on June 14th, 1927, on the occasion of the golden jubilee of Beijerinck's doctorate. .. 182 J. Interview with Beijerinck published by Mrs. W. van Hallie-van Embden. 190 K. List of obituary articles. 193 List of Plates I. Martinus Willem Beijerinck. Frontispiece From the bronze plaque by Professor A. W. M. Ode. II. Ancestors of M. W. Beijerinck . page 4 Martinus Beijerinck (1718-1782); great-grandfather of the scientist. Frederik Beijerinck (1766-1838); grandfather of the scientist. Derk Beijerinck (1805-1879) ; father of the scientist. Jeannette Henriette van Slogteren (1811-1875) ; mother of the scientist. III. M. W. Beijerinck, his brother and his sisters in their youth. page 12 Frederik Leonard Beijerinck (1844-1883) ; brother of the scientist. Henriette Wilhelmina Beijerinck (1847-1937); elder sister of the scientist. Johanna Hermana Alida Beij erinck (1849-1923); younger sister of the scientist. M. W. Beijerinck as a student, at the age of 20. IV. Facsimile of title page of Beijerinck's thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science. .. page 15 V. Beijerinck in the prime ot his life, at the age of 45 . page 24 VI. Four prominent collaborators of Beijerinck during his academic period page 25 A. H. van Delden. - G. van Iterson Jr. - H. C. Jacobsen. - N. L. Sohngen. VII. Beijerinck shortly before his retirement from the chair at Delft, at the age of 70 . page 36 VIII. Beijerinck's country-home at Gorssel (province of Gelderland) after a water-colour by his sister, Miss H. W. Beijerinck. page 40 IX. Beijerinck in his garden at Gorssel, at the age of 73. - Beijerinck with his sister and their household companion in 1929 . page 42 X. Facsimile of part of a letter from Beijerinck to one of his collaborators (1924). page 44 XI. Facsimile of the testimonial accompanying the Emil Christian Hansen Medal, conferred on Beijerinck in 1922 . page 46 XII. Facsimile of a page of Beijerinck's laboratory note-book (May 22nd­ June 1st, 1887), giving his first observations on the root nodule bacteria page 106 XIII. Facsimile of a page of Beijerinck's laboratory note-book (Dec. 31st, 1900). Here the name Azotobacter chroococcum is used for the first time page 140 .
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