Global Journal of Research in Engineering

Online ISSN : 2249-4596 Print ISSN : 0975-5861 DOI : 10.17406/GJRE

SolarCellApplication GravitySeparationAndLeaching

AzaraNassarawaBariteMineralOre WasteWoodfromaParquetFactory

VOLUME17ISSUE5VERSION1.0

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 17 Issue (Ver. 1.0)

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Dr. Ren-Jye Dzeng Dr. Eric M. Lui

Professor Ph.D., Civil Engineering Structural Engineering National Chiao-Tung University Department of Civil Taiwan & Environmental Engineering Dean of General Affairs Syracuse University, USA Ph.D., Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Michigan, USA

Dr. Ephraim Suhir Dr. Zhou Yufeng

Ph.D., Dept. of Mechanics and Mathematics, Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Moscow University Duke University, US Moscow, Russia Assistant Professor College of Engineering, Bell Laboratories Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Physical Sciences and Engineering Research Division, USA

Dr. Pangil Choi Dr. Pallav Purohit

Ph.D. Ph.D. Energy Policy and Planning Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi Engineering Research Scientist, Texas Tech University, US International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria

Dr. Iman Hajirasouliha Dr. Zi Chen

Ph.D. in Structural Engineering Ph.D. Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Associate Professor, Engineering, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Princeton University, US University of Sheffield, UK Assistant Professor, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, US

Dr. Wenfang Xie Dr. Giacomo Risitano,

Ph.D., Department of Electrical Engineering, Ph.D., Industrial Engineering at University of Perugia Hong Kong Polytechnic University, (Italy) Department of Automatic Control, "Automotive Design" at Engineering Department of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China Messina University (Messina) Italy. Dr. Joaquim Carneiro Dr. Maurizio Palesi

Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, Ph.D. in Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Catania University of Porto(FEUP), Faculty of Engineering and Architecture University of Minho, Italy Department of Physics, Portugal

Dr. Hai-Wen Li Dr. Cesar M. A. Vasques

Ph.D., Materials Engineering Ph.D., Mechanical Engineering Kyushu University Department of Mechanical Engineering Fukuoka School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto Guest Professor at Aarhus University, Japan Porto, Portugal

Dr. Wei-Hsin Chen Dr. Stefano Invernizzi

Ph.D., National Cheng Kung University Ph.D. in Structural Engineering Department of Aeronautics Technical University of Turin, and Astronautics, Taiwan Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Italy

Dr. Saeed Chehreh Chelgani Dr. T.S. Jang

Ph.D. in Mineral Processing Ph.D. Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering University of Western Ontario, Seoul National University, Korea Adjunct professor, Director, Arctic Engineering Research Center, Mining engineering and Mineral processing The Korea Ship and Offshore Research Institute, University of Michigan Pusan National University, South Korea

Belen Riveiro Dr. Jun Wang

Ph.D., Ph.D. in Architecture, University of Hong Kong, China School of Industrial Engineering Urban Studies University of Vigo, Spain City University of Hong Kong, China

Dr. Bin Chen Dr. Salvatore Brischetto

B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Xi’an Jiaotong University, China. Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Turin and Engineering in Mechanics, Paris West University Nanterre La Défense Xi’an Jiaotong University, China Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy

Dr. Francesco Tornabene Dr. Wesam S. Alaloul

Ph.D. in Structural Mechanics, University of Bologna B.Sc., M.Sc., Professor Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Materials Engineering University Technology Petronas, Malaysia University of Bologna, Italy

Dr. Togay Ozbakkaloglu Dr. Sofoklis S. Makridis

B.Sc. in Civil Engineering B.Sc(Hons), M.Eng, Ph.D. Ph.D. in Structural Engineering, University of Ottawa, Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Canada University of Western Macedonia, Greece Senior Lecturer University of Adelaide, Australia

Dr. Paolo Veronesi Dr. Ananda Kumar Palaniappan

Ph.D., Materials Engineering B.Sc., MBA, MED, Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental Institute of Electronics, Italy Engineering, President of the master Degree in Materials Engineering Ph.D. University of Malaya, Malaysia Dept. of Engineering, Italy University of Malaya, Malaysia

Dr. Maria Daniela Dr. Zhen Yuan

Ph.D. in Aerospace Science and Technologies B.E., Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering Second University of Naples University of Sciences and Technology of China, China Research Fellow University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, China

Dr. Charles-Darwin Annan Dr. Hugo Silva

Ph.D., Associate Professor Professor Civil and Water Engineering University Laval, University of Minho Canada Department of Civil Engineering Ph.D., Civil Engineering

University of Minho, Portugal

Dr. Stefano Mariani Dr. Jui-Sheng Chou

Associate Professor Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A. Structural Mechanics Department of Civil and Construction Engineering Department of Civil National Taiwan University of Science and Technology and Environmental Engineering, (Taiwan Tech) Ph.D., in Structural Engineering Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy Dr. Shaoping Xiao Dr. Fausto Gallucci

BS, MS Associate Professor Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University Chemical Process Intensification (SPI) The University of Iowa Faculty of Chemical Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Engineering and Chemistry Center for Computer-Aided Design Assistant Editor International J. Hydrogen Energy, Netherlands

Dr. Vladimir Gurao Prof. (LU) Prof. (UoS) Dr. Miklas Scholz

Associate Professor Cand Ing, BEng (equiv), PgC, MSc, Ph.D., CWEM, CEnv, Ph.D. in Mechanical / CSci, CEng, Aerospace Engineering FHEA, FIEMA, FCIWEM, FICE, Fellow of IWA, University of Miami VINNOVA Fellow, Marie Curie Senior Fellow, Engineering Technology Chair in Civil Engineering (UoS) Wetland systems, sustainable drainage, and water quality

Dr. Adel Al Jumaily Dr. Houfa Shen

Ph.D. Electrical Engineering (AI) Ph.D. Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT Structural Engineering University of Technology, Sydney Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University, China

Dr. A. Stegou-Sagia Dr. Kitipong Jaojaruek

Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering, Environmental B. Eng, M. Eng Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering D. Eng (Energy Technology, Asian Institute of National Technical University of Athens Technology). Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen (KPS) Campus Energy Research Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. Jalal Kafashan Dr. Haijian Shi

Mechanical Engineering Ph.D. Civil Engineering Division of Mechatronics Structural Engineering KU Leuven, BELGIUM Oakland, CA, United States

Dr. Omid Gohardani Dr. Balasubramani R

Ph.D. Senior Aerospace/Mechanical/ Ph.D., (IT) in Faculty of Engg. & Tech. Aeronautical Engineering professional Professor & Head, Dept. of ISE at NMAM Institute of M.Sc. Mechanical Engineering Technology M.Sc. Aeronautical Engineering B.Sc. Vehicle Engineering Orange County, California, US

Dr. Maciej Gucma Dr. Minghua He Department of Civil Engineering Asistant Professor, Maritime Univeristy of Szczecin Tsinghua University Szczecin, Poland Beijing, 100084, China Ph.D.. Eng. Master Mariner Web: www.mendeley.com/profiles/maciej-gucma/

Dr. Ye Tian Dr. Diego González-Aguilera

Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Ph.D. Dep. Cartographic and Land Engineering,

The Pennsylvania State University University of Salamanca, Ávila, Spain

121 Electric al Engineering East University Park, PA 16802, US

Dr. Alex W. Dawotola Dr. Fentahun Moges Kasie

Hydraulic Engineering Section, Department of mechanical & Industrial Engineering,

Delft University of Technology, Institute of technology Stevinweg, Delft, Netherlands Hawassa University Hawassa, Ethiopia

Dr. M. Meguellati Dr. Ciprian LĂPUȘAN

Department of Electronics, Ph. D in Mechanical Engineering University of Batna, Batna 05000, Algeria Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

Cluj-Napoca (Romania)

Dr. Burcin Becerik -Gerber Dr. Zhibin Lin

University of Southern Californi Center for Infrastructure Engineering Studies Ph.D. in Civil Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology

DDes from Harvard University ERL, 500 W. 16th St. Rolla,

M.S. from University of California, Berkeley Missouri 65409, US

M.S. from Istanbul Technical University

Web: i-lab.usc.edu Dr. Shun-Chung L ee Hiroshi Sekimoto

Department of Resources Engineering, Professor Emeritus National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley

Dr. Philip T Moore Dr. Steffen Lehmann

Ph.D., Graduate Faculty of Creative and

Master Supervisor Cultural Industries

School of Information PhD, AA Dip

Science and engineering University of Portsmouth, UK Lanzhou University, China

Dr. Gordana Colovic Dr. Yudong Zhang B.Sc Textile Technology, M.Sc. Technical Science B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Signal and Information Processing, Ph.D. in Industrial management. Southeast Univ ersity The College of Textile – Design, Technology and Professor School of Information Science and Technology at Management, Belgrade, Serbia Nanjing Normal University, China

Dr. Xianbo Zhao Dr. Philip G. Moscoso

Ph.D. Department of Building, Technology and Operations Management National University of Singapore, Singapore, IESE Business School, University of Navarra Senior Lecturer, Central Queensland University, Australia Ph.D in Industrial Engineering and Management, ETH Zurich M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering, ETH Zurich

Link: Philip G. Moscoso personal webpage

Dr. Chao Wang Dr. Sam-Ang Keo

Ph.D. in Computational Mechanics Materials and Structural Engineering, Non-Destructive Rosharon, TX, Testing (NDT), Infrared Thermography, Mechanic of US Materials, Finite Element Method, Thermal, Laser, Microwave, Signal Processing

Contents of the Issue

i. Copyright Notice ii. Editorial Board Members iii. Chief Author and Dean iv. Contents of the Issue

1. Sustainability Indicators for Universities: Revision for a Colombian Case. 1-10 2. Optimization of Flotation Reagents’ Specific Consumption, by Modeling During Mineral Enrichment. 11 -21 3. Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from a Parquet Factory. 23-36

4. Elaboration of Sns2 Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray for Solar Cell Application. 37-39 5. Gravity Separation and Leaching Beneficiation Study on Azara Nassarawa Barite Mineral Ore. 41- 46

v. Fellows vi. Auxiliary Memberships vii. Process of Submission of Research Paper viii. Preferred Author Guidelines ix. Index

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 17 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Sustainability Indicators for Universities: Revision for a Colombian Case By Daniel Gómezgutiérrez & José Alejandro Martínez Sepúlveda Universidad EAN Abstract- The purpose of this paper is to orient universities on their first versions of the sustainability reports based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, which, as mentioned by Hussey et al. (2001), Lozano (2006) and Morhardt et al. (2002) is the best option for sustainability reporting in universities. The paper analyses the sustainability indicators reported by 26 universities following the GRI guidelines, 18 revised by the authors and others reviewed by Lozano (2011), in order to establish a pathway for new universities wanting to elaborate their sustainability reports and also offers a perspective of new indicators that can be covered in forthcoming reports. Keywords: sustainability index; global reporting initiative; sustainability indicators; universities; higher education institutions. GJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: 091599

SustainabilityIndicatorsforUniversitiesRevisionforaColombianCase

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2017. Daniel Gómezgutiérrez & José Alejandro Martínez Sepúlveda. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Sustainability Indicators for Universities: Revision for a Colombian Case

Daniel Gómezgutiérrez α & José Alejandro Martínez Sepúlveda σ

Abstract- The purpose of this paper is to orient universities on have been put in place in universities, but Lozano (2011) their first versions of the sustainability reports based on the established that the best option is the Global Reporting Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, which, as Initiative methodology, that although it was not designed mentioned by Hussey et al. (2001), Lozano (2006) and for higher education institutions covers most of the Morhardt et al. (2002) is the best option for sustainability activities except for research and teaching. reporting in universities. 201 The paper analyses the sustainability indicators First, universities need to establish a reported by 26 universities following the GRI guidelines, 18 sustainability committee that will be responsible for the Year

revised by the authors and others reviewed by Lozano (2011), sustainability policy and evaluating the data for the in order to establish a pathway for new universities wanting to report. If there is an existing committee that takes care 1 elaborate their sustainability reports and also offers a of environmental issues in the institution, this can be perspective of new indicators that can be covered in made in charge of the sustainability aspects. forthcoming reports. An analysis of the sustainability reports (using A list of 23 indicators, in the three dimensions the GRI methodology) presented by more than 20 (economic, environmental and social) given in the GRI universities worldwide gives a starting point and allows guidelines, were identified as the mostly used in the 26 sustainability reports analysed. The most reported indicators identifying both the most relevant and mostly used belong to the economic and environmental dimensions which sustainability indicators. The list of performance is coherent with Lozano (2011) findings, and in the social indicators revealed can help higher education dimension, the society performance indicators are the least institutions drafting the first sustainability report and used. establishing a milestone for future sustainability This paper provides higher education institutions reporting. willing to report their sustainability indicators a starting point where to focus while establishing their baseline for II. Literature Review sustainability. The list of 23 indicators shows a tendency on I V Version Volume XVII Issue

Before mentioning the methodologies to what is valuable for the universities to report using the GRI J guidelines and cuts off the list 61 performance indicators determine the sustainability indexes for universities, () (between core and additional ones) which can be revised later there is the need to define or make an approach to the on, once universities have gained experience and knowledge definition of a Sustainable University and its on sustainability reporting. implications. According to Velasques, Minguia, Platt Value –This paper is the first to establish a short list &Taddei (2005), a Sustainable University is defined as a of indicators that universities can revise in order to produce higher education institution, as a whole or a part, that their first sustainability reports using the GRI guidelines. Also, the paper recognizes the need to normalize indicators for tackles, involves and promotes, at a regional or global benchmarking and universality of them, as stated by level, the mitigation of the negative environmental Thompson & Creighton (2005). aspects, economic, social and health related, generated

Keywords: sustainability index; global reporting initiative; by the use of resources for the purpose of teaching, Researches in Engineering sustainability indicators; universities; higher education researching, government, extension and work in society institutions. in ways that it helps society make its transition towards a sustainable way of life. I. Introduction The process for the transformation of a higher any universities are striving on sustainability. education institution towards a Sustainable Institution starts, theoretically speaking, according to Velasquez et

One of the pathways is sustainability reporting of Journal Global as tool for making public all the actions on this al. (2005), when someone or a group of persons in the M institution dreams or envisions that the members of it matter. There are many reporting methodologies that (including stakeholders) behave according to the philosophy of sustainable development defined by the Brundtl and Commission in 1987.

Author α: Environmental Engineering Program, Universidad EAN, Calle The model of Sustainable University, according 79 11-45, Bogotá, Colombia. Author σ: Institute for Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Universidad EAN, to Velasquez et al (2005) supposes the conformation of Calle 79 11-45, Bogotá, Colombia. a sustainability committee responsible of creating and e-mail: [email protected] establishing the policy, objectives and goals in a way

that all of the stakeholders can understand them. The (2010) report that other additional tools and most important task of the committee is creating the methodologies exist, such as the College Sustainability sustainability policy for the institution. Report Card, Sustainability Tracking, Assessment and According to Bauer (2004), for an effective Rating System, Beyond Grey Pinstripes, Knight School sustainable development in an institution, it must be Guide to Sustainable Education, Grist’s Top 15 Green permeated to all aspects of the university. Rogers (2004) Colleges and the American College & University found that authors in this matter conclude that a Presidents Climate Commitment. Fonseca et al (2010) sustainable campus must incorporate educational and state that previous studies of the methodologies show operative elements in its design. Velasquez et al. (2005) that there is not an ideal method for the sustainability established that in order to disseminate sustainable reporting in universities. Nevertheless other authors development along the university, the people involved in (Adkins et al., 2003; Lozano, 2006; Newport et al., 2003) the initiative of the sustainable university must improve agree that the GRI methodology has the potential to its knowledge in subjects related to it. On the other blend the different approximations to diagnostics and

201 hand, the use of technologies that allow a reduction of sustainability reporting methodologies that are taking the negative environmental impacts in a local or global place in higher education institutions.

Year level is a must and requires being done according to the The GRI 3.1 methodology uses a set of 55 core

level of implementation of the initiative. It needs to be performance indicators and 29 additional indicators in 2 recalled that increasing the level of knowledge about the 6 indicator categories that cover the 3 dimensions of

sustainable development does not produce immediate sustainability (Economic, Environmental and Social). results. The economic dimension contains 1 indicator category The model of the sustainable university, (EC – Economic) composed of 7 core indicators and 2 according to Velasquez et al. (2005), cannot be additional ones. The environmental dimension is completed adequately without defining the appropriate composed of 1 category (EN – Environmental) tools to measure, analyse and control the performance conformed of 17 core performance indicators and 13 of the sustainable initiatives. In organizations, the GRI additional ones. Finally, the Social dimension is methodology offers a variety of indicators to diagnose conformed of 4 categories (LA – Labour Practices & the sustainability performance (Velasquez et al, 2005). Decent Work; HR- Human Resources; SO – Society; PR Nevertheless, according to Lozano (2004; 2006; 2011), – Product Responsibility) composed of 31 core this methodology was never developed for universities. performance indicators and 14 additional ones, as There are many methodologies used by shown in Table 1.

Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue universities to report sustainability indicators. According

J to Lozano (2011) the most used guides include the ISO () 14000 series (especially ISO 14031), EMAS (ECO- Management and Audit Scheme), Social Accountability 8000 standard and the GRI guidelines. Among the different guides, the best option, according to Hussey et al.(2001), Lozano(2006) and Morhardt et al.(2002), is GRI (Global Reporting Initiative), although it is important to mention that this methodology was not developed by universities and that is the reason why it requires being adapted to activities performed in these institutions

Researches in Engineering (Lozano, 2011). One of the required modifications is the inclusion of an education dimension, followed by the core competences of universities (Lozano, 2006). It is worth mentioning, that according to Shriberg (2002) some tools have been developed for the baseline diagnosis of the sustainability indicators in obal Journal of obal Journal universities such as the “State of the Campus Gl Environment” developed by the National Wildlife Federation, the “Sustainability Assessment Questionnaire” Auditing instrument for sustainability in higher education, Higher Education 21’s Sustainability Indicators, Environmental Workbook and Report, Greening Campuses, Campus Ecology, Environmental performance survey, Indicators Snapshot/Guide, Grey Pinstripe with Green Ties and the EMS Self-Assessment. Meanwhile, Fonseca, Macdonald, Dandy & Valenti

Table1: Number of Performance Indicators of the GRI methodology (Adapted from GRI, 2011)

Number of Core Number of Additional Dimension Category Performance Performance Indicators Indicators

Economic EC - Economic 7 2

Environmental EN - Environmental 17 13

LA – Labor Practices & Decent 10 5 Work

Social HR – Human Resources 9 2 201

SO – Society 8 2 Year

PR – Product Responsibility 4 5 3

Total 55 29

The indicators are organized in different are a proposal to measure the sustainability in categories that answer to specific aspects of the universities. activities performed by the organization. According to On the other hand, Lozano (2011) developed a the GRI Indicator Hierarchy (GRI, 2011) the list of 12 universities that have published their environmental dimension relates to aspects such as sustainability reports using the GRI methodology, based materials, energy, water, biodiversity, emissions, waste, on an internet search in the universities’ webpages, the procurement, transportation and legislation compliancy, GRI website (www.globalreporting.org) and a list among others. developed by the author in Lozano (2006).The list is The sustainability reports developed under the included in Table 2 and was very helpful to reference GRI 3.1 methodology are classified according to the other universities that use the GRI methodology (see grade of application that are defined with a grade in Table 3). I V Version Volume XVII Issue letters by the categories C, B and A with the option “+” J for each measured category that is communicated () externally. In the GRI methodology it can be observed that if a business reports the information of 10 indicators, including at least one per dimension (Economic, Environmental and Social), the score, complying also with the profile and management information required, is “C”; but if the report includes a set of 20 indicators, with at least one per dimension, the score is “B”. It is supposed then, that if universities using this methodology should at least try to report Researches in Engineering indicators to obtain a “C” and make the report public to declare its sustainability according to GRI 3.1 methodology. The GRI methodology has performance indicators that are not relevant to the activities of the universities, and on the other hand, it does not have Global Journal of Journal Global indicators that show the actions performed in activities like research and teaching, as proposed by Lozano (2006). The main indicators for the curricular components as well as for teaching proposed by Lozano (2006) include aspects related to sustainability as part of the curricula and the research activities. It is worth mentioning that there is noGRI methodology for Higher Education Institutions and the indicators shown

Table 2: Universities with Sustainability Reports (Lozano, 2011)

Year of Number of Institution Reference Publication Pages

University of Buckingham, United 2008 18 University of Buckingham, Kingdom 2009

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, 2005 194 BOKU, 2005 Austria

University of British Columbia, Canada 2007 74 UBC, 2007 201 Florida Universitària, Spain 2009 63 Florida Universitària, 2009 Year Gothenburg University, Sweden 2009 34 Göteborgsuniversitet, 2009

University of Hong Kong, China 2007 24 University of Hong Kong, 2007

University of Leuphana, Lünenburg, 2007 60 Leuphana University, 2007 Germany

University of Michigan, USA 2002 415 Rodríguez, et al., 2002

Pontificia Universidad Católica del 2007 58 PUCP, 2007 Peru, Peru

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain 2006 220 USC, 2007

Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore 2008 87 Singapore Polytechnic, 2007

() Turku Polytechnic, Finland 2008 52 Turku Politechnic, 2008

Table 3: Other universities with Sustainability Reports (Source: The authors)

Year of Number of Institution Reference Public ation Pages

University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2011 87 UMASS Dartmouth, 2011 USA Researches in Engineering Universidad de Santiago de Chile 2010 163 USACH, 2010

Universidad Internacional de Andalucía - 2011 197 UNIA, 2011 España

obal Journal of obal Journal La TrobeUniversity, Australia 2010 40 LaTrobe, 2010 Gl BallStateUniversity, USA 2011 72 GRI, 2012

Kadir Has Üniversitesi, Turkey 2010-2012 32 GRI, 2012

ÉcolePolytechnique Fédérale de 2010-2011 96 GRI, 2012 Laussane, Switzerland

Year of Number of Institution Reference Public ation Pages

University of Calgary, Canada 2010 -2011 53 GRI, 2012

ETH, Zúrich, Switze rland 2009 -2010 54 GRI, 2012

Hogeschool-Universiteit, Brussels, 2011 89 GRI, 2012 Belgium

Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chile 2010 138 GRI, 2012

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros

Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de 2009-2010 77 GRI, 2012 201

Madrid,Spain Year

UniversidadeFeevale, Brazil 2011 107 GRI, 2012

Universidad de Cádiz, Spain 2010-2011 53 GRI, 2012

Universität Bayreuth, Germany 2007-2008 51 GRI, 2012

Anhanguera Educacional, Brazil 2011 102 GRI, 2012

UNED, Spain 2009-2010 101 GRI, 2012

Universidad Tecnológica del Caribe, 2009 117 Unitecnológica, 2009 Colombia

From the analysis done to the sustainability According to Lozano (2011), the universities

reports of the universities, Lozano (2011) reported that show great advances on the environmental indicators, I V Version Volume XVII Issue there is a tendency documenting the environmental and especially in those that are related to the use of

J economic indicators. The economic dimension reporting materials, source separation of waste, energy and water () can be as a result of using the financial information consumption, water discharges and solid waste. available from the annual reports. The focus on the Nevertheless, there is still work to be done in areas like environmental dimension can be as a result of the biodiversity, supplier management, products and environmental connotation of sustainability (Arkinson, services, as well as environmental laws and regulation 2000; Costanza, 1991; Diesendorf, 2000; Fadeeva, compliance indicators. 2004; Goldin & Winters, 1995; Hart, 2000; Reinhardt, Since the environmental dimension is the most 2004).Nevertheless, this result can represent that the quantified in the sustainability reports reviewed, an environmental issues are easier to measure, while the analysis of the indicators was made in order to establish social aspects are more immature (Salzmann et al., the best (the most reported) indicators to be used and Researches in Engineering 2003), making the difficult to monitor, establish and serve as referents by universities starting the analyze (Lozano, 2011). sustainability reporting path and trying to define From this search, a new revision of the sustainability indicators. A normalization of the sustainability reports of the mentioned universities indicators was not found, which makes it difficult to (Table 2 and Table 3) was made in order to determine compare the environmental performance of the different the tendency in the indicators used. As well as what universities nor making a benchmark study. To mention Lozano (2011) reported, it was found that the indicators an example, some universities refer their energy of Journal Global most presented are in the economic and environmental consumption to the kWh unit, others to the kWh/m2, and dimensions. Nevertheless, it could be observed the use few others to the kWh/FTE (FTE: Full Time Equivalent of indicators belonging to the social dimension; Student) unit. although it is worth mentioning that in this dimension the Thompson & Creighton (2005) established that indicators less used belong to society performance (SO) there are advantages and disadvantages in the category. These results are commented in broader normalization of the environmental management detail in section 1.3. indicators. They emphasize that due to the vast

difference in size, mission, budget and culture of the methodologies like the Dow-Jones Sustainability Index different higher education institutions, the environmental and the Walmart Sustainability Index were found. performance indicators should be normalized if a Nevertheless, for the type of indexes and for the fact that comparison between the different institutions is wanted. these methodologies were not designed for universities, The authors used the following elements to normalize it was not possible to find one that could be applied in their data: FTE, net campus area and cost of the this context. Also, it was considered that at a starting infrastructure. They also mention that among the stage where the baseline is being defined by a disadvantages of normalizing the data is the fact that an University it is premature to consider an index for the indicator can hide representative information. Also, the sustainability performance. elements to normalize have to be specified to assure that the comparison is made on the same scale or if III. Results and Discussion there is no hidden information. In this sense, for a From the analysis of the sustainability reports of university with off-campus and face-to-face students, the 26 universities studied, it was found that the most 201 the FTE can only reflect the in-campus students while reported indicators by the universities, under the GRI 3.1 other universities may reference all the students enrolled methodology, are those presented in Table 4, Table 5 Year in the university. and Table 6, where each table corresponds to one of

On the other hand, a review of the possible 6 the established dimensions (Economic, Environmental sustainability indexes was made to integrate the and Social). The indicators listed above resemble those indicators and generate an environmental performance that were found with a frequency higher than 50% of the score or key performance indicator that could be universe established by the 26 sustainability reports. applied to higher education institutions. In this search,

Table 4: Most often reported economic indicators in sustainability reports (Source: The authors)

Index Description Direct economic value generate d and distributed, including revenues, operating EC-1 costs, employee compensation, donations and other community investments, retained earnings, and payments to capital providers and governments.

EC-3 Coverage of the organization's defined benefit plan obligations. Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue

J () EC-4 Significant financial assistance received from government.

Table 5: Most often reported environmental indicators in sustainability reports (Source: The authors)

Indicador Descripción

EN – 1 Materials used by weight or volume

EN – 2 Percentage of materials used that are recycled input materials. Researches in Engineering EN – 3 Direct energy consumption by primary energy source.

EN – 4 Indirect energy consumption by primary source.

EN – 8 Total water withdrawal by source.

obal Journal of obal Journal

Gl EN – 16 Total direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight.

EN – 17 Other relevant indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight. EN – 22 Total weight of waste by type and disposal method.

Monetary value of significant fines and total number of non-monetary sanctions for EN – 28 non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Table 6: Most often reported social indicators in sustainability reports (Source: The authors) Indicador Descripción

Total workforce by employment type, employment contract, and region, broken down LA – 1 by gender.

LA – 2 Total number and rate of employee turnover by age group, gender, and region.

LA – 4 Percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements.

Rates of injury, occupational diseases, lost days, and absenteeism, and total number LA – 7 of work-related fatalities, by region and by gender. Education, training, counseling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to

LA – 8 assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding serious

201 diseases.

Average hours of training per year per employee, by gender, and by employee Year

LA – 10 category. 7

Percentage of employees receiving regular performance and career development LA – 12 reviews. Composition of governance bodies and breakdown of employees per employee LA – 13 category according to gender, age group, minority group membership, and other indicators of diversity. Ratio of basic salary and remuneration of women to men by employee category, by LA – 14 significant locations of operation. HR – 4 Total number of incidents of discrimination and corrective actions taken. Practices related to customer satisfaction, including results of surveys measuring PR – 5 customer satisfaction.

Also, in the indicators analysis, it was found that On the other hand, it was established that the I V Version Volume XVII Issue most of the reported indicators correspond to the core mostly used indicator corresponds to EN-3, which is J categories established in the GRI methodology. It was used to report the total consumption of energy by () established that only two of the non-core (additional) primary energy source. The other two most reported indicators were reported with a frequency over 50% in indicators are EC-1 and LA-1, which are used in the the different reports studied (LA-12 and PR-5).It can also financial statement and the statistics about personnel, be appreciated that in the case of the society indicators respectively. Table 7 presents the indicators that (SO), none of them were reported with a frequency over showed the higher frequencies during the study. 50%. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the mostly used indicator is SO-1. Table 7: Frequency ranges of the mostly used indicators (Source: The authors) Researches in Engineering

Indicator Frequency Range

EC – 1 EN – 3 81 – 100% LA – 1 Global Journal of Journal Global EC – 8 EN – 1 EN – 2 EN – 4 EN – 8 EN – 16 EN – 22 61 – 80% LA – 2

Indicator Frequency Range LA – 4 LA – 7 LA – 10 LA – 13 LA – 14 EC – 3 EC – 4 EN – 17 EN – 28 51 – 60% LA – 8 201 LA – 11 Year LA – 12 HR – 4 8 PR – 5

The results of the study are coherent with ones consumption data from electricity, water and waste bills. presented by Lozano (2011) who states that there is a An additional effort needs to be done to establish the tendency in documenting the indicators of the economic information related to the social and economic and environmental dimensions. Also, it can be dimensions, although some of it may be already appreciated that universities are walking forward on the available, like the financial statements. In a first start, a environmental dimension, but it can also be mentioned university can obtain a C grade on its report based on that there has been some advance in the social the basic information, counting with a minimum of 10 dimension, especially in areas related to working indicators and at least 1 per dimension. practices and labor performance. It is worth mentioning Besides, the main and mostly reported that although some universities use society indicators, environmental indicators need to be continuously the use of these indicators is limited and not presented. The units of the indicators need to be

Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue proportional to the other two dimensions. expressed in the indicators, and a normalization process

of the units needs to be explored, using the three J

() IV. Conclusions reference units established by Thompson & Creighton First, it is worth mentioning, as it was (2005) – FTE: number of Full Time Equivalent students, established in the section 1.2, that there is not an Net Campus Area (number of gross square feet in adequate sustainability index methodology developed campus building) and the size of endowment. for universities. Nevertheless, the most recommended As for the economic and social dimension, it is and used is the GRI methodology, which can be recommended that higher education institutions running complemented with additional indicators as the ones for the first sustainability report search for the required described by Lozano (2006) which are related to the information necessary for the indicators report teaching and research processes. presented in Table 8. When a university manages to

Researches in Engineering The starting point for universities is constructing generate the information required in all the indicators the institutional profile information according to the GRI shown in Table 8, the higher institution can run for a 3.1 methodology and to the initial conditions wanted to report that could be graded with B and that could be achieve by the University. In this matter, it is worth upgraded to B+ if the report is externally assured. mentioning, as established by Velasquez et al. (2005),

obal Journal of obal Journal the higher education institution requires having a

Gl committee responsible for the report and the issues related to sustainability, as well as leading defining the sustainability policy for the University. To start the sustainability index reporting process, the sustainability committee of the university needs to make a revision of the FRI 3.1 methodology. The committee also needs to start collecting all the available information that requires for the different environmental indicators. Usually, universities have the

Sustainability Indicators for Universities: Revision for A Colombian Case

Table 8: Recommended indicators for the first sustainability report for universities (Source: The authors)

Indicator Description (according to GRI 3.1) Direct economic value generated and distributed, including revenues, operating EC-1 costs, employee compensation, donations and other community investments, retained earnings, and payments to capital providers and governments.

Coverage of the organization's defined benefit plan obligations. EC-3 EC-4 Significant financial assistance received from government. EN – 1 Materials used by weight or volume

EN – 2 Percentage of materials used that are recycled input materials. 201

EN – 3 Direct energy consumption by primary energy source. Year

EN – 4 Indirect energy consumption by primary source. 9 EN – 8 Total water withdrawal by source.

EN – 16 Total direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight. EN – 17 Other relevant indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight.

EN – 22 Total weight of waste by type and disposal method. Monetary value of significant fines and total number of non-monetary sanctions for EN – 28 non-compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Total workforce by employment type, employment contract, and region, broken down LA – 1 by gender. Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue LA – 2 Total number and rate of employee turnover by age group, gender, and region.

J LA – 4 Percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. ()

Rates of injury, occupational diseases, lost days, and absenteeism, and total number LA – 7 of work-related fatalities, by region and by gender.

Education, training, counseling, prevention, and risk-control programs in place to

LA – 8 assist workforce members, their families, or community members regarding serious diseases. Average hours of training per ye ar per employee, by gender, and by employee

LA – 10 Researches in Engineering category. Percentage of employees receiving regular performance and career development LA – 12 reviews.

Composition of governance bodies and breakdown of employees per employee

LA – 13 category according to gender, age group, minority group membership, and other indicators of diversity. of Journal Global Ratio of basic salary and remuneration of women to men by employee category, by LA – 14 significant locations of operation. HR – 4 Total number of incidents of discrimination and corrective actions taken. Practices related to customer satisfaction, including results of surveys measuring PR – 5 customer satisfaction.

References Références Referencias 17. Newport, D., Chesnes, T., & Lindner, A. (2003). The 'environmental sustainability' problem: ensuring that

1. Adkins, R., Aledort, R., & Borowick, R. (2003). The sustainability stands on three legs. International Feasibility of Sustainability Reporting at Dartmouth Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 4(4), College. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. 357-63.

2. Atkinson, G. (2000). Measuring corporate 18. Reinhardt, F. (2004). Sustainability and the firm. sustainability. Journal of Environmental Planning & Working Paper. Zurich: University of Zurich. Management, 43(2), 235-52. 19. Rogers, C. (2004). Educating for tomorrow: campus

3. Bauer, L. (2004). Bridging the great divide at UC participation in developing a sustainable program. Berkeley. Environmental management sustainable Environmental Management Sustainable universities. Monterrey. Universities. Monterrey. 4. Constanza, R. (1991). Ecological Economics: The 20. Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A., & Steger, U. Science of Management of Sustainability. New York: (2003). The business case for corporate Columbia University Press.

201 sustainability - review of literature and research

5. Diesendorf, M. (2000). Sustainability and options. European Management Journal, 23(1),

Year sustainable development. En D. Dunphy, J. 27-36. Benveniste, A. Griffiths, & P. Sutton, Sustainability:

21. Shriberg, M. (2002). Institutional assessment tools 10 The Corporate Challenge of the 21st Century. for sustainability in higher education: strengths,

Sidney: Allen & Unwin. weaknesses, and implications for practice and 6. Fadeeva, Z. (2004). Promise of sustainable theory. Higher Education Policy, 15, 153-67.

collaboration - potential fulfilled? Journal of Cleaner 22. Thopson, G., & Creighton, S. (2005). Sustainability Production, 13(2), 165-74. Indicators Working Session. Sustainability Indicators 7. Fonseca, A. (2011). The state of sustainability Working Session. Yale School of Forestry &

reporting at Canadian universities. International Environmental Studies. Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 23. Velázques, L., Muguia, N., Platt, A., & Taddei, J. 22-40. (2006). Sustainable university: what can be the

8. Goldin, I., & Winters, L. (1995). The Economics of matter? Journal of Cleaner Production(14), 810-819. Sustainable Development. London: OECD, Cambridge University Press. 9. GRI. (2011). Sustainability Reporting Guidelines.

Version 3.1. Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue 10. GRI. (2012). Sustainability Disclosure Database.

() Recovered from the Global Reporting Innitiative: http://database.globalreporting.org/search 11. Hart, M. (2000). A better view of a sustainable community. Recovered the June 7, 2013, from http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/node/26 12. Hussey, D., Kirsop, P., & Meissen, R. (2001). Global Reporting Initiative Guidelines: an evaluation of sustainable development metrics for industry. Environmental Quality Management, 11(1), 1-20.

Researches in Engineering 13. Lozano, R. (2004). A tool for easy benchmarking sustainability reports in universities. Environmental Management Sustainable Universities. Monterrey. 14. Lozano, R. (2006). A tool for a graphical assessment of sustainability in universities (GASU).

Journal of Cleaner Production, 14, 963-972. obal Journal of obal Journal 15. Lozano, R. (2011). The state of sustainability Gl reporting in universities. International Journal of

Sustainability in Higher Education, 12(1), 67-78. 16. Morhardt, J., Baird, S., & Freeman, K. (2002). Scoring corporate environmental and sustainable

reports using GRI 2000, ISO 14031 and other criteria. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 9(4), 215-233.

©2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: J General Engineering Volume 17 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Optimization of Flotation Reagents’ Specific Consumption by Modeling During Mineral Enrichment By A. Alouani, A. Arbaoui, K. Benkhouja, A. Khmich, Y. Alouani, K. Sbiaai & B. Nacer Introduction- Flotation is a process of separating precious minerals from the gangue, based on the differences in the surface properties of the particles, using reagents added in the presence of air bubbles. The consumption of flotation reagents represents a very important part in the mineral enrichment cost. In this study of optimizing the mineral flotation reagents consumption, we have empirically modeled the concentrate contents according to the influence of elements, based on the experimental designs theory[1-4]. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal experimental conditions, in order to study the main effects of the different parameters and the effects of possible interactions between them, which cannot be revealed by conventional methods. The method of factorial design was applied to optimize the specific consumption of flotation reagents[5-7].

GJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: 291899

OptimizationofFlotationReagentsSpecificConsumptionbyModelingDuringMineralEnrichment

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2017. A. Alouani, A. Arbaoui, K. Benkhouja, A. Khmich, K. Sbiaai, Y. Alouani, A. Hasnaoui & B. Nacer. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Optimization of Flotation Reagents’ Specific Consumption by Modeling During Mineral Enrichment

A. Alouani α, A. Arbaoui σ, K. Benkhouja ρ, A. K hmich Ѡ, Y. Alouani ¥, K. Sbiaai§ & B. N acer χ

I. Introduction development, improvement and optimization of some processes, in which a response of interest is affected by 201 lotation is a process of separating precious several process variables, whose objective is to

minerals from the gangue, based on the optimize this response. To quantify the effects of Year

differences in the surface properties of the influential factors and their interactions on the studied

F 11 particles, using reagents added in the presence of air response, we identify the form of this influence by bubbles. The consumption of flotation reagents developing a mathematical equation that allows describing the studied response according to influential represents a very important part in the mineral factors, in order to obtain a significant empirical enrichment cost. In this study of optimizing the mineral model[9]. flotation reagents consumption, we have empirically modeled the concentrate contents according to the Several possible mathematical models are influence of elements, based on the experimental assigned to the experimental designs. The aim is to ue V Version I ue V Version

build a model that uses the action of all factors. s designs theory[1-4]. The purpose of this study is to determine the Let X1, X2, … Xk be the k factors and Y the optimal experimental conditions, in order to study the response. The model is written in the following form: main effects of the different parameters and the effects of possible interactions between them, which cannot be = + 𝒌𝒌 + 𝒌𝒌 + 𝒌𝒌 + + revealed by conventional methods. The method of = = 𝟐𝟐 = factorial design was applied to optimize the specific 𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 = 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝒀𝒀 𝜷𝜷 � 𝜷𝜷 𝑿𝑿 � 𝜷𝜷 𝑿𝑿 � 𝜷𝜷 𝑿𝑿 𝑿𝑿 ⋯ ԑ Volume XVII Is 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 consumption of flotation reagents[5-7]. 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏

𝒊𝒊≠𝒊𝒊 J The important parameters which affect the : Constant Term : Linear Term : Squarish () concentrate y (%) are the flotation reagentsR (g/t), R Term Right-angled Termԑ :Error Term 1 2 (g/t) and R (g/t)[8]. the other parameters are assumed 𝜷𝜷 𝟎𝟎 𝜷𝜷 𝒊𝒊 𝜷𝜷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 3 The problem is to determine the values of the to be constant by working on the same ore quality with 𝜷𝜷 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 coefficients β0,βi, βii …and βij of the model. Thus, it is laboratory tests. These parameters were respectively necessary to carry out more than k experiments. coded x , x and x , and were studied between two 1 2 3 It is then possible to calculate only an levels -1 (low level) and +1 (high level). estimation of the coefficients β, denoted b, calculated by The flotation tests are based on the fixation of the method of the least squares. The estimated model the specific concentration of two reagents and changing equation is then written: the third, in order to identify the test that leads to Researches in Engineering maximum percentage of concentrate y (useful product) = + 𝒌𝒌 + 𝒌𝒌 + 𝒌𝒌 + + and minimum undesirable products (impurities). = = 𝟐𝟐 = 𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝟎𝟎 � 𝒃𝒃𝒊𝒊𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 � 𝒃𝒃𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 �= 𝒃𝒃𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 ⋯ ԑ

II. The Experimental Designtheory 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 of ournal 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 The experimental design methodology is also y: is called predicted or estimated response.𝒊𝒊≠𝒊𝒊 an effective experimental strategy for determining The latter general equation can be simplified by obal J Gl optimal conditions. This method is a set of statistical eliminating non-significant terms. This depends on the and mathematical techniques, used for the choice of the experimenter, according to the level of confidence in regards to the model, which allows Author α σ ρ: Univ Chouaib Doukkali, Laboratory LCMP, Faculty of obtaining a reduced equation. science, EI Jadida, Morocco Author Ѡ ¥ §: Univ Hassan 1, Laboratory LS3M, Polydisciplinary Faculty III. Software Used of Khouribga, 26000 Settat, Morocco The statistical and graphical analysis software Author χ: Univ Cadi Ayyad, Group GEMO, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Gueliz, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco used in this study to interpret the results of the e-mail: [email protected] experimental design is Design-expert 7 version 7.0.0.

This software was used to analyze the defining the conditions of the three-variable experiments regression of the data obtained and to estimate the is presented in table 1. coefficients of the regression equation[10]. Table 1: Coded and natural levels of independent IV. Experimental Design parameters used To find the optimum conditions for the y concentrate (%), the experiments were designed using Coded and natural levels Parameters the experimental design methodology. For our tests, the -1 +1 three independent variables chosen for this study are:

R1(g/t), R2 (g/t) and R3 (g/t). The ranges and levels of X1 : R1(g/t) 300 600 these parameters are represented in coded and natural X2 : R2 (g/t) 200 400 values (xi, Xi) in table 1, therefore, it would take two levels for each factor. This makes a total of 8 necessary X3 : R3 (g/t) 60 120

201 experiments, for a polynomial model of individual effects and interactions between the three factors. The matrix Year The general equation of the model for the response Y (concentrate) in percentage is in the form:

12 y= b0 + = + = = + + ԑ 𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 Where y is the observed response, b , b𝒊𝒊 a𝟏𝟏nd𝒊𝒊 b𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 𝒊𝒊 0 ∑i 𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙 ij ∑ ∑ Wher𝒃𝒃 𝒙𝒙e𝒙𝒙 xi is the coded value of the independent represent respectively the constant term, the coefficients variable i, Xi the natural value of the independent of the linear terms and the terms representing the th variable i, and Xio the natural value of the i independent interactions between variables and ε that represents the variable at the central point. residual error. In order to test the validity of the model, the This complete polynomial model is obtained by variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to examine the sue V Version I V Version sue the multiple regression technique for three factors. Most significance and adequacy of the model. This latter of the time, the regression method is based on the least makes it possible to plot the response surfacesand to squares optimization criterion. We obtain the most estimate the interaction between the different factors

XVII Is probable estimates of the coefficients we denote by: and their influence on the concentrate.

â = ( ) V. Experimental Design Results

Volume 𝒕𝒕 −𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 t The results of the factorial design experiments Where X is the experiment matrix, X the J

() transpose of X and (X t X)𝑿𝑿-1 𝑿𝑿is the𝑿𝑿 inverse𝒀𝒀 of the matrix are represented in table 2 which shows the statistical t (X X). combinations of independent variables x1 (R1 (g/t)), x2 The values of the coded variables according to (R2 (g/t)) and x3 (R3 (g/t)). natural variables are defined as follows:

= 𝑿𝑿 𝒊𝒊 − 𝑿𝑿𝒊𝒊𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝒙𝒊𝒊 Table 2: Experimental𝑿𝑿𝒊𝒊 and calculated results of the concentrate(%) factorial design

Researches in Engineering Coded Values Natural Values Concentrate (%)

N° Exp. Residuals

nal of nal x1 x2 x3 X1 X2 X3 y y Experimental calculated (%) our (g/t) (g/t) (g/t ) 1 -1 -1 -1 300 200 60 62.3 62.35 -0.05 obal J

Gl 2 +1 -1 -1 600 200 60 62.9 62.78 0.12

3 -1 +1 -1 300 400 60 65.2 65.15 0.05

4 +1 +1 -1 600 400 60 67.7 67.83 -0.13

5 -1 -1 +1 300 200 120 64.5 64.45 0.05 6 +1 -1 +1 600 200 120 66.4 66.53 -0.13

7 -1 +1 +1 300 400 120 67.2 67.25 -0.05 8 +1 +1 +1 600 400 120 71.7 71.58 0.13

VI. Determining The Model Significant indicates a synergistic effect that promotes

Terms optimization[12]. From figure 1 we notice that the significant Design-Expert classifies the absolute values of effects are A, B, C, AB and AC, which are respectively effects from the bottom up and builds a plot of half- R , R , R , the interaction R -R and the interaction R -R . normal probability. Significant effects fall to the right on 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 These parameters are the only ones that affect the this plot. To the right, select the most important effects. response of the concentrate (%), so the empirical model Look for a final gap between the guardians and the is a function of the factors’ individual effects and the many trivial effects near zero. On the other hand, if the previous interactions. effects are negative, a reduction in response occurs at a high level of the same factor[11], and a positive value

Design-Expert® Softw are y (%) Half-Normal Plot

201 A: R1 (g/t) 99 B: R2 (g/t) Year C: R3 (g/t)

Positive Effects y

Negative Effects i 13 l 95 bi B

oba 90 r

% 80

al C

m 70 or A N - f 50 al AB ue V Version I ue V Version H s 30 AC 20 10 0

0.00 0.98 1.96 2.94 3.92

Volume XVII Is |Standardized Effect|

J ()

Figure 1: Significant Effects

The polynomial general equation is as follows:  According to coded factors

y = 65.99 + 1.19 A + 1.96 B + 1.46 C+ 0.56 AB + 0.41 AC  According to natural factors

-3 -3 -5 -5

y = 60.925 - 0.011583 R1 + 2.7510 R2 + 7.510 R3+ 3.7510 R1R2 + 9.16667 10 R1R3 Researches in Engineering

of manipulation. These residuals are distributed equally VII. Evaluation of The Model Quality in space[14]. The model was accepted. Moreover, this a) Residuals nalysis illustrates that this polynomial model describes well the of ournal The actual values of the response y are exp studied phenomenon and shows a good adjustment of compared to the calculated values y by the model and cal the experimental results. obal J their differences are called residuals. These residuals In Figure 3, the plot of the experimental Gl allow verifying the model quality. They are shown in response is given as a function of the calculated one, in figure 2.The correlations between the theoretical and which we notice a strong correlation between the experimental responses we obtained are calculated response and that estimated by the model. satisfactory[13]. The determination coefficient (0,9989) is close to the unit (statistical tests). The differences between the experimental and calculated responses (residuals) do not exceed 0.13%, which is due to experimental results variability because

Design-Expert® Softw are y (%) Residuals vs. Run 0.13 Color points by value of y (%): 71.7

62.3 0.06

duals i 0.00

Res

201

-0.06 Year

-0.13

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Run Number

sue V Version I V Version sue Figure 2: Diagram of response residuals (%) based on number of experiments

XVII Is Design-Expert® Softw are y (%) Predicted vs. Actual 71.70 Volume Color points by value of

J y (%): () 71.7

62.3 69.33

cted 66.95

edi Pr Researches in Engineering

nal of nal 64.58

our

obal J

Gl 62.20

62.30 64.65 67.00 69.35 71.70

Actual

Figure 3: Comparison between calculated and experimental values of the concentrate y(%)

b) Residuals normal probability The residuals normal probability graph is given The normality of the data can be verified by in figure 4. We find that in the response in concentrate plotting a plot of residuals normal probability. If the data function y (%), the data points are close enough to the points on the ground fall close enough to the straight straight line and this indicates that the experiments arise line, the data is normally distributed[15]. from a normally distributed population.

Design-Expert® Softw are Nor mal Plot of Residuals y (%) Color points by value of y (%): 99 71.7 95

62.3 201

y 90

80 Year 70

50 15

al Probabilit % 30 m 20 Nor 10 5

1 ue V Version I ue V Version

-1.31 -0.66 0.00 0.66 1.31

Internally Studentized Residuals

Volume XVII Is

() Figure 4: Residuals Probability

The results of the concentrate y (%) variance analysis are given in Table 3:

Table 3: Concentrate y (%) variance analysis

Freedom p-value Source Mean squares F-value Signification degree Prob>F 5 12.62 348.12 0.0029 Significant Model

A- R1 1 11.28 311.21 0.0032 Significant term Researches in Engineering 1 30.81 849.97 0.0012 Significant term B- R2 1 17.11 472.03 0.0021 Significant term C- R3 of ournal AB 1 2.53 69.83 0.0140 Significant term obal J

AC 1 1.36 37.55 0.0256 Significant term Gl

It appears from these results that: - In this case A, B, C, AB, AC are significant model - The Model F-value of 348.12 implies the model is terms. Values greater than 0.1000 indicate the significant. There is only a 0.29% chance that a model terms are not significant ; "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise ; - The "Pred R-Squared" of 0.9816 is in reasonable - Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate agreement with the "Adj R-Squared" of 0.9960; model terms are significant[16]; - "Adeq Precision" measures the signal to noise ratio. A ratio greater than 4 is desirable[17]. Your ratio of

55.948 indicates an adequate signal. This model comparison between these responses (experimental can be used to navigate the design space. and model) for the 8 tests. According to this curve, we notice that the

VIII. Comparison Between the Empirical response of the concentrate y (%) found starting from Model Responses and the empirical model are identical to those found in the laboratory with the same elaboration conditions. In other Experimental Ones words, they are similar for most tests. Therefore, we infer Based on the experimental responses found in that there is a strong correlation between the the laboratory and the responses calculated by the experimental and empirical models responses. empirical model and their differences, i.e. the residuals (table 2), we can plot thefigure 5 that illustrates the

201 Year

sue V Version I V Version sue

XVII Is

Volume

()

Figure 5: The correlation between experimental and model results

IX. 3d Response Surface and 2d Contour maintained at a constant level. These constant levels are Graph the central levels of each variable. For the interaction R1-R2, the response surface Researches in Engineering The 3D response surface is a three-dimensional of figure 6 shows that the concentrate y (%) increases graphical representation, it was used to determine the progressively with the increase of the values of R and individual and cumulative effect of the mutual interaction 2 nal of nal R . The contour graph (figure 7) illustrates well these between the variables[18]. The response surface 1 our variations. analyzes the geometric nature of the surface, the maxima and minima of the response. The contour graph obal J plot by this model is a graphical technique to represent Gl a three-dimensional polynomial response surface by plotting z-slices on a two-dimensional format. Lines are plotted to connect the coordinates (x, y) where this z-

value occurs[19]. The study of contour graphs provides a simple method of optimizing the rate of treatment, and identifying interactions between variables (Figs. 6-9). Each curve represents, in our case, the combinations between two variables when the third variable is

Design-Expert® Softw are

y (%) 71.7

62.3 69.7 X1 = A: R1 (g/t) X2 = B: R2 (g/t) 68.1

Actual Factor 66.6 C: R3 (g/t) = 90 %) ( 65.0 y

201 63.4

Year

600 17

525

450 200 A: R1 (g/t) 250 375 300 350 300 400 B: R2 (g/t) ue V Version I ue V Version s

Figure 6: Response surface according to R -R . 1 2

Volume XVII Is Design-Expert® Softw are y (%)

400 J

y (%) () 71.7 68.7 62.3 67.6 350 X1 = A: R1 (g/t) X2 = B: R2 (g/t) 66.6 Actual Factor C: R3 (g/t) = 90 (g/t)

2 300

B: R 65.5 Researches in Engineering

250 ournal of ournal 64.5

obal J Gl 200 300 375 450 525 600

A: R1 (g/t)

Figure 7: Contour graph according to R1-R2.

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Figure 8: Response surface according to R 1-R3.

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Figure 9: Contour graph according to R1-R3.

Figures 8 and 9 show that there is a strong that improves their hydrophobicities and ensures their interaction R1-R3. Indeed, the response surface indicates affinities with the air bubbles injected into the flotation that the concentrate y (%) increases progressively with pilot cell[20-21]. The undesirable elements are the increase of R1 and R3 consumption. transported to the surface forming a foam (floating product) rich in percentages of undesirable elements. X. Results Interpretation This migration or evacuation of the collected elements The increase of the concentrate y (%) with the ensures an increase in the percentage of the concentrate particles in the non-floating product and increase in consumption of R1, R2 and R3 is linked to several approaches; to the power of depression and thereafter the increase of the concentrate y (%) in the precipitation of the concentrate particles because of the product (non-floating). strong adsorption of R1 on their surfaces that increases To validate these interpretations, figures 10 and their masses and ensures their gravity in the recovered 11 illustrate the concentrate y (%) maximum value non-float product. This increase is due both to the obtained according to maximum consumption of 201 strong collection of undesirable elements with R2 and R3 flotation reagents.

Year

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Design-Expert® Softw are y (%) 120 y (%) Design Points 71.7 70.5

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Figure 11: Contour graphaccording to R1-R3for a maximum constant R2value Volume

J We can conclude, through these figures describing, in a satisfactory way of the concentrate y (%) () analysis, that the flotation process using important at every point of the experimental field. The influence of consumption of reagents (g/t) (R1, R2 and R3) allows R1 (g/t), R2 (g/t) and R3 (g/t) was performed on the obtaining high concentrate values which reach 71.7%. concentrate y (%). The results show that the optimization This is convenient with approximations or appropriate and modeling of the concentrate y (%) using the approaches with the interpretations in the previous factorial design method allows us to correctly describe paragraph. the influence of these three experimental parameters on In order to improve the flotation process overall the effectiveness of the treatment. Statistical analysis

performance, several flow recycling case studies were showed that the two interactions R1-R2and R1-R3 are the considered. The reduction of the recycling ratio most influential ones. This study shows that the model Researches in Engineering increases the specific consumption of Flotation used is highly significant and in accordance with the reagents, however its progressive increment reduces experimental results. the need for reagents up to an optimal level. Moreover, nal of nal Bibliographic References any increase results in an accumulation of fine particles our 1. W.J. Rankin, “Minerals, Metals and Sustainability: in the circuits, which causes saturation and a reduction of the production capacity in the Flotation unit. Meeting Future Material Needs”, (2011).

obal J According to the “AA” curve below, the industrial 2. D. Banyak, Frothers, ʺBubbles and Flotation: A Gl optimization led to a remarkable reduction of the Survey of Flotation Milling in the Twentieth-Century specific consumptions for the same raw product profile Metal Industriesʺ, US Government Printing Office, and for the same level of the production capacity[22]. National Park Service Intermountain support office, Denver, Colorado. (1998) 1-92. XI. Conclusion 3. J. Drzymala, ʺMineral Processing, Foundations of This study has shown that the experimental Theory and Practice of Minerallurgyʺ, 1st English design methodology allows developing an empirical edition, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr, Wroclaw mode l that allows a good understanding and University of Technology. (2007) 344-362.

4. S.M. Bulatovic, ʺHandbook of Flotation Reagents, beads for controlled diclofenac sodium delivery Chemistry, Theory and Practice: Flotation of Sulfide using response surface methodology ʺ, International Oresʺ, Elsevier Science & Technology Books. 1 Journal of Biological Macromolecules 49 (2011) (2007) 105–178. 784–793.

5. B. Nanthakumar, S. Kelebek, ʺStagewise analysis of 17. Z. Tan, S. Song, J. Han, Y. Wang, Y. Lu, Y. Yan,

flotation by factorial design approach with an ʺOptimization of partitioning process parameters of

application to the flotation of oxidized pentlandite chloramphenicol in ionic liquid aqueous two-phase

and pyrrhotiteʺ, Int. J. Miner. Process. 84 (2007) flotation using response surface methodologyʺ, J. 192-206. Iran. Chem. Soc. 10 (2013) 505–512.

6. M.S. Sheridan, D.R. Nagaraj, D. Fornasiero, J. 18. A. Hooda, A. Nanda, M. Jain, V. Kumar, P. Rathee,

Ralston, ʺThe use of a factorial experimental design ʺOptimization and evaluation of gastroretentive ranitidine HCl microspheres by using design expert to study collector properties of N-allyl-O-alkyl thionocarbamate collector in the flotation of a softwareʺ, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51 (2012) 691-700. 201 copper oreʺ, Miner. Eng. 15 (2002) 333-340. 19. Abaamrane, S. Qourzal, M. El Ouardi, S. Alahiane,

7. V.D. Smar, R.R. Klimpel, F.F. Aplan, ʺEvaluation of M. Belmouden, H. Bari, N. Barka, S. Mançour Year

chemical and operational variables for the flotation Billah, A. Assabbane, Y. Ait-Ichou, Desalin, of a copper ore Part I-collector concentration, ‘’Modeling of photocatalytic mineralization of 21 frother concentration, and air flow rateʺ, Int. J. Miner. phthalic acid in TiO2 suspension using response surface methodology (RSM)’’ Water Treat. 53 (2015) Process. 42 (1994) 225-240. 8. D.J. Bradshaw, B. Oostendorp, P.J. Harris, 249-256. ʺDevelopment of methodologies to improve the 20. B.L. Karger, R.B. Grieves, R. Lemlich, A.J. Rubin, F. assessment of reagent behaviour in flotation with Sebba, ʺNomenclature recommendations for particular reference to collectors and depressantsʺ, adsorptive bubble separation methodsʺ. Sep. Sci. 2 Miner. Eng. 18 (2005) 239–246. (1967) 401-404. 9. M. Mäkelä, ʺExperimental design and response 21. R. Lemlich ʺAdsorptive bubble separation surface methodology in energy applications: A methodsʺ, Ind. & Eng. Chem. 60 (1968) 10-16. tutorial review ʺ, Energy Conversion and 22. Alouani, A. Arbaoui, K. Benkhouja, ʺThe Mineral Management. 151 (2017) 630–640. Flotation Overall Performance Increase by the Improvement of Recyclingʺ, Global Journal of 10. M.J. Anderson, P.J. Whitcomb, DOE Simplified, I V Version olume XVII Issue ʺPractical Tools for Effective Experimentation Researches in Engineering. 17 (2017) 3. V )

Productivity Pressʺ, New York, NY, USA (2000). J 11. N. Barka, M. Abdennouri, A. Boussaoud, A .Galadi, ( M. Baâlala, M. Bensitel, et al. ʺFull factorial experimental design applied to oxalic acid photo catalytic degradation in TiO2 aqueous solutionʺ, Arab. J. Chem. 7 (2014) 752-757. 12. A. K. Nayak, D. Pal, K. Santra, ʺIspaghula mucilage- gellan mucoadhesive beads of met form in HCl: Development by response surface methodologyʺ, Carbohydr. Polym. 107 (2014) 41-50. 13. B.K. Korbahti, A. Tanyolac, ʺElectrochemical Researches in Engineering treatment of simulated textile wastewater with industrial components and Levafix Blue CA reactive dye: optimization through response surface methodologyʺ, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 151 (2008) 422-431. of Journal lobal 14. M. Meloun, J. Militky, M. Hill, RG. Brereton. ʺCrucial G problems in regression modelling and their solutionsʺ. Analyst. 127 (2002) 433-450. 15. J. Antony. ʺDesign of experiments for engineers and scientistsʺ, New York : Butterworth-Heinemann

(2003).

16. A. K. Nayak, D. Pal, ʺDevelopment of pH-sensitive tamarind seed polysaccharide-alginate composite

201 Year

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Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from a Parquet Factory By Francesco Di Maria & Enrico Segolonia University of Perugia Abstract- Gas-chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy was used to identify low- molecular weight organic compounds in two arboreal species. The woody extracts of seasoned heartwood of Quercus petraea and Myrocarpus frondosus, of interest to the parquet industry and the environmental field, were investigated. Different alkali extraction procedures were carried out using a CH3OH/H2O (1:1, v/v) solution. Particularly high extraction rates were obtained for antioxidant compounds such as ferulic acid (1.596 mg/g), syringaldehyde (0.74 mg/g), vanillic acid (0.327 mg/g) and gallic acid (0.114 mg/g). (E)-coniferyl alcohol, ranging from 0.006 mg/g to 0.099 mg/g, was found in all the samples, depending on the sample and extraction procedure, suggesting its use as an indicator of lignin degradation under alkali hydrolysis. Keywords: alkali extraction, bio-chemicals, gc/ms, lignin degradation, waste wood. GJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: 091599

AssessmentoftheAmountandQualityofBioChemicalsRecoverablefromWaste WoodfromaParquetFactory

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2017. Francesco Di Maria & Enrico Segolonia. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio- Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from a Parquet Factory

Francesco Di Maria α & Enrico Segolonia σ

Abstract- Gas-chromatography combined with mass waste (MSW) and the remaining amount from the spectroscopy was used to identify low-molecular weight Construction and Demolition (C&D) sector (USEPA, organic compounds in two arboreal species. The woody 2010; Falk and McKeever, 2012). Concerning the 201 extracts of seasoned heartwood of Quercus petraea and presence of wood in MSW, 35% was recovered for Myrocarpus frondosus, of interest to the parquet industry and producing new products, 16% burned for energy Year the environmental field, were investigated. Different alkali

production, 16% non-usable material and about 32% extraction procedures were carried out using a CH3OH/H2O 23 (1:1, v/v) solution. Particularly high extraction rates were available for but not recovered (i.e. about 10 Tg). In obtained for antioxidant compounds such as ferulic acid 2012 about 57.5 Tg of wood waste was generated in the (1.596 mg/g), syringaldehyde (0.74 mg/g), vanillic acid (0.327 EU28 (Eurostat, 2015). In this case 6% was recycled, mg/g) and gallic acid (0.114 mg/g). (E)-coniferyl alcohol, about 15% was used as biomass for energy recovery, ersion I ersion ranging from 0.006 mg/g to 0.099 mg/g, was found in all the and from 20% to 70% was incinerated, land filled and samples, depending on the sample and extraction procedure, exported to other areas (Sander et al., 2004). In Italy the suggesting its use as an indicator of lignin degradation under amount of wood waste collected separately was about alkali hydrolysis. ue V 635 Gg/year in 2013, of which 210 Gg were from Keywords: alkali extraction, bio-chemicals, gc/ms, lignin packaging and 425 Gg from other wood waste (ISPRA, degradation, waste wood. 2014). Waste wood can be roughly separated into the I. Introduction following categories, depending on its origin: untreated waste wood (10-15%), non-hazardous waste wood (75- ransition to a more circular economy is a central 80%) and hazardous waste wood (5-15%) (Sander et al.,

issue for future development both in the EU and in 2004). This aspect plays a relevant role in the effective Volume XVII Iss other areas of the world (Bocken et al., 2014; Haas

T recycling of this material. According to EU legislation, J et al., 2015; Su et al., 2013). According to the hazardous waste must be managed, treated and () communication from the European Commission entitled disposed of in appropriately authorized facilities (e.g. “Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the Circular incinerators, landfills). Effective recovery and recycling Economy” (EC, 2015), waste management, together operations can be performed successfully only on non- with production and consumption, is indicated as a hazardous and untreated wood waste. Ng et al. (2014) strategic and central activity for the full implementation investigated the benefits of using recycled wood waste of a circular economy. In the same document five for the production of pallets instead of virgin soft wood priority areas were identified characterized by specific and reported a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions challenges in the context of circular economy due to of about 11.5%. They (Ng et al., 2011) also their products, value chain, environmental footprint demonstrated some benefits in the production of doors Researches in Engineering and/or dependency on material from outside the EU; from recycled instead of virgin wood. Buehlmann et al. they are: plastics; food waste; critical raw materials; (2009) assessed the recycling and industrial capacity of nal of nal construction and demolition; biomass and bio-based wooden pallets after they were banned from land filling products. Concerning the last one, bio-based materials in North Carolina. The results showed that 20% of the our such as wood can be used in a wide range of products wooden pallets were reused, 45% refurbished, 19% like furniture, construction, textiles, chemicals and recycled and 15% ground up. Recycling consisted Global J Global energy (e.g. biofuels). In the USA the amount of wood mainly in using the waste wood as boiler fuel, mulch and waste generated has been estimated to be about 63 animal litter. Asari et al. (2004) developed a bio- Tg/year, of which 31 Tg/year comes from municipal solid monitoring tool for assessing the contaminants in waste

wood recycled as animal bedding in Japan. Other Author α: LAR Laboratory, Dipartimen to di Ingegneria, University of authors have investigated the exploitation of waste wood Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy. CIMIS, via G. Duranti 67, 06125 Perugia, Italy. e-mail: [email protected] as fuel for energy production by co-combustion

Author σ: LAR Laboratory, Dipartimen to di Ingegneria, University of (Skodras et al., 2004) or as gas fuel production by Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy. gasification (Shet and Babu, 2009, 2010). The relatively

low energy content, seasonality and isolated geographic standards were: caffeic acid, (E)-coniferyl alcohol, (Z)- availability of biomass feed stocks, in general, have coniferyl alcohol, (+)-catechin, dihydrosinapyl alcohol, been noted as limitations to their use for the large (-)-epicatechin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p- volume demand for energy and fuels (Fitz Patrick et al., hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, (E)-sinapyl 2010). In contrast, chemical production requires far alcohol, (Z)-sinapyl alcohol syringic acid, syringic lower volumes of biomass to satisfy demand. This is aldehyde, vanillic acid and vanillin (vanillic aldehyde). another important sector for the use of waste wood, i.e., Coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol were synthesized for the production of bio-chemicals able to substitute according to the procedures reported below. The fossil fuel and other raw materials in a bio-based solvents used for fractionation were ethyl acetate and chemistry. Conventional refinery industries exploiting diethyl ether. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc), diethyl ether (Et2O), crude oil and other raw materials for the production of tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol (MeOH), hydrochloric fuels, materials and chemicals will be substituted in the acid (HCl, 37% w/w), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), near future by biorefineries. Conceptually a biorefinery anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), pyridine (Py)

201 should integrate biomass conversion processes, and the silylation agent N,O- applying hybrid technologies from different fields, bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were

Year including polymer chemistry, bioengineering and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Water for sample

agriculture (Ohara, 2003). The aim of the technological extraction was purified with a New Human Power I 24 process in biorefining is depolymerizing and Scholar water purification system (Human Corporation, deoxygenating the biomass components. In order to Seoul, South Korea) convert biomass into valuable products several i. Synthesis of the standard coniferyl alcohol technological processes must be jointly applied NaBH4 (4.5 equivalents) was added to a (Cherubini, 2010): thermo chemical; biochemical; coniferyl aldehyde (200 mg) ethanol solution (10 mL). mechanical; chemical. Lignocellulosic biomass is one of The solution was stirred for 30 minutes at room the most relevant feed stocks available for biorefining temperature, and then 10 mL of ethanol and 50 mL of ue V Version I ue V Version s (Cherubini, 2010) even if lignin makes cellulosic water were added. After ethanol removal, the solution compounds difficult to hydrolyse. In this case pre- was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extraction treatments are usually necessary which involve procedure was repeated three times and finally the mechanical size reduction followed by chemical overall organic phase obtained was dried with processes able to change the chemical structure of the anhydrous Na2SO4 and then concentrated to give molecules. The literature cited above indicates the coniferyl alcohol as a pale yellow oil, which was not Volume XVII Is importance of wood waste as feedstock for the full purified further (Nascimen to et al., 2000). Identification

J implementation of a bio-based economy, even if more was made on the basis of the mass spectrum (Fig. 1). () attention has been focused on the production of ii. Synthesis of standard sinapyl alcohol renewable fuels and energy. LiAlH4 (12 equivalents) was added to a The aim of the present study was to assess the tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) solution of sinapic acid (20 mg). amount of biochemicals extractable from untreated After 5 hours of stirring at room temperature, the waste wood arising from a parquet factory and then reaction product did not form (the reaction was usable mainly in the pharmaceutical and food industry. monitored through TLC). Consequently, the reaction The study was carried out by the aid of different mixture was stirred and heated until the beginning of experimental procedures for extracting the chemicals, reflux, which was maintained for 5 hours. Following based on lab-scale mechanical, physical and chemical reduction, the excess hydride was quenched by drop

Researches in Engineering treatments. The wood samples used in the study were wise addition of water. After tetrahydrofuran removal, the Myocarpus frondosus and Quercus petraea largely of reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, then used in the manufacture of parquet. nal washed with water and the organic fraction was dried II. Materials and Methods with anhydrous Na2SO4. The reaction mixture was not purified furthermore. According to the literature data, the

obal Jour a) Collection of the wood samples GC/MS analysis revealed the formation of both isomers

Gl The one-year naturally seasoned heartwood of sinapyl alcohol, together with the product of double samples of Quercus petraea and Myrocarpus frondosus bond reduction (Herbert et al., 1998). came, respectively, from Fontaines forests (Chalon-sur- Saône, France) and from the Misiones province c) Extractions (northeastern Argentina), and were provided by an Two types of extraction protocols (EP) were Italian parquet factory. performed on the heartwood samples: EP1 by means of a CH3OH/H2O (1:1, v/v) solution at neutral pH, and EP2 b) Standard Compounds and Reagents using a CH3OH/NaOH 1.5 M (1:1, v/v) solution All the reagents and standards used were of (measured pH=12.7). All the initial extractions of the analytical grade. Reference compounds used as wood samples were conducted in an Erlenmeyer flask

©2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory hermetically closed, in dark conditions, at a fixed d) Sample preparation for analysis and compounds temperature and under mechanical mixing. A Soxhlet quantification apparatus was not used in order to simulate realistic The organic fractions obtained were dried under industrial extraction conditions. Fig.7 shows a reduced pressure conditions, at 35°C, and then comparative flow chart of the two protocols. dissolved again in a known quantity of the fractioning i. EP1 extraction protocol at neutral pH solvent under ultrasonic stirring, in view of the Ten grams of Quercus petraea and Myrocarpus quantitative analysis. One milliliter of each re-dissolved frondosus heartwood were mechanically milled to sample underwent a standard silylation protocol of the sawdust, up to obtain particles with size below 3 mm. phenolic compounds (Zafra et al. 2006), to make the Afterwards, the samples were extracted using 300 ml of extracts to be determined compatible with the a CH3OH/H2O (1:1, v/v) solution for 24 hours at 25°C. chromatographic column used in the analysis. A mixture The extracts were filtered on a Buchner funnel (Wathman of BSTFA and pyridine in ethyl acetate was used as filter paper n. 42). Methanol was then removed by a silylation reagent. One ml of each extract sample (in rotary evaporator at 35°C. The aqueous solutions were ethyl acetate or diethyl ether) was evaporated to dryness 201 fractionated by liquid-liquid (L/L) extraction with diethyl and transferred to a micro-vial for GC/MS analysis. ether and ethyl acetate by 4x30 ml portions of each Moisture is a major competitor of phenolic hydroxyl Year

groups during derivatization with the BSTFA-pyridine solvent (Fernández de Simón et al., 1996a,b; Fernández 25 de Simón et al., 1999b). mixture and, consequently, may produce low recoveries. To avoid this problem, all reagents used in silylation ii. EP2 extraction - hydrolysis protocols of the were previously dried by adding anhydrous sodium Quercus petraea samples sulfate. Therefore, the sample residue was re-dissolved ersion I ersion Three ten-grams samples of Quercus petraea in 200 μl of anhydrous ethyl acetate and the vial was (denoted as A, B and C) were milled mechanically to stoppered. Fifty micro-liters of the deriving mixture sawdust up to obtain particles with size below 3 mm). BSTFA-pyridine-ethyl acetate (4:1:5, v/v/v) were added ue V Afterwards, they were treated according to the and the whole solution was mechanically shaken (using procedures reported in sections 2.3.3, 2.3.4 and 2.3.5. a vortex mixer) for 1 minute at room temperature. Before iii. Protocol EP2-A injecting, samples were further diluted with 250 μl ethyl Sample A was extracted and hydrolyzed for 72 acetate up to a total volume of 500 μl (Zafra et al., 2006). hours at 50°C with a solution of 100 ml of CH3OH and For quantitative determination, chromatographic 100 ml of NaOH 1.5 M. The extracts were filtered on a analysis was repeated three times by using three

Buchner funnel and centrifuged to remove wooden different one-milliliter quantities picked up from each re- Volume XVII Iss particles, then concentrated in a rotary evaporator at dissolved solution of the extracted compounds. After J 35°C (methanol removal). The aqueous solution was correction for the dilution factors, the mean values () neutralized (from an initial value of 12.7) with 60 ml of obtained were used to calculate the global amount ethyl acetate. After filtration and centrifugation to remove extracted from the initial 10 grams samples by the sodium acetate, the pH was lowered up to 1 with 12 ml relation: of HCl (37%, w/w). The acidic solution obtained was (1/3) (f.V .) ∑ df [X] , i=1, 2, 3 (I) fractionated by L/L extractions by ethyl acetate (4x25 i i ml). where (f.V). is the final volume of the re-dissolved iv. Protocol EP2-B extracts, dfi and [X]i respectively are the dilution factors sample B was extracted and hydrolyzed for 24 and the concentrations in mg/ml of the three one- hours at 50°C with 200 ml of a CH3OH/NaOH 1.5 M milliliter portions undergone to the silylation procedure. Researches in Engineering (1:1, v/v) solution. After the removal of wooden sawdust The quantification was performed using reference compounds by means of the external and methanol, the aqueous phase obtained was of nal standard method, and exclusively for peaks indicated as acidified with 10 ml of HCl (37%, w/w) up to pH 1, and our fractionated by portions of ethyl acetate (4x25 ml). pure by the “peak purity” matching function of the GC/MS apparatus. v. Protocol EP2-C

J Global sample C was extracted and hydrolyzed with e) GC-MS analysis apparatus 200 ml of a CH3OH/NaOH 1.5 M (1:1, v/v) solution for Separation and identification of the organic 72 hours, at 50°C. After the removal of wooden particles compounds was performed by a chromatograph and methanol, the aqueous solution was acidified with coupled with a mass spectrometry detector based on 10 ml of HCl (37 %, w/w) up to pH 1. This phase was electron impact ionization. Identification of the fractionated by L/L extractions with portions of diethyl compounds and attribution of the chromatogram peaks ether (4x25 ml). were performed by a software library of the fragmentation patterns which was set up from a collection of pure standards and according to literature

data reported in Pecina et al. (1986), Kuroda et al. the chromatograms obtained by the first type of (2000), Zafra et al. (2006), Ribechini et al. (2012) and separation protocol, namely EP1-L/L EtOAc, were used Proestos et al. (2013). The ion fragments of each (Fig. 2, 3). standard were compared with the signals produced by (E)-coniferyl alcohol, was not only the samples. Gas chromatographic analyses were unambiguously identified in all the extract solutions performed using an Agilent 6850 Series Gas examined, but it was also present in amounts which Chromatograph apparatus (Agilent Technologies, Santa allowed quantitative evaluations to be made (Tables Clara, CA, USA) fitted with a splitless injector for a low 2,4). background HP-5MS fused silica capillary column Quantitative determination of (E)-sinapyl alcohol (60m×0.25mm i.d.×0.25μm film thickness) supplied by was not achieved, due to the low grade of purity of its Agilent. A silylated injector liner split/splitless (2 mm i.d.) standard, but qualitative identification was possible for was used. Detection was carried out with a 5975B Mass the two species, following the protocol at neutral pH single quadrupole spectrometer (Agilent Technologies). (EP1). Moreover, it was identified in the Quercus 201 The GC–MS operation control and data petraea extracts obtained by EP2-B and by EP2-C processing were carried out by ChemStation software (Table 2). Year package (Agilent Technologies). The sample volume The extractions and analyses described above

injected was 1 μl. The electron impact (EI) ionization 26 allowed the identification of the following compounds energy was 70 eV; the mass range scanned was 140- (Table 1, in order of retention time): vanillin, p-hydroxy 465 m/z. The injector temperature was 250°C and the benzoic acid, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, detector one 280°C. As gas carrier was used helium with protocatechuic acid, (E)-coniferyl alcohol, gallic acid, a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1. The oven temperature dihydrosinapyl alcohol, (Z)-sinapyl alcohol, ferulic acid, conditions were: held at 90°C for 1 min, then increased caffeic acid, (E)-sinapyl alcohol. to 220 °C at a heating rate of 6 °C min-1, then to 290 °C Table 2 shows the percentage matching of the at 10 °C min-1, held for 1.23 min and finally to 310°C ue V Version I ue V Version

s extracted compounds with the TMS (Tetra MethylSilane (held for 7.5 min) at 40°C min-1. The total run time was derivative)-standards, calculated by the data acquisition 37.67 min. (Zafra et al., 2006). software. Table 3 reports the concentrations of the compounds determined in their liquid-liquid extraction III. Results and Discussion solvent. The goals of the extraction/hydrolysis Table 4 shows the calculated yields in experiments were: (a) to achieve and quantify useful by-

Volume XVII Is milligrams from the extraction/hydrolysis protocols of the products from neutral extraction (EP1) and from lignin ten grams samples, as described in Section 2.4. Table 4

J hydrolysis protocols (EP2s); (b) to implement an () data for syringaldehyde show that its yield increases by analytical procedure for the determination of the lignin 8.5 times from EP1 to EP2-A protocol, and by 370 times degradation degree in a basic environment. The two performing EP2-C. target compounds chosen for this determination were coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, which are nominally the (E)-coniferyl alcohol was quantified by all the constituent monomers (monolignols) of the lignin performed protocols and its EP2/ EP1 yield ratios are structure in angiosperm species (Brauns et al., 1960; reported in Table 5. It is apparent that EP2-B, the Fengel et al., 1989; Sjöström, 1993; Baeza et al., 2001; protocol with the minor hydrolysis duration, presents the Sakakibara et al., 2001) high (E)-coniferyl alcohol yield, not only as absolute In EP2s first diethyl ether was used as value (Table 4), but also with respect to the initial

Researches in Engineering fractionation solvent of the alkaline phase, but naturally occurring level determined by EP1. Lower EP2- A/ EP1 and EP2-C/ EP1 yield ratios are due to the

of chromatograms so obtained showed no trace of both prolonged hydrolyzation time, which induces the

nal the two target alcohols. By acidifying with HCl the aqueous phase before fractionation, the two target oxidation of (E)-coniferyl alcohol to ferulic and vanillic compounds were detected, so extraction protocols in acids (EP2-A) and to vanillin and vanillic acid EP2-C. acidic environment were implemented. In fact, coniferyl Absolute yields in Table 4 and yield ratios obal Jour EP2_P/EP2_YCA in Table 5, where P= A, B, C indicates Gl and sinapyl alcohols are soluble in aqueous alkaline environment, but in an acidic one it is possible to extract the three Quercus petraea hydrolysis protocols and YCA them by current solvents used in liquid-liquid is the respective (E)-coniferyl alcohol yield, suggest that fractionations. Moreover, extractions carried out at oxidation reaction towards acids is favored by the neutral pH (EP1) of the two species using ethyl acetate EtOAc neutralization and by the strong acidic treatment as fractionation solvent, gave the best results, namely adopted in EP2-A, whereas aldehydes formation is the the highest number of compounds identified, with main reactive result by the milder reaction conditions of respect to those performed by diethyl ether. Hence, for EP2-C. Since the (E)-coniferyl alcohol yields by EP2s EP1 compounds identification and quantification, only protocols represent the amounts of this compound

©2017 Global Journals Inc. (US) Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory which derive from the lignin degradation and which were Figures 4-6 show typical chromatograms not oxidized to byproducts, the EP2_P/EP2_YCA ratios obtained from the extraction-basic degradation process in Table 5 provide an evaluatio n tool of the lignin performed on Quercus petraea samples by protocols. hydrolysis. Another way to estimate the lignin EP2-A, B, C. EP2-C, characterized by the use of degradation byproducts is shown in Table 6, where are diethyl ether as L/L fractionation solvent, was the only reported the per cent yields of the lignin degradation- one which allowed the quantitative evaluation of vanillin, oxidation byproducts related to (E)-coniferyl alcohol with although (E)-coniferyl alcohol, syringaldehyde and respect to their global amount. The higher per cent yield vanillic acid were also determined in EP2-A, by means of of (E)-coniferyl alcohol in EP2-C, confirms the lower ethyl acetate. EP2-A also allowed the evaluation of grade of oxidation induced by that protocol, with respect ferulic acid. to EP2-A. In conclusion, protocol EP2-C allows to obtain Chromatograms in Figure 2 and 3 show the mainly syringaldehyde, vanillin and vanillic acid, peaks of the compounds detected in the Quercus whereas EP2-A reaction conditions are more suitable for petraea and Myrocarpus frondosus extracts, following the (E)-coniferyl alcohol, ferulic and vanillic acids 201 the neutral extraction protocol EP-1. Quercus petraea

quantitative achievement (Table 4). Year sample extracted by EP-1 is characterized by the

The very mild physical reaction conditions (24

massive presence of gallic acid (Table 4, Figure 2). In hours of extraction at 25°C) of EP1 were able to extract a 27 contrast, Myrocarpus frondosus shows no trace of it noteworthy amount of gallic acid, whereas the stronger (Table 4, Figure 3). The compounds identified in the conditions (72 hours of extraction-hydrolysis at 50°C) samples of Quercus petraea were: p-hydroxybenzoic applied in EP2-A and EP2-C induced the

acid, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, I ersion decarboxylation of that compound to pyrogallol, as syringic acid, (E)-coniferyl alcohol, gallic acid and (E)- suggested by its lack of detection in the hydrolysis sinapyl alcohol (Table 2). These findings are consistent protocols (Table 4). From the Myrocarpus frondosus

with literature data (Fernández de Simón et al., 1996a; ue V sample, EP1 allowed the quantitative recovery of (E)- Cadahía et al., 2001; Fernández de Simón et al., 2009; coniferyl alcohol and vanillic acid. Sanz et al., 2012). Quantitative evaluations were obtained for (E)-coniferyl alcohol, gallic acid, and Vanillic acid is an effective antioxidant largely syringaldehyde; the values obtained for the second and exploited in pharmaceutical and food applications, the last of these three compounds are in very good respectively (Brand-Williams et al., 1995; Itoh et al., agreement with the concentrations reported in 2009). Similar properties and uses have also been (Fernández de Simón et al., 1996a), but vanillin and reported for ferulic acid (Kikuzaki et al., 2002; Ou and Volume XVII Iss ferulic acid, quantified in that work, were not detected at Kwok, 2004). Yen et al. (2002) reported that antioxidant J all by EP-1. The absence of vanillin in the Quercus and pro-oxidant properties of gallic acid were equivalent () petraea sample extracted by neutral protocol can be in to those of ascorbic acid largely used as a preservative part related to the short seasoning period (12 months). in the food industry and as a food supplement. Kim et The Quercus petraea sample extracted using al. (2006) reported pharmaceutical properties of gallic protocol EP1 (Figure 2, Table 4) and the three samples acid as an inhibitor of histamine release and pro- treated following protocols EP2-A, B, C (Figs. 4-6, Table inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Similar

4) show a conspicuous amount of (E)-coniferyl alcohol, antioxidant properties have also been reported for the which can be attributed, respectively, to the length of syringaldehyde (Da Porto et al., 2000) in the agricultural ageing and to the induced process of lignin degradation and food industry. Researches in Engineering (Brauns et al., 1960; Fengel et al., 1989; Sjöström, IV. Conclusions 1993).

The Myrocarpus frondosus sample is The urgent necessity of implementing the bio- of nal

characterized by an unexpectedly low amount of (E)- based economy and industry able to substitute crude oil our coniferyl alcohol, which can be explained by the and other mineral raw materials with renewable ones durability of this wood (i.e. by its resistance to requires the development of new processes and degradation due to biotic agents, which depends on the technologies based on the bio-refinery concept. The J Global presence of extractives with a strong antimicrobial quite limited volume required for this aim makes the activity). The presence of vanillic acid in the Myrocarpus exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass sustainable frondosus sample is in agreement with (Ataide da Silva compared, for example, to the energetic one. The waste et al., 2009). For this species, two compounds were sector can be an important source of bio-materials quantified: vanillic acid and (E)-coniferyl alcohol (Tables resulting from different industrial and civil activities and 3, 4). P-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic acids for this reason they are not in competition with food and (E)-sinapyl alcohol were also detected (Table 2). crops.

The results of this study demonstrate that the 11. EC. 2015. Communication from the Commission to extraction/hydrolysis processes and the untreated the European Parliament, the Council, the European

wooden wastes from a parquet factory can contribute to Economic and Social Committee and the

achieving this goal. The mild extraction procedures Committee of the Regions. Closing the loop – An based on alkali-induced lignin degradation, after wastes EU action for the Circular Economy. COM(2015) 614 mechanical pre-treatment, result simple and rapid, and final. Brussels, 2.12.2015 on line http://eur- able to obtain useful compounds within 72 hours. lex.europa.eu/legal -content/en/TXT/?uri= CELEX% Another relevant result achieved in this work was that the 3A52015DC0614.Accessed 15.09.2016.

unambiguous GC/MS peak detection and quantification 12. Eurostat. 2015. Waste generation and landfilling of (E)-coniferyl alcohol in all the samples analyzed. This indicators. Available on line http://ec.europa. can provide the basis for a reliable analytic method eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Waste_ge-

aimed to the quantitative evaluation of the natural and neration_and_landfilling_indicators. Accessed15.09. alkali-induced lignin degradation processes. 2016. 201 13. Falk, B., McKeever, D. 2012. Generation and References Références Refere ncias

Year recovery of solid wood waste in the U.S.. BioCycle 1. Asari, M., Takatsuki, H., Yamazaki, M., Azuma, T., 53 (8),30-33.

28 14. Fengel D, Werner G (1989) Wood: Chemistry, Takigami, H., Sakai, S. 2004. Waste wood recycling Ultrastructure, Reactions, 2nd edn. W de Gruyter, as animal bedding and developments of bio- monitoring tool using the CALUX assay. Berlin-New York.

Environment International 30,639-649. 15. Fernández de Simón, B., Cadahìa, E., Conde, E.,

2. Ataide da Silva, A., Sanches Pereira do Nascimento, García-Vallejo, M.C. 1996a. Low-molecular weight E., Rodrigues Cardoso, D., Wagner, F.D. 2009. phenolic compounds in Spanish oak woods. J Agric

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Volume XVII Is 4. Bocken, N.M.P., short, S.W., Rana, P., Evans, S. 2014. A literature and practice review to develop Seasoning. First Results. J Agric Food Chem

J () 47,1687-1694. sustainable business model achetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production 65,42-56. 18. Fernández de Simón, B., Esteruelas, E., Muñoz, 5. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., Berset, C. 1995. Á.M., Cadahía, E., Sanz, M. 2009. Volatile Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant Compounds in Acacia, Chestnut, Cherry, Ash and

activity. LWT Food Science and Technology 28(1), Oak Woods, with a View to Their Use in Cooperage. J Agric Food Chem 57,3217–3227. 25-30. 6. Brauns, F.E., Brauns, D.A. 1960. The chemistry of 19. Fitz Patrick, M., Champagne, P., Cunningam, M.F.,

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syringic acid and vanillic acid on concanavalin A- cellulosic chemistry, 2nd edn. Dekker, New York- induced live injury. Biol. Pharm. 32(7),1215-1219. Basel, pp 109-174. 24. Kikuzaki, H., Hisamoto, M., Hirose, K., Akiyama, K., 36. Sander, K., Jepsen, D., Schilling, S., Tebert, C., Taniguchi, H. 2002. Antioxidant properties of ferulic Ipsen, A. 2004. Definition of waste disposal and acid and its related compounds. Agricultural and recovery operations. Okopol GmbH, Hamburg, Food Chemistry 50,2161-2168. Germany. Available on line http://ec.europa.eu/ 25. Kim, S.H., Jun, C.D., Suk, K., Choi, B.J., Lim, H., environment/waste/studies/pdf/r_d_part_b.pdf. Acc- Park, S., Lee, S.H., Shin, H.Y., Kim, D.K., Shin, T.Y. essed 15.09.2016. Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro- 37. Sanz, M., Fernández de Simón, B., Esteruelas, E., inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Muñoz, Á.M., Cadahía, E., Hernández, M.T., Toxicological Science 91(1),123-131. Estrella, I., Pinto, E.J. 2011. Effect of Toasting 26. Kuroda, K.I. 2000. Pyrolysis-trimethylsilylation Intensity at Cooperage on Phenolic Compounds in analysis of lignin: preferential formation of cinnamyl Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) Heartwood. J Agric alcohol derivatives. Journal of Analytical and Food Chem 59,3135–3145. 201 Applied Pyrolysis 56,79-87. 38. Sheth, P.N., Babu, B.V. 2009. Experimental studies Year 27. Nascimento, R.I., Lopes, L.M.X., Davin, L.B., Lewis, on producer gas generation from wood waste in a

downdraft biomass gasifier. Bioresource N.G. 2000. Stereo selective Synthesis of 8,9- 29 Licarinediols. Tetrahedron 56: 9181-9193. Technology 100,1127-3133. 28. Ng, R., Shi, C.W., Low, J.S.C., Lee, H.M., Song, B. 39. Sheth, P.N., Babu, B.V. 2010. Production of 2011. Comparative carbon footprint assessment of hydrogen energy through biomass (waste wood) gasification. Hydrogen Energy 35,10803-10810. doors made from recycled wood waste versus virgin I ersion hardwood: case study of a Singapore wood waste 40. Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood Chemistry. Fundamentals recycling plant. In: Hesselbach, J., Herrmann, C. and Applications, (Ch. 4: Lignin; Ch. 5: Extractives), 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York-London, pp (Eds.), Globalized Solutions for Sustainability in ue V Manufacturing: Proceedings of the 18th CRP 71-89; pp 90-108. International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering. 41. Skodras, G., Grammelis, P., Kakaras, E., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Braunschweig. Sakellaropoulos, G.P. 2004. Evaluation of the Pp 629-634. environmental impact of waste wood co-utilization 29. Ng, R., Shi, C.W.P., Tan, H.X., Song, B. 2014. for energy production. Energy 29,2181-2193. Avoided impact quantification from recycling of 42. Su, B., Heshmati, A., Geng, Y., Yu, X. 2013. A review wood waste in Singapore: an assessment of pallets of the circular economy in China: moving from Volume XVII Iss

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Table 1: GC/MS peak assignments for the compounds TMS-derivatives identified.

Retention time Compounds Peak number MW Fragments (m/z) (min.) identified (+)

1 12.65 224 193, 194, 209, 224 Vanillin 2 14.33 282 193, 223, 267, 282 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 3 15.91 254 195, 224, 239, 254 Syringaldehyde 4 16.84 312 149, 165, 223, 253, Vanillic Acid

267, 282, 297, 312

5 17.87 370 193, 223, 267, 311, Protocatechuic acid

355, 370

6 19.20 342 253, 297, 312, 327, Syringic Acid 201 342

Year 7 20.30 324 204, 235, 293, 309 (E)-Coniferyl

Alcohol

30 8 20.22 458 147, 178, 281, 443, Gallic acid 444, 458, 459 9 20.47 356 210, 240, 341, 356 Dihydrosinapyl alcohol 10 20.60 354 204, 323, 339, 354 (Z)-Sinapyl Alcohol 11 22.22 338 219, 249, 293, 279, Ferulic Acid ue V Version I ue V Version

s 308, 323, 338 12 22.85 396 179, 191, 219, 381, Caffeic Acid 396 13 22.47 354 204, 323, 339, 354 (E)-Sinapyl Alcohol

(+) Identification was done according to Pecina et al. (1986), Kuroda et al. (2000), Zafra et al. (2006), Ribechini et al. (2012)

Volume XVII Is and Proestos et al. (2013).

() Table 2: Percentage (%) matching with the relative TMS-standards for the compounds identified in the wood extracts analyzed.

Myrocarpus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Compound frondosusx petraeax petraeaa petraeab petraeac

Vanillin - - - 99 99 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 93 95 99 - 99 Syringaldehyde - 98 98 98 99

Researches in Engineering Vanillic acid 99 99 99 - 99

of Protocatechuic acid 99 92 99 - -

nal Syringic acid 99 99 99 - 99 (E)-Coniferyl alcohol 99 99 99 99 99 Gallic acid - 99 - - - obal Jour Dihydrosinapyl alcohol - - 99 - - Gl Ferulic acid - - 99 - - Caffeic acid - - - - - (E)-Sinapyl alcohol 99 98 - 99 99 Legend: (x) EP1 (a) EP2-A (b) EP2-B (c) EP2-C

Table 3: Concentrations (mg/ml, in the fractionation solvent) of some compounds identified in the extracts. Myrocarpus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus TMS-Derivatives frondosusx petraea x petraeaa petraeab petraeac vanillin - --- 0.055 syringaldehyde - 0.002 0.011 - 0.740 vanillic acid 0.015 - 0.220 - 0.170 (E)-coniferyl alcohol 0.006 0.020 0.028 0.099 0.013 gallic acid - 0.110 ---

ferulic acid - - 1.064 - - 201

Legend: Year x

( ) EP1 (a) EP2-A 31 (b) EP2-B (c) EP2-C

Table 4: Global amount (milligrams) calculated with respect to the initial 10 g extracted sample and per cent I ersion Yields evaluated with respect to a theoretical heartwood lignin content (30%).

Amount in wood samples (mg/10g) ue V Myrocarpus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Compound frondosusx petraeax petraeaa petraeab petraeac Vanillin - - - - 0.55 (0.018%) 0.02 Syringaldehyde - 0.17 (0.0057%) - 7.40 (0.25%)

(0.00067%) Volume XVII Iss

Vanillic acid 0.15 - 3.27 - 1.70 J () (0.005%) (0.11%) (0.057%)

(E)-Coniferyl 0.06 0.20 0.42 0.99 0.13 alcohol (0.002%) (0.0067%) (0.014%) (0.033%) (0.0043%) 1.14 Gallic acid - - - - (0.011%)* - - 15.96 - - Ferulic acid (0.53%) Researches in Engineering Legend: (x) EP1 (a) EP2-A of nal b ( ) EP2-B our (c) EP2-C (*) Calculated with respect the extracted mass (10 g) Global J Global

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory

Table 5: EP2_Y/EP2_YCA and EP2 /EP1 Yield Ratios values. Protocol EP2_Y/EP2_YCA EP2_Y/EP2_YCA EP2_Y/EP2_YCA EP2/EP1 Vanillin Vanill ic acid Ferulic acid Coniferyl alcohol EP2-A n.d. 7.8 38 2.10 EP2-B d. n.d. n.d. 4.95

EP2-C 4.2 13 n.d. 0.64

Legend: n.d.: not detected

201 d.: detected, but not quantified Table 6: Per cent yields of the lignin degradation-oxidation byproducts related to (E)-Coniferyl alcohol with Year respect to their global amount.

Protocol Vanillin (%) Vanillic acid (%) Ferulic acid (%) Coniferyl alcohol (%)

EP2-A n.d. 17.54 85.62 2.25

EP2-B d. n.d. n.d. ~100 ue V Version I ue V Version s EP2-C 23.11 71.43 n.d. 5.46

Legend: n.d.: not detected d.: detected, but not quantified Volume XVII Is 1,0E+06

J () 9,0E+05

8,0E+05

7,0E+05

6,0E+05 (a. u.)

5,0E+05

4,0E+05 Researches in Engineering Abundance 3,0E+05 of

nal 2,0E+05

1,0E+05

obal Jour 0,0E+00

Gl 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (min.)

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory

(a. u.)

Abundance

201 Year

m/z

Fig. 1: Standard identification chromatogram (upper panel) and mass spectrum 33 (lower panel) of coniferyl alcohol.

I ersion

ue V Volume XVII Iss

J () Researches in Engineering nal of nal our

Fig. 2: Quercus petraea EP1 extracts chromatogram: neutral extraction, fractionation by ethyl acetate. Bold J Global numbers identify the compounds in Table 1.

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory

201 Year

ue V Version I ue V Version s

Fig. 3: Myrocarpus frondosus EP1 extracts chromatogram: neutral extraction, fractionation by ethyl acetate. Bold numbers identify the compounds in Table 1. Volume XVII Is

J () Researches in Engineering of nal obal Jour Gl

Fig. 4: Chromatogram of Quercus petraea extracts by EP2-A. Bold numbers identify compounds listed in Table 1.

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory

201 Year

I ersion

ue V

Fig. 5: Chromatogram of Quercus petraea extracts by EP2-B. Bold numbers identify compounds listed in Table 1. Volume XVII Iss

J () Researches in Engineering nal of nal our Global J Global

Fig. 6: Chromatogram of Quercus petraea extracts by EP2-C. Bold numbers identify compounds listed in Table 1.

Assessment of the Amount and Quality of Bio-Chemicals Recoverable from Waste Wood from A Parquet Factory

201 Year

ue V Version I ue V Version s Volume XVII Is

J () Researches in Engineering of nal obal Jour Gl

Fig. 7: Comparative flow chart of EP1 and EP2s.

Elaboration of Sns2 Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray for Solar Cell Application By Kenza Kamli, Zakaria Hadef, Baghdadi Chouial & Bouzide Hadjoudja Université Badji-Mokhtar

Abstract- Thin films of tin disulfide (SnS2) semiconductor have been fabricated using spray pyrolysis method. SnS2 were deposited from aqueous solution containing SnCl4, 2H2O and

CS(NH2)2 at various molar concentrations. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the obtained films were investigated. XRD and SEM data suggest that good quality of SnS2 is obtained at 0.08 mol/l. The optical analyses show that the films prepared at 0.08 mol/l present the highest transmittance in the visible region. The obtained results confirm that SnS2 thin films can be good candidates for solar cells devices. These results are of great importance in the prediction of the good application of SnS2 thin films in solar cells.

Keywords: sns2 thin films; ultrasonic spray; structural properties; optical properties; solar cell. GJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: 291899p

ElaborationofSns2ThinFilmsbyUltrasonic SprayforSolarCellApplication

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2017. Kenza Kamli, Zakaria Hadef, Baghdadi Chouial & Bouzide Hadjoudja. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Elaboration of Sns2 Thin Films by Ultrasonic Spray for Solar Cell Application

Kenza Kamli α, Zakaria Hadef σ, Baghdadi Chouial ρ & Bouzide Hadjoudja Ѡ

Abstract- Thin films of tin disulfide (SnS2) semiconductor have been fabricated using spray pyrolysis method. SnS2 were II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS deposited from aqueous solution containing SnCl , 2H O and 4 2 Tin disulfide thin films were prepared by CS(NH2)2 at various molar concentrations. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the obtained films spraying an alcoholic solution containing tin chloride IV

were investigated. XRD and SEM data suggest that good (SnCl4(2H2O)) and thiourea CS(NH2)2 on glass 201 quality of SnS2 is obtained at 0.08 mol/l. The optical analyses substrates using spray pyrolysis process. Substrates show that the films prepared at 0.08 mol/l present the highest were degreased in successive rinses with acetone, Year transmittance in the visible region. The obtained results ethanol, and distilled water. Then, the total solution was confirm that SnS2 thin films can be good candidates for solar sprayed during 25 min on heated substrates at 330 °C. 37 cells devices. These results are of great importance in the A set of samples was obtained by changing the prediction of the good application of SnS thin films in solar 2 precursor molar concentration from 0,05 to 0,08 mol/l in cells. atmospheric pressure. Keywords: sns thin films; ultrasonic spray; structural 2 The films were characterized by means of properties; optical properties; solar cell. structural, morphological, and optical methods. The X I. INTRODUCTION ray diffraction studies were carried out using a D8 ADVANCED BRUKER diffractometer using a Cu Kα onsiderable attention has been paid for the last radiation (λ=1.5405 Å) in range of 10-85°, the crystallite few decades to the binary compounds based on size were estimated to study the effect of the molar C the Sn–S system, due to their excellent properties concentration. The surface morphology of the films was and the high potential use in optoelectronic devices [1– observed using a JEOL, model JSM 6301F Scanning 4]. In particular tin disulfide (SnS2) was considered as Microscopy by field effect. The surface morphological one of very interesting tin sulfides semiconductors. SnS 2 studies were done with the SEM photographs taken with I V Version Volume XVII Issue has been known for its potential applications in solar

JEOL model JSM6400 scanning microscope. To have J cells as well as electrical switchings [5]. Also SnS2 an idea about the surface elemental composition of the () belongs to IV–VI group of semiconductor compound film, energy dispersive analysis by X-rays (EDAX) was with hexagonal crystal structure (a= 0.3648 nm, c= carried out using EDX spectrometer related to the SEM 0.5899 nm) [6]. It has a wide band gap energy (2.88 eV) used before. [7], and n-type electrical conductivity with magnitude depending on the preparation methods. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thin films of SnS compound has been 2 a) Structural characteristics prepared by different technologies deposition The XRD profile of the ultrasonic sprayed SnS techniques. Such as, chemical bath deposition [8], 2 thin films on glass substrates is shown in Fig. 1. The vacuum thermal evaporation [9], close-spaced prominent Bragg reflection occurring at about 2 ≈ Researches in Engineering sublimation [10], successive ionic layer adsorption and θ 15.14° along with many other weak peaks confirms the reaction (SILAR) [11], spray pyrolysis [12]. polycrystalline nature of the films. In this paper we report a chemical method In all cases we found that (001) is the preferred called ultrasonic spray, for the deposition of SnS thin 2 orientation, so we can say that all SnS thin films are in films at 330 °C onto ordinary glass substrates. The effect 2 hexagonal crystallographic phase (JCPDS 23-0677), of molar concentration parameter on the films properties with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate. and their characterization by X-ray diffraction, chemical of Journal Global analysis, and optical techniques are also reported.

Author α σ ρ Ѡ : Laboratoire des Semi-conducteurs, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar, BP 12, Annaba, DZ-23000, Algérie. e-mail: [email protected]

(001) b) Morphological characteristics The Fig. 3 shows typical SEM images and EDAX (101) (100) spectra of films deposited with the four studied solution concentrations and at substrate temperature 330 °C 0.08 mol/l taken as example. Microscopic examination reveals that the obtained deposits are uniform and compact with

unit) good coverage to the substrate basis. As can be seen, b. the films morphology depends strongly on the 0.07 mol/l concentration solution of the used precursor. Film deposited at 0.08 mol/l has a continuous and dense Intensity(ar structure with a very smooth surface morphology as 0.06 mol/l reveals Fig. 3.d.

201

0.05 mol/l Year

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

38 2θ (degrees)

Fig. 1: X-ray diffraction pattern of SnS thin films with 2 different molar concentrations. a

The average crystallite sizes of the films deposited with different molarities have been calculated

using the Scherrer’s formula:

0.9λ D = cosθβ

Where λ, θ and β are X-ray wavelength, the b Bragg’s diffraction angle and the full width at half maxima of the peak corresponding to the θ value, Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue respectively.

J () Crystallite size for samples obtained with different concentrations is shown in fig.2. It can be observed that the grain size decreased with the molar concentration increasing of sprayed precursor solution from 13.93 nm to 9.5 nm.

13 Researches in Engineering

12 c

Grain size (nm) size Grain 11

obal Journal of obal Journal Gl 10 Fig. 3: SEM images and EDX spectra of SnS2 thin films deposited at substrate temperature equal to 330 °C with 9 0,050 0,055 0,060 0,065 0,070 0,075 0,080 different solutions concentration: (a) 0.05 mol/l (b) 0.06

Solution concentration (mol/l) mol/l (b) 0.07 mol/l and (c) 0.08 mol/l.

Fig. 2: Variation of crystallite size with different concentrations of solution.

The EDX spectra of the SnS2 films recorded in are uniform and compact with good coverage to the Fig. 3 shows the atomic and weight percentages of the substrate basis. EDS results confirm the presence of Sn elements present in the films and assure the chemical and S. The optical characterization showed that the films composition of SnS2. As can be seen, atomic ratio for the transparent increase with molar concentration increasing. samples increases with concentration solution From these values we have suggested that the film increasing. Also it can be noted, that the formed film at deposited at 0.08 mol/l can be a potential candidate as 0.08 mol/l contain S and Sn with almost 39% and 61% an optical window in solar cells. ratio, respectively, which is the most near stoichiometric References Références Referencias ratio for SnS2 composition. In addition the presence of Cl is due to the used precursor, and those of O, N is due to 1. G. Valiukonics, D.A. Guseinova, G. Krivaite, A. the air. Sileica, Phys. Status Solidi, B Basic Res. 135 c) Optical characteristics (1990) 299. Fig. 4 shows the optical transmittance curves as 2. M.T.S. Nair, P.K. Fair, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 24 (1991) 83. 201 a function of the wavelength for the SnS2 films deposited at 330°C with different molar concentrations. 3. A. Ortiz, J.C. Alonso, M. Garcı´a, J. Toriz, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 11 (1996) 243. Year

4. S. Lo ´pez, A. Ortiz, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 9 70 (d) 39 (c) (1994) 1. 60 5. R. Bissessur, D. Schipper, Materials Letters 62 50 (2008) 1638–1641. 6. A. Chakrabarti, J. Lu, A. M. McNamara, L. M. Kuta, (b) 40 S. M. Stanley, Z. Xiao, J. A. Maguire, N. S. (a) Hosmane, Inorganica Chimica Acta 374 (2011) 30 627–631. Transmittance (%) 20 7. F. Tan, S. Qu, X. Zeng, C. Zhang, M. Shi, Z. Wang, L. Jin, Y. Bi, J. Cao, Z. Wang, Y. Hou, F. Teng, Z. 10 Feng, Solid State Communications 150 (2010) 0 58–61. 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 8. K.T. Ramakrishna Reddy, G. Sreedevi, K. Ramya Wavelength (nm) and R.W. Miles. Energy Procedia 15 (2012) Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue Fig. 4: UV-visible transmittance spectrum of SnS2 thin 340 – 346 films deposite d at 330 °C using different solutions molar 9. Chengwu Shi, Zhu Chen, Gaoyang Shi, Renjie Sun, J () concentration: (a) 0.05 mol/l (b) 0.06 mol/l (b) 0.07 mol/l Xiaoping Zhan, Xinjie Shen, Thin Solid Films 520 and (c) 0.08 mol/l. (2012) 4898–4901 10. Chengwu Shi, Pengfei Yang, Min Yao, Xiaoyan Dai, As can be seen the optical transmittance Zhu ChenThin, Solid Films 534 (2013) 28–31 increase with the molarity increasing. The fall of 11. N.G. Deshpande, A.A. Sagade, Y.G. Gudage, C.D. transmittance between 300 nm and 400 nm shows that Lokhande, Ramphal Sharma, Journal of Alloys and the films absorb the light ultra violet. Furthermore, film Compounds 436 (2007) 421–426 deposited at 0.08 mol/l exhibits interference fringe in the 12. O.A. Yassin, A.A. Abdelaziz, A.Y. Jaber. Materials transmittance spectrum and a high transparency than Science in Semiconductor Processing 38 (2015)

the other films. This is due to the smooth surface of the Researches in Engineering 81–86 former. It is well known that rough surface causes the light scattering resulting in transmittance reduction. This explains the low transmittance measured in films deposited with the lowest molar concentration.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

of Journal Global In the present work we have studied the influence of solution properties on SnS2 thin films deposition by spray pyrolysis. Four molar concentrations were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a polycrystalline nature (hexagonal phase) for all the films deposited at Ts = 330 °C. It was observed that the grain size is varied between ~ 14 and 9.5 nm. The morphological studies using SEM showed that the films

201 Year

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Gravity Separation and Leaching Beneficiation Study on Azara Nassarawa Barite Mineral Ore By N.S. Nzeh & S. B. Hassan University of Lagos Abstract- The comparative study for the recovery of Azara barite mineral ore found in Nassarawa

State, Nigeria using jigging and tabling gravity separations and leaching (with HCl and H2SO4 Acids) processes of concentrates was investigated. The microstructural, chemical composition and physical properties of the as-mined sample of Azara barite mineral ore were analysed. The sample was then concentrated using the gravity separation and leaching processes. The microstructural and chemical composition analyses of the products of concentration were carried out to establish the effectiveness and efficiency of the methods for the recovery of Azara barite mineral ore. Xray Diffraction (XRD), Xray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) tests; were used to carry out the morphology and chemical analysis of the Azara barite ore. GJRE-J Classification: FOR Code: 091599

GravitySeparationandLeachingBeneficiationStudyonAzaraNassarawaBariteMineralOre

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

© 2017. N.S. Nzeh & S. B. Hassan. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Gravity Separation and Leaching Beneficiation Study on Azara Nassarawa Barite Mineral Ore

N.S. Nzeh α & S. B. Hassan σ

Abstract- The comparative study for the recovery of Azara among alchemists for the phosphorescent specimens barite mineral ore found in Nassarawa State, Nigeria using found in the 17th century near Bologna by Vincenzo jigging and tabling gravity separations and leaching (with HCl Casciarolo (1). A mineral is a naturally occurring 201 and H SO Acids) processes of concentrates was 2 4 inorganic substance possessing definite chemical investigated. The microstructural, chemical composition and compositions and ordered atomic structures. It is Year physical properties of the as-mined sample of Azara barite

different from a rock (2). Minerals have played a major mineral ore were analysed. The sample was then concentrated 41 using the gravity separation and leaching processes. The role in human life and have raised the standard of living microstructural and chemical composition analyses of the which made them become increasingly important and products of concentration were carried out to establish the we depend in countless ways. However, it is widely effectiveness and efficiency of the methods for the recovery of recognized that few countries can achieve any measure Azara barite mineral ore. Xray Diffraction (XRD), Xray of meaningful industrialization and economic growth Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) without a planned development with available mineral and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) tests; were used to resources. Taking a closer look at solid mineral sector, it carry out the morphology and chemical analysis of the Azara would not be an exaggeration to say that the industry is barite ore. From the results, the Azara barite ore contains approximately 36.2% barium (Ba) based on XRF and 50.5% fully developed and can be an equal substitute to the oil barium (Ba) based on EDS tests with a specific gravity of 3.85. and gas industries in terms of foreign exchange A random sieve size of -355+250µm was selected for jigging capacity. This assertion is based on the fact that this and tabling of the Azara barite ore. The EDS result of the nation is endowed with untapped resources in products of jiggling and tabling shows that jigging had a commercial quantities which can be exploited recovery of 69.8% Barium with an average specific gravity of economically at profit (3). Barite is a hydrothermal I V Version Volume XVII Issue 4.28 while tabling had a recovery of 69.5% Barium with an

deposit which originated from hot aqueous solution in J average specific gravity of 4.18. Leaching of the barite ore was joint fault, permeable rock formation and fractures within () done using 0.5 and 1.0 molar concentration solution of HCl the Benue trough of Nigeria, notably in Benue, Taraba, and H2SO4. The results of the leaching process show that the super concentrates have average specific gravities of between Adamawa, Gombe, Plateau, Nassarawa, Ebonyi and 2.36 to 4.46 for different temperatures and molar Cross-River states (3). Barites bearing veins are found concentrations of HCl and H2SO4. The best specific gravities mostly in the area geologically referred to as Middle obtained are 4.29, 4.39 and 4.46 at 30 minutes with 0.5 and Benue Trough. Nigeria has an estimated reserve of over

1.0 molar concentration of HCl and H2SO4 respectively. two million (2,000,000) metric tons of barite ore Therefore, the results of this research work have established scattered in different parts of the country to include that the Azara barite ore found in Nassarawa state, Nigeria is Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau, Taraba and Cross River suitable for oil and gas applications. states (4). Barite ore occurs and has been mined at the Researches in Engineering I. INTRODUCTION following major locations in large quantity:  Nasarawa State: Azara, Keana, Kuduku, Aloshi all at arite or Baryte is a non-metallic mineral with an Keana LGA incredible specific gravity and it consists of  Benue State: Gboko, Guma, Gwer, Ushongo, barium sulphate (BaSO ) which belongs to the B 4 Makurdi, Konshisha variety of caulk rock. The barite group consists of barite,

 Gombe and Adamawa: Gban and Mayo-Kpoki; of Journal Global celestine, anglesite and anhydrite. Barite is generally Gombe and Liji hills white or colourless, and is the main source (the primary-  Cross Rivers State: Obubra, Ikom, Akpet central, ore) of barium metal. Barite and celestine form a solid and Ogoja LGA solution (Ba.Sr) SO . The radiating form, sometimes 4  Plateau State: Yelwan Shendam LGA referred to as Bologna Stone, attained some notoriety  Taraba state: Serikinkudu Akire LGA (4).

Author α σ: Dept. of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, University The mining of minerals in Nigeria accounts for of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos state, Nigeria. only 0.3% of its GDP, due to the influence of its vast oil e-mail: [email protected]

resources. The domestic mining industry is II. Experimental underdeveloped, leading to Nigeria having to import minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt The gravity separation of the sample of Azara or iron ore. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is barite was carried out using Jigging and Shaking Table held by the Nigerian government, which grants titles to processes with Jigs and Shake tables respectively. The organizations to explore, mine, and sell mineral barite was initially crushed and ground, sieved to a resources. About 34 minerals deposits have been particle size of -355+250µm and subjected to Jigging identified in Nigeria and one of such is barite ore. Barite and Tabling respectively. After the separation has many applications; the most significant of it is its processes, jigging had Underflows (Concentrates) and usage by the oil companies when drilling for crude oil or Overflows (Tailings) while tabling yielded Concentrates, petroleum. Other importance of barites is highlighted Middlings and Tailings. All the samples were below: simultaneously placed in a Gen Lab Drying Oven with a temperature of about 120oC and left for an average time

 Barite is used in the manufacturing of drilling mud of 2 hours to dry. Apparent density / specific gravity 201 without which petroleum prospecting will be (after gravity separation) were got for all the samples: impossible. In fact, the demand for Barite by the oil

Year concentrates, middlings and tailings; which were companies is more than the demand for water by compared with the required standard. The

42 human beings but the supply is very low because microstructure and elemental / chemical composition only a very few individuals are aware of this analysis was carried out on the concentrate samples to

business opportunity. check for the composition of the barite and any possible

 Barite is used by chemical industries in the impurity that may still be present in the concentrates manufacturing of Barium compounds such as after the gravity separation processes using Scanning

chloride, nitrate, carbonate and hydrate. Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray

 Barite is used as drilling fluids in oil and petroleum Spectrometry (EDS) tests.

industries and in paper and plastics productions. New set of samples (6 samples at 10g each)

 It is used by metallurgical industries for brass were measured out from both gravity separation melting, textiles industries as weighting materials concentrates (Jigging and Tabling) and subjected to

and used in manufacturing glass, paints etc. Leaching processes / methods to achieve super The demand for barite by the oil and gas concentrates (a total of 12 samples).

industries is practically more than the demand for water 40g of both Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and by humans. Despite intense extraction of barite ore in Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) were weighed and half Azara, Nassarawa state over the years; production has the quantity arranged in a crucible forming a 6mm deep

() remained low. The need for the most efficient method of layer. 10g of the Barite sample (BaSO4) was also processing the barite mineral, to boost the local supply weighed and poured into the crucible; the other half of due to its enormous applications is the reason for this the above was placed also in the crucible, on top of the study since there is steady and increasing demand for barite and stirred. The mixture in the crucible was the product because of the numerous industrial uses of covered and crucible placed in a furnace raised to barite ore. This will facilitate a better exploitation of the 950oC, which is about 60% of the melting point resources which will in the long run sustain its enormous temperature of barium metal; until fusing was achieved application towards the satisfaction of local content. (varying fuse time). The crucible was allowed to cool This will go a long way to promote the development of after taken out of the furnace; it was rotated during the area in the form of revenue generation, provision of cooling so that the fused mass solidifies into a thin layer. Researches in Engineering superstructure and infrastructural development. The The fused mass was leached out with about quality of the Nigerian Barites is moderate to high. It is 250ml of hot distilled water with crucible placed into a often associated with fluorite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, 500ml glass beaker with thorough stirring. It was filtered etc. The major impurities are quartz, iron oxide through a whatman ‘41’ filter paper and residue washed (goethite), and carbonates of iron, calcium and several times (about 10 to 12 times) by decantation with

obal Journal of obal Journal magnesium. These impurities tend to increase the ore hot distilled water; The sample was washed on the filter Gl volume, suppress and reduce the specific gravity of the paper to remove the sulphates. unprocessed barites to about 2.0 – 4.0. The cost of 50ml of dilute Hydrogen Chloride acid, HCl (of a processing is increased and the oil mills wear out particular molar concentration) and about 250 ml of hot rapidly. The goethite and silica impurities can be distilled water were used to dissolve the residue from removed by magnetic and gravity separation. Once the filter paper respectively, catching the solution in a

processed the specific gravity of the Nigerian barite 500ml glass beaker. 10g of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) increases and meets the 4.2 – 4.5 specified was added into the solution. The solution was value (5). neutralized with a quantity of Ammonium hydroxide

solution (NH4OH) using methyl red as an indicator. The Fig 3 represents the Energy Dispersive solution was boiled for about 5 minutes and filtered Spectroscopy (EDS) peak intensities of elemental through the filter paper. The residue was dissolved with composition of the as-mined, showing the different hot distilled water for about 5 to 6 minutes and filtered peaks with barium element (metal) at the highest peak through the filter paper. Again, the residue was washed which gave the distribution of elements and their 4 to 5 times with hot distilled water by decantation. It compositions, thus: 50.5% Barium, 12.6% Sulphur, was taken into a 500ml glass beaker and few drops of 22.7% Oxygen, 5.0% Gold, 2.4% Molybdenum, 2.3% methyl red were used as an indicator. The solution was Lead, 1.6% Tungsten, 0.7% Sodium, 0.6% Zinc, 0.4% neutralized with 50ml of dilute Hydrogen Chloride acid, Niobium, 0.3% Copper and Silicon respectively, 0.2% HCl (of the same molar concentration) and 250ml of hot Aluminium, Potassium and Rubidium respectively, distilled water was added. amidst others; which confirms the XRF results of the as- It was boiled for about 10 minutes and 50ml of mined Azara barite ore. hot ammonium sulphate solution ((NH4)2SO4) was Table 1 shows the result of gravity separation

dropped with constant stirring to prevent coprecipitation concentrates using jigging operation. -350 + 250µm 201 of calcium and magnesium particles. The solution was particle size of the feed material was used for the jigging again boiled for about 5 minutes and the conical flask operation. 76% of the feed was recovered as underflow Year was brought down from the hot plate and allowed to (concentrates) and 8.4% of the feed was recovered as 43 cool / rest over night to precipitate. It was filtered the overflow (tailings) with 15.6% loss during the jigging next morning with the filter paper and rinsed with 50ml of operation process. dilute Tetraoxosulphate VI acid, H2SO4 (of the same Table 2 shows the result of gravity separation molar concentration of the HCl) and then washed concentrates using tabling operation. -350 + 250µm several times with hot distilled water by decantation; particle size of the feed material was used for the tabling scrubbing off the precipitate until the solution was free method. 52.3% of the feed was recovered as from chlorides. The sample was then transferred to a concentrates, 40.3% as middlings, and 0.3 as tailings plate and ignited in an oven to dry at an average with 7.0% loss during the tabling operation process. temperature of about 120oC. It was then brought out of Fig 4 and Fig 5 represents the scan electron the oven, allowed to cool, weighed and packaged. photomicrograph of the concentrates after jigging and These processes were carried out for 0.5 and tabling respectively. This shows a clearer SEM

1.0 molar concentrations of HCl and H2SO4 acids with microstructure than that of the as-mined ore and similar different fusing time (furnace hold time) variations of 30 to the microstructure of a standard barite ore. minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes, on both gravity Table 4.6a and 4.6b, Table A.3, Table A.4 and I V Version Volume XVII Issue separation concentrates (Jigging and Tabling); bringing Table A.5 (Appendix A) respectively represents the J up a total summation of 12 test samples. Finally, the specific gravities of the super concentrates samples of A () results of the different samples were analysed as their to L, where Samples A, B, C and D fused by heating for apparent density / final specific gravity (after the 30 minutes in the furnace have higher specific gravities leaching process) were compared. as compared to samples E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L heated for 60 minutes and 90 minutes respectively. It was III. Results and Discussion noticed that Samples B and D leached with 1.0 Molar The XRD pattern in Fig 1 confirms the Barite Concentration of HCl and H2SO4 have higher specific gravities as compared to samples A and C leached with (BaSO4) phase pattern in line with literature and therefore indicates that the Azara barite ore can be used 0.5 Molar Concentration of the same acids.

Fig 6 and Fig 7 shows the graphical Researches in Engineering industrially, especially in the oil and gas sections. representations of specific gravity of the super The XRF elemental composition of the as-mined concentrates on Y-axis against fusing time on X-axis for Azara barite ore with a specific gravity of 3.85 shows 0.5 and 1.0 molar concentrations respectively. that the ore contains 36.2% Barium, 34.4% Sulphur, 14.7% Titanium, 5.5% Vanadium, 1.8% Aluminium, and

1.5% Silicon, amidst others. This shows that the specific gravity value obtained confirms that the barite ore in of Journal Global Nigeria has a specific gravity between 3.0 to 4.0 and has low percentage contents of barium and sulphur elements in the presence of other elements (impurities). Scan electron photomicrograph shows the fracture surface of barite crude that is representative of the barite ore deposit in Azara LGA of Nassarawa State, Nigeria (see Fig 2).

Fig. 1: Xray Diffraction (XRD) Phase Pattern of the As-mined barite ore

Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue

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Fig. 2: SEM Microstructure of As-mined Azara barite Fig. 3: EDS Elemental Composition of Azara barite

Table 1: Result of Concentration of Azara barite ore using Jigging method SIEVE SIZE FEED UNDER FLOW OVER FLOW LOSS UNDER FLOW OVER FLOW LOSS -350 + 250µm 500g 380g 42g 78g 76% 8.4% 15.6% Table 2: Result of Concentration of Azara barite ore using Tabling method

FEED CONCENTRATE MIDDLING TAILING LOSS CONCENTRATE MIDDLING TAILING LOSS 600g 314g 242g 2g 42g 52.3% 40.3% 0.3% 7.0%

Table 3: Specific Gravity (S.G) of the Theoretical Standard and the Super Concentrates of Azara barite ore using 0.5 and 1.0 Molar Concentrations (M) of HCl 201 and H2SO4

Year

SAMPLES SPECIFIC GRAVITY

THEORETICAL STANDARD 4.20 – 4.50 45 A 4.29 B 4.46 C 4.19 D 4.39 E 3.92 F 3.85 G 2.69 H 2.65

I 3.51

J 3.45

K 2.68

L 2.36

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Where: J

() Fig. 4: SEM Microstructure of the Jigging underflow Sample A = Underflow, 30mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Sample B = Underflow, 30mins Fusing time, 1.0 Molar concentration Sample C = Concentrate, 30mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Sample D = Concentrate, 30mins Fusing time, 1.0 Molar concentration Sample E = Underflow, 60mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Researches in Engineering Sample F = Underflow, 60mins Fusing time, 1.0 Molar concentration Sample G = Concentrate, 60mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Sample H = Concentrate, 60mins Fusing time, 1.0

Molar concentration of Journal Global Sample I = Underflow, 90mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Sample J = Underflow, 90mins Fusing time, 1.0 Molar concentration Sample K = Concentrate, 90mins Fusing time, 0.5 Molar concentration Sample L = Concentrate, 90mins Fusing time, 1.0 Molar Fig. 5: SEM Microstructure of the Tabling concentrates concentration

Fig. 6: Bar Chart of Specific Gravity of leached Azara barite ore using 0.5 Molar Concentration of HCl and H2SO4 Volume XVII Issue V Version I V Version Volume XVII Issue

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Fig. 7: Bar Chart of Specific Gravity of leached Azara barite ore using 1.0 Molar Concentration of HCl and H2SO4

IV. Conclusion References Références Referencias Researches in Engineering Azara barite contains about 36.2% to 50.5% 1. Thrush, P.W. (1968), A dictionary of mining, mineral, barium metal, 12.6% to 34.4% sulphur and about 22.7% and related terms: U.S. Bureau of mines, ed., p. oxygen. Azara barite ore heat treated for 30 minutes and 1049. leached with 1.0 molar concentration of HCl and H2SO4 2. Wills, B. A. (2006). “Mineral Processing gave the highest (best) specific gravity values of 4.46 Technology”, 7th Elsevier Ltd, New York, United obal Journal of obal Journal and 4.39 of all the selected heat treatment (fusing) time States of America. Gl as compared to the standard of 4.20 to 4.50 specific 3. Adetoroye, B. O. (1998). “Preliminary returns on gravity required by the oil and gas industries. The Barite occurrence in Nassarawa state”, pp 2 – 5. specific gravity of Azara barite ore found in Nassarawa 4. Ministry of Mines and Steel Development (2010) State, Nigeria has been upgraded to a range of 4.39 to “Barites Exploration Opportunities in Nigeria”. 4.46 from the 3.85 specific gravity of the as-mined ore. Abuja, Nigeria. Therefore, the results of this research work have 5. Ayim, F. M. and Enoch, E. (2009): Petroleum established that the Azara barite ore found in Technology Development Journal ISSN 1595-9104. Nassarawa state, Nigeria is suitable for oil and gas An International Journal; Vol. 2-3, pp 2 – 5. applications.

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The following benefits can be availed by you only for next three years from the date of certification:

FARSE designated members are entitled to avail a 40% discount while publishing their research papers (of a single author) with Global Journals Incorporation (USA), if the same is accepted by Editorial Board/Peer Reviewers. If you are a main author or co- author in case of multiple authors, you will be entitled to avail discount of 10%.

Once FARSE title is accorded, the Fellow is authorized to organize a symposium/seminar/conference on behalf of Global Journal Incorporation (USA).The Fellow can also participate in conference/seminar/symposium organized by another institution as representative of Global Journal. In both the cases, it is mandatory for him to discuss with us and obtain our consent. You may join as member of the Editorial Board of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) after successful completion of three years as Fellow and as Peer Reviewer. In addition,

it is also desirable that you should organize seminar/symposium/conference at least once.

We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time.This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.

The FARSE can go through standards of OARS. You can also play vital role if you have any suggestions so that proper amendment can take place to improve the same for the benefit of entire research community.

As FARSE , you will be given a renowned, secure and free professional email address with 100 GB of space e.g. [email protected]. This will include Webmail, Spam Assassin, Email Forwarders,Auto-Responders, Email Delivery Route tracing, etc.

The FARSE will be eligible for a free application of standardization of their researches. Standardization of research will be subject to acceptability within stipulated norms as the next step after publishing in a journal. We shall depute a team of specialized research professionals who will render their services for elevating your researches to next higher level, which is worldwide open standardization.

The FARSE member can apply for grading and certification of standards of their educational and Institutional Degrees to Open Association of Research, Society U.S.A. Once you are designated as FARSE, you may send us a scanned copy of all of your credentials. OARS will verify, grade and certify them. This will be based on your academic records, quality of research papers published by you, and some more criteria. After certification of all your credentials by OARS, they will be published on your Fellow Profile link on website https://associationofresearch.org which will be helpful to upgrade the dignity.

The FARSE members can avail the benefits of free research podcasting in Global Research Radio with their research documents. After publishing the work, (including

published elsewhere worldwide with proper authorization) you can upload your research paper with your recorded voice or you can utilize chargeable services of our professional RJs to record your paper in their voice on request.

The FARSE member also entitled to get the benefits of free research podcasting of their research documents through video clips. We can also streamline your conference videos and display your slides/ online slides and online research video clips at reasonable charges, on request.

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The FARSE is eligible to earn from sales proceeds of his/her researches/reference/review Books or literature, while publishing with Global

Journals. The FARSE can decide whether he/she would like to publish his/her research in a closed manner. In this case, whenever readers purchase that individual research paper for reading, maximum 60% of its profit earned as royalty by Global Journals, will be credited to his/her bank account. The entire entitled amount will be credited to his/her bank account exceeding limit of minimum fixed balance. There is no minimum time limit for collection. The FARSE member can decide its price and we can help in making the right decision.

The FARSE member is eligible to join as a paid peer reviewer at Global Journals Incorporation (USA) and can get remuneration of 15% of author fees, taken from the author of a respective paper. After reviewing 5 or more papers you can request to transfer the amount to your bank account.

MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN ENGINEERING (MARSE)

The ' MARSE ' title is accorded to a selected professional after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief / Editorial Board Members/Dean.

The “MARSE” is a dignified ornament which is accorded to a person’s name viz. Dr. John E. Hall, Ph.D., MARSE or William Walldroff, M.S., MARSE. MARSE accrediting is an honor. It authenticates your research activities. After becoming MARSE, you can add 'MARSE' title with your name as you use this recognition as additional suffix to your status. This will definitely enhance and add more value and repute to your name. You may use it on your professional Counseling Materials such as CV, Resume, Visiting Card and Name Plate etc. The following benefitscan be availed by you only for next three years from the date of certification. MARSE designated members are entitled to avail a 25% discount while publishing their research papers (of a single author) in Global Journals Inc., if the same is accepted by our Editorial Board and Peer Reviewers. If you are a main author or co-author of a group of authors, you will get discount of 10%.

As MARSE, you will be given a renowned, secure and free professional email address with 30 GB of space e.g. [email protected]. This will include Webmail, Spam Assassin, Email Forwarders,Auto-Responders, Email Delivery Route tracing, etc.

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The MARSE member can apply for approval, grading and certification of standards of their educational and Institutional Degrees to Open Association of Research, Society U.S.A.

Once you are designated as MARSE, you may send us a scanned copy of all of your

credentials. OARS will verify, grade and certify them. This will be based on your academic records, quality of research papers published by you, and some more criteria.

It is mandatory to read all terms and conditions carefully.

Auxiliary Memberships

I nstitutional Fellow of Open Association of Research Society (USA)-OARS (USA) Global Journals Incorporation (USA) is accredited by Open Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS) and in turn, affiliates research institutions as “Institutional Fellow of Open Association of Research Society” (IFOARS). The “FARSC” is a dignified title which is accorded to a person’s name viz. Dr. John E. Hall, Ph.D., FARSC or William Walldroff, M.S., FARSC. The IFOARS institution is entitled to form a Board comprised of one Chairperson and three to five board members preferably from different streams. The Board will be recognized as “Institutional Board of Open Association of Research Society”-(IBOARS). The Institute will be entitled to following benefits: The IBOARS can initially review research papers of their institute and recommend them to publish with respective journal of Global Journals. It can also review the papers of other institutions after obtaining our consent. The second review will be done by peer reviewer of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) The Board is at liberty to appoint a peer reviewer with the approval of chairperson after consulting us. The author fees of such paper may be waived off up to 40%.

The Global Journals Incorporation (USA) at its discretion can also refer double blind peer reviewed paper at their end to the board for the verification and to get recommendation for final stage of acceptance of publication. The IBOARS can organize symposium/seminar/conference in their country on behalf of Global Journals Incorporation (USA)-OARS (USA). The terms and conditions can be discussed separately.

The Board can also play vital role by exploring and giving valuable suggestions regarding the Standards of “Open Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS)” so that proper amendment can take place for the benefit of entire research community. We shall provide details of particular standard only on receipt of request from the Board. The board members can also join us as Individual Fellow with 40% discount on total fees applicable to Individual Fellow. They will be entitled to avail all the benefits as declared. Please visit Individual Fellow-sub menu of GlobalJournals.org to have more relevant details.

We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time. This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.

After nomination of your institution as “Institutional Fellow” and constantly functioning successfully for one year, we can consider giving recognition to your institute to function as Regional/Zonal office on our behalf. The board can also take up the additional allied activities for betterment after our consultation. The following entitlements are applicable to individual Fellows: Open Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS) By-laws states that an individual Fellow may use the designations as applicable, or the corresponding initials. The Credentials of individual Fellow and Associate designations signify that the individual has gained knowledge of the fundamental concepts. One is magnanimous and proficient in an expertise course covering the professional code of conduct, and follows recognized standards of practice. Open Association of Research Society (US)/ Global Journals Incorporation (USA), as described in Corporate Statements, are educational, research publishing and professional membership organizations. Achieving our individual Fellow or Associate status is based mainly on meeting stated educational research requirements. Disbursement of 40% Royalty earned through Global Journals : Researcher = 50%, Peer Reviewer = 37.50%, Institution = 12.50% E.g. Out of 40%, the 20% benefit should be passed on to researcher, 15 % benefit towards remuneration should be given to a reviewer and remaining 5% is to be retained by the institution.

We shall provide print version of 12 issues of any three journals [as per your requirement] out of our 38 journals worth $ 2376 USD.

Other:

The individual Fellow and Associate designations accredited by Open Association of Research Society (US) credentials signify guarantees following achievements:

 The professional accredited with Fellow honor, is entitled to various benefits viz. name, fame, honor, regular flow of income, secured bright future, social status etc.

 In addition to above, if one is single author, then entitled to 40% discount on publishing research paper and can get 10%discount if one is co-author or main author among group of authors.  The Fellow can organize symposium/seminar/conference on behalf of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) and he/she can also attend the same organized by other institutes on behalf of Global Journals.  The Fellow can become member of Editorial Board Member after completing 3yrs.  The Fellow can earn 60% of sales proceeds from the sale of reference/review books/literature/publishing of research paper.  Fellow can also join as paid peer reviewer and earn 15% remuneration of author charges and can also get an opportunity to join as member of the Editorial Board of Global Journals Incorporation (USA)  • This individual has learned the basic methods of applying those concepts and techniques to common challenging situations. This individual has further demonstrated an in–depth understanding of the application of suitable techniques to a particular area of research practice.

Note :

 In future, if the board feels the necessity to change any board member, the same can be done with ″ the consent of the chairperson along with anyone board member without our approval.

 In case, the chairperson needs to be replaced then consent of 2/3rd board members are required and they are also required to jointly pass the resolution copy of which should be sent to us. In such case, it will be compulsory to obtain our approval before replacement.

 In case of “Difference of Opinion [if any]” among the Board members, our decision will be final and binding to everyone.

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Process of submission of Research Paper

The Area or field of specialization may or may not be of any category as mentioned in ‘Scope of Journal’ menu of the GlobalJournals.org website. There are 37 Research Journal categorized with Six parental Journals GJCST, GJMR, GJRE, GJMBR, GJSFR, GJHSS. For Authors should prefer the mentioned categories. There are three widely used systems UDC, DDC and LCC. The details are available as ‘Knowledge Abstract’ at Home page. The major advantage of this coding is that, the research work will be exposed to and shared with all over the world as we are being abstracted and indexed worldwide.

The paper should be in proper format. The format can be downloaded from first page of ‘Author Guideline’ Menu. The Author is expected to follow the general rules as mentioned in this menu. The paper should be written in MS-Word Format (*.DOC,*.DOCX).

The Author can submit the paper either online or offline. The authors should prefer online submission.Online Submission: There are three ways to submit your paper:

(A) (I) First, register yourself using top right corner of Home page then Login. If you are already registered, then login using your username and password.

(II) Choose corresponding Journal.

(III) Click ‘Submit Manuscript’. Fill required information and Upload the paper.

(B) If you are using Internet Explorer, then Direct Submission through Homepage is also available.

Offline Submission: Author can send the typed form of paper by Post. However, online submission should be preferred.

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Preferred Author Guidelines

MANUSCRIPT STYLE INSTRUCTION (Must be strictly followed)

Page Size: 8.27" X 11'"

• Left Margin: 0.65 • Right Margin: 0.65 • Top Margin: 0.75 • Bottom Margin: 0.75 • Font type of all text should be Swis 721 Lt BT. • Paper Title should be of Font Size 24 with one Column section. • Author Name in Font Size of 11 with one column as of Title. • Abstract Font size of 9 Bold, “Abstract” word in Italic Bold. • Main Text: Font size 10 with justified two columns section • Two Column with Equal Column with of 3.38 and Gaping of .2 • First Character must be three lines Drop capped. • Paragraph before Spacing of 1 pt and After of 0 pt. • Line Spacing of 1 pt • Large Images must be in One Column • Numbering of First Main Headings (Heading 1) must be in Roman Letters, Capital Letter, and Font Size of 10. • Numbering of Second Main Headings (Heading 2) must be in Alphabets, Italic, and Font Size of 10.

You can use your own standard format also. Author Guidelines:

1. General,

2. Ethical Guidelines,

3. Submission of Manuscripts,

4. Manuscript’s Category,

5. Structure and Format of Manuscript,

6. After Acceptance.

1. GENERAL

Before submitting your research paper, one is advised to go through the details as mentioned in following heads. It will be beneficial, while peer reviewer justify your paper for publication.

Scope

The Global Journals Inc. (US) welcome the submission of original paper, review paper, survey article relevant to the all the streams of Philosophy and knowledge. The Global Journals Inc. (US) is parental platform for Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Researches in Engineering, Medical Research, Science Frontier Research, Human Social Science, Management, and Business organization. The choice of specific field can be done otherwise as following in Abstracting and Indexing Page on this Website. As the all Global

Journals Inc. (US) are being abstracted and indexed (in process) by most of the reputed organizations. Topics of only narrow interest will not be accepted unless they have wider potential or consequences.

2. ETHICAL GUIDELINES

Authors should follow the ethical guidelines as mentioned below for publication of research paper and research activities.

Papers are accepted on strict understanding that the material in whole or in part has not been, nor is being, considered for publication elsewhere. If the paper once accepted by Global Journals Inc. (US) and Editorial Board, will become the copyright of the Global Journals Inc. (US).

Authorship: The authors and coauthors should have active contribution to conception design, analysis and interpretation of findings. They should critically review the contents and drafting of the paper. All should approve the final version of the paper before submission

The Global Journals Inc. (US) follows the definition of authorship set up by the Global Academy of Research and Development. According to the Global Academy of R&D authorship, criteria must be based on:

1) Substantial contributions to conception and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the findings.

2) Drafting the paper and revising it critically regarding important academic content.

3) Final approval of the version of the paper to be published.

All authors should have been credited according to their appropriate contribution in research activity and preparing paper. Contributors who do not match the criteria as authors may be mentioned under Acknowledgement.

Acknowledgements: Contributors to the research other than authors credited should be mentioned under acknowledgement. The specifications of the source of funding for the research if appropriate can be included. Suppliers of resources may be mentioned along with address.

Appeal of Decision: The Editorial Board’s decision on publication of the paper is final and cannot be appealed elsewhere.

Permissions: It is the author's responsibility to have prior permission if all or parts of earlier published illustrations are used in this paper.

Please mention proper reference and appropriate acknowledgements wherever expected.

If all or parts of previously published illustrations are used, permission must be taken from the copyright holder concerned. It is the author's responsibility to take these in writing.

Approval for reproduction/modification of any information (including figures and tables) published elsewhere must be obtained by the authors/copyright holders before submission of the manuscript. Contributors (Authors) are responsible for any copyright fee involved.

3. SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

Manuscripts should be uploaded via this online submission page. The online submission is most efficient method for submission of papers, as it enables rapid distribution of manuscripts and consequently speeds up the review procedure. It also enables authors to know the status of their own manuscripts by emailing us. Complete instructions for submitting a paper is available below.

Manuscript submission is a systematic procedure and little preparation is required beyond having all parts of your manuscript in a given format and a computer with an Internet connection and a Web browser. Full help and instructions are provided on-screen. As an author, you will be prompted for login and manuscript details as Field of Paper and then to upload your manuscript file(s) according to the instructions.

To avoid postal delays, all transaction is preferred by e-mail. A finished manuscript submission is confirmed by e-mail immediately and your paper enters the editorial process with no postal delays. When a conclusion is made about the publication of your paper by our Editorial Board, revisions can be submitted online with the same procedure, with an occasion to view and respond to all comments.

Complete support for both authors and co-author is provided.

4. MANUSCRIPT’S CATEGORY

Based on potential and nature, the manuscript can be categorized under the following heads:

Original research paper: Such papers are reports of high-level significant original research work.

Review papers: These are concise, significant but helpful and decisive topics for young researchers.

Research articles: These are handled with small investigation and applications

Research letters: The letters are small and concise comments on previously published matters.

5.STRUCTURE AND FORMAT OF MANUSCRIPT

The recommended size of original research paper is less than seven thousand words, review papers fewer than seven thousands words also.Preparation of research paper or how to write research paper, are major hurdle, while writing manuscript. The research articles and research letters should be fewer than three thousand words, the structure original research paper; sometime review paper should be as follows:

Papers: These are reports of significant research (typically less than 7000 words equivalent, including tables, figures, references), and comprise:

(a)Title should be relevant and commensurate with the theme of the paper.

(b) A brief Summary, “Abstract” (less than 150 words) containing the major results and conclusions.

(d) An Introduction, giving necessary background excluding subheadings; objectives must be clearly declared.

(e) Resources and techniques with sufficient complete experimental details (wherever possible by reference) to permit repetition; sources of information must be given and numerical methods must be specified by reference, unless non-standard.

(f) Results should be presented concisely, by well-designed tables and/or figures; the same data may not be used in both; suitable statistical data should be given. All data must be obtained with attention to numerical detail in the planning stage. As reproduced design has been recognized to be important to experiments for a considerable time, the Editor has decided that any paper that appears not to have adequate numerical treatments of the data will be returned un-refereed;

(g) Discussion should cover the implications and consequences, not just recapitulating the results; conclusions should be summarizing.

(h) Brief Acknowledgements.

(i) References in the proper form.

Authors should very cautiously consider the preparation of papers to ensure that they communicate efficiently. Papers are much more likely to be accepted, if they are cautiously designed and laid out, contain few or no errors, are summarizing, and be conventional to the approach and instructions. They will in addition, be published with much less delays than those that require much technical and editorial correction.

The Editorial Board reserves the right to make literary corrections and to make suggestions to improve briefness.

It is vital, that authors take care in submitting a manuscript that is written in simple language and adheres to published guidelines.

Format

Language: The language of publication is UK English. Authors, for whom English is a second language, must have their manuscript efficiently edited by an English-speaking person before submission to make sure that, the English is of high excellence. It is preferable, that manuscripts should be professionally edited.

Standard Usage, Abbreviations, and Units: Spelling and hyphenation should be conventional to The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Statistics and measurements should at all times be given in figures, e.g. 16 min, except for when the number begins a sentence. When the number does not refer to a unit of measurement it should be spelt in full unless, it is 160 or greater.

Abbreviations supposed to be used carefully. The abbreviated name or expression is supposed to be cited in full at first usage, followed by the conventional abbreviation in parentheses.

Metric SI units are supposed to generally be used excluding where they conflict with current practice or are confusing. For illustration, 1.4 l rather than 1.4 × 10-3 m3, or 4 mm somewhat than 4 × 10-3 m. Chemical formula and solutions must identify the form used, e.g. anhydrous or hydrated, and the concentration must be in clearly defined units. Common species names should be followed by underlines at the first mention. For following use the generic name should be constricted to a single letter, if it is clear.

Structure

All manuscripts submitted to Global Journals Inc. (US), ought to include:

Title: The title page must carry an instructive title that reflects the content, a running title (less than 45 characters together with spaces), names of the authors and co-authors, and the place(s) wherever the work was carried out. The full postal address in addition with the e- mail address of related author must be given. Up to eleven keywords or very brief phrases have to be given to help data retrieval, mining and indexing.

Abstract, used in Original Papers and Reviews:

Optimizing Abstract for Search Engines

Many researchers searching for information online will use search engines such as Google, Yahoo or similar. By optimizing your paper for search engines, you will amplify the chance of someone finding it. This in turn will make it more likely to be viewed and/or cited in a further work. Global Journals Inc. (US) have compiled these guidelines to facilitate you to maximize the web-friendliness of the most public part of your paper.

Key Words

A major linchpin in research work for the writing research paper is the keyword search, which one will employ to find both library and Internet resources.

One must be persistent and creative in using keywords. An effective keyword search requires a strategy and planning a list of possible keywords and phrases to try.

Search engines for most searches, use Boolean searching, which is somewhat different from Internet searches. The Boolean search uses "operators," words (and, or, not, and near) that enable you to expand or narrow your affords. Tips for research paper while preparing research paper are very helpful guideline of research paper.

Choice of key words is first tool of tips to write research paper. Research paper writing is an art.A few tips for deciding as strategically as possible about keyword search:

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• One should start brainstorming lists of possible keywords before even begin searching. Think about the most important concepts related to research work. Ask, "What words would a source have to include to be truly valuable in research paper?" Then consider synonyms for the important words. • It may take the discovery of only one relevant paper to let steer in the right keyword direction because in most databases, the keywords under which a research paper is abstracted are listed with the paper. • One should avoid outdated words.

Keywords are the key that opens a door to research work sources. Keyword searching is an art in which researcher's skills are bound to improve with experience and time.

Numerical Methods: Numerical methods used should be clear and, where appropriate, supported by references.

Acknowledgements: Please make these as concise as possible.

References References follow the Harvard scheme of referencing. References in the text should cite the authors' names followed by the time of their publication, unless there are three or more authors when simply the first author's name is quoted followed by et al. unpublished work has to only be cited where necessary, and only in the text. Copies of references in press in other journals have to be supplied with submitted typescripts. It is necessary that all citations and references be carefully checked before submission, as mistakes or omissions will cause delays.

References to information on the World Wide Web can be given, but only if the information is available without charge to readers on an official site. Wikipedia and Similar websites are not allowed where anyone can change the information. Authors will be asked to make available electronic copies of the cited information for inclusion on the Global Journals Inc. (US) homepage at the judgment of the Editorial Board.

The Editorial Board and Global Journals Inc. (US) recommend that, citation of online-published papers and other material should be done via a DOI (digital object identifier). If an author cites anything, which does not have a DOI, they run the risk of the cited material not being noticeable.

The Editorial Board and Global Journals Inc. (US) recommend the use of a tool such as Reference Manager for reference management and formatting.

Tables, Figures and Figure Legends

Tables: Tables should be few in number, cautiously designed, uncrowned, and include only essential data. Each must have an Arabic number, e.g. Table 4, a self-explanatory caption and be on a separate sheet. Vertical lines should not be used.

Figures: Figures are supposed to be submitted as separate files. Always take in a citation in the text for each figure using Arabic numbers, e.g. Fig. 4. Artwork must be submitted online in electronic form by e-mailing them.

Preparation of Electronic Figures for Publication Even though low quality images are sufficient for review purposes, print publication requires high quality images to prevent the final product being blurred or fuzzy. Submit (or e-mail) EPS (line art) or TIFF (halftone/photographs) files only. MS PowerPoint and Word Graphics are unsuitable for printed pictures. Do not use pixel-oriented software. Scans (TIFF only) should have a resolution of at least 350 dpi (halftone) or 700 to 1100 dpi (line drawings) in relation to the imitation size. Please give the data for figures in black and white or submit a Color Work Agreement Form. EPS files must be saved with fonts embedded (and with a TIFF preview, if possible).

For scanned images, the scanning resolution (at final image size) ought to be as follows to ensure good reproduction: line art: >650 dpi; halftones (including gel photographs) : >350 dpi; figures containing both halftone and line images: >650 dpi.

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Figure Legends: Self-explanatory legends of all figures should be incorporated separately under the heading 'Legends to Figures'. In the full-text online edition of the journal, figure legends may possibly be truncated in abbreviated links to the full screen version. Therefore, the first 100 characters of any legend should notify the reader, about the key aspects of the figure.

6. AFTER ACCEPTANCE

Upon approval of a paper for publication, the manuscript will be forwarded to the dean, who is responsible for the publication of the Global Journals Inc. (US).

6.1 Proof Corrections The corresponding author will receive an e-mail alert containing a link to a website or will be attached. A working e-mail address must therefore be provided for the related author.

Acrobat Reader will be required in order to read this file. This software can be downloaded

(Free of charge) from the following website: www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. This will facilitate the file to be opened, read on screen, and printed out in order for any corrections to be added. Further instructions will be sent with the proof.

Proofs must be returned to the dean at [email protected] within three days of receipt.

As changes to proofs are costly, we inquire that you only correct typesetting errors. All illustrations are retained by the publisher. Please note that the authors are responsible for all statements made in their work, including changes made by the copy editor.

6.2 Early View of Global Journals Inc. (US) (Publication Prior to Print) The Global Journals Inc. (US) are enclosed by our publishing's Early View service. Early View articles are complete full-text articles sent in advance of their publication. Early View articles are absolute and final. They have been completely reviewed, revised and edited for publication, and the authors' final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are in final form, no changes can be made after sending them. The nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have volume, issue or page numbers, so Early View articles cannot be cited in the conventional way.

6.3 Author Services Online production tracking is available for your article through Author Services. Author Services enables authors to track their article - once it has been accepted - through the production process to publication online and in print. Authors can check the status of their articles online and choose to receive automated e-mails at key stages of production. The authors will receive an e-mail with a unique link that enables them to register and have their article automatically added to the system. Please ensure that a complete e-mail address is provided when submitting the manuscript.

6.4 Author Material Archive Policy Please note that if not specifically requested, publisher will dispose off hardcopy & electronic information submitted, after the two months of publication. If you require the return of any information submitted, please inform the Editorial Board or dean as soon as possible.

6.5 Offprint and Extra Copies A PDF offprint of the online-published article will be provided free of charge to the related author, and may be distributed according to the Publisher's terms and conditions. Additional paper offprint may be ordered by emailing us at: [email protected] .

You must strictly follow above Author Guidelines before submitting your paper or else we will not at all be responsible for any corrections in future in any of the way.

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Before start writing a good quality Computer Science Research Paper, let us first understand what is Computer Science Research Paper? So, Computer Science Research Paper is the paper which is written by professionals or scientists who are associated to Computer Science and Information Technology, or doing research study in these areas. If you are novel to this field then you can consult about this field from your supervisor or guide.

TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING A GOOD QUALITY RESEARCH PAPER:

1. Choosing the topic: In most cases, the topic is searched by the interest of author but it can be also suggested by the guides. You can have several topics and then you can judge that in which topic or subject you are finding yourself most comfortable. This can be done by asking several questions to yourself, like Will I be able to carry our search in this area? Will I find all necessary recourses to accomplish the search? Will I be able to find all information in this field area? If the answer of these types of questions will be "Yes" then you can choose that topic. In most of the cases, you may have to conduct the surveys and have to visit several places because this field is related to Computer Science and Information Technology. Also, you may have to do a lot of work to find all rise and falls regarding the various data of that subject. Sometimes, detailed information plays a vital role, instead of short information.

2. Evaluators are human: First thing to remember that evaluators are also human being. They are not only meant for rejecting a paper. They are here to evaluate your paper. So, present your Best.

3. Think Like Evaluators: If you are in a confusion or getting demotivated that your paper will be accepted by evaluators or not, then think and try to evaluate your paper like an Evaluator. Try to understand that what an evaluator wants in your research paper and automatically you will have your answer.

4. Make blueprints of paper: The outline is the plan or framework that will help you to arrange your thoughts. It will make your paper logical. But remember that all points of your outline must be related to the topic you have chosen.

5. Ask your Guides: If you are having any difficulty in your research, then do not hesitate to share your difficulty to your guide (if you have any). They will surely help you out and resolve your doubts. If you can't clarify what exactly you require for your work then ask the supervisor to help you with the alternative. He might also provide you the list of essential readings.

6. Use of computer is recommended: As you are doing research in the field of Computer Science, then this point is quite obvious.

7. Use right software: Always use good quality software packages. If you are not capable to judge good software then you can lose quality of your paper unknowingly. There are various software programs available to help you, which you can get through Internet.

8. Use the Internet for help: An excellent start for your paper can be by using the Google. It is an excellent search engine, where you can have your doubts resolved. You may also read some answers for the frequent question how to write my research paper or find model research paper. From the internet library you can download books. If you have all required books make important reading selecting and analyzing the specified information. Then put together research paper sketch out.

9. Use and get big pictures: Always use encyclopedias, Wikipedia to get pictures so that you can go into the depth.

10. Bookmarks are useful: When you read any book or magazine, you generally use bookmarks, right! It is a good habit, which helps to not to lose your continuity. You should always use bookmarks while searching on Internet also, which will make your search easier.

11. Revise what you wrote: When you write anything, always read it, summarize it and then finalize it.

12. Make all efforts: Make all efforts to mention what you are going to write in your paper. That means always have a good start. Try to mention everything in introduction, that what is the need of a particular research paper. Polish your work by good skill of writing and always give an evaluator, what he wants.

13. Have backups: When you are going to do any important thing like making research paper, you should always have backup copies of it either in your computer or in paper. This will help you to not to lose any of your important.

14. Produce good diagrams of your own: Always try to include good charts or diagrams in your paper to improve quality. Using several and unnecessary diagrams will degrade the quality of your paper by creating "hotchpotch." So always, try to make and include those diagrams, which are made by your own to improve readability and understandability of your paper.

15. Use of direct quotes: When you do research relevant to literature, history or current affairs then use of quotes become essential but if study is relevant to science then use of quotes is not preferable.

16. Use proper verb tense: Use proper verb tenses in your paper. Use past tense, to present those events that happened. Use present tense to indicate events that are going on. Use future tense to indicate future happening events. Use of improper and wrong tenses will confuse the evaluator. Avoid the sentences that are incomplete.

17. Never use online paper: If you are getting any paper on Internet, then never use it as your research paper because it might be possible that evaluator has already seen it or maybe it is outdated version.

18. Pick a good study spot: To do your research studies always try to pick a spot, which is quiet. Every spot is not for studies. Spot that suits you choose it and proceed further.

19. Know what you know: Always try to know, what you know by making objectives. Else, you will be confused and cannot achieve your target.

20. Use good quality grammar: Always use a good quality grammar and use words that will throw positive impact on evaluator. Use of good quality grammar does not mean to use tough words, that for each word the evaluator has to go through dictionary. Do not start sentence with a conjunction. Do not fragment sentences. Eliminate one-word sentences. Ignore passive voice. Do not ever use a big word when a diminutive one would suffice. Verbs have to be in agreement with their subjects. Prepositions are not expressions to finish sentences with. It is incorrect to ever divide an infinitive. Avoid clichés like the disease. Also, always shun irritating alliteration. Use language that is simple and straight forward. put together a neat summary.

21. Arrangement of information: Each section of the main body should start with an opening sentence and there should be a changeover at the end of the section. Give only valid and powerful arguments to your topic. You may also maintain your arguments with records.

22. Never start in last minute: Always start at right time and give enough time to research work. Leaving everything to the last minute will degrade your paper and spoil your work.

23. Multitasking in research is not good: Doing several things at the same time proves bad habit in case of research activity. Research is an area, where everything has a particular time slot. Divide your research work in parts and do particular part in particular time slot.

24. Never copy others' work: Never copy others' work and give it your name because if evaluator has seen it anywhere you will be in trouble.

25. Take proper rest and food: No matter how many hours you spend for your research activity, if you are not taking care of your health then all your efforts will be in vain. For a quality research, study is must, and this can be done by taking proper rest and food.

26. Go for seminars: Attend seminars if the topic is relevant to your research area. Utilize all your resources.

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27. Refresh your mind after intervals: Try to give rest to your mind by listening to soft music or by sleeping in intervals. This will also improve your memory.

28. Make colleagues: Always try to make colleagues. No matter how sharper or intelligent you are, if you make colleagues you can have several ideas, which will be helpful for your research.

29. Think technically: Always think technically. If anything happens, then search its reasons, its benefits, and demerits.

30. Think and then print: When you will go to print your paper, notice that tables are not be split, headings are not detached from their descriptions, and page sequence is maintained.

31. Adding unnecessary information: Do not add unnecessary information, like, I have used MS Excel to draw graph. Do not add irrelevant and inappropriate material. These all will create superfluous. Foreign terminology and phrases are not apropos. One should NEVER take a broad view. Analogy in script is like feathers on a snake. Not at all use a large word when a very small one would be sufficient. Use words properly, regardless of how others use them. Remove quotations. Puns are for kids, not grunt readers. Amplification is a billion times of inferior quality than sarcasm.

32. Never oversimplify everything: To add material in your research paper, never go for oversimplification. This will definitely irritate the evaluator. Be more or less specific. Also too, by no means, ever use rhythmic redundancies. Contractions aren't essential and shouldn't be there used. Comparisons are as terrible as clichés. Give up ampersands and abbreviations, and so on. Remove commas, that are, not necessary. Parenthetical words however should be together with this in commas. Understatement is all the time the complete best way to put onward earth-shaking thoughts. Give a detailed literary review.

33. Report concluded results: Use concluded results. From raw data, filter the results and then conclude your studies based on measurements and observations taken. Significant figures and appropriate number of decimal places should be used. Parenthetical remarks are prohibitive. Proofread carefully at final stage. In the end give outline to your arguments. Spot out perspectives of further study of this subject. Justify your conclusion by at the bottom of them with sufficient justifications and examples.

34. After conclusion: Once you have concluded your research, the next most important step is to present your findings. Presentation is extremely important as it is the definite medium though which your research is going to be in print to the rest of the crowd. Care should be taken to categorize your thoughts well and present them in a logical and neat manner. A good quality research paper format is essential because it serves to highlight your research paper and bring to light all necessary aspects in your research.

,1)250$/*8,'(/,1(62)5(6($5&+3$3(5:5,7,1* Key points to remember:

Submit all work in its final form. Write your paper in the form, which is presented in the guidelines using the template. Please note the criterion for grading the final paper by peer-reviewers.

Final Points:

A purpose of organizing a research paper is to let people to interpret your effort selectively. The journal requires the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page.

The introduction will be compiled from reference matter and will reflect the design processes or outline of basis that direct you to make study. As you will carry out the process of study, the method and process section will be constructed as like that. The result segment will show related statistics in nearly sequential order and will direct the reviewers next to the similar intellectual paths throughout the data that you took to carry out your study. The discussion section will provide understanding of the data and projections as to the implication of the results. The use of good quality references all through the paper will give the effort trustworthiness by representing an alertness of prior workings.

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Writing a research paper is not an easy job no matter how trouble-free the actual research or concept. Practice, excellent preparation, and controlled record keeping are the only means to make straightforward the progression.

General style:

Specific editorial column necessities for compliance of a manuscript will always take over from directions in these general guidelines.

To make a paper clear

· Adhere to recommended page limits

Mistakes to evade

Insertion a title at the foot of a page with the subsequent text on the next page Separating a table/chart or figure - impound each figure/table to a single page Submitting a manuscript with pages out of sequence

In every sections of your document

· Use standard writing style including articles ("a", "the," etc.)

· Keep on paying attention on the research topic of the paper

· Use paragraphs to split each significant point (excluding for the abstract)

· Align the primary line of each section

· Present your points in sound order

· Use present tense to report well accepted

· Use past tense to describe specific results

· Shun familiar wording, don't address the reviewer directly, and don't use slang, slang language, or superlatives

· Shun use of extra pictures - include only those figures essential to presenting results

Title Page:

Choose a revealing title. It should be short. It should not have non-standard acronyms or abbreviations. It should not exceed two printed lines. It should include the name(s) and address (es) of all authors.

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Abstract:

The summary should be two hundred words or less. It should briefly and clearly explain the key findings reported in the manuscript-- must have precise statistics. It should not have abnormal acronyms or abbreviations. It should be logical in itself. Shun citing references at this point.

An abstract is a brief distinct paragraph summary of finished work or work in development. In a minute or less a reviewer can be taught the foundation behind the study, common approach to the problem, relevant results, and significant conclusions or new questions.

Write your summary when your paper is completed because how can you write the summary of anything which is not yet written? Wealth of terminology is very essential in abstract. Yet, use comprehensive sentences and do not let go readability for briefness. You can maintain it succinct by phrasing sentences so that they provide more than lone rationale. The author can at this moment go straight to shortening the outcome. Sum up the study, wi th the subsequent elements in any summa ry. Try to maintain the initial two items to no more than one ruling each.

Reason of the study - theory, overall issue, purpose Fundamental goal To the point depiction of the research Consequences, including definite statistics - if the consequences are quantitative in nature, account quantitative data; results of any numerical analysis should be reported Significant conclusions or questions that track from the research(es)

Approach:

Single section, and succinct As a outline of job done, it is always written in past tense A conceptual should situate on its own, and not submit to any other part of the paper such as a form or table Center on shortening results - bound background information to a verdict or two, if completely necessary What you account in an conceptual must be regular with what you reported in the manuscript Exact spelling, clearness of sentences and phrases, and appropriate reporting of quantities (proper units, important statistics) are just as significant in an abstract as they are anywhere else

Introduction: The Introduction should "introduce" the manuscript. The reviewer should be presented with sufficient background information to be capable to comprehend and calculate the purpose of your study without having to submit to other works. The basis for the study should be offered. Give most important references but shun difficult to make a comprehensive appraisal of the topic. In the introduction, describe the problem visibly. If the problem is not acknowledged in a logical, reasonable way, the reviewer will have no attention in your result. Speak in common terms about techniques used to explain the problem, if needed, but do not present any particulars about the protocols here. Following approach can create a valuable beginning:

Explain the value (significance) of the study Shield the model - why did you employ this particular system or method? What is its compensation? You strength remark on its appropriateness from a abstract point of vision as well as point out sensible reasons for using it. Present a justification. Status your particular theory (es) or aim(s), and describe the logic that led you to choose them. Very for a short time explain the tentative propose and how it skilled the declared objectives.

Approach:

Use past tense except for when referring to recognized facts. After all, the manuscript will be submitted after the entire job is done. Sort out your thoughts; manufacture one key point with every section. If you make the four points listed above, you will need a least of four paragraphs.

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Present surroundings information only as desirable in order hold up a situation. The reviewer does not desire to read the whole thing you know about a topic. Shape the theory/purpose specifically - do not take a broad view. As always, give awareness to spelling, simplicity and correctness of sentences and phrases.

Procedures (Methods and Materials):

This part is supposed to be the easiest to carve if you have good skills. A sound written Procedures segment allows a capable scientist to replacement your results. Present precise information about your supplies. The suppliers and clarity of reagents can be helpful bits of information. Present methods in sequential order but linked methodologies can be grouped as a segment. Be concise when relating the protocols. Attempt for the least amount of information that would permit another capable scientist to spare your outcome but be cautious that vital information is integrated. The use of subheadings is suggested and ought to be synchronized with the results section. When a technique is used that has been well described in another object, mention the specific item describing a way but draw the basic principle while stating the situation. The purpose is to text all particular resources and broad procedures, so that another person may use some or all of the methods in one more study or referee the scientific value of your work. It is not to be a step by step report of the whole thing you did, nor is a methods section a set of orders.

Materials: Explain materials individually only if the study is so complex that it saves liberty this way. Embrace particular materials, and any tools or provisions that are not frequently found in laboratories. Do not take in frequently found. If use of a definite type of tools. Materials may be reported in a part section or else they may be recognized along with your measures.

Methods:

Report the method (not particulars of each process that engaged the same methodology) Describe the method entirely To be succinct, present methods under headings dedicated to specific dealings or groups of measures Simplify - details how procedures were completed not how they were exclusively performed on a particular day. If well known procedures were used, account the procedure by name, possibly with reference, and that's all.

Approach:

It is embarrassed or not possible to use vigorous voice when documenting methods with no using first person, which would focus the reviewer's interest on the researcher rather than the job. As a result when script up the methods most authors use third person passive voice. Use standard style in this and in every other part of the paper - avoid familiar lists, and use full sentences.

What to keep away from

Resources and methods are not a set of information. Skip all descriptive information and surroundings - save it for the argument. Leave out information that is immaterial to a third party.

Results:

The principle of a results segment is to present and demonstrate your conclusion. Create this part a entirely objective details of the outcome, and save all understanding for the discussion.

The page length of this segment is set by the sum and types of data to be reported. Carry on to be to the point, by means of statistics and tables, if suitable, to present consequences most efficiently.You must obviously differentiate material that would usually be incorporated in a study editorial from any unprocessed data or additional appendix matter that would not be available. In fact, such matter should not be submitted at all except requested by the instructor.

Content

Sum up your conclusion in text and demonstrate them, if suitable, with figures and tables. In manuscript, explain each of your consequences, point the reader to remarks that are most appropriate. Present a background, such as by describing the question that was addressed by creation an exacting study. Explain results of control experiments and comprise remarks that are not accessible in a prescribed figure or table, if appropriate. Examine your data, then prepare the analyzed (transformed) data in the form of a figure (graph), table, or in manuscript form. What to stay away from Do not discuss or infer your outcome, report surroundings information, or try to explain anything. Not at all, take in raw data or intermediate calculations in a research manuscript. Do not present the similar data more than once. Manuscript should complement any figures or tables, not duplicate the identical information. Never confuse figures with tables - there is a difference. Approach As forever, use past tense when you submit to your results, and put the whole thing in a reasonable order. Put figures and tables, appropriately numbered, in order at the end of the report If you desire, you may place your figures and tables properly within the text of your results part. Figures and tables If you put figures and tables at the end of the details, make certain that they are visibly distinguished from any attach appendix materials, such as raw facts Despite of position, each figure must be numbered one after the other and complete with subtitle In spite of position, each table must be titled, numbered one after the other and complete with heading All figure and table must be adequately complete that it could situate on its own, divide from text Discussion:

The Discussion is expected the trickiest segment to write and describe. A lot of papers submitted for journal are discarded based on problems with the Discussion. There is no head of state for how long a argument should be. Position your understanding of the outcome visibly to lead the reviewer through your conclusions, and then finish the paper with a summing up of the implication of the study. The purpose here is to offer an understanding of your results and hold up for all of your conclusions, using facts from your research and generally accepted information, if suitable. The implication of result should be visibly described. Infer your data in the conversation in suitable depth. This means that when you clarify an observable fact you must explain mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results vary from your prospect, make clear why that may have happened. If your results agree, then explain the theory that the proof supported. It is never suitable to just state that the data approved with prospect, and let it drop at that.

Make a decision if each premise is supported, discarded, or if you cannot make a conclusion with assurance. Do not just dismiss a study or part of a study as "uncertain." Research papers are not acknowledged if the work is imperfect. Draw what conclusions you can based upon the results that you have, and take care of the study as a finished work You may propose future guidelines, such as how the experiment might be personalized to accomplish a new idea. Give details all of your remarks as much as possible, focus on mechanisms. Make a decision if the tentative design sufficiently addressed the theory, and whether or not it was correctly restricted. Try to present substitute explanations if sensible alternatives be present. One research will not counter an overall question, so maintain the large picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies unlock new avenues of study. What questions remain? Recommendations for detailed papers will offer supplementary suggestions. Approach:

When you refer to information, differentiate data generated by your own studies from available information Submit to work done by specific persons (including you) in past tense. Submit to generally acknowledged facts and main beliefs in present tense.

XXI

THE $'0,1,675$7,2158/(6

Please carefully note down following rules and regulation before submitting your Research Paper to Global Journals Inc. (US):

Segment Draft and Final Research Paper: You have to strictly follow the template of research paper. If it is not done your paper may get rejected.

The major constraint is that you must independently make all content, tables, graphs, and facts that are offered in the paper. You must write each part of the paper wholly on your own. The Peer-reviewers need to identify your own perceptive of the concepts in your own terms. NEVER extract straight from any foundation, and never rephrase someone else's analysis.

Do not give permission to anyone else to "PROOFREAD" your manuscript.

Methods to avoid Plagiarism is applied by us on every paper, if found guilty, you will be blacklisted by all of our collaborated research groups, your institution will be informed for this and strict legal actions will be taken immediately.) To guard yourself and others from possible illegal use please do not permit anyone right to use to your paper and files.

XXII

CRITERION FOR GRADING A RESEARCH PAPER (COMPILATION) BY GLOBAL JOURNALS INC. (US) Please note that following table is only a Grading of "Paper Compilation" and not on "Performed/Stated Research" whose grading solely depends on Individual Assigned Peer Reviewer and Editorial Board Member. These can be available only on request and after decision of Paper. This report will be the property of Global Journals Inc. (US).

Topics Grades

A-B C-D E-F

Clear and concise with Unclear summary and no No specific data with ambiguous appropriate content, Correct specific data, Incorrect form information Abstract format. 200 words or below Above 200 words Above 250 words

Containing all background Unclear and confusing data, Out of place depth and content, details with clear goal and appropriate format, grammar hazy format appropriate details, flow and spelling errors with specification, no grammar unorganized matter Introduction and spelling mistake, well organized sentence and paragraph, reference cited

Clear and to the point with Difficult to comprehend with Incorrect and unorganized well arranged paragraph, embarrassed text, too much structure with hazy meaning Methods and precision and accuracy of explanation but completed Procedures facts and figures, well organized subheads

Well organized, Clear and Complete and embarrassed Irregular format with wrong facts specific, Correct units with text, difficult to comprehend and figures precision, correct data, well Result structuring of paragraph, no grammar and spelling mistake

Well organized, meaningful Wordy, unclear conclusion, Conclusion is not cited, specification, sound spurious unorganized, difficult to conclusion, logical and comprehend concise explanation, highly Discussion structured paragraph reference cited

Complete and correct Beside the point, Incomplete Wrong format and structuring References format, well organized

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Index

C R

Copr ec ipitation · 34 Refurbished · 21 Costanza · 5 Criterion · 12 Crucible · 33 S Cytokine · 26, 27

Shriberg · 2, 10 Sublimation · 29 D

Decantation · 33, 34 U Decarboxylation · 25 Depolymerizing · 22 Derivatization · 23 Unambiguously · 24 Diesendorf, · 5, 9 V E Velasques · 1 Endowment · 8 Evacuation · 19 Exaggeration · 32

Hydrolyse · 22 Hydrophobicities · 19

Lauss ane · 5 Lignocellulosic · 26

Noteworthy · 25 Notoriety · 32

Parquet · 21

Global Journals