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Strengthening Canadian Citizenship: but How and for Whose Benefit? the Rise and Fall of (Bill) C24, Or Towards a Hierarchized Canadian Citizenship

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Strengthening Canadian Citizenship: but How and for Whose Benefit? the Rise and Fall of (Bill) C24, Or Towards a Hierarchized Canadian Citizenship STRENGTHENING CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP: BUT HOW AND FOR WHOSE BENEFIT? THE RISE AND FALL OF (BILL) C24, OR TOWARDS A HIERARCHIZED CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP by Antoine Marie Zacharie Habumukiza BA, National University of Rwanda, 2006 MA, Queen’s University, 2009 Diploma (SSW), Seneca College, 2016 A Major Research Paper presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the program of Immigration and Settlement Studies Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2017 © Antoine Marie Zacharie Habumukiza 2017 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A MAJOR RESEARCH PAPER (MRP) I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this Major Research Paper. This is a true copy of the MRP, including any required final revisions. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this MRP to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this MRP by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my MRP may be made electronically available to the public. Antoine Marie Zacharie Habumukiza ii STRENGTHENING CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP: BUT HOW AND FOR WHOSE BENEFIT? THE RISE AND FALL OF (BILL) C24, OR TOWARDS A HIERARCHIZED CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP Antoine Marie Zacharie Habumukiza Master of Arts, 2017 Immigration and Settlement Studies Ryerson University ABSTRACT While Statistics Canada evidences immigration to be a key driver of Canada’s population growth, unwelcoming immigration settlement policies and Canadian citizenship legislation combine to impede recent immigrants’ integration. Above all, citizenship policy plays a pivotal role in easing newcomers’ integration into the host polity by transforming them into citizens. Through naturalization, immigrants acquire legal citizenship; their substantive citizenship makes them enjoy rights and exercise responsibilities embedded in, and defined by citizenship policy. This paper argues that, by institutionalizing a conditional citizenship for new immigrants, recent changes to the Canadian citizenship regime brought by C-24 in June 2014 then repealed by C-6 in June 2017, not only weaken but jeopardize both legal and substantive citizenship of dual Canadian citizens and, consequently, hinder their successful integration into the Canadian polity. This study concludes that the lived experiences of recent immigrants mark a distinction between new Canadians’/visible minorities’ alientity and mainstream Canadian identity. Key words: (Bill) C-24; (Bill) C-6; Canadian citizenship regime change; Recent immigrants’ integration; New Canadians’ alientity iii Acknowledgments Dr. Myer Siemiatycki, accept this as a token of my gratitude not only for having agreed to accompany me throughout the drafting of this work but especially for having always been there for me even when I wasn’t available. I am also grateful to you, Dr. Harald Bauder: you would probably agree with me that you’ve actively participated in the maturation of my thought as it is developed in this MRP, which you very willingly accepted to criticize as second reader. The fact that I was a full-time student and a full-time employee as well, I needed accommodation which I got from both my workplace’s supervisors at Le Centre francophone de Toronto / The Francophone Centre of Toronto (CFT), and my professors at Ryerson University. Thus, • To Aline Hélène Merlette, my former supervisor and Coordinator of Orientation Program, Newcomer Services Department at the CFT: I am extremely grateful to you not only for your open-mindedness but for your sense of humanity; I would not have even finished my courses within one year without your accommodation. Please, count my completion of this program of study among your Orientation Program’s Bons Coups. • To Oureye Seck, my worksite placement supervisor and Coordinator of Community Connections Program, Newcomer Services Department at the CFT: Your bold assiduity in your everyday tasks, your sense of responsibility and your natural sense of humor, have always raised my spirits, especially when I had to work at your side either in the evening or during the week-end, after an exhausting or emotionally stressful long day or week. • To Dr. Doreen Fumia, my single day class’s professor at Ryerson: as I mentioned to you before, I really appreciated the way you've been supportive towards me; allow me to repeat what I promised you: I will accommodate others in memory of you. There is a saying that every cloud has a silver lining. It is very true. When I was robbed of my laptop at Ryerson's library only a few days before the end of August 2017, Fortune offered me to meet a good Samaritan. Venu Gudivada, a librarian at Ryerson, who afterwards presented himself to me as the father of one of my fellow-students, kindly lent me his laptop. May he find here the expression on my sincere thanks and the testimony of my deepest gratitude. Last but not least, I am a husband and a father of three. To Marie Claire my wife, and to Mugire Fidèle, Hirwa-Auguste and Ineza-Richard my boys: I acknowledge that you were obliged to endure my year-long absence at Ryerson University, a year that unfortunately was in addition to other years of absence spent at Seneca College, Western University and Queen's University. Unfortunately for you the storm is not yet completely over. For I still need the current academic year (2017-18) to finish my PhD Dissertation at Western. After that, I promise, the storm will be over. Inshallah. iv Contents Author's Declaration ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chap.1. Conceptual and Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 7 Chap. 2. C-24, or Citizenship ’87 implementation ....................................................................... 16 Chap.3. C-6: The fall of C-24 and the Return to the 1977 Canadian Citizenship Regime ........... 28 Conclusion: Canadian citizenship and New Canadians’ Alientity ............................................... 34 References ..................................................................................................................................... 38 v Introduction Both the history of Canada as a settler society and reports from Statistics Canada affirm that immigration has always been and will likely continue to be a key driver of Canada’s population growth. To be accurate, statistics and projections from the 2011 Population Census show that “starting in 2031, migratory increase could account for more than 80% of Canada's population growth, compared to about 67%” in 2011 (Statistics Canada, 2012: 4). Furthermore, Statistics Canada warns that “Without a sustained level of immigration or a substantial increase in fertility, Canada's population growth could, within 20 years, be close to zero” (Ibid.). That Canada relies on immigrants for its demographic and economic growth, it is an undeniable fact that has earned it the name of “a country of immigrants” (Kelly & Trebilcock, 2013: 4). However, bringing immigrants to Canada is one thing and integrating them into the Canadian society is another thing. As Siemiatycki notes, “Integration addresses the role and place of immigrants in the new country they have moved to” (2015: 93); in that sense, integration amounts to “the ability to contribute, free of barriers, to every dimension of [host society] life, that is, economic, social, cultural and political” (Shields et al., 2016: 5). Defined in this way, the integration is not achieved overnight: it “is a long process, even an inter-generational process” (Biles, 2008:174). While bringing immigrants to Canada and easing their integration process in the destination community should be going hand in hand, the history of Canadian immigration policy coupled with unwelcoming immigration settlement policies as well as the evolution of the relatively young Canadian citizenship legislation, reveal that integration of immigrants in the Canadian community remains not only an undermined but a challenging field. For the purposes of this study, I will set aside Canadian immigration and settlement policies and focus on citizenship legislation. 1 Specifically, I will emphasize the recent changes to the 1977 Canadian Citizenship Act pertaining not only to the definition of Canadian citizenship but also to the place reserved to dual and potential dual Canadian citizen – and to recent immigrants as well – in the Canadian polity. In this study, I argue that changes that were brought by C-24 to the Canadian citizenship regime then repealed by C-61 – changes that flouted both the 1971 Canadian Multiculturalism Policy and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms –, not only weaken but especially jeopardize both legal and substantive citizenship of dual Canadian citizens by institutionalizing a conditional citizenship for them and, consequently, hinder their successful integration into the Canadian polity.
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