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Para-Coumaryl Coniferyl Sinapyl Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol Patent Application Publication Dec US 2003O226168A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0226168 A1 Carlson (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 4, 2003 (54) PLANT PREPARATIONS Publication Classification (76) Inventor: Peter S. Carlson, Chevy Chase, MD (51) Int. Cl. ............................ A01H 1700; C12N 15/82; (US) C12O 1/18 Correspondence Address: (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................. 800/279; 435/32 FOLEY AND LARDNER SUTE 500 (57) ABSTRACT 3000 KSTREET NW WASHINGTON, DC 20007 (US) The present invention provides methods for slowing down (21) Appl. No.: 10/366,720 the rate at which plant biomaterials, Such as lignin, are degraded, thereby improving the terrestrial Storage of carbon (22) Filed: Feb. 14, 2003 by reducing the amount of gaseous carbon dioxide released Related U.S. Application Data into the atmosphere upon biodegradation. The inventive methods contemplate the modification of plant macromol (60) Provisional application No. 60/403,650, filed on Aug. ecules to make them more resistant to degradation as well as 16, 2002. Provisional application No. 60/356,730, the treatment of living and non-living plants with fungicides filed on Feb. 15, 2002. to prolong the rate of plant breakdown. CH2OH CH2OH CHOH 1. 1. 1 OCH3 H3CO OCH3 OH OH OH para-coumaryl coniferyl sinapyl alcohol alcohol alcohol Patent Application Publication Dec. 4, 2003. Sheet 1 of 4 US 2003/0226168A1 ZHOHO?HOHOZHOHO £HOOOOºH£HOO HOHOHO Patent Application Publication Dec. 4, 2003. Sheet 3 of 4 US 2003/0226168A1 Á??Su??u|6u?u?e?su????OS -0||Á?Sue?u?6u?u?e?su?uô?T-||-------------------------------- uosuno?udp????polN AISueu fuuleS Patent Application Publication Dec. 4, 2003 Sheet 4 of 4 US 2003/0226168 A1 3 5, d a 2. on 2 2 12 CS 5. C C O 2 2 ( cus at s 5. C. C E C. C. O 2 i Z. s i 2 5 s O O). OO N CO LCD v. CO CN Y - O V A}|Sueu fulule)S US 2003/0226168 A1 Dec. 4, 2003 PLANT PREPARATIONS approximately 0.5 billion tonnes into the atmosphere. Cul tivation, for instance, exposes fresh Soil to the air, increasing FIELD OF THE INVENTION the rate of carbon dioxide emission. 0001. The present invention provides methods and mate 0008 Furthermore, fungi such as white-rot fungi and rials to improve terrestrial Storage of carbon in decaying wood-rotting fungi, as well as a variety of bacterial and plant biomass by incorporating modified macromolecule actinomycetes Species, appear to be the most efficient lignin precursors into key plant Structures, thereby improving the degraders present in terrestrial ecosystems. For instance, ability of plant biomass to withstand environmental degra white-rot fungi produce "lignase” peroxidase enzymes that dation and the activity of degradative microorganisms. produce free oxygen radicals that are potent lignin decom Modified lignin or modified lignin precursors incorporated posers. Thus, a major cause of CO2 release from Soil organic into plant biomass reduces the rate of degradation of lignin materials is the increased accessibility of carbon to elements in Soil. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of lignin that are capable of converting one form of carbon into breakdown products protects plants from degradative micro another. organisms. 0009. Accordingly, the rate at which carbon dioxide is 0002 This technology reduces the rate at which carbon produced depends upon both the Surrounding environmental dioxide is released into the atmosphere when plant and Soil conditions and upon the ease by which plant materials can organic matter are treated with the inventive molecules. be broken down. Thus, the decomposability of Soil organic Thus, the present invention increases the amount of carbon matter reflects the nature of its chemical components. In this that is Sequestered in a terrestrial ecosystem. regard, Some plant detritus and microbial biomass have a relatively short turnover time, generally less than 10 years. BACKGROUND In contrast, Soil organic carbon is more resistant to microbial 0003. An aspect of carbon sequestration is the prevention degradation and takes between 10 and 100 years to break of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere and the down. Since approximately 75% of terrestrial carbon is improved retention of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Stored within Soil organic material, the adaptation of Soil to Combustion of fossil fuel, Such as for power generation, better retain that carbon is one focus of recent Sequestration transport, industry and domestic use, is a major factor in efforts. increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmo 0010 For these reasons, there have been efforts to modify Sphere. terrestrial vegetation, Soil and plant-derived organic matter, 0004 Consequently, elevated levels of carbon dioxide So that the Sequestered carbon is more difficult to access, can be detrimental to the environment, causing, for instance, utilize and, thus liberate. global warming and fluctuations in global climates. For this 0011 To this end, “no-till' practices have been adopted to reason, Stabilizing and reducing the concentration of gas reduce the exposure of "fresh' Soil to oxidative processes. eous carbon, Such as CO, is a necessary step in diminishing Another is the transportation of natural organic matter to the effects of warming trends, while Simultaneously extend deep groundwater Systems where the residence time of Such ing the time period within which technologies for mitigating materials is hundreds, if not thousands, of years. CO2 emissions can be further developed. 0012 However, this latter method relies upon heavy 0005 One way to uncouple fossil fuel usage and CO rainfall or other Similarly intense precipitation after pro levels is to improve the Storage of carbon within terrestrial longed dry periods, to wash organically-Stored carbon into biomass. In this respect, plants and other worldwide Veg underground Sites. Planting new trees and forest fertilization etation are natural CO "sinks' that continually remove and are other methods by which the terrestrial biosphere is being trap gaseous carbon from the atmosphere by processes Such adapted So as to improve carbon Sequestration. as photosynthesis. On a global Scale, plants represent an enormous quantity of Stored carbon. Taken collectively, the 0013 There is still a need, however, for better methods of terrestrial biosphere is estimated to Sequester approximately retaining carbon in Soil, Such as by actually modifying the 2 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) per year. Of that biomass, the terrestrial organic material that eventually becomes Soil. For most abundant component of terrestrial plant materials are instance, a key query is whether the formation of “highly cellulose and lignin, which represent key carbon Stores. recalcitrant organic macromolecules' can be enhanced through “Solid amendments, microbial manipulation, or 0006 Lignin is a very complex, aromatic macromol genetic selection of biomass.’ See Chapter 4 of CARBON ecule, used to form plant cell walls and structural tissues. SEQUESTRATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, The molecule imparts Strength to the plant, facilitates water December 1999 Report, U.S. Department of Energy, avail transport and impedes biodegradation of plant polysaccha able at http://www.fe.doe.gov/coal power/sequestration/re rides and protects plants against microbial attack. Plants that ports/rd/. With regard to the latter, efforts have focused on have a highlignin content, may, therefore, Store a Substantial genetic manipulation of plants. amount of carbon while simultaneously being very difficult to degrade. 0014) Research is being conducted on modifying the genes of perennial plants to provide resistance to microbial 0007 Nevertheless, when plant litter becomes incorpo degradation. See 4-19 of CARBON SEQUESTRATION rated into Soil and components Such as lignin are eventually RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. broken down, the once-trapped carbon can be liberated by any number of degradative factors, especially by microbes 0015. Another Suggested approach along these lines, and biochemical processes, Such as Oxidation. In fact, OXi involves the reintroduction of genetic Stocks of plants that dation of terrestrial Soil carbon is estimated to release possess higher lignin content into the biomass So as to US 2003/0226168 A1 Dec. 4, 2003 improve carbon sequestration and to better inhibit the ability plant that is capable of taking up a preparation of a molecule of microorganisms to decompose Soil organic material. that comprises a chemical group that is not a natural con However, recombinant genetic approaches can require Sub Situent of a macromolecule of the plant, Such as a modified Stantial research and development efforts and Stringent con lignin precursor. In another embodiment, the preparation of trol of the gene carriers that are used to introduce and a modified precursor may be a liquid, a powder, a gel, or a incorporate foreign genes into plant genomes. gas. In a preferred embodiment the preparation of a modified precursor is a liquid that can be applied to the roots of the 0016. Thus, there is a need for methods that would alter plant to be treated. In a further embodiment, the preparation the “composition of cellular components' and increase may include other chemicals or compounds, Such as a “energy content, durability and lignin content in order to herbicide or a plant growth regulator. In a preferred embodi reduce decomposition rates and to improve microbial and ment, glyphosate and glyophosine may each be added to a disease resistance. See CARBON SEOUESTRATION preparation of a modified precursor, independently or RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, a U.S. Department of together. Energy Report, Office of Science, December 1999. 0017. A recent publication by Myneni (Science, 295, 0023. Another aspect of the present invention is a screen 1039-1041, 2002), showed that the halogen, chlorine, is ing assay for determining the antimicrobial properties of a naturally-occurring in plant organic materials. Indeed, plant macromolecule that contains a molecule that com Myneni showed that “organo-Cl” compounds are “the domi prises a chemical group that is not a natural consituent of a nant forms of chlorine in the organic fraction of Soils, macromolecule of the plant.
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