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AP Rural Poverty Reduction Project Public Disclosure Authorized Tribal Development Plan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FILE COPY
1. INTRODUCTION
The Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project (APRPRP) will cover 500 backward mandals in 16 districts of the State viz. Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Medak, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam, Nellore, Rangareddy, Cuddapah, Kumool and Nalgonda. The focus of the project is to improve opportunities for rural poor to meet priority social and economic needs in the said districts. Since the tribal population constitute the poorest and the most vulnerable of the social groups in the Project, a Tribal Development Plan is proposed as an integral part of the APRPRP. World Bank's Operational Directive 4.20 related to Indigenous People is triggered in APRPRP.
In the state, 33 tribal groups are notified as Scheduled Tribes. The list of Scheduled Tribes is appended as Annexure I. The hilly and wooded tracts of Andhra Pradesh State have sheltered most of the tribal population from time immemorial. The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting Andhra Pradesh State possess in varying degrees the following characteristics:
a. a close attachment to ancestral territories and to natural resources in these areas; b. self identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural group; c. an indigenous language or dialect, often different from the state language; d. presence of customary social and political institutions; and e. primarily subsistence oriented production.
The population of Scheduled tribes is 4.2 millions and they constitute 6.3% of the State's general population (1991 Census). The scheduled areas and tribal sub-plan areas in the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Mahabubnagar constitute the traditional habitat of about 30 tribal groups, while the other 3 groups viz., Yerukula, Yanadi and Lambada, are mainly living in the plains, outside the tribal concentrated areas. The tribal population can be broadly divided into 4 categories based on their geographical distribution, habitat and levels of economy in the State of Andhra Pradesh:
a. Those living in the areas of tribal concentration; b. Primitive Tribal Groups'; c. Those living in small pockets outside tribal concentration; and d. Those dispersed through out the State.
Proiect Area
The project districts comprise three of the five distinct tribal regions of the State. The major tribes and their geographical distribution in the project districts is as follows:
IIn Andhra Pradesh, eight Tribal groups viz. Chenchu, Khond, Savara, Kondareddy, Thoti, Gadaba, Porja and Kolam are identified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) basing on certain criteria evolved by Government of India like pre-agricultural level technology, low literacy and hunting and gathering economy
I Geo Ethnic Zones of Project districts
S.No. Traditional Habitat Major Tribes
1. Machkund - Sileru Bagata, Muka Dora, Kotia, Khond, River basin Konda Dora, Valmiki, Gadaba, Porja, (agency area of Visakhapatnam district) Goudu, Kammara, Mali.
2. Godavari Basin Koya, Konda Reddi, Naikpod, Valmiki, (agency areas of East & West Godavari, and Lambada. Khammam and Warangal districts ).
3. Nallamalai Region (parts of Kumool, Chenchu. Prakasam, Guntur, Nalgonda, Rangareddy
Yerukula, Yanadi and Lambada tribes are found predominantly in the plain areas of Project districts.
PARTICIPATION OF POOR COMMUNITIES IN APRPRP
The APRPRP is designed to maximize the participation of the target groups, i.e the poor communities. The objectives of the Project are that the poor, and particularly the poorest of the poor build and nurture self-reliant, self managed empowered organizations and through these organizations access economic and social opportunities in a risk managed environment. They are able to convert and expand their asset base into an economically viable, improved and sustainable living. Higher level educational achievement, particularly among girl children of the poorest of the poor is another critical objective.
The Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh are amongst the poorest in the Project districts and hence of utmost priority in APRPRP. One of the prerequisites of a successful development plan for the scheduled tribes is the preparation of a culturally appropriate development plan, with the involvement of the tribals and based on full consideration of the options preferred by them. Being a community demand driven Project, the active involvement of the poor communities at each stage of the Project is a fundamental tenet in APRPRP. The involvement of the tribal community in planning, implementation and monitoring of the programmes meant for their own development would be the cornerstone of the tribal development strategy in APRPRP.
The process of community participation in tribal development would include establishment of viable and sustainable village institutions, which are self managed and self governed. All project interventions and other Government interventions would flow through such village level institutions. Such an approach would ensure that the development interventions are culturally appropriate. The development needs of each tribal community differ from each other, and therefore there cannot be one single model suited to all the tribal communities.
2 COMPONENTS OF APRPRP
The APRPRP consists of the following six components:
1. Strengthening Institutional Social and Human Capacity Building. 2. Community Investment Fund. 3. Investment in Social Risk Management & Social Protection. 4. Investment in Educational Support for Two Especially Disadvantaged Groups: Girl Child Labourers and School Drop-outs. 5. Support to people with Disabilities. 6. Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Studies.
1) Strenethening Institutional Social and Human Capacity Building: > Social assessment for identification of those belonging to the target groups and their specific needs. > Mapping of all existing schemes and services on the ground that are relevant and identification of areas of integration. > Social mobilization for setting in motion processes for increasing opportunities for capacity building of the target groups and > Setting up mechanisms for coordination of CBOs and PRIs through Joint Planning and sharing of responsibilities and a baseline assessment of project outcomes for purposes of monitoring impacts.
2) Community Investment Fund: > Activities for which the poor may want to access as a group, based on their current livelihoods, off farm livelihood opportunities for the landless, livelihoods for small and marginal farmers, infrastructure development, land and water conservation / management interventions, etc.
3) Investment in Social Risk Management & Social Protection: > To undertake pilots in social risk management and social protection. > Pilot insurance schemes (in health, livelihoods and agriculture), social safety nets for vulnerable women and groups, girl child protection, management of emergency Social Fund.
4) Investment in Educational Support for two Especiallv Disadvantaged Groups: Girl child Labourers and School Drop-outs: > Investment in weaning girl children away from work. > Provide for campaigns, social mobilization and residential schools etc.
5) Support to Deople with Disabilities: > Investments for meeting the special needs of the people with disabilities mostly in software, capacity building, integration of people with disabilities into main stream, changing social mindset, developing Community based rehabilitation (CBR) programmes, developing cadres of CBR workers etc. > Investments in providing options to destitute
3 6) Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Studies: > Cost of incremental staff, technical assistance / consultants, training and workshops and study tours, vehicles, office equipment supplies and other incremental costs. > Special studies and preparation of a follow up project. > Funding for a comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system.
2. METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF THE TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The following methodology was followed for developing this Tribal development plan.
A) Secondary Information The information collected from Secondary sources relate to demography, Social, and cultural profile of Scheduled Tribes, education and literacy, sectoral involvement (work), land holding, health and sanitation, household assets and infrastructure provision. The information has been collected from: Census 1991, Base Line Survey for Andhra Pradesh DPIP conducted by CESS, Reports published by Department of Education, Hyderabad, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Hyderabad and Tribal Welfare Department, Hyderabad
B) Field Work Field work was taken up in sample villages to collect primary data on livelihood strategies, risk-response and impact, access to formal institutions, programmes and projects, informal institutions and common property resources and sustainable livelihood indicators. The sample villages, were selected by a team of international and national consultants, with expertise in PRA techniques, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and interviewing key informants. In the field they were assisted by the Community Coordinators (CCs) and Social Organizers (SOs) of the ongoing APDPIP Project. The team of social researchers from T.C.R & T.I, with a strong background of conducting anthropological studies participated in the fieldwork for collection of the primary data relating to Scheduled Tribes. The studies were conducted in 3 tribal villages each of Anantpur and Adilabad districts, selected on the basis of stratified random sampling.
C) Consultations in the project districts During the above 2 phases, a preliminary identification of issues important for the tribals was undertaken and a draft tribal development plan was prepared. In order that the contents of the Tribal Development Plan (TDP) are widely disseminated among the key tribal stakeholders and discussions are facilitated to elicit their views and suggestions, a series of consultations were organized. Prior to the consultations, a summary of the draft TDP was translated into the local language and communicated to the District Collectors, Zilla Panchayat and the Integrated Tribal Development Agencies so that they would facilitate the further dissemination of the TDP. The summary was also displayed in the offices of Collectorate, Zilla Parishads, ITDAs, Block Development Offices, Gram Panchayats and/or communicated to other public among the key tribal stake holders, NGOs, officials and non- officials to facilitate fruitful discussions during consultation process. Notifications were also issued in Telugu and English, in the state edition of daily news papers highlighting the main
4 contents of TDP and inviting the views and suggestions of stakeholders, NGOs, etc. for making necessary modifications in TDP. Consultations were held with tribals in 19 selected villages of three districts, representing the three distinct regions of the State viz. Visakhapatnam district in Coastal Andhra region, Khammam district in Telangana region and Kurnool district in Rayalaseema region. Besides this, workshops were organized with Tribal leaders, NGOs working in the tribal areas, Government officials and elected representatives at the respective ITDA offices to invite their views and suggestions on Tribal Development Plan. A State level meeting was also conducted with NGOs at the office of the SERP. The feedback and suggestions received were documented and incorporated into the TDP before finalization.
3. STATUS OF TRIBALS IN THE PROJECT DISTRICTS ON KEY DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
According to 1991 Census, the Scheduled Tribe population in Andhra Pradesh is 4.2 million and it constitutes 6.3% to the total population of the State.
Table No.: 1 Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population In millions. S.No. Area Total S.T. Population % of S.Ts to Population total population. 1. Andhra Pradesh 66.51 4.20 6.3 2. Project Districts. 47.32 3.05 6.4
The Project area is spread over parts of 16 districts, out of which Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) are situated in the districts of Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Warangal and Khammam. Apart from the above, the 1TDA for Chenchus (PTG) with headquarters at Sundipenta covers parts of 6 districts viz. Guntur, Prakasam, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar. The Scheduled Tribe population in the Project districts is about 3.05 millions constituting 6.4% of the total population of the Project districts.
The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting different regions in Andhra Pradesh exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religions, traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits. Traditional values and social ethos play an important role among the tribal communities. The rich socio cultural profiles of Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh are presented in Appendix - I.
The im ortant development indicators of tribals are given below: S.No. Indicator State Tribal Area 1 Literacy (%) 44.09 17.16 2 Enrolment ratio I -V (%) 86.28 119.16 3 Dropout rate I - V (%) 40.28 69.75 4 Infant Mortality Rate (infants below 1 year per 1000 live 65.80 120.00 births) 5 Incidence of Malaria (PF) - % of population 10.00 35.00 6 No. of beds per lakh of population 71.00 47.00
5 7 Percentage of population covered under RWS 75.00 30.00 8 Cultivators (% of population ) 11.86 21.28 9 Percentage of Villages electrified (revenue villages, 100.00 44.60 excluding hamlets) (excluding tribal
______areas) _____ 10 Road length per 100 Sq. Kms 46.79 1.65
The literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts is significantly lower compared to that of the general population of Project districts. The literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes in Project area is 16.84%, compared to the literacy rate of 44.09% among the general population as per 1991 census. The female S.T literacy rate is 8.56% and the male literacy at 24.78%. The district wise literacy rates among Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts are given in Annexure-6.
The most common health problems in the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh include, high incidence of T.B., acute respiratory infections, high incidence of malaria, goiter, diarrhoea and gastro enteritis. The common malnutrition problems found among the tribals are anemia, Vitamin A deficiency and Iodine deficiency diseases. The poor nutritional status among the tribals makes them more susceptible to infection resulting in high mortality and morbidity. Lack of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and education for health among tribals constitute the major factors affecting the health status of tribals.
Agriculture and agriculture labour constitute the mainstay of livelihoods for majority of tribals in Andhra Pradesh. Scheduled Tribe cultivators and agricultural labourers constitute 21.3% and 23.6% respectively to the total tribal population in the Project districts. Land forms the principal source of livelihood for majority of the tribals. Land assumes greater importance in the scheme of tribal development as lack of education, and lack of enterprise among tribals adversely affects their capacity for taking up alternative avenues of employment. With the depletion of non-timber forest produce in the forest areas, the dependence of tribals on land for sustenance has increased even more. The Scheduled Tribe households possess relatively small pieces of land compared to other social groups. In the Project area, about 74% of the total tribal land holders are in the category of small and marginal farmers. The tribal households in TSP areas, possess more livestock per capita, over those outside the TSP areas. Animal husbandry is one of the important household food production systems for the tribals. The details of the status of the livelihoods of tribals relating to baseline data based on secondary information and the fieldwork are presented in Appendix II.
4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION OF TRIBAL RIGHTS
Several safeguards have been incorporated in the Constitution of India to protect the Scheduled Tribes from social injustice and all forms of exploitation and promote with special care their educational and economic interests. It also ensures due representation for them in services, legislative bodies and educational institutions.
The Scheduled tribes living in the Scheduled areas of the State enjoy a special status under the Constitution and these areas are governed by Vth Schedule to the constitution of India. The Constitution of India provides for establishment of a Tribes Advisory Council
6 (TAC) to advice the Governor on matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement of Scheduled Tribes. The Vth Schedule to the constitution of India empowers the Governor to make regulations for the peace and good governance of the scheduled areas. In exercise of the powers vested on him, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh has promulgated Regulations relating to prohibition of transfer of tribal lands to non-tribals and the regulation of money lending operations in Scheduled areas.
Tenurial system of land in the tribal areas The lands in the Scheduled areas of the state were covered under the exploitative and feudatory systems of land tenure like zamindari, Jagirdari, muttadari and mahaldari systems. Under these feudatory systems, the tribal tenants did not have security of tenancy over the lands cultivated by them. Regulations were enacted abolishing the intermediaries and conferring security of tenure to the tribal farmers. Title deeds were issued to the tribal tenants for the lands cultivated by them. The important articles of the Indian Constitution safeguarding the interests of Scheduled tribes, the salient features of the above regulations and the policies made for the development of Scheduled tribes in the state are presented in Appendix - III.
5. INSTITUTIONS FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
At the State level the Principal Secretary Social Welfare through the Commissioner of Tribal Welfare is responsible for tribal development in the State. There are Tribal Sub-Plan areas in 8 out of the 23 districts in the State.
Integrated Tribal Development Agencv Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (I.T.D.As) have been established for implementation of development programmes for the tribals at Utnoor in Adilabad district, Eturunagaram in Warangal district, Bhadrachalam in Khammam district, K.R. Puram in West Godavari district, Rampachodavaram in East Godavari district, Paderu in Visakhapatnam district, Parvathipuram in Vizianagaram district and Seethampet in Srikakulam district. Two multi-district I.T.D.As have been set up for Chenchus and Yanadis respectively. All the ITDAs function under the overall control of Tribal Welfare Department at State Headquarters.
The ITDA is headed by a Project Officer, who is supported by subject matter specialists in agriculture, horticulture, engineering, sericulture, fisheries, information, housing and ground water. The I.T.D.As implement schemes for both area development and family based anti-poverty schemes. The State Plan funds of various departments are usually used for area development, whereas the Special Central Assistance, SGSY funds matched by Institutional Finance are used for implementing poverty alleviation programmes.
In each of the I.T.D.As, the office of Special Deputy Collector (TW) has been established with supporting staff to implement the provisions of Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes in lands situated in scheduled areas.
District Tribal Welfare Office: District Tribal Welfare Officers (D.T.W.Os) are functioning in almost all the districts of the State to implement tribal development programmes. The primary responsibility of the D.T.W.O is to monitor the functioning of the Tribal Welfare Ashram Schools, T.W. Hostels
7 for boys and girls, and sanctioning of scholarships and educational material to school going Scheduled Tribe students. In the districts outside TSP areas, the D.T.W.O is also responsible to implement economic developmental programmes for the tribals in his jurisdiction.
Andhra Pradesh Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (APTWREIS): APTWREIS (named as 'Gurukulam' ) was established at Hyderabad in the year 1998. There are 33 primary residential schools, 27 upgraded junior colleges and 5 residential junior colleges under the control of 'Gurukulam'.
Giriian Cooperative Corporation Ltd. Girijan Cooperative Corporation Ltd. (GCC) was established during 1956 with headquarters at Visakhapatnam. It is a marketing agency for the tribals to secure remunerative prices for their non-timber forest produce and agricultural produce, and prevent them from selling their produce at distress prices. The G.C.C through its network of Domestic Requirement Depots (DR) is a lifeline for the tribals and supplies their essential consumer goods at reasonable prices. The G.C.C is also a credit institution for the tribals and provides agricultural and consumption loans to the tribals.
TRICOR The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Tribes Cooperative Finance Corporation Ltd. (TRICOR) came into existence in 1976 with headquarters at Hyderabad. The Corporation accesses funds from the G.O.I and the State Government and provides Margin Money assistance (loan at low rates of interest) to tribals for their economic development. TRICOR functions through the I.T.D.As and the D.T.W.Os. The corporation also provides special investment funds @ 1% service charges to tribal entrepreneurs towards working capital, purchase of machinery as a bridge gap arrangement
TRIBAL CULTURAL RESEARCH & TRAINING INSTITUTE (TCR & TI)
The TCR &TI was established in 1963 with headquarters at Hyderabad and regional office at Bhadrachalam, Khammam district. This institute undertakes special studies on life, culture and development of tribals, carries out socio-economic and bench mark surveys; helps formulate the perspective plans of I.T.D.As for development of tribals and evaluates the performance of the tribal development programmes implemented in the state.
On going Anti poverty Programmes: The ongoing anti-poverty programmes can be classified under 3 categories (i) wage employment programmes like the Employment Assurance Scheme and Food for Work programme (ii) individual / group income generation through SpI. Central Assistance, S.G.S.Y, CMEY, PMRY, and programmes of National S.T. Financial Development Corporation, I.F.A.D financed A.P. Participatory Tribal Development Programme and (iii) development of common property resources through Community Forest Management, Spl. Central Assistance, plan funds of irrigation Dept., agriculture Dept. 6. PARTICIPATORY INITIATIVES IN TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT UNDERTAKEN IN A.P
In the last 15 years, Andhra Pradesh has taken several initiatives in adopting a participatory approach for the development of Tribals and the tribal areas. This approach has promoted the active participation of tribals in planning, implementation and monitoring of various development programmes. It has led to the fostering of several village level institutions in the TSP areas of Andhra Pradesh. The important village level institutions are described below:
Village Tribal Development Association (V.T.D.A) is the general body of all tribal men and women in a Habitation. The Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat is the President of the Executive Committee, and the other office bearers are elected by the general body. It functions as an umbrella organization at village level encompassing all the specific interest groups, like the women thrift and credit groups, school committee, grain bank management, health care management, forest management, horticulture development and water management.
Thrift and credit groups of women (SHGs) women have been motivated to fonn affinity groups, called self help groups, based on regular thrift and credit. The thrift habit has enabled the groups to meet emergency consumption needs of members. Formation of S.H.Gs has also led to several other positive spinoffs - in the form of social action for common purpose, taking up community infrastructure works like school building, link roads, minor irrigation structures, etc.
Community Health Workers (CHWs) have been engaged in the tribal sub-plan areas of Andhra Pradesh to promote community based health care delivery system at habitation level. The CHWis a local tribal woman selected by the community. They are provided initial training followed by periodical training on specific health issues, comprising MCH services, minor ailments and improvements in environment sanitation including safe drinking water besides identification of serious illness and referral to nearby medical institutions.
School Education Committees are established for every school to enable parents participation in the management of schools. The Committee consists of members elected from among the parents of the enrolled children and school headmaster / senior teacher.
Vana Samrakshana Samithis (VSS) have been constituted under the scheme of Joint Forest Management which aims at regeneration in degraded forests through active participation of local tribals who depend on forests for their livelihood.
7. CONSULTATIONS WITH SCHEDULED TRIBES ON TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
In developing the Tribal Development Plan extensive consultations were held with the tribal communities, their leaders and elected representatives. Consultations were also held with NGOs, and I.T.D.A Project Officials and officials from line departments. The consultations enabled identification of local priorities and incorporation of indigenous knowledge into the Tribal Development Plan. It is their project.
9 The APRPRP being a community demand driven project, consultations will be held with tribals in each project village at each stage of the project: planning, implementation, monitoring and review and planning for the next time slice. These consultations and recommendations should therefore be seen as the first of a series of consultations with tribal communities. This initial consultation process was conducted in the three districts viz, Visakhapatnam, Kharnmam and Kurnool. The methods adopted during the consultation process with the scheduled tribes and other stakeholders are as follows:
Scheduled tribes Individual discussions, Group discussions and observations. Elected representatives Individual discussions, joint meetings and district level workshops. Project officials and line Joint meetings, individual discussions, district level workshops. departments NGOs Consultations, Group discussions and district level workshops. The details relating to consultations with Scheduled Tribe community, place, date and issues discussed are as follows:
Consultations with Scheduled Tribe Communities and Meetings for Preparation of TDP
SI. Date Place No. of List of Issues Application No. participants Participants discussed oflssuesin TDP. 1 22.05.2002 Consultation at Officials from Discussions Inputs used Village Level TCR&TI, on Tribal for ITDA, NGOs, Development finalizing Tulasipakalu. 53 Tribal leaders, Plan (TDP) the TDP. Elected representatives and Tribal Communities. Jeediguppa. 78 -do- -do- -do-
2 23.05.2002 Workshop at Officials from Discussions Inputs used ITDA Level. TCR&TI, on Tribal for ITDA, NGOs, Development finalizing Paderu. 67 Tribal leaders Plan (TDP). the TDP. and Elected representatives.
Bhadrachalam 85 -do- -do- -do-
Sundipenta. 133 -do- -do- 1 0______-d o -
10 Consultations at Village Level
Vulvanuru 81 Bhadrachalam. Officials from -do- ITDA TCR&TI, -do- ITDA, NGOs, Tribal leaders, Elected representatives Mekalabanda. 40 and Tribal Srisailam Communities. ITDA. -do- -do- -do- 3 24.05.2002 Vanabasingi 79 -do- -do- -do- Paderu
Korrai 96 -do- -do- -do- Kothavalasa Paderu.
Koida 107 -do- -do- -do- Badrachalam.
Kottalacheruvu. 65 -do- -do- -do- Srisailam.
Sivapuram. 77 -do- -do- -do- Srisailam. 4 25.05.2002 Gurupalli 121 -do- -do- -do- Paderu.
P.G.Madugula 150 -do- -do- -do- Paderu
Kothapeta 184 -do- -do- -do- Badrachalam.
Velugodu 52 -do- -do- -do- Chenchu Col. Srisailam.
Panyam 76 -do- -do- -do- Chenchu Col. Srisailam
5 26.05.2002 Rintada 117 -do- -do- -do- Paderu.
Bakuluru 108 -do- -do- -do- Paderu.
Pogallapalli 102 -do- -do- -do- Badrachalam
Mahanandi 56 -do- -do- -do- Srisailam.
Sugalimatta 68 -do- -do- -do- Srisailam.
8. KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CONSULTATION PROCESS
The key issues, from the point of view of the tribals, to be addressed by the project, have been identified on the basis of information collected from field work and the consultation process undertaken with tribal communities, elected representatives, NGOs and Government officials. These issues have been categorised under the following major categories:
I. Institution building.
I. Mobilisation of Scheduled Tribe Women to form into SHGs and strengthening of already existing SHGs. 2. Orientation training to the functionaries of SHGs on project objectives, preparation, implementation and monitoring of plans. 3. Lack of awareness on safeguards meant for Tribals under the constitution 4. Multiplicity of SHGs at habitation level
II. Community Investment Fund for Livelihoods of the tribals
1. Lack of awareness among women on income generating activities. 2. Low productivity of lands . 3. High incidence of landlessness, especially in plain areas. 4. Depletion of NTFP. 5. Lack of awareness on processing and marketing of NTFP, Agriculture and horticulture produce. 6. Propagation of herbal medicines in tribal areas. 7. Market linkages for tribal handicrafts. 8. Technical and Financial support to Demand driven sub-projects for small infrastructure development and income generating investment proposals. 9. Lack of employment to educated tribal youth. 10. Lack of Assistance to differently abled tribals
12 III. Risk management.
1. Food insecurity during lean seasons 2. Vulnerability to risk.
IV. Proiect Management.
1. Lack of awareness on tribal culture to the field level functionaries 2. Gender sensitization to the field level functionaries and to the tribal community.
V. Issues relating to other line departments
1. Involvement of traditional tribal councils in development. 2. Tribal dialect, hindrance for promotion of education. 3. High incidence of dropouts especially among girls. 4. Lack of awareness on health, hygiene and sanitation. 5. Alienation of tribal land in Scheduled Areas.
9. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Objectives
The objectives of the Tribal Development Plan are:
* to evolve a development process which fosters full respect for dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness of indigenous people, * to ensure that they do not suffer adverse effects during the development process, and, * to take up economic benefit programmes which are culturally and socially compatible.
The Tribal Development Plan aims at building strong self reliant and self managing institutions of tribals, and through these institutions enable the tribals to access economic and social opportunities to overcome poverty and raise their living standards. The Tribal Development Plan will build on the earlier successful participatory initiatives of the I.T.D.A. For example, institutions like the Village Tribal Development Associations (V.T.D.A), the general body of all tribals in a habitation have assumed a significant role in the development process. The tribal women who are highly homogeneous and cohesive have adopted the concept of Self Help Group (SHG) for thrift and credit. They have come together as strong groups to implement programmes of relevance to their communities like construction of school buildings, anganwadi buildings, link roads, small irrigation structures etc.
The Tribal Development Plan will foster and strengthen self-managed institutions of tribals. All development interventions under the Project will be undertaken with the complete involvement of the tribal communities. The Tribal Development Plan will adopt a Livelihoods framework to identify opportunities and possible interventions. The development
13 plan will take into consideration the location variations like tribes living in interior forest areas (mostly PTGs), tribes living in relatively developed areas and tribes living in rural areas along with non-tribal communities. All Project functionaries working in the tribal areas, especially the grassroots functionaries, Community Coordinators and Assistant Project Managers, would be oriented towards tribal culture and development issues to enable them to appreciate the importance of "tribal way of life" (culture) while working among the tribals. With this participatory strategy, there would not be any potential adverse impacts on the tribals, as they are completely involved in each and every stage of the intervention process.
Considering the immense importance of N.T.F.P in the lives of the tribals, especially the landless tribals, and the policy issues involved in ensuring the rights of the tribals over the resource, the various issues involved in N.T.F.P development, including the role of G.C.C have been presented in some detail below.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
The institutional arrangements for implementation of Tribal Development Plan (T.D.P) would be similar to the arrangements in the ongoing APDPIP. Since the scheduled tribes inhabiting the different regions of the project districts exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits, an indepth understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious life of the tribals will be imparted to all the project functionaries, right from the district level to the village level, including the N.G.Os involved in T.D.P at the time of induction. This would run concurrently with the main plan. This orientation would enable them to develop an empathy and understanding of the tribal problems. The tribal community would engage community facilitator from among the local tribal educated youth to assist all the groups in their activities. The grassroots functionaries of the project, the C.Cs would be appointed by the Mandal Samakhyas and the Community Activists by the Village Organisations and they would be accountable to them. The performance of C.Cs will be continuously assessed by the Mandal Samakhyas.
Institution building processes
There are villages / habitations exclusively inhabited by tribals and villages in which both tribals and non tribals inhabit the Project districts. In the agency areas of the districts like Visakhapatnam, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari, West Godavari, even among villages which have only tribal population there are both homogenous villages ie. villages inhabited by people belonging to single tribal group and heterogenous villages i.e. villages inhabited by several tribal groups. Therefore, to address the needs of tribals in these different situations distinct strategies would be adopted. The processes described below are not universal prescriptions. Likely processes are described below, and the actual implementation will be participatory and situation specific.
(i) Exclusive tribal villages
The C.Cs and C.As concerned would consult tribal leaders, both men and women on the kind of groups that would be formed from among the tribal families. It is difficult to predict as to the kind of groups that would emerge. It is likely that in multi-tribal villages, the S.H.Gs, the primary affinity groups, would be formed separately for each tribal sub-group. This was also the opinion expressed by the tribal
14 community during the consultation process. They opined that group members in any of the S.H.Gs shall belong to the same tribal group as they have close relations with each other and they trust each other. They can be motivated to work together. All such S.H.Gs in a village would form into a Village Organisation, since the different tribal groups traditionally extend mutual co-operation in times of need.
(ii) Mixed Villages
Mixed villages would be of two types - tribal majority villages and non-tribal majority villages. The institution building process will be different in each context. The project would address the concerns of the poor non-tribals in tribal villages. In a tribal majority villages, the tribal S.H.Gs and the non-tribal S.H.Gs would perhaps be formed separately and federate at the village level.
In a non-tribal majority village, the tribals typically live in a separate settlement within the village or at the outskirts of the village. S.H.Gs would be formed for tribals exclusively and the S.H.Gs of the non-tribals would be formed separately. As far as federation of the groups is concerned, it is likely that these groups would federate at the V.0 level. There is also a possibility that if there are several mixed villages in a cluster, the tribal S.H.Gs of all these adjacent villages in a mandal may form a separate federation of tribal S.H.Gs groups. The exact form of this process may vary from place to place, and district to district and it will be determined based on the preferences of the tribals and the non-tribal poor.
Community Investment Fund
The C.Cs and the C.As would hold meetings with the tribal leaders and ascertain training requirement of the community and their needs. They would then develop a calendar of training for capacity building of the groups. The S.H.Gs /C.I.Gs and V.Os /V.T.D.As would be provided training in participation, conduct of meetings, collective decision making, thrift and credit, grain banks, and on livelihoods issues. The Groups would also be provided orientation on provisions of A.P.Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 1998, and on the protective regulations and the safeguards envisaged for the tribals under the Constitution of India and various other statutes.
The Project would adopt a Livelihoods framework for generation of projects to be financed under the Community Investment Fund. The Livelihoods Associates and the C.Cs would sensitise the tribal communities to analyse their existing livelihoods and identify the gaps in each of their current livelihoods. They would identify the resources available - natural and human, and the opportunities and risks in each of the existing livelihoods. This would be done through a participatory process and there would be several rounds of discussions. The focus naturally would be on the traditional livelihoods sources of the Scheduled Tribes such as land, livestock and forests. Through a value chain analysis of each significant livelihoods - starting with the inputs and analysis of each stage of the chain till marketing - the community would identify the leakages and gaps and opportunities for consolidation and expansion in their present livelihoods. They would analyse the causes of leakages and gaps in their livelihoods and the alternative approaches that can be adopted for their development and select appropriate plans for intervention. To operationalised these plans the communities would develop the sub-projects, to be financed by the project under the Community Investment Fund component.
15 The livelihoods and the sub-sectors where interventions are likely to take place include:
* Land and water development - soil conservation, irrigation, etc * Agriculture - crop development: maize, paddy and turmeric (Warangal), paddy, groundnut and chillies (Khammam), nigerseed, ginger and turmeric (Vishakhapatnam), etc * Horticulture development - cashew, mango, jackfruit, banana, pineapple, coffee, etc * Non-timber Forest produce - tamarind, gum karaya, mohwa flower, mohwa seed, lac, myrobalans, tasar, bamboo, beedi leaf, adda leaf,etc * Medicinal plants - about 50 important items have been shortlisted * Live Stock and dairy development - cows, buffaloes, sheep, poultry, pigs, etc * Off-farm: post-harvest value addition to agri produce, Non-timber Forest produce, and livestock, farm mechanisation services * Tribal handicrafts: based on a variety of traditional skills like basket making, rope making, black smithy etc. * Non-farm: Retail and wholesale trade, service sector - construction, repair workshops for oil engines, electric motors, farm machinery, etc.
The list of above interventions is a tentative one. As mentioned above the livelihoods expansion plans of each village will be developed by the tribal communities themselves, with facilitation support from the project. The tribals through their institutions would not only develop plans for livelihoods expansion, but would be responsible for implementation and monitoring of the plans thus prepared. In order to bridge their knowledge gap Tribal youth would be trained as para professionals and provided necessary inputs in managing that sector interventions - from production to marketing. The tribal institutions would receive capacity building inputs from the project staff and functionaries for the evolution and management of sub projects. The capacity building inputs for the tribal communities would include visits to successful interventions. The Gram Sabha discuss the sub projects in a meeting before submission to the T.P.M.U to ensure that the entire community is informed and gets a chance to give their advice and suggestions. The sub project proposals would be submitted by the C.I.G.S or VOs or the VTDAs or the Gram Panchayat to the T.P.M.U for funding.
NTFP development and role of G.C.C In the Project area, it is estimated that collection and sale of N.T.F.P is the single largest source of income for almost 80,000 tribals. It is a subsidiary source of income for another 100,000 to 120,000 tribals. Out of a total 640,000 tribal families in the project area, about 30% families derive moderate to significant incomes from N.T.F.P. In addition N.T.F.P serves the consumption needs of the tribals. Thus N.T.F.P plays an important role in the lives of tribals, especially the landless.
The concerns expressed by tribals, in the consultation process, relating to N.T.F.P are: * fast depletion of N.T.F.P * illegal cutting of NTFP trees * unsustainable tapping of NTFP and overexploitation of N.T.F.P
16 * need for community management of allocation of N.T.F.P trees for tapping gum and raising lac * encroachment by non-tribals to the N.T.F.P resources * need for protection and regeneration of NTFP species with tribal involvement - community management of forests * lack of knowledge of processing of N.T.F.P * marketing of N.T.F.P - underweighment, low prices, monopoly rights of G.C.C and Forest department * lack of knowledge of the vast medicinal plants wealth available in their vicinity
Learning from past intervention in N.T.F.P There have been several successful interventions in N.T.F.P in A.P and elsewhere. The learning from N.T.F.P sector interventions in the past and in the first project are as follows: * N.T.F.P is the main source of income for the poorest among the tribals, i.e the landless tribals living in the proximity of forests * In the Tribal Sub Plan areas of Visakhapatnam, E.Godavari, W.Godavari, Khammam and Warangal districts the forest area is about 66% of the total geographical area. The livelihoods strategy in these areas would depend on forestry and N.T.F.P. There are severe limits on what can be done under agriculture. * Interventions in N.T.F.P yield very high returns at a very low cost - hence substantial increases in incomes of the poorest of the poor are possible through N.T.F.P development * Interventions in ensuring scientific harvesting practices help conservation of the trees and plants, and thus these interventions have positive effect on the environment * The market for N.T.F.P and medicinal plants has a high growth rate both in the short term and the long termn * N.T.F.P requires linkages with institutions of science and technology and with such linkages substantial increases in unit realizations are possible. Such linkages are required in the areas of: sustainable harvesting, post harvesting, grading, preservation of active ingredients, value addition at village level, and value addition at a higher level * Work on N.T.F.P in tribal areas will also help the landless poor among the non-tribals who are in the vicinity of forests. * health costs can be reduced through promotion of herbal remedies and medicinal herbs kitchen gardens.
Thus N.T.F.P is of utmost importance to the landless tribals and the Tribal Development Plan will address this sector comprehensively. The issues which need to be addressed can be categorised as follows:
* Sustainable harvesting of N.T.F.P * Protection and regeneration of N.T.F.P * Post-harvest practices * Value addition through processing at village level * technologies for preserving bio-active ingredients * marketing of N.T.F.P
17 * policy issues relating to N.T.F.P, which impose restrictions on the tribals collecting N.T.F.P
To address all these issues will require the Project to work in close coordination with the following institutions: * Government departments: Tribal Welfare, G.C.C, Forest, Panchayat Raj, Health, Education * Scientific institutions: C.S.I.R Labs (N.B.R.I, I.I.C.T, C.C.M.B, C.D.R.L, C.F.T.R.I, etc), I.C.A.R, Forest Research Institute, Universities, research labs of private sector, freelance scientists, etc. * N.G.Os working in this sector: F.R.L.H.T, F.E.S, Kovel Foundation, etc. * Industry : Medicinal herbs exporters, Ayurvedic, Cosmetics, Drugs and Chemicals, Dyes, Natural pesticides, Gums and resins, etc
Role of Girijan Cooperative Corporation (G.C.C) in enhancing income opportunities for the tribals from the sale of N.T.F.Ps
The Tribal Development Plan will focus on building the capacities of the tribal N.T.F.P Collectors' associations to market their N.T.F.P. At present the G.C.C has monopoly procurement rights over 27 items of N.T.F.P. These are the most important N.T.F.P items in terms of both quantities and value. The other items of importance to the tribals are beedi leaves and bamboo, over which the forest department has monopoly rights.
In order to ensure that the tribals get remunerative prices for N.T.F.P, the tribal N.T.F.P Collectors' Associations will be registered with G.C.C or its Primary society. The G.C.C would have a dual system wherein the tribal N.T.F.P Collectors' Associations can sell the produce as a group to G.C.C, wherever G.C.C's price is the best price compared to the market, and, in situations where in their assessment they can secure a better price for their members, the G.C.C permits them to do so. The State Government (Tribal Welfare Department ) will issue necessary orders to facilitate the above arrangement.
Social protection and risk management
One of the key issues identified in the consultation process is the extreme vulnerability of the tribals. The project would develop community based social protection and insurance mechanisms to protect households, and communities from risks to their health, life, and assets and enterprises. The differently abled people are among the most vulnerable social groups and the project would provide community based rehabilitation and economic support to them.
Child labour eradication
The low human capital base, evidenced by very low literacy rates would also be addressed in the project through community based initiatives which have been successfully implemented in the state. Tribal communities would be mobilized to prevent child labour and to ensure that all children are sent to school. The girl children, who are weaned away from child labour will be admitted in bridge course centers. The project would establish Residential schools for admitting such children.
18 LINKAGES WITH THE VARIOUS ONGOING PROGRAMS OF THE LINE- DEPARTMENTS
In order to ensure effective administration in the tribal areas, Government have placed a lot of responsibility on the P.0, I.T.D.A. The Project Officer, 1TDA has the responsibility of implementing all development programmes for tribals, either directly through the I.T.D.A, or through the line departments functioning in the tribal areas. The P.0, I.T.D.A monitors the work of all the line departments. The sub-district heads of all the line departments are under the administrative control of the P.0, I.T.D.A, just as the District heads of all line departments are under the administrative control of the District Collector. This unique coordinating role of the P.0, I.T.D.A ensures convergence with important line departments like health, education, child welfare and nutrition, agriculture, horticulture, fisheries development, G.C.C, etc.
LINKAGES WITH OTHER EXTERNALLY FUNDED POVERTY ERADICATION PROJECTS
There are 3 major community based projects in the Project areas:
1. A.P.Participatory Tribal Development Project 2. Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project 3. A.P.Community Forestry Management Project
A.P. Participatory Tribal Development Project
This is a project, funded by IFAD, being implemented in 10 districts, out of which 8 districts are common to APRPRP - Warangal, Khammam, W.Godavari, Kurnool, Prakasam, Guntur, Nalgonda and Rangareddy. The Project is in its last year, ending in 2003. Under this project, a large number of Community based organizations have been promoted and nurtured. Development interventions, essentially in the areas of Natural resources management have been undertaken through the C.B.Os. The interventions under APRPRP will build on the successful community based institutions of this project. Due to the presence of strong C.B.Os, the implementation of the project components in these villages will be quicker. It is expected that these villages would act as resource villages for the tribal villages to be taken up under APRPRP.
Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project (S.T.E.P)
This is a E.U - C.A.R.E project being implemented in 4 districts, out of which 2 districts - Vishakhapatnam and E.Godavari are common to both projects. This project commenced in 2002. The Tribal Welfare department, S.E.R.P and C.A.R.E have already held discussions on convergence. In the C.A.R.E Project, the P.0, I.T.D.A has the nodal role in the project implementation. The 3 agencies, TW Dept, S.E.R.P, and C.A.R.E, will formalise the convergence, so that there is no overlap and duplication.
A.P.Community Forestry Management Project (A.P.C.F.M.P)
This is a World Bank funded project being implemented by the Forest Department. The project is being implemented in 14 districts of the state. The loan became effective in 2002. APCFMP is to be implemented in 3245 villages in the ITDA area of which 2000 - 2500
19 villages could be in the Scheduled Areas. Under the TDP of APCFMP, tribals are to be mobilized and organised into VSS by NGOs. The major benefits envisaged for the tribals include NTFP, 50% proceeds from Beedi leaf collected, wage employment from the forestry works and share of the incremental growth of the forests as part of the project. As part of the TDP, tribals would be trained in income generation activities. Provisions have also been made for development of community infrastructure.
Overlap between APCFMP and APRPRP
1. APRPRP is likely to work in the areas in which CFMP is to be implemented owing to the poverty focus of the project. 2. It is also possible that the NGOs from APCFMP and Community Coordinators from APRPRP would be functioning in the same area.
The T.W Department, Forest Department and S.E.R.P have held discussions on the overlap and the synergies between APRPRP and the Forestry project. These discussions took place during the visit of the pre-appraisal mission to the State in July.
Svnergv between APCFMP and APRPRP
1. The NGOs working on CFMP and the CCs would be trained together in community mobilization and strengthening by SERP. 2. Wherever the Forest Department is unable to find NGOs, CCs would take up the entire responsibility for community mobilization. 3. The microplan preparation process under CFMP will have inputs from RPRP especially with respect to Livelihoods Enhancement based on which interventions will be identified by the community. 4. While CFMP will fund some components, RPRP will take care of the others as per the project norms. 5. The VTDA will be forum of convergence for both the projects. 6. The ITDA will play a coordination role for the implementation of the two projects. 7. The plans will be jointly approved at the District Forestry Committee wherein the PO ITDA, DFO and APD TPMU are members. 8. Representation of RPRP will be ensured in all the relevant committees of CFMP and vice versa. 9. M&E system of the two projects will capture the project progress.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh will issue orders on the convergence between the 2 projects. Accordingly, an MoU will be signed between the SPC APCFMP, Commissioner, Tribal Welfare and SPC, SERP formalizing this agreement.
10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Tribal Development Plan is part of the overall APRPRP. The management of APRPRP at the state level is vested in an independent autonomous society, the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (S.E.R.P). The S.E.R.P implements the project through its State Project Management Unit (SPMU) at the State headquarters and the District Project
20 Management Units (DPMU) established at each District headquarters. For the implementation in tribal sub-plan areas the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh have issued orders for the convergence of DPIP and I.T.D.As, vide G.O.No.78 for effective implementation of its activities in Tribal Sub-Plan areas.
The salient features of the above order are:
> there will be an independent and autonomous Unit under the Project Officer, ITDA, called the Tribal Project Management Unit (TPMU) to implement APDPIP in TSP areas. > the TPMU is an independent support organization for the TSP area and its exclusive mandate is social mobilisation and empowerment of tribal communities. > an Annual Works and Finance Plan (AWFP) will be developed by the PO, ITDA for the TSP areas as per guidelines of the SPMU and in consultation with Project Director, DPIP. After the District Collector's approval, the Project Director, DPIP will send the AWFP for the entire district showing the TSP component separately.
The Govt. Order is reproduced in Annexure-20. The arrangements of the APDPIP would be adopted for the TSP areas of the APRPRP. Accordingly Tribal Project Management Units (TPMU) will be established at the ITDA headquarters in the districts of Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Khammam and Warangal.
Since, all the I.T.D.As and all mandals in each I.T.D.A in the State get covered under the APRPRP and APDPIP, it is essential to establish a State Tribal Management Unit(S.T.M.U) as part of the SPMU for effective implementation of the Tribal Development Plan. The STMU will have a Senior Professional assisted by 3-4 functional experts on tribal issues like non-timber forest products. The S.T.M.U will liaise between S.E.R.P and the Commissioner, TW. The State Government would issue revised orders, incorporating these additional elements.
Each TPMU, would be supported by a team of functional specialists at the I.T.D.A and it would also draw support from a larger pool of functional specialists at the D.P.M.U level. Community Coordinators (C.Cs), grassroots development professionals would be positioned at the rate of one per 1000 poor families. Their mandate is to build the capacities of the tribal communities, promote and nurture the community institutions at village and mandal level, develop community activists, facilitate the evolution of sub-projects, etc. Besides the C.Cs, there would be activists at the Village level to support Community Coordinators.
The organogram for implementation of TDP as part of APRPRP would be similar to that of the ongoing APDPIP, with the addition of a S.T.M.U at the state level.
21 ORGANOGRAM SER1;P
FGENERAL BODY
|EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
SPMU ~S.T.M.U C-TW Cell for T.D.P. OUTSIDE TSP AREA TSP AREA
DPMU |ITDA
LINE DEPT. GCC
\ 9 LINDEPT. Assistant Project ; \ | ~NGO
MANDAL COMMUNITY SUPPORT CELL MANDAL SAMAKHYA
COMMUNITY COORDINATOR
VILLAGE ORGANISATION
22 For the implementation of T.D.P in the districts where there are no TSP areas, the District Tribal Welfare Officer (DTWO) concerned would be consulted and he would be made a member in the District Co-ordination Committee. The DTWO concerned would assist the PD, APRPRP in preparation of the AWFP relating to TDP component. The Govt. would issue orders to the above effect.
Matrix on Implementation arrangements, Organisation and Management
SI.No. Agency Members Functions 1 APRPRP Commissioner / Director (TW) as Providing necessary guidance and State level Steering Member support to the Project in tribal Committee areas. 2 Sub-Committee on To be Chaired by Principal Approval of the Tribal Welfare Tribal Area Plan Secretary (SW), Secretary (TW), Plan for the year. Coordination Commissioner (TW), C.E.(TW), with line depts, and banking Secretary (Gurukulam), institutions review and advise. Commissioner (Agriculture), C.E. (minor irrigation), Representatives of NABARD, NGO working in the Project area as members. 3 Integrated Tribal Special staff to be deputed to - Day to day implementation, Development ITDA and would function under monitoring and reporting to Agency (ITDA) - P.O., I.T.D.A, as a separate Unit State Project Management Development unit for the project. Unit, Coordination with other (TPMU). line depts. The Unit consists of various > Training of Personnel. functional specialists. > Social mobilization and empowerment of tribal communities. > Preparation of AWFPs for TSP areas. 4 Assist. Project One A.P.M for 2 mandals - Post > Coordination with ongoing Managers (A.P.M) Graduate/ Graduate, with ITDA and other line depts. minimum 5 years of relevant activities. experience > Support C.Cs in social mobilisation and capacity To be trained on tribal culture and building of tribals and their traditions institutions > Support C.Cs in generating and grounding community sub-projects 5 Community One CC for 10-15 habitations. > Identification of poor and Coordinators poorest of the poor through (C.C) Post Graduate or Graduate with PRA tools. experience > Mobilization of women/men to form into S.H.Gs, To be trained on tribal culture and > Federation of S.H.Gs into traditions V.Os/M.S > Assist in the preparation of demand driven sub-projects. 6 Community Activist Tribal youth from same habitation. > Mobilization. (C.A) > Facilitation. > Coordination with other Educated, atleast upto VIIth class. activities.
23 > Monitoring and reporting. Must be selected by the Community of same habitation.
11. ISSUES RAISED IN THE CONSULTATION PROCESS AND POSSIBLE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
The key issues raised during the consultation process and the likely strategies and activities to address the issues are presented in the following matrix. The project components which enable these interventions and the persons and institutions responsible are also indicated.
The APRPRP is a community demand driven project, hence the issues presented here cannot be regarded as exhaustive. Fresh issues would arise during project implementation at the village level or at the policy level, and similarly some of the issues raised here may not be relevant at the time of implementation for all villages or all districts. Similarly, the activities proposed are not to be taken as one time, top down prescriptions. They are only suggested interventions. The objective of this matrix is to underline the vast potential in the Tribal Development Plan to respond to a wide variety and range of issues.
Matrix of Tribal Issues, Strategies, Likely Activities, Proiect component and responsibility for implementation
S.No Key Issue Strategy Likely activities Project Primary Support component Responsi institutions bility 1. Mobilization Establishing * Separate SHG / CIG for Institution C.C T.P.M.U of Scheduled new SHGs / each tribal group and human A.P.M D.P.M.U. Tribe women CIGs and (homogenous groups) in capacity to form into VOs / villages / habitations building SHGs / and VTDAs in exclusively inhabited by strengthening the tribal tribal groups. of already habitations existing where there * Separate SHGs / CIG for SHGs. are no SHGs S.Ts/and non-S.Ts in and mixed villages. strengthenin g the SHGs in the tribal habitation where they are already established. 2 Orientation Building the Facilitation in participatory Institution C.C A.P.M training to capacities of preparation of development and human Livelihoo Line functionaries C.Cs and plan capacity ds department of SHGs on C.As as building Associate T.P.M.U Project trainers Facilitation in implementation Community Conceme objectives, of plan, and, in monitoring Investment d Line preparation, and evaluation. Fund departme
24 implementatio nt n and Providing technical guidance monitoring of by the concerned Line Depts. plans. 3 Lack of Promotion of * Training VTDA members Institution APM TPMU awareness awareness on on the powers and and human ITDA TCR on constitu- safeguards responsibilities of Gram capacity & TI. tional provided to Sabhas in scheduled areas building safeguards tribals under of the State as envisaged in meant for the A.P. Panchayat Raj Tribals under Constitution. (Amendment) Act 1998 constitution. * Training to the tribal leaders, PRI functionaries, SHGs / VOs / VTDAs. 4 Multiplicity Establishme * V.0 to consolidate all Institution C.C A.P.M of SHGs at nt of a V.0 S.H.Gs into a strong and human T.P.M.U habitation institution capacity Village D.P.M.U level Convergence * Dovetailing of Govt. building level Line of SHGs interventions for the functiona departments formed development of STs. Linkage ries of , at mandal under * To work in close Co- with line line and district different line ordination with the departments departme level departments functionaries of Depts. nts Concerned. 5 Lack of Provision of * Selection of beneficiaries Community C.C. TPMU awareness necessary by V.O.s from among the Investment A.P.M Local banks among skills to take SHGs in consultation with Fund women on up income Gram Sabha. income generating * Training in various income generating activities. generating activities as per activities. preference groups'. * Provision of necessary assistance. a Exposure visits to the _ ~~~~~~~~~~placesof successful SHGs. 6 Low Enhancing . Training in soil Community Communi T.P.M.U productivity productivity conservation and land Investment ty para Mandal from lands. by bridging development activities Fund professio Agri knowledge * Training in dry land nals Officer gap and farming techniques. C.C I.T.D.A financial * Training to farmers in Village resources watershed management. agri support * Organizing departme demonstration plots and nt seed production sites. functiona * Training in balanced use ry of fertilizers and pesticides, use of bio fertilizers and bio- pesticides, and use of improved seeds * Fund support for land development, purchase of
25 appropriate agri-inputs *Provision of Irrigation. 7 High Land lease Identification of landless Community C.C T.P.M.U incidence of tribals. Investment A.P.M I.T.D.A landlessness, Assignment Identification of Government Fund Mandal Revenue specially of waste lands, temple lands and Revenue Divisional among government ceiling lands for distribution. Officer Officer Scheduled lands, and, Identification of willing land District tribes in plain purchase of sellers. Collector areas lands Purchase of lands and assignment of land to eligible Diversificati landless tribals (as per on of guidelines prescribed under employment land purchase scheme (see Annexure 21)). Ensure pattas to tribal farmers who are cultivating and provision of necessary assistance. Financial assistance to take up off farm activities. 8 Depletion of Protection Community management of Linkages Forest A.P.M NTFP and forests with line Range Divl Forest regeneration Protection from illegal cutting department Officer Officer of NTFP of NTFP trees. Community Communi G.C.C species. Encouraging growing of Investment ty para I.T.D.A N.T.F.P species. Fund professio nal in Training in scientific tapping botany of NTFP. C.C
9 Lack of Strengthenin * Training in value C.I.F Para A.P.M awareness on g of addition of N.T.F.P, Linkages professio T.P.M.U processing backward like gum karaya, with Line nals Marketing and marketing and forward deseeding of departments C.C and N.T.F.P of NTFP, linkages of tamarind, Lvh specialists agriculture micro manufacturing of Associate I.T.D.A and enterprises. addaleaf plates, etc. Line G.C.C horticulture . Training in post- departme items. harvest practices, nts: Line processing and Forest, departments preservation of NTFP Agri, at I.T.D.A / Agrl. / Horticulture Hort, level produce. Mktg * Training on marketing of commodities. * Provision of support services * Awareness raising programme on weights & measures * Marketing interventions
26 10 Propagation Promotion of * Providing training to Community Para TPMU of herbal traditional traditional medicine men. Investment professio Indian medicines in herbal * Provide assistance to Fund nals Medicines Tribal areas. medical procure herbal medicines. (Botanist) Dept. cures. * Provision of market Lvh Forest linkages. Associate department
11 Market Promotion of * Demand survey for tribal Community C.C. TPMU linkages for marketing. handicrafts Investment Resource tribal * Training on latest Fund NGO handicrafts. techniques in the preparation of handicrafts. * Assistance to purchase locally available material. * Provision of market linkages to handicrafts.
12 Technical and Facilitating * Livelihoods analysis Community CC APM financial preparation * Formation of CIGs Investment Lvh TPMU support to of proposals * Discussions relating to Fund Associate ITDA demand after Sub-Projects with CIGs Line driven sub comprehensi * Approval of proposal by Department projects for ve V.O. and VTDA s small livelihoods * Provision of Financial and Local infrastructure analysis. Technical assistance. Banks development * Marketing Linkages and various income generating investment proposals. 13 Lack of Orientation * Identification of Community CC APM Employment on avenues unemployed tribal youth Investment Lvh TPMU to educated of self by V.O. Fund Associate NGO tribal youth. employment * Imparting training in ITDA relevant Self Employment Youth Schemes. welfare * Provision . of necessary department assistance for self employment 14 Lack of Provision of * Forming groups with Support to CBR NGO assistance to necessary differently abled people differently Worker TPMU differently assistance. and orientation on able people CC ITDA abled people. avenues of employment . Welfare of * Setting up of special disabled training centers. department . Admitting in educational institutions meant for them. * Linkages with institutions providing institutional support. 15 Food Establishme * Training to village Community C.C T.P.M.U insecurity nt of grain organisations in Investment Civil
27 during lean banks establishing and Fund A.P.M supplies seasons. management of grain department Rice credit bank, rice credit. scheme * Providing matching grant in the form of kind to each grain bank * Liaison with Civil Supplies/F.C.I for replenishing the rice * Assistance for establishment of storage grains. * To implement Food for work programme during lean season. 16 Vulnerable to Social Risk * Conduct of awareness on Social risk Para APM Risk Management insurance coverage for managemen professio TPMU / and Social crops, livestock and health t and social nal (MF DPMU Protection of individual. protection & Insurance initiatives * Development of Insurance Companies appropriate insurance ) packages. C.C Line * To provide animal health departments care at village level by appointing local tribal youth as veterinary Assts. 17 Lack of Orientation * Periodical trainings to Institution T.P.M.U ITDA / awareness on training. village / Mandal level and human D.P.M.U TCR & TI / tribal culture functionaries, NGOs, capacity SPMU / to the Field TPMU staff. building level * Positioning of functionaries. dedicated personnel. 18 Gender Training on * Training on the Institution Gender S.P.M.U Sensitization gender importance of and human specialist, sensitization. women's capacity T.P.M.U participation in building or developmental D.P.M.U activities to the field functionaries and the tribal community
19 Involvement Involvement * Utilisation of the services I.T.D.A of Traditional of of council members for tribal councils traditional developmental activities. in develo- tribal pment. councils in development 20 Tribal dialect, Teaching in I.T.D.A a hindrance their own Education for promoton dialect department of Education especially at among Primary _____ scheduled school level.
28 tribes. 21 High * Motivation of ITDA incidence of Parents, youth, NGOs dropouts teachers Education especially * Opening of bridge Department among girls. schools. * Provision of minimum infrastructure to schools. 22 Lack of Promotion of * Conduct of awareness ITDA. awareness on awareness on raising programmes on NGOs health, health, improvement in health, Health hygiene and sanitation hygiene and environmental Department sanitation. and personal sanitation through hygiene. multimedia, IEC material etc. * Selection of Community Health Workers (CHW) from among the local tribals for attending to smaller ailments and referral of acute cases to Health Centres. 23 Alienation of Effective * Speedy disposal of cases SDC tribal land in implementati pending with various (Tribal Scheduled on of A.P. courts like SDC (TW), Welfare) areas Scheduled Agent to Govt. ITDA Areas Land * Handing over of lands Revenue Transfer restored to tribals under Department Regulation, LTR. Dist 1959. * Physical verification of Collectors lands.
12. GENDER STRATEGY IN TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Status of women in tribal areas
Traditionally tribal women have enjoyed a higher status than non-tribal women. They enjoy greater personal freedom. There is greater social equality between men and women among tribal societies. Women are free to choose their husbands. Divorce and widow remarriages are socially accepted. There is also a practice of bride price. Women in tribal societies are considered to be more industrious than men. In addition to their crucial role in domestic and child rearing activities, women contribute to major part of labour in agricultural activities. They also supplement the family income by collection and sale of NTFP and through wage labour.
But inspite of a relatively better social status, women have little access to education, health and other services. The literacy rate among tribal women is 8.68 % in the State, which is very low when compared to the literacy rate of tribal males at 25.25%. Education among girls is badly neglected, as majority of the girls are engaged in domestic and household
29 activities. Women among tribal societies do not have a role in decision making at village level although they are consulted in household affairs.
Gender Strategy in Tribal Development Plan
The participation of women would be the key factor in formulating Tribal Development Plans. Tribal men and women would be sensitized for enhancing the women's participation in community affairs. The strategy would be to promote women's active involvement in the process of development and their effective participation in decision making. All project functionaries would be sensitized on gender issues.
Activities include mobilization of women to form into groups, awareness raising and capacity building among the tribal women to manage their livelihoods, facilitating their institution building processes. Women's groups would be supported through the Community Investment Fund to take up income generating activities.
Gender Specific Issues
S.No. Issue Action Responsible 1 Household food * Implementation of rice credit T.P.M.U, I.T.D.A, insecurity during lean programme (Grain Bank) through Mandal and village period SHGs. level project * Support to take up income functionaries. generating activities through group activities. * Linking women SHGs with ongoing programmes like EAS, Food for work programme etc. 2 High incidence of * Awareness generation among I.T.D.A, Education dropout rate among girl parents, youth and teachers department, children. * Opening of bridge schools. Village Education * Special retention campaigns, Committee. especially for girl dropouts to be taken up. * Vocational training for adolescent girls. 3 Lack of empowerment * Training on safeguards, policies I.T.D.A/ MEO / CDPO in women. and special concessions for tribal / DTWO other Line women. Depts. * Gender Sensitization * Dissemination of information on Education, Health, and Nutrition , Agriculture, Livestock, Markets, etc
4 Value addition to NTFP. * Training on scientific tapping, GCC / NGO. processing and packing of NTFP. * Awareness on post-harvest practices, preservation, value addition and marketing of NTFP. 5 Poor health among * Awareness campaigns on safe ITDA / DPMU / Health women. drinking water, pre and postnatal department
30 health care, immunization etc. * Organizing health camps. * Community Health Workers (CHW) to be appointed and trained.
13. COST ESTIMATES FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Tribal Development Plan forms an integral part of APRPRP. The required budgets will form part of the A.W.F.P of the T.P.M.Us and the D.P.M.Us, based on the Institution and human capacity building interventions planned and the sub-projects prepared by the village level organizations and other project interventions. The scheduled tribes constitute 6.3% of the population in the project districts. However, considering their low levels of development, the target tribal population to be covered under APRPRP is expected to be much higher than 6.3%, since the poverty ratio in the tribal population is quite high. It is difficult to state the exact ratio at this time. It is estimated that 20% of the target poor would be tribals, either in the Tribal sub-plan areas or outside. This ratio will differ from district to district. It will be higher in the 5 TSP Districts and lower in others. Since the project is aimed to cover the poorest of the poor, all poor tribal families will be covered under the project. Accordingly, an estimated 20% of the project outlay will constitute the Tribal development plan and this is reflected in the table below.
Budget estimates for implementation of the TDP
Inda Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Prqect tribal Development Action Plan Totals Including Contingencies (INR Lakh) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total A. Institutions &Human Capital Buliding Building Self Managed InsUtutions of the Poor 1,599.06 1,513 1,390.38 1,491.79 1,210.91 602.23 7,807.62 PRI &Line Department Capacity Building 19.39 31 31.58 15.53 1.51 1.48 100.92 Convergence vwth Health and Nutrion Sector 182.73 210 8.64 104.32 97.75 102.93 786.16 StrategoicCommunication 85.66 68 71.a2 75.41 77.29 67.81 446.33 Building Pnvate Sector Partnerships 2.54 4 2.71 2.85 2.47 2 60 16.99 Subtotal Instituions &Human Capital Building 1,889.38 1,827 1,585.12 1,689.90 1,389.93 777.05 9,158.02 B. Community Investment Fund 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Social Dev, Physical intrastructure &Income Generation 1,467.03 3,536.74 6,743.10 8,659.26 5,197.42 0.00 25,603.57 Watersheds 1.48 1.57 1.65 1.74 0.00 0 00 6.44 Land Purchase 667.47 812.14 926.20 92.96 0.00 0.00 2,498.77 Subtotal Community investment Fund 2,135.98 4,350.45 7,670.95 8,753.98 5,197.42 0.00 28,108.79 C. Support to Eliminate Child Labour 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bridge Schools 317.98 336.86 355.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,009.99
Residential Schools for Gild Child 3,506.53 1,961.76 763.01 969.47 996.09 1,048.81 9,245.66 Subtotal Support to Eiminata Child Labour 3,824.51 2,298.63 1,118.16 969.47 996.09 1,048.81 10,255.65 E Support for Persons with Disabilities 31.96 189.67 454.90 473.69 414.62 123.06 1,667.90 D. Project Management 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 State Project Management Unit 111.66 88.35 93.17 102.61 107.75 113.14 616.87 Human Resource Developmentof SERP 18.46 25.42 13.09 13.75 14.44 3.61 66.76 Distnct Project Management Unit 348.71 283.62 302.27 314.03 329.76 346.26 1.924 65 Gender Strategy &Action Plan 24.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.53 Technical Assistance 56.10 52.46 23.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.15 Safeguard Action Plans -EMF, PMP, Dam Safety 10.22 4.32 8.11 4.78 5.02 8.81 41.27 Monitorng and Evaluation 68.39 37.98 68.05 39.90 41.38 68.48 324.18 Subtotal Protect Management 638.27 492,15 508.28 475.07 498.34 540.31 3,152.42
Total PROJECT COSTS 8,488.14 8,967.86 10,882.51 11,888.42 8,081.79 2,366.17 50,674.88
14. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring forms an integral part of the Project Management System, as it provides a continuous appraisal of performance of the Project and enables the Project Management to
31 take up corrective measures, if any, required in implementation. The existing M&E System adopted in the ongoing APDPIP viz; a) input and output monitoring b) process monitoring and c) impact evaluation would ensure effective implementation of Tribal Development Plan, which froms part of APRPRP.
For the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of Tribal Development Plan, basic data relating to village wise information on tribal population, infrastructure facilities, land utilization, cropping pattern, livelihoods etc. would be recorded in the village registers which will be kept with the VONTDA. The project interventions planned in the village as part of the A.W.F.P and the project interventions actually implemented will also be captured in the M.I.S. The data collection would be the responsibility of the C.C, in association with the Community Activist and the V.0 of each village in his jurisdiction. The C.C in turn would report the progress to A.P.M for verification prior to its transmission to the DPMU/TPMU for taking up remedial measures, if any.
The community would be involved in process monitoring through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques, wherever required in order to know the quality of project implementation and inputs provided under the project. The villagers will monitor the performance of all project functionaries, starting with the Community activists, Community para professionals and the C.Cs.
The suggested monitoring indicators for different components for TDP would include.
Monitoring Indicators
Components Indicators Source Frequency Agency Economic Food Security Village Half Yearly External conditions * From own production Registers & Agency assisted by the Project Reports from * Income generating activities CC/SO/NGO assisted by the Project * Mechanisms adopted to manage food insecurity * Income Village * Project related Registers & * Independent means but Reports from assisted by Project CC/SO/NGO
* Changes in livelihoods (No) * Improvement in skills (No) * Economic activities established (No)
Social * Representation in PRI Village Quarterly External conditions * Representation in SHG Registers & Agency * Representation in MS Reports from * Participation in Project CC/SO/NGO activities
* Participation in SHG meetings Half Yearly
32 * Enrolment in Schools * Dropouts from schools * Accessibility to education Village External related infrastructure Registers & Agency Reports from * Infrastructure relating to CC/SO/NGO school, access to villages
* Health and Morbidity
Process Social impact assessment Reports from Quarterly External followed completed (No. of Vos / VTDAs) CC/SO/NGO Agency
TDP Prepared (No) TDP approved (No)
Coordination Schemes dovetailed (No) Reports from Quarterly External with other Tribal habitations benefited (No) CC/SO/NGO Agency Departments Tribal families benefited (No)
Baseline Survey:
The baseline survey would be conducted to provide data for subsequent impact evaluation. An external agency with expertise in social research and participatory techniques would be contracted.
Impact Evaluation:
The important areas for conducting impact evaluation to assess the benefits, the tribals could receive as a result of the project include: a) food security b) employment including income through off farm and non farm activities. c). Improvement in the living standards. d) Status of women. e) Iriprovement in the access to marketing, formal institutions etc. f) Sustainable village institutions.
Besides the above studies, adhoc studies would be conducted to understand the skills and capabilities of the landless poor tribals to take up off farn and non-farm income generating activities.
33
A ENICES
34
APPENDIX - I Demography and Socio-cultural proffles of Scheduled Tribes
Demo2ranhy
Andhra Pradesh is the Seventh largest State in India with a population of 66.51 millions (1991 Census). The Scheduled tribe population constitutes 6.3% to the total population of the State. . Table No. 1 Distribution of S.T. Population in Millions Area Total Population Scheduled % S.T. Population to Tribe Total Population. Population 1. Project Districts 47.32 3.05 6.4 2. Andhra Pradesh 66.51 4.20 6.3
The Project area is spread over parts of 16 Districts out of which Integrated Tribal Development Agencies ( ITDAs) are situated in the districts of Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Warangal and Khammam. Apart from the above, the ITDA for Primitive Tribal Group (PTG), Chenchu with headquarters at Sundipenta cover the Chenchus inhabiting the parts of Guntur, Prakasam, Kurnool, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts. The Scheduled Tribe population in the project districts is about 3.05 millions constituting 6.4% of the total population of the project districts. The details of S.T. population are presented in Annexure 2. As many as 3.89 millions of Scheduled Tribes constituting 92.40% to the total Scheduled Tribe population of the State inhabit the rural areas. The details of district wise rural and urban Scheduled Tribe population in the Project districts are presented in Annexure 3.
35 The sex ratio among S.Ts in Andhra Pradesh is 960 females per 1000 males, while the said ratio for the State is 972 females per 1000 males. District wise sex ratios among S.Ts is presented in Annexure 4.
Socio-Cultural Profile of Tribes of Andhra Pradesh The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting different regions in Andhra Pradesh exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits. Traditional values and social ethos play an important role among the tribal communities and the significance of socio cultural factors cannot be ignored while formulating plans for their development. The description of various characteristics of Scheduled Tribes in the succeeding paragraphs is intended to represent a broad spectrum of tribal geo-ethnic situation and cultural life. The Konda Reddi tribe is one of the primitive tribal groups. They live in symbiosis with Koyas and are found inhabiting the hilly and forest tracts of Khammam, East & West Godavari districts. They still subsist on shifting cultivation. They are experts in bamboo cutting operations. Besides cultivation they subsist on selling of bamboo baskets, winnowing fans, etc. in the weekly markets. The social organization of Konda Reddis is based on exogamous septs. Their mother tongue is Telugu. Koya is one of the major tribes inhabiting the tribal areas of the State. Unlike Konda Reddis, Koyas are mainly found living in foot hill areas. The Koyas have exogamous phratry organisation into which various clans are grouped. The majority of them speak their own dialect called Koya. The Koya habitation extends over hilly and forest tracts flanking river Godavari from Chinnoor in Adilabad district to East Godavari district. The hills and valleys of Visakhapatnam are the traditional habitat of major tribal groups like Bagata, Kotia, Konda Dora, Reddi Dora, Muka Dora, Manne Dora, Gadaba, Porja, Khond, Mali, Kammara and Valrmiki. Among the
36 above tribal groups, Bagatas are mainly settled cultivators while the others are engaged either in shifting or settled cultivation. Malis are expert horticulturists and vegetable growers. Valmikis are settled cultivators and petty traders while tribes like Porja, Khond and Konda Dora mainly thrive on shifting cultivation on hill slopes. Agricultural labour, collection and sale of minor forest produce and forest labour in coffee plantations are other major subsidiary occupations. The social organization of all these groups except Khonds is based on existence of common clan names among these endogamous groups. Among the Khond tribe, the clans are clubbed into two exogamous groups, called 'Tainga', the brother clans within whom the marital relations are prohibited and 'samdinga' clans with whom the marital relations are prescribed. All the tribal groups speak corrupt form of Oriya and Telugu. The mother tongue of Konda Dora is called Konda or Kubi while Gadaba speak Gadaba language. Khonds perform Mayuri dance while other tribal groups perform Dimsa dance during festivals and leisure times. The tribal groups inhabiting Visakhapatnam agency have their own Gods and Goddesses and perform their own festivals. The Chenchu, a primitive tribe, is distributed on either side of River Krishna on Nallamalai hill ranges spreading in Kurnool. Prakasam, Guntur, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts. The social organization of Chenchu is based on exogamous clans. Food gathering, hunting and honey collection are the livelihood activities of hill and forest dwelling Chenchus while a few living in the border villages of plains area have taken to settled cultivation also. The other sources of livelihood include collection and sale of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) especially gum and forest labour. Chenchus worship many deities and spirits. They worship some of the Hindu deities besides their own deities.
Yanadis, Yerukulas and Lambadas are mainly tribes living in plain areas. However, the Lambadas are also found living in tribal concentrated areas
37 especially in Khammam and Adilabad districts. Each of these tribes live in exclusive settlements of their own in the Villages. Yerukulas are divided into as many as 14 endogamous sub groups and each such sub group is further sub divided into four exogamous groups with each one of them having a number of exogamous septs. Yanadis have about four endogamous sub groups. Each one of sub group is further divided into exogamous septs. The endogamous groups of both Yerukula and Yanadi tribes have their own traditional calling. The women folk of Yerukula tribe are engaged in basket making specially with bamboos, weaving of mats etc., some of them are specialised in sooth saying. The women folk of Yanadi tribe are engaged in forest labour, NTFP collection weaving mats etc. Some of them serve as household servants in rural and urban areas. The religious pantheon of both Yerukula and Yanadi include Hindu Gods and Goddesses and they celebrate all Hindu festivals. Lambadas are widely distributed both in plains and forest areas of all Telangana region of the state. They are also found in plain areas of Rayalaseema and sparsely distributed in Coastal districts of the state. The social organization of Lambadas is based on five exogamous clans, viz. 1) Rathod 2) Jadhav 3) Chowhan 4) Pomar and 5) Ade. These clans are further divided into exogamous septs. The women folk of Lambadas wear colourful mirror and bead studded dress, silver ornaments with jingling anklets and broad plastic and glass bangles. They worship both Hindu Gods as well as Goddesses besides their own deities. In addition to Hindu festivals, Lambadas also celebrate their own festivals. They have their own dialect. The tribal societies in Andhra Pradesh are characterized by patrilineal descent, patrilocal residence and patriarchal authority. The socially approved methods of acquiring mates are marriage by negotiation, marriage by mutual love and elopment, marriage by capture, marriage by service and marriage by exchange. Levirate and Sororate are sanctioned by tradition among all tribal
38 groups. Divorce and widow remarriages are permitted. Every tribe has its own social control mechanism. Deviation from prescribed law invites attention of the traditional council, usually, on complaint and the deviant is either warned, fined or excommunicated.
39
APPENDIX - II
LIVELIHOODS OF SCHEDULED TRIBES
A team consisting of international, national consultants and researchers having anthropology background from TCR & TI, Hyderabad, with extensive expertise in participatory research and planning have conducted field work with the assistance of the local Community Coordinators of APDPIP to assess the livelihoods of the poor including Scheduled Tribes in sample villages for preparation of Livelihoods Assessment Report as part of the APRPRP preparation. The draft Livelihood Assessment Report*, Baseline Survey (BLS)** and other secondary sources form the basis for analysis of the present situation relating to livelihoods of Scheduled Tribes. The model of livelihood capitals and the indicators to measure each component of livelihood capitals as envisaged in the draft Livelihood Assessment Report of APRPRP has been adopted to analyze the livelihoods of Scheduled tribes. Human Capital: Knowledge, skills, health, labour force size and composition, access to infrastructure relating to education and health are considered as major components of human capital.
* Livelihood assessment report for APRPRP (Draft) by ITAD Ltd., U.K., in association with SOCHURSOD Tirupathi and CESS, Hyderabad, March 2002 ** Baseline Survey Report for APDPIP by Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad
40 LITERACY STATUS: Table No.1 Literacy rates in Andhra Pradesh as per 1991 Census Male Female Total Literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes in Andhra 25.25% 8.68% 17.16% Pradesh. Literacy rate among S.Ts in Project districts. 24.78% 8.56% 16.84% Literacy rate among all in Andhra Pradesh 55.13% 32.72% 44.09%
As per 1991 CensusThe literacy rate among S.Ts is abysmally low (17.16%), especially female literacy rate (8.68%) when compared to the literacy rate of general population of Andhra Pradesh (44.09%) The district wise literacy rates among Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts are presented in Annexure 5.
41 The enrolment ratio among Scheduled Tribes for the year 1999-2000 in Andhra Pradesh State is as high as 119.16 in classes I to V (6-11 age group) while it is 86.28 among general population in the State. Table No.2 Enrolment Ratios
Classes I - V Classes VI- VII Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Andhra Pradesh 129.00 108.88 119.16 45.21 24.39 35.03 Scheduled Tribes Andhra Pradesh 87.70 84.83 86.28 53.65 43.85 48.83 General
The enrolment ratio among S.T. girls in classes I to V is 108.88 in Andhra Pradesh, while it is 84.83 among general population (The Gross Enrolment ratio crossed 100% because of inclusion of overage and underage children. The enrolment ratio among Scheduled Tribe girls in classes VI & VII for the year 1999-2000 is only 24.39 in the State of Andhra Pradesh while it is 43.85 among general population. The details of enrolment ratio in classes I to V and VI & VII among Scheduled Tribes is presented in Annexure 6. Table No.3 Drop out Rates
Classes I - V Classes I - VII
Andhra Pradesh Boys girls Total Boys Girls Total Scheduled Tribes 66.69 73.75 69.75 79.72 85.94 82.33 Andhra Pradesh 39.42 41.23 40.28 56.21 60.68 58.29 General
The dropout rate among Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh is 69.75 in classes I to V, while it is 82.33 in classes I to VII. The drop out rate among general population in Andhra Pradesh is 40.28 in classes I to V, while it is 58.29
42 in classes I to VII. Therefore, the drop out rate is higher among Scheduled Tribes than general population. The enrolment rate for the secondary education is lower than that of Primary education among Scheduled Tribes. The dropout rate of children belonging to Scheduled Tribes at Primary level is lower than secondary level. The drop out rate among girls is more pronounced among the Scheduled tribes compared to other social groups. The reasons for children not going to school as enumerated in BLS include the following viz., student not interested, parent not interested, teacher not regularly attending to school, children going for wage employment, attending household chores, working as helper in household enterprise, child minding etc., The details of dropout rates in the project area are given in Annexure - 7.
The State of Andhra Pradesh has taken several measures for advancement of education among Scheduled Tribes which include establishment of 501 Ashram Schools in remote and interior areas, 60 residential schools, 5 residential junior colleges and 505 hostels including 119 hostels which are exclusively meant for Scheduled Tribe girls as well as reservations of seats for Scheduled Tribes in all educational institutions. The Government also established 4363 Girijana Vidya Vikas Kendras ( Single Teacher Schools) in the Scheduled areas of the State with I't and lInd classes for which the teachers would be selected from among the local Scheduled Tribe candidates with a view to promote universal education among Scheduled Tribes as well as to promote employment among S.T. educated youth. Besides, 5441 Mabadis (our schools) have been established in school less tribal habitations. The community belonging to such habitation would manage the school with the support from Government and the local educated youth function as a teacher. There are 330 Ashram Schools with 2533 teachers and 92348 students, 368 hostels with a student strength of 50,095 and 42 Residential Schools with 11,512 students in the project districts. The ST students are supplied with required text books and
43 note books at free of cost. The district wise no. of educational institutions in the Project area is furnished in Annexure 8. The extent of skilled workers among Scheduled Tribes is less compared to other social groups in the project districts. However, workers having traditional skills without formal training are more than skilled workers. For example, the Yerukalas are adept in basket making and mat weaving. The subsidiary occupation of Konda reddi tribe is basket making. The Kammaras of Visakhapatnam Agency eke out their living by black smithy and carpentry. These tribal groups inherit the skills from their families.
HEALTH STATUS: In the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, the most common health problems include incidence of T.B., acute respiratory infections, incidence of malaria, goitre, diarrhea and gastroenteritis. The most common health disorders among tribal adults of Andhra Pradesh are respiratory tract infections, fevers and alimentary tract diseases, while among children are gastroenteritis, and acute respiratory infections. Common malnutrition problems found among tribals are anernia, Vitamin A deficiency and Iodine deficiency diseases. The average size of the tribal household is estimated at 4.38 and the sex ratio per 1000 males is 960. The infant mortality rate (IMR) among tribals of Andhra Pradesh is 120 per 1000 population while among general population it is 65.8. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) for general population of Andhra Pradesh is 4 per 1000 population while for Scheduled Tribes it is 5 per 1000 population. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) for tribals of Andhra Pradesh, is 3.53 per 1000 population while for general population it is 2.41. Crude Death Rate (CDR) for general population as well as tribal population of Andhra Pradesh is 96 per 1000 population. The incidence of malaria Plasmodium Falciparum (PF) in TSP area is 35 per 100 population whereas it is 10 per 100 population in plains area. The primary reasons for the above unhealthy conditions in tribal
44 areas include malnutrition, unhygienic living conditions, poverty, lack of concern for health care delivery system. There are 96 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 619 Sub-Centres, 22 Community Health Centres, 17 mobile medical units, 14 Government dispensaries, 24 Government hospitals in the TSP areas of project districts. The Community Health Workers (CHWs) working in the TSP area of the project districts are 6546. The district wise medical institutions along with CHWs functioning are given in Annexure - 9.
The acute nature of ailments constitute major health hazard to the Scheduled Tribes in the tribal areas. The persons non treated for their ailments are relatively high among Scheduled Tribes when compared to others. The traditional medicine men are usually approached for ailments among Scheduled Tribes at first instance. Only in case of emergency, the patients are taken to hospitals for treatment. However, the hold of traditional medicinemen over the tribal Community is slowly vanishing due to modernization. The poor nutritional status among Scheduled Tribes makes them to susceptible to infection resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Lack of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and education for health among tribals constitute the major factors affecting the health status. Emphasis has to be laid for the redressal of above factors to wean the tribals away from infectious diseases.
OCCUPATIONAL STATUS: Table No.4
45 Occupational Pattern
Cultivators Agricul Househ Other Marginal Non tural old workers workers workers Labour industry ers Andhra % to total 20.90 23.63 1.33 4.88 3.29 45.97 Pradesh S.T. Scheduled Population Tribes Andhra % to total 11.86 17.48 1.44 11.99 2.28 54.95 Pradesh General General Population
Agriculture and agricultural labour constitute the mainstay for the majority of tribals in the Andhra Pradesh. The workers engaged as agricultural labour are much more in number among Scheduled tribes compared to other backward classes and castes. The employment in agriculture constitute a considerable proposition of total employment. The proportion of female workers is relatively higher than male workers in agriculture among Scheduled Tribes over other social groups. The proportion of households depending on non farm activities is marginal among Scheduled Tribes. The tribals are engaged as forest labour as well as workers in coffee plantation in the agency areas of Visakhapatnam and East Godavari districts. They are also engaged in collection of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). The district wise occupational pattern of Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts is presented in Annexure 10.
Status of Natural Capital
46 Natural Capital at household level is considered to be Land and Live Stock and at community level, it is common property resources which usually include water and forest. Land forms the principal source of livelihood for majority of tribals in general and the tribals living in TSP areas situated in the project districts in particular. Land assumes utmost importance in the lives of tribals. With the depletion of Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) the dependence of tribals on land has further increased. The Scheduled Tribe households possess relatively small piece of land compared to the other social groups. Out of 0.64 million Scheduled Tribe land holders, 0.46 million (74%) belong to small and marginal land holders category in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The small and marginal tribal farmers constitute 72.6% of the total Scheduled Tribe land holders in Andhra Pradesh. Only 0.8% of the total tribal land holders are large farmers i.e. possessing 10 hectares and above. The district wise number of Scheduled Tribe operational holdings and operated area in the Project districts is presented in Annexure 11 & 12. As high as 88.02% of the Scheduled Tribes living in project districts depend either on agriculture or agricultural labour. Among the Scheduled tribe land holding families, small and marginal farmers constitute a very high proportion. Canals, Tanks and Wells form the major sources of irrigation in the Project districts. Out of 135438 ha of net irrigated area canals provide irrigation to 30499 ha, followed by tanks (36311 ha). The district wise and source wise net area irrigated in the project districts (S.Ts) is presented in Annexure 13 . It is pertinent to note that out of the total operated area i.e., 705451 ha held by the Scheduled Tribes in the project districts, an extent of 135438 ha is only irrigated which constitutes 19.2 %. The land held by the tribals in the project districts under irrigation is very meager causing uncertainty in Agriculture.
47 The food grains are grown in about 67.28% of gross cropped area and oil seeds are grown in 16.5% of gross cropped area. Rice, Jowar and Ragi constitute major food crops and they are grown in both irrigated and un- irrigated areas. However, Jowar and Ragi are grown in mostly un-irrigated areas. The area under principal crops in the land holdings of Scheduled Tribes is presented in Annexure 14. In respect of TSP areas. large number of households possess more live
stock over the tribals outside TSP areas . Animal husbandry is one of the important household food production systems. Cattle, goats, sheep, poultry and pigs form an integral part of the tribal economic system. Animals have a diverse role to play in the economic structure of the tribals . Cows and buffaloes are kept as milch animals, while bullocks and he buffaloes constitute draught power for ploughing. Sheep, goats, poultry and pigs mainly serve as sources of meat and for sale, a source of cash income. The animals / hens are sold generally by the tribals during crop failures and deficiency in the household budget to purchase food and other essential articles in the weekly markets. The plough bullocks are also given on hire to the tribals during agricultural season. The goat, sheep, and pigs constitute sacrificial animals, which are sacrificed to appease the malevolent deities to protect them and their crops as well as cattle from their wrath. The chickens are also offered to these malevolent deities lest they may inflict harm on them.
Common Property Resources: Common Property Resource (CPR) is a property, the ownership of which is vested in local groups traditionally and the members of such local groups are entitled to hunt, collect, cultivate and graze anywhere within such territory. Usually, every tribal habitation in Tribal Sub Plan Area is surrounded by traditional boundary which is locally called 'Sivaru' or 'Haddu'. The local
48 tribals are entitled to enjoy the natural resources within their village boundary, trespass of which by other villagers is viewed very seriously. In the forest and hilly areas of Tribal Sub Plan Area, it is an usual practice that any part of the communal property turned to use as a field by the labour of an individual becomes his private possession. As long as he cultivates a hill slope, the land and its produce are his undisputed property. But when after three years it is left fallow, then the land reverts back to the local group. After some years when the land is again ready for cultivation it can be allotted to any other member of the local group. The practice of shifting cultivation is reducing. As regards to collection of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) like gum, honey, soap nuts etc. it is usually owned by the individual families in the territory fixed to a particular habitation traditionally. The number of said NTFP yielding trees are inherited through succession. In order to list out of CPRs and assess the importance, access and flow of benefits from such CPRs, PRA exercises were conducted, which reveal that the Scheduled Tribes perceived forests, canals and NTFP yielding trees as Common Property Resources which affect their livelihood. All the said CPRs are perceived to be important for them. As regards, access, the forests are less accessible in terms of proximity.
Physical Capital: The Irrigation assets, agricultural implements, machinery, infrastructure provision and consumer durables are considered to be household owned Physical capital while infrastructure facilities like roads and communications and marketing are community owned Physical capital. The Project is spread over 16 districts, of which parts of 6 ITDAs including ITDA for primitive Tribal Group (PTG), Chenchu, Sundipenta would also be covered. The data relating to infrastructure provisions in respect of ITDA areas is only readily available.
49 In the Tribal Sub Plan areas falling under project districts about 7037 habitations have been identified by Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDA) concerned for provision of drinking water facility, of which 6034 habitations have been provided drinking water facility covering 85.7% to total identified habitations. In Rampachodavaram ITDA area 94% of habitations are provided with drinking water facility, the details of which are presented in Annexure 15. As regards approach roads in Tribal Sub Plan areas in the project districts, out of 304 Scheduled Tribe habitations in Eturunagaram ITDA area, 286 habitations are connected with roads, which is followed by Paderu ITDA area and Bhadrachalam ITDA area, the details of which are presented in Annexure 16. About 4,405 tribal habitations in five ITDA areas viz; Paderu, Rampachodavaram, K.R. Puram, Bhadrachalam, Eturunagaram have been electrified either through conventional lines or solar lines out of 5314 habitations Annexure 17. Out of 371709 tribal families in 6 ITDA areas viz; Paderu, Rampachodavaram, K.R. Puram, Bhadrachalam, Eturunagaram, and Sundipenta, 147434 tribal families have been provided with houses under housing programme. In Eturunagaram ITDA area, 72% of the farnilies have been provided with houses, the details of which are presented in Annexure 18. The Scheduled Tribes have less access to irrigation assets since irrigated area is in less proportion in the total cultivated area held by the tribals in project districts. The number of units of agricultural machinery and implements are smaller over the other social groups. The Scheduled Tribes possess relatively large number of small consumer durables compared to large and medium consumer durables as per BLS.
Financial Capital:
50 Financial assets include savings, investments and credit status of the household. The tribal economy is generally subsistence oriented. They generally live for the present with limited aspirations for the future. The habit of savings and management of money is very limited. To inculcate the habit of savings and to reduce the dependence of tribals on informal sources of credit, several women thrift and credit groups were established in tribal areas of the State. However, the amount saved by the Scheduled Tribes is smaller over other social groups and also the dependence of tribals on informal credit sources is substantially than other groups.
Social Capital: The Social Capital has two forms viz; structural and cognitive. The tribal societies are known for their cohesiveness particularly at clan and village levels which is clearly manifest in mutual cooperation in several activities like celebrations of fairs and festivals as well as marriages and other life cycle ceremonies. The traditional mechanism of social control has still hold over the community, although the leadership is in a process of transition due to gradual increase in the interaction and dependence on the outside. Therefore, the cognitive form of the Social Capital would be higher especially in tribal areas compared to other social groups. The proportion of participation in SHGs/VTDAs by the Scheduled Tribes is encouraging over the last ten years due to trainings organised for creating awareness among such tribes in tribal areas.
Several measures have been taken up by the Government to create awareness among Scheduled Tribes in taking up developmental activities on their own and facilitated in establishment of village level institutions and self help groups viz; women thrift and credit groups. There is steady improvement in empowerment among tribals especially among tribal women, over the years.
51 The report on LAR states that there is steep linear improvement in peoples perception of their empowerment during the last 15 years.
Vulnerability: The Scheduled Tribes are vulnerable to a range of risks. These risks have a devastating effect on the livelihoods of individuals, households and community on the whole if they are not effectively managed. Therefore, better understanding of the risks, constraints and opportunities of the social groups is necessary to take up efforts to reduce poverty. The tribals inhabiting the tribal areas believe that their lives are ordained by various deities and spirits of their respective villages. The material prosperity, health or sickness and favourable nature or calamities rest with the vagaries of these supernatural beings. Therefore, religious beliefs and rituals condition most of the activities of their life. The ill health or sickness of a person is generally attributed to the wrath of neglected and angered spirits of ancestors. Therefore, the ancestral spirits of the departed are remembered with reverence on every life cycle ceremony such as birth and marriage. However, the traditional religious beliefs are in a process of transition due to exposure to outside.
Food insecurity:
In the project districts, the predominant production system include cultivation, agricultural labour, non agricultural labour, collection and sale of minor forest produce, live stock keeping and gathering of wild food from
52 forests in and around the villages. The tribal households food production from their own fields often does not meet their food requirements for the entire year. The situation would be more worse in case of tribal households engaged as agricultural and non agricultural labourers as they can not get employment through out the year. The tribals usually face the food shortage during lean season i.e., February to June when they do not find leafy vegetables and other food items from the forests. The tribals use to make good the shortfall with the foods collected from nearby forests after the onset of monsoon. Since the forests have become degraded, the tribals have to depend on purchased foods which make them to borrow money due to precarious food security situation. It was reported in the LAR that the Scheduled Tribes experienced the highest incidence of food insecurity, with over 1/3 of households are experiencing food insecurity. The major risks faced by the sample households as reported in LAR would include health, natural calamities, accidents, livestock epidemics and death. The Scheduled Tribes in the sample households reported that health related risks are more prevalent and the impact of the risk includes loss of assets among them. The risk management response from Scheduled Tribes had less of a tendency to migrate, but took additional jobs or increased their work without migrating and they tend to rely more upon borrowing and also on mortgaging of assets. Some of the Scheduled Tribes had to revert to attach labour. It is reported that they lack awareness on alternative strategies to manage risk.
Covariant Risks: The major Covariant risks include drought in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions and Cyclones and Floods in Coastal regions of the State. The response to these risks is mostly adoption of coping strategies.
Livelihood Strategies:
53 The primary occupation of the tribals inhabiting the project districts is agriculture. The cultivators and agricultural labourers constitute 88.02% to the total workers in the project districts. The other important occupations of the tribals include collection of minor forest produce, forest labour and non agricultural labour. In the project districts, there are significant differences in the occupational pattern among Scheduled Tribes. The Koyas, Konda Reddis, Bagatas, Gadabas, Konda Doras, Malis, Lambadas and Kotias are predominantly cultivators of their own lands. The landless and small and marginal farmers among the said tribes are also engaged as agricultural labourers. The Chenchus, whose primary habitat is forest are collectors of minor forest produce and those who inhabit the fringe forest and plains area are either engaged as agricultural labourers or cultivators. The collection of minor forest produce forms the subsidiary occupation for the majority of tribals living in and around the forests. Yerukulas, Yanadis and Lambadas who are predominantly plains living tribes are engaged as cultivators, agricultural labourers and non agricultural labourers. The Goudus in the Scheduled areas are engaged as cattle rearers and Kanimaras as black smiths. Therefore, agriculture and agricultural labour constitute primary occupation and collection of minor forest produce, forest labour, and non agricultural labour constitute the subsidiary occupations for the tribals. Some of the tribals are also seen professing their traditional occupations like rope making, mat weaving, black smithy and live stock rearing / sharing.
The findings of the study reported inl LAR also reveal that Scheduled Tribes derive income from agricultural labour, agriculture and live stock rearing.
54
APPENDIX - III Safeguards Provided To Scheduled Tribes Under the Constitution Of India
Several safeguards have been provided in the Constitution of India to protect the scheduled tribes from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. The Constitution also provides for promotion of development of Scheduled Tribes with special care and also ensures due representation for them in services, legislative bodies and educational institutions. The important Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes are as follows:-
1) Article 15(4) : Provides that nothing in that article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the state from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
2) Article 16(4) : Provides that nothing in that article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.
3) Article 19(5) : Provides that nothing in sub clauses (d),(e) and (f) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe.
55 4) Article 46 Provides that the State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker section of the people and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
5) Article 244(1) : Provides that the provisions of Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled areas and Scheduled Tribes.
6) Article 275(1) Provides that there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as grants-in-aid of the revenues of a State such capital and recurring sum as may be necessary to enable that State to meet the Costs of such schemes of development as may be undertaken by the State with the approval of Government of India for the purposes of promoting the Welfare of Scheduled Tribes in that State or raising the level of administration of scheduled areas therein to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State.
7) Article 330 and 332 : Provide reservation of seats for members of Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and Assembly.
8) Article 335 Provides that the claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.
9) Article 338 Lays down that the President shall appoint a Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
56 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution and report to the President upon working of those safeguards.
10) Article 339 : Provides for the appointment of a commission to report on the administration of the Scheduled areas and the Welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the State.
11) Article 342 : Empowers the President to specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory as the case may be. 12) The Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India Empowers the Governor of the State having Scheduled areas therein to modify Central and State Laws in their application to scheduled areas and to make regulations for the peace and good government of the scheduled areas. Para 6 of Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India empowers the President to declare any area as a scheduled area. Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India also provides for establishment of Tribes Advisory Council to advise the Governor on the matters pertaining to the Welfare and advancement of Scheduled tribes.
Policy Regulations: The Scheduled areas in the State enjoy special status under Constitution and these areas are governed by Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India. The two principal areas in which the tribals are exposed to exploitation include. i) land alienation to non tribals, and ii) indebtedness to non tribal traders/money lenders-the former frequently being the ultimate consequence of the latter.
57 In exercise of powers vested on him under Para 5(2) of Fifth Schedule to Constitution, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh made the following Regulations applicable to scheduled areas to protect the interests of tribals in land. 1. The A.P. (Scheduled Areas) Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 (Regulation 1 of 1959)
This Regulation repealed the Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer Act, 1917 and provided protection to tribal land. This Regulation was originally made applicable to the Scheduled Areas of Srikakulamn, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East and West Godavari Districts. Subsequently, it was extended to the Scheduled Areas of Adilabad, Khammam, Warangal and Mahabubnagar districts by Regulation II of 1963 to bring uniformity of the law throughout the State.
Salient Features of this Regulation:
1) Any transfer of land in Scheduled Areas from Tribal to Non Tribal is considered null and void. 2) Where a transfer is made in favour of any member other than that of a Scheduled Tribe, the Agent or Agency Divisional Officer on application by any interested person could restore, the property to the transferor or to his heir. 3) No land situated in Scheduled Areas owned by a member of Scheduled Tribe shall be liable to be attached and sold in execution of a money decree.
In practice it was noticed that the Safeguards contemplated in the Regulation were frequently violated and land transfers are taking place from
58 tribals to non tribals due to certain lacunae in the Regulation 1 of 1959. Therefore, it was amended by Regulation 1 of 1970 which substituted Sub Sec(l) of Sec.3 of Regulation 1 of 1959 by placing absolute prohibition on transfer of immovable property in the Scheduled Areas by a person irrespective of tribal or non tribal to any person other than Scheduled Tribe. Statutory presumption has been drawn that until the contrary is proved, any immovable property situated in the Scheduled Areas and in possession of a non tribal shall be presumed to have been acquired by him or his predecessor in possession through a transfer made to him by a member of Scheduled Tribe. It also provides that where a tribal is unable to sell any land at a fair price to the tribal, he may offer it to the government who will take over the same on payment of compensation. The Regulation of 1 of 1959 was amended again in 1971 to enable mortgage without possession of any immovable property situated in the Scheduled Areas to any Cooperative Bank or other Financial Institution approved by the State Government with the express condition that in the event of default, the property should be sold only to the tribals or Cooperative Societies composed solely of members of Scheduled Tribes.
The Regulation 1 of 1959 was further amended by Regulation 1 of 1978 which prohibits registration of documents relating to sale transactions in favour of non tribals and all offences under the Regulation are made cognizable. Non tribals in occupation of land even after decree of ejectment are punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a period upto one year or with fine extending upto Rs.2000/- or with both.
Enforcement Machinery:
59 In each ITDA the Special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) assisted by Subordinate Staff detect the cases of violation of Land Transfer Regulation and Pass Orders as he deems fit after conducting enquiry as ordained by the Regulation. In case he decides that the person in possession should be ejected, he passes a decree of ejectment and restores it to the transferor. An appeal against any decree or order passed under LTR by Special Deputy Collector lies to the Agents (District Collectors). The revision against any decree or order passed by the Agent lies with the State government.
As a result of implementation of Regulation 1 of 1959, a sizeable extent of land has been restored to tribals in Scheduled Areas of the State.
2. The A.P. (Scheduled Areas) Money Lenders Regulation, 1960 The main provisions of this Regulation are
1) Money lending in Scheduled areas without license is prohibited and; 2) The money lender has to renew his license once in a year.
This Regulation stipulates that the interest shall be simple and shall not exceed 12% . If money is advanced against a pledge and if the loan is Rs 25/- or less, the rate of interest chargeable is 9.38% per annum and if the amount is more than Rs.25/-, the rate of interest will be 6.25 % per annum. Every money lender should maintain account books for loans advanced.
3. The A.P. (Scheduled Tribes) Debt Relief Regulation 1960
60 This Regulation provides for scaling down of debts incurred by members of Scheduled Tribes. The Salient Features of the Regulation are:
1. All interest outstanding on 1-1-57 on debts incurred before 1-1-57 shall be deemed to be discharged and only the principal or such portion there of as may be outstanding may be payable. 2. Where any member of Scheduled Tribe has paid to any Creditor twice the amount of the principal, such debt shall be deemed to be wholly discharged. 3. Where the sum repaid falls short of twice the principal, such amount only as would make up shortage shall be repayable. 4. On debt incurred on or after 1-1-57, interest shall be calculated upto commencement of the Regulation at 5% per annum simple. 5. On debts incurred after commencement of this Regulation, Interest rate shall not exceed 9% per annum simple, if it is a secured debt. In case of unsecured debt, there shall be 12% per annum simple interest.
4. A.P. Scheduled Tribes Debt Relief Regulation, 1970
This Regulation provides further relief from, indebtedness and renders all loans advanced by unlicensed money lenders null and void and unenforceable in any Court. The Regulation also provides for scaling down of debts as follows:
1) Amount of debt shall be limited to the amount of principal only. Principal or outstanding portion thereof is payable. 2) No interest shall be payable.
Most of the land in Scheduled areas in Andhra Pradesh was covered under the Feudatory systems of land tenure like Zamindari, Jagirdari, Muttadari and
61 Mahaldari systems. Under these Feudatory systems, the land holders has right to evict a tenant if some one offered higher rent. The tribal tenant did not have security of tenancy over the lands cultivated by him. With a view to confer patta rights to tribal ryots over the land cultivated by them the following regulations were made.
5.The A.P. Mahals (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969:
The Regulation I of 1969 provides for abolition of Mahals in the Scheduled Areas of Nugur, Alabaka and Cherla in Khammam district and for the conversion there of into ryotwari system. This regulation was passed to abolish the feudatory system of tenure called Mahaldhari and to extinguish the relationship between the proprietor and tenant and confirm patta rights to tribal tenants over the lands held by them. The Regulation provides for
a) appointment of settlement of Officers to conduct settlement operations in the erstwhile Mahals. b) Every tribal ryot in lawful possession of land continuously for a period of not less than one year immediately before the notified date shall be entitled for a ryotwari patta for such land. If the tenant is a non tribal he is entitled for ryotwari patta only if he is in occupation of land for a continuous period of not less than eight years immediately before the notified date and such occupation is not violative of
62 provisions of Land Transfer Regulation 1959. 6. The A.P. Muttas (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969 (Regulation II of 1969)
Regulation II of 1969 provides for abolition of Muttas in certain Scheduled areas of the State and conversion there of into Ryotwari system. The said regulation came into force in 1969. The Regulation vests in the Government all the rights of Muttadars free from encumbrances. The Revenue Recovery Act, 1864, the Irrigation Cess Act, 1865 and all other enactments relating to rights over the land and land revenue applicable to ryotwari area are made applicable to the Muttas. The Settlement Officer appointed under this Regulation has to carry out survey and settlement operations to facilitate introduction of ryotwari settlement.
Under this Regulation the tribal ryots in occupation of lands for a continuous period of not less than one year before the notified date shall be entitled to ryotwari patta. No non-tribal ryot is entitled to ryotwari patta in respect of agricultural land unless he is in lawful possession of the said land for a continuous period of 8 years before the notified date and such possession was not hit by the provisions of A.P. Scheduled Areas. Land Transfer Regulation, 1959.
7. The A.P. Scheduled Areas Ryotwari Settlement Regulation, 1970 (Regulation II of 1970):
The Regulation II of 1970 provides for ryotwari settlement of certain lands in the Scheduled Areas in respect of which no ryotwaari settlement is effected. The Regulation applies to the lands other than those comprised with in the Muttas and Mahals governed by the Regulations providing for the abolition
63 thereof. After the survey every ryot is entitled to ryotwari pattta in respect of all cultivable lands which were properly included in his holding. If the land is situated in an estate taken over by the Governrment under Estates Abolition Act shall be granted a patta if he is in continuous occupation of that land from the notified date. For the lands not falling under the said Category a non tribal ryot is not entitled to a ryotwari patta unless he is in occupation of the said land for a continuous period of 8 years from the commencement of the said Regulation and the same is not void or illegal under Land Transfer Regulation, 1959.
8. The A.P. ( Telangana Area ) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950.
The notified tribal areas in the Telengana region were covered by Jagirdari System of land tenure . The Jagirs were abolished and the ryotwari system was introduced. The notified tribal areas were surveyed and settled and the tenants were conferred the patta rights under the Act.
9. The A.P. Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 1998
According to the provisions under part VI-A of this Act, the tribal Panchayats and Grama Sabhas are vested with the powers of safeguarding and preserving not only the traditions and customs of the people but also their cultural identity and community resources. The Grama Sabha is empowered to approve plans, programmes and projects for Social and economic development and also can select beneficiaries under poverty alleviation programmes and other schemes. The Grama Panchayats exercise powers in respect of enforcement of prohibition or regulation or restriction of sale and consumption of any intoxicant , ownership of MFP, prevention of alienation of land in Scheduled Areas and its restoration, management of village markets, exercising control over money lending etc.
64 10. The A.P. School Education (Comniuity Participation) Act, 1998
This Act extends to the whole of the State of A.P. including tribal areas and provides for reforming school education in A.P. by ensuring people's participation in the administration of Schools. The following are some of the important provisions of this Act.
1. Constitution of parent - teacher Association for every School consisting of all teachers and parents of children enrolled in the school to ensure universal access and enrolment, regular attendance of children and their retention, arresting dropouts, improvement of infrastructure facilities, mobilization of corpus fund to the school, sanctioning of the budget and approving accounts of the school education fund etc. 2. Constitution of school committee with members elected from among the parents of enrolled children and School Head master/Senior teacher with functions like managing School Education Fund, assisting teachers in ensuring enrolment and retention of children, hiring the services of local persons as teachers on voluntary basis as per the requirement, ensuring excellence in the overall performance of the School, coordinating with the Panchayat Education Committee etc. 3. Mobilization of school Education Fund for the development of the School. 4. Constitution of Panchayat and Mandal Education Committees to coordinate with the School Education Committees.
11. The A.P. Scheduled Areas Minor Forest Produce (Regulation of Trade) Regulation, 1979:
65 Through this Regulation, the trade of Minor Forest Produce was regulated by creation of a State monopoly. Under the said regulation, the government have appointed Girijan Cooperative Corporation Ltd. (GCC) as their Agent for the purpose of procurement/trade of minor forest produce and vested monopoly rights with it. The Scheduled Tribes in the State thereby enjoy rights over the collection of minor forest produce from the those units of the Corporation. The officers of the corporation are empowered to stop, detain, and examine at any place, and seize stocks which are not covered by valid transport forest permit and to make further legal proceedings against the offenders. The Branch Managers of the Corporation are empowered to file a charge sheet against the offenders before the magistrate having jurisdiction.
12.The SCs and STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
This Act was enacted to prevent the commission of offences of atrocities against the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, to provide for Special Courts for speedy trial of such offences and for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offences. The Act prescribed stringent punishment for all those who commit atrocities against SCs and STs.
66 ANNEXURE -1 LIST OF SCHEDULED TRIBES IN ANDHRA PRADESH VIDE SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES ORDERS (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1976
No. 108 OF 1976 DATE: 18th SEPTEMBER, 1976 PART - I ANDHRA PRADESH
67
1. Andh 2. Bagata 3. Bhil 4. Chenchu, Chenchwar 5. Gadaba 6. Gond, Naikpod, Raj Gond 7. Goudu (in the Agency tracts) 8. Hill Reddi 9. Jatapu 10. Kammara 11. Kattunayakan 12. Kolam, Mannervarlu 13. Konda Dhora 14. Konda Kapu 15. Konda Reddi 16. Kondhs, Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Kondhs, Kuttia Kondhs, Tikria Kondhs, Yenety Kondhs 17. Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, Holva, Paiko, Putiya, Sanrona, Sidhopaiko 18. Koya, Goud, Rajah, Rashakoya, Lingadhari Koya (Ordinary), Kottukoya, Bhine Koya, Raj Koya 19. Kulia 20. Malis (excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad & Warangal Districts) 21. Manna Dhora 22. Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dhora 23. Nayaks (in the agency tracts) 24. Pardhan 25. Porja, Parangi Perja 26. Reddi Dhoras 27. Rona, rena 28. Savara, Kapu Savara, Maliya Savara, Khutto Savara 29. Sugalis, Lambadis 30. Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal Districts) 31. Valmiki (in the agency tracts) 32. Yanadis 33. Yerukulas
Source: Handbook of Basic Statistics, TCR & TI
68 69 ANNEXURE - 2
Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population in the Project districts (lakhs) Sl.No. Name of the District Total Sch. Tribe % of ST Population Population Population to total population 1 *Visakhapatnam 32.85 4.69 14.3 2 *East Godavari 45.41 1.76 3.9 3 *West Godavari 35.18 0.85 2.4 4 Krishna 36.99 0.92 2.5 5 +Guntur 41.07 1.82 4.4 6 +Prakasam@ 27.59 0.99 3.6 7 Nellore@ 23.92 2.14 8.9 8 Cuddapah 22.68 0.47 2.1 9 +Kurnool 29.73 0.56 1.9 10 +Ranga Reddy 25.52 1.09 4.3 11 Medak 22.70 0.95 4.2 12 Nizamabad 20.38 1.21 5.9 13 Karimnagar 30.37 0.83 2.7 14 *Warangal 28.19 3.85 13.7 15 *Khammam 22.16 5.59 25.2 16 +Nalgonda 28.52 2.76 9.7 Project Area (STs) 473.26 30.48 6.4 Andhra Pradesh 665.08 41.99 6.3
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
* Districts with TSP Areas. + Chenchu Project Area @ Yanadi Project Area.
70 ANNEXURE -3 Distribution of Rural and Urban S.T. Population in the Project districts
Si. District Total S.T. Rural Urban No. Population 1 Visakhapatnam 4,68,886 4,60,882 8,004 (98.29) (1.71) 2 East Godavari 1,76,083 1,68,137 7,946 (95.49) (4.51) 3 West Godavari 84,648 77,474 7,174 (91.52) (8.48) 4 Krishna 91,767 70,767 21,000
____ (77.12) (22.88) 5 Guntur 1,81,588 1,44,196 37,392 (79.41) (20.59) 6 Prakasam 98,854 81,324 17,530 (82.27) (17.73) 7 Nellore 2,14,062 1,77,459 36,603 (82.90) (17.10) 8 Kumool 56,455 45,453 11,002 (80.51) (19.49) 9 Cuddapah 47,414 40,761 6,653 (85.97) (14.03) 10 Rangareddy 1,09,394 87,517 21,877 (80.00) (20.00) 11 Nizamabad 1,20,716 1,16,439 4,277 (96.46) (3.54) 12 Medak 95,042 92,098 2,944 (96.90) (3.10) 13 Nalgonda 2,75,638 2,66,400 9,238 (96.65) (3.35) 14 Warangal 3,85,309 3,69,655 15,654 (95.94) (4.06) 15 Khammam 5,58,958 5,27,089 31,869 (94.30) (5.70) 16 Karimnagar 83,017 76,885 6,132 (92.61) (7.39) Project Area 30,47,831 28,02,536 2,45,295 (92.00) (8.00) Andhra Pradesh 41,99,481 38,80,254 3,19,227 (92.40) (7.60)
Note Figures in the Parenthesis indicate percentage
71 Source: 1991 Census Reports.
ANNEXURE -4
Male/Female Scheduled Tribe Ratio in the Project districts.
Si. District Males Females Total Females No. per 1000 males. 1 Visakhapatnam 2,35,925 2,32,961 4,68,886 987 2 East Godavari 88,270 87,813 1,76,083 995 3 West Godavari 42,160 42,488 84,648 1007 4 Krishna 47,109 44,658 91,767 948 5 Guntur 93,636 87,952 1,81,588 939 6 Prakasham 51,044 47,810 98,854 936 7 Nellore 1,09,986 1,04,076 2,14,062 946 8 Kumool 29,201 27,254 56,455 933 9 Cuddapah 24,617 22,797 47,414 926 10 Rangareddy 56,438 52,956 1,09,394 938 11 Nizamabad 61,156 59,560 1,20,716 934 12 Medak 48,950 46,092 95,042 941 13 Nalgonda 1,43,135 1,32,503 2,75,638 925 14 Khammam 2,84,152 2,74,806 5,58,958 967 15 Karimnagar 42,301 40,716 83,017 962 16 Warangal 1,99,138 1,86,171 3,85,309 935 Project Area 15,57,218 14,90,613 30,47,831 957 Andhra Pradesh 21,42,817 20,56,664 41,99,481 960
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
72 ANNEXURE -5
Literacy rates of Scheduled Tribes in the Project Districts.
Si. District Male Female Total No. 1 Visakhapatnam 25.18 7.83 16.59 2 East Godavari 27.57 16.48 22.04 3 West Godavari 29.11 19.02 24.06 4 Krishna 29.90 13.28 21.68 5 Guntur 29.84 11.49 20.90 6 Prakasham 29.81 11.90 21.17 7 Nellore 20.78 11.66 16.36 8 Cuddapah 32.58 12.31 22.89 9 Kurnool 36.76 12.02 24.86 10 Rangareddy 26.06 7.88 17.30 11 Medak 19.37 2.92 11.50 12 Nizamabad 20.61 3.64 12.22 13 Karimnagar 20.09 4.08 12.31 14 Warangal 21.22 4.91 13.39 15 Khammam 24.01 8.02 16.16 16 Nalgonda 23.82 4.21 14.50 17 Project Area 24.73 8.56 16.84 AndhraPradesh 25.25 8.68 17.16 Andhra Pradesh 55.13 32.72 44.09 (General)
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
73 ANNEXURE -6 Enrolment Ratio in Classes I - V and VI - VII of Scheduled Tribes in the Project Districts
Si. District. Classes I - V (6-11 Yrs.) Classes VI - VII (11 - 13 Yrs.) No. Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total 1 Visakhapatnam 34.58 103.79 81.40 92.58 45.67 23.52 2 East Godavari 45.10 110.34 104.57 107.40 47.60 42.61 3 West Godavari 40.00 117.03 111.66 114.32 42.79 37.24 4 Krishna 36.86 113.87 106.09 110.10 44.52 28.71 5 Guntur 29.63 114.73 103.26 109.20 39.26 19.28 6 Prakasam 27.85 149.79 137.96 144.09 35.69 19.42 7 Nellore 21.77 102.25 99.19 100.76 25.04 18.34 8 Cuddapah 151.52 128.10 140.22 55.59 30.79 43.62 9 Kurnool 159.66 137.02 148.80 61.14 35.30 48.74 10 Rangareddi 97.10 152.57 175.67 67.29 33.93 51.24 11 Medak 165.32 108.20 137.76 45.55 13.32 30.00 12 Nizamabad 164.31 114.10 139.38 41.53 14.68 28.20 13 Karimnagar 126.02 98.87 112.84 46.58 21.42 34.37 14 Warangal 145.24 126.75 136.32 49.94 25.29 38.04 15 Khammam 118.57 105.49 112.15 45.48 26.27 36.05 16 Nalgonda 146.44 109.52 128.84 44.88 15.41 30.83 A.P. (STs) 129.00 108.88 119.16 45.21 24.39 35.03 A.P. (General) 87.70 84.83 86.28 53.65 43.85 48.83
74 Gross Enrolment Ratio:
The Gross Enrolment Ratio relates to total enrolment at a particular stage, regardless of the age of those enrolled, to the population, which according to the rules should be enrolled, at this stage. It is defined as the percentage of enrolment in classes I to V and VI to VII to the estimated children in the age group of 6-11 years and 11-13 years respectively. The Gross Enrolment Ratio may cross 100% because of inclusion of overage and under age children. The Gross Enrolment Ratio is calculated as follows:
Enrolment Ratio = No. of students in Primary Stage. X 100 In primary stage. No. of children in 6-11 age group Enrolment Ratio = No. of students in upper Primary Stage X 100 in Upper Primary No. of Children in 11-13 age group. Stage.
Source: Selected Educational Statistics Published by Directorate (1999-2000) of School Education, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
75 ANNEXURE -7
Dropout Rates of Scheduled Tribes in classes I - V and I - VII in the Project Districts.
Si. District. I - V I - ViI No. Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1 Visakhapatnam 63.29 72.21 67.18 69.49 70.24 73.21 2 East Godavari 63.00 64.74 63.85 76.51 77.56 77.02 3 West Godavari 54.72 53.68 54.21 73.82 76.81 75.31 4 Krishna 47.75 56.46 51.66 74.75 80.43 77.22 5 Guntur 53.05 65.73 58.86 76.48 86.43 80.75 6 Prakasam 53.44 65.77 59.43 81.19 89.61 85.13 7 Nellore 71.12 75.22 73.09 87.85 91.57 89.64 8 Cuddapah 35.31 44.47 39.42 67.22 78.72 72.24 9 Kurnool 28.86 43.54 35.38 65.03 76.40 69.78 10 Rangareddi 73.93 81.63 77.07 72.66 74.53 73.27 11 Medak 75.57 81.82 77.54 84.27 90.78 86.29 12 Nizamabad 71.20 78.91 73.84 83.04 89.61 85.36 13 Karimnagar 60.98 75.51 67.11 79.57 85.24 81.74 14 Warangal 72.93 80.17 75.97 82.03 86.94 83.94 15 Khammam 65.91 73.98 69.49 77.07 84.08 80.10 16 Nalgonda 64.84 75.78 68.70 81.43 88.67 83.88 A.P. (STs) 66.69 73.75 69.75 79.72 85.94 82.33 A.P. (General) 39.42 41.23 40.28 56.21 60.68 58.29
Dropout:
Rate of dropout has been defined as percentage of the number of children to total enrolment dropping out of the educational system in a particular year.
76 Dropout Rate is calculated as follows:
Drop out Rate from No. of students enrolled in class I in 1995-96 - Class I to V for the = No. of students in class V in 1999-2000 X 100 Year 99-2000 No. of students enrolled in class I in 95-96
Drop out Rate from No. of students enrolled in class I in 1993-94 - Class I to VII for the = No. of students in class VII in 1999-2000 x 100 Year 99-2000 No. of students enrolled in class I in 93-94
This ratio does not take into account repeaters and children who enter the system after class - I .
Source: Selected Educational Statistics (1999-2000) Published by Directorate of School Education, A.P., Hyderabad
77 ANNEXURE -8 District-Wise Number of Educational Institutions for Scheduled Tribes in the Project Area
S1. District Ashram Schools Hostels Residential No. Schools =__ APS AUPS AHS Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total 1 Visakhapatnam 29 23 26 78 25 11 36 5 2 7
2 East Godavari 24 22 5 51 16 5 21 3 3 6
3 West Godavari 24 7 1 32 14 6 20 2 1 3
4 Warangal 16 9 9 34 33 7 40 3 2 5
5 Khammam 41 11 19 71 32 14 46 4 3 7
6 Krishna 1 - - 1 12 7 19 - - -
7 Guntur 3 - - 3 24 8 32 1 - 1
8 Prakasam 11 5 - 16 17 5 22 1 - 1
9 Nellore - 1 - 1 17 6 23 2 - 2
10 Kumool 11 - - 11 9 1 10 1 1 2
11 Nalgonda 10 1 - 11 32 4 36 1 1 2
12 Ranga Reddy 4 - - 4 8 3 11 1 - 1
13 Karimnagar 10 10 12 2 14 1 1 2
14 Medak 4 - 4 13 3 16 1 - 1
15 Nizamabad 3 3 12 1 13 1 1
16 Cuddapah - - - - 8 1 9 - - -
TOTAL 191 79 60 330 284 84 368 27 14 41
78 ANNEXURE -9
Distribution of Medical Institutions in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas of Project Districts.
S. District I.T.D.A. Govt. PHCs Sub- Govt. Mobile Comm- Comm- No. Hospi- Centres Dispen Medica unity unity tals. I Health Health saries Units Centres Workers 1 Visakhapatnam Paderu 4 17 189 7 6 4 3200
2 East Godavari Rampacho- 2 10 93 2 1 2 619 Davaram
3 West Godavari Kota 2 4 65 - 3 2 102 Ramachan- drapuram.
4 Khammam Bhadra- 13 33 207 3 5 13 2209 chalam.
5 Warangal Eturu- 1 15 64 - I 1 254 nagaram.
6 Prakasam Sundipenta - 5 - I 1 83 (Srisailam)
7 Kumool 1 10 1 - - 37
8 Guntur 1 2 - 1 - - 42
TOTAL 24 96 619 14 17 22 6546
Source: Tribal Welfare Department, A.P., Hyderabad.
79 ANNEXURE -10 Occupational Pattern of Scheduled Tribes in the Project Districts
Si. District Total Total WORKERS No Scheduled Main Tribe Workers Cultivators % of Agricul- % of Manufac Population Col.5 tural Col.7 -turing, Over Labourers Over Processing, Col.3 Col.3 Servicing & repairs in household Industry.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 1 Visakhapatnam 4,68,886 2,40,525 1,87,281 39.94 40,546 8.65 1,810 2 East Godavari 1,76,083 91,600 43,510 24.71 39,141 22.23 1,747 3 West Godavari 84,648 45,461 10,355 12.23 26,682 31.52 1,607 4 Krishna 91,767 45,371 3,688 4.02 29,284 31.91 2,475 5 Guntur 1,81,588 94,016 8,766 4.83 65,899 36.29 2,267 6 Prakasam 98,854 48,763 3,802 3.85 32,743 33.12 2,259 7 Nellore 2,14,062 1,16,994 4,859 2.27 91,576 42.78 2,687 8 Cuddapah 47,414 22,206 2,685 5.66 13,014 27.45 2,924 9 Kurnool 56,455 26,333 3,452 6.11 12,657 22.42 5,391 10 Ranga Reddy 1,09,394 52,074 20,774 18.99 18,908 17.29 1,271 11 Medak 95,042 47,057 24,005 25.26 16,841 17.72 2,124 12 Nizamabad 1,20,716 62,618 33,767 27.97 24,451 20.26 1,343 13 Karimnagar 83,017 45,316 16,680 20.09 21,425 25.81 2,054 14 Warangal 3,85,309 2,01,309 1,08,346 28.12 80,472 20.88 2,791 15 Khammam 5,58,958 2,82,801 1,12,341 20.10 1,48,975 26.65 3,071 16 Nalgonda 2,75,638 1,33,013 64,253 23.31 57,973 21.03 4,190 Project Area 30,47,831 15,55,457 6,48,564 21.28 7,20,587 23.64 40,011 Andhra Pradesh 41,99,481 21,30,981 8,77,806 20.90 9,92,358 23.63 55,786 (ST's) Andhra Pradesh 66,508,008 28,445,482 7,891,167 11.86 11,625,159 17.48 955,507 (General)
80 Contd.. SI. District WORKERS Marginal % of Non % of No of Other Of workers Col. 13 workers Col .15 Col. workers Col.1I1 Over COver 9 OverCo3Cl3 Over Col.3 Col.
(1) (2) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 1 Visakhapatnam 0.39 10,888 2.32 29,545 6.30 1,98,816 42.40 2 East Godavari 0.99 7,202 4.09 4,168 2.37 80,315 45.61 3 West Godavari 1.90 6,817 8.05 1,013 1.20 38,174 45.10 4 Krishna 2.70 9,924 10.81 1,304 1.42 45,092 49.14 5 Guntur 1.25 17,084 9.41 4,085 2.25 83,487 45.97 6 Prakasam 2.29 9,959 10.07 2,012 2.03 48, 079 48.64 7 Nellore 1.25 17,872 8.35 5,308 2.48 91,760 42.87 8 Cuddapah 6.17 3,583 7.56 1,923 4.05 23,285 49.11 9 Kurnool 9.55 4,833 8.56 856 1.52 29,266 51.84 10 Ranga Reddy 1.16 11,121 10.17 1,449 1.32 55,871 51.07 11 Medak 2.23 4,087 4.30 1,660 1.75 46,325 48.74 12 Nizamabad 1.11 3,057 2.53 2,030 1.68 56,068 46.45 13 Karimnagar 2.48 5,157 6.21 1,122 1.35 36,579 44.06 14 Warangal 0.72 9,700 2.52 14,288 3.71 1,69,712 44.05 15 Khammam 0.55 18,414 3.29 20,562 3.68 2,55,595 45.73 16 Nalgonda 1.52 6,597 2.40 11,029 4.00 1,31,596 47.74 Project Area 1.31 1,46,295 4.80 1,02,354 3.36 13,90,020 45.61 Andhra 1.33 2,05,031 4.88 1,38,132 3.29 19,30,368 45.97 Pradesh (ST's) Andhra 1.44 7,973,649 11.99 1,518,166 2.28 36,544,360 54.95 Pradesh (General) Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics and 1991 Census Reports.
81 ANNEXURE-11
District wise number of operational holdings held by Scheduled Tribes by size group in the Project Districts.
SI. District Marginal Small S.Medium Medium Large 10 Total No (below (1-2 Ha) (2-4 Ha) (4-10 & above) 1 Ha) Ha) 1 Visakhapatnam 31998 16701 14676 8461 935 72771 2 East Godavari 8282 6888 7248 4269 671 27358 3 West Godavari 5432 2872 2331 979 81 11695 4 Krishna 5042 1439 542 162 5 7190 5 Guntur 7030 1627 1086 173 9 9925 6 Prakasam 6731 2050 1063 137 23 10004 7 Nellore 18287 2044 424 24 4 20783 8 Cuddapah 2840 1399 656 119 8 5022 9 Kumool 1746 1286 983 434 73 4522 10 Rangareddi 5303 4074 2915 1257 271 13820 11 Medak 7581 4578 2913 1896 183 16351 12 Nizamabad 9942 4941 2658 485 30 18056 13 Karimnagar 7776 2778 1635 332 15 12536 14 Warangal 37446 19869 10391 2997 212 70915 15 Khammam 37494 24643 20020 8172 703 91032 16 Nalgonda 22243 12283 8412 3325 390 46653 Project Area 215173 109472 77953 32422 3613 438633(100.0%) (49.1%) (25.0%) 17.7%) (7.4%) (0.8%) Andhra Pradesh 305526 158395 120668 49010 5104 638703 (ST's)
Source: Directorate of Econonics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
82 ANNEXURE-12
District wise number of Scheduled Tribe Operational Holdings and Operated Area in the Project Districts
S1. District No. of holdings Operated Area No. Number % to total Area % to
(Hect.) total 1 Visakhapatnam 72771 16.6 141625 20.1 2 East Godavari 27358 6.2 68523 9.7 3 West Godavari 11695 2.7 19382 2.7 4 Krishna 7190 1.6 6598 0.9 5 Guntur 9925 2.3 9097 1.3 6 Prakasam 10004 2.3 9494 1.3 7 Nellore 20783 4.8 11001 1.6 8 Cuddapah 5022 1.1 5734 0.8 9 Kurnool 4522 1.0 9023 1.3 10 Rangareddi 13820 3.1 27899 3.9 11 Medak 16351 3.7 26748 3.8 12 Nizamabad 18056 4.2 21588 3.2 13 Karimnagar 12536 2.8 13818 2.0 14 Warangal 70915 16.3 94861 13.4 15 Khammam 91032 20.7 163697 23.2 16 Nalgonda 46653 10.6 76363 10.8 Project Area 438633 100.0 705451 100.0
83 Andhra Pradesh 638703 1044756 (ST's) Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad. ANNEXURE - 13
District Wise, Source Wise Net Area irrigated (Scheduled Tribes) in the Project Districts (Area in Hects.) S1. District Canals Tanks Wells Tube Other Total No. Wells Sources 1 Visakhapatnam 671 1507 4 21 14004 16207 2 East Godavari 1192 1237 16 43 247 2735 3 West Godavari 526 1078 1226 1475 929 5234 4 Krishna 1476 921 40 14 233 2684 5 Guntur 3463 82 17 109 58 3729 6 Prakasam 1075 374 293 468 322 2532 7 Nellore 2252 2955 609 628 290 6734 8 Cuddapah 80 230 336 392 41 1079 9 Kurnool 415 213 118 32 31 809 10 Rangareddi 369 376 1132 224 132 2233 11 Medak 201 2713 1094 1263 284 5555 12 Nizamabad 1652 1953 2001 1831 433 7870 13 Karimnagar 1305 1193 1985 124 298 4905 14 Warangal 282 10409 19187 531 1879 32288 15 Khammam 4968 9509 3304 2171 3715 23667 16 Nalgonda 10572 1561 3820 340 884 17177 Project Area 30499 36311 35182 9666 23780 135438 Andhra 33305 44867 42580 10296 27847 158897
84 Pradesh (ST's)
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
ANNEXURE- 14 Area Under Principal Crops in the Land Holdings of Scheduled Tribes (Area in Hects.) Si. Crop Irrigated Unirrigated Total % to gross No. Area Area Cropped Area. 1 Rice 34079 78861 212940 21.87 2 Jowar 399 171699 173098 17.28 3 Bajra 52 32511 33063 3.40 4 Maize 333 30688 36021 3.70 5 Ragi 24 47588 48212 4.95 6 Other Cereals and 77 33768 33945 3.49 Millets Total Cereals 42164 395115 537279 55.19 Total Pulses 1453 116262 117715 12.09 Total Foodgrains 143617 511377 654994 67.28 7 Sugarcane 2138 1116 3254 0.33 8 Condiments & Spices 11400 7565 18965 1.95 9 Fruits & Vegetables 2922 23101 26023 2.68 10 Other Food Crops 11 0 11 Negligible Total Food Crops 160088 543159 703247 72.24 11 Total Oil Seeds 15303 145292 160595 16.50 12 Fibers 4229 93745 97974 10.06 13 Dyes & tanning matts 17 23 40 Negligible 14 Drugs & Narcotics 3752 6788 10540 1.08
85 15 Fodder Crops & Green 29 660 689 0.07 manure 16 Other Non Food Crops 9 448 457 0.05 Total Non Food Crops 23339 246956 270295 27.76 Gross Cropped Area 183427 790115 973542 100.00 Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad. ANNEXURE- 15
Drinking Water Facilities in Tribal Sub Plan Areas of Project districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total No. of No. of Habita- % to total Habitations tions provided identified Identified. with Drinking habitations Water 1 Paderu 2685 2202 82 (Visakhapatnam)
2 Rampachodavaram 1260 1182 94 (E.Godavari Dist.)
3 Kotaramachandra 360 292 81 Puram (W. Godavari Dist.)
4 Bhadrachalam 1271 1131 89 (Khammam Dist.)
5 Eturunagaram 732 606 83 (Warangal Dist.)
6 Sundipenta 729 591 81 (Chenchu Region) 7 Project Area (TSP) 7037 6004 85
Andhra Pradesh 10136 8926 88
86 I (ST's) I I I
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
ANNEXURE- 16
Approach Roads in Tribal Sub Plan Areas of Project Districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total S.T. No. of Habita- % to Total Habitations. tions S.T.Habita- connected tions. With roads. 1 Paderu 3536 3229 91 (Visakhapatnam) 2 Rampachodavaram 488 199 41 (E. Godavari Dist.) 3 Kotaramachandra 232 134 58 Puram (W. Godavari Dist.) 4 Bhadrachalam 2267 1400 62 (Khammam Dist.) 5 Eturunagaram 304 286 94 (Warangal Dist.) 6 Sundipenta 305 154 50 (Chenchu Region) 7 Project Area (TSP) 7132 5402 76 Andhra Pradesh 10092 6838 68 (ST's) I Source: Tribal Welfare Deparment.
87 ANNEXURE- 17
Electrification of Tribal Villages in the Tribal Sub-Plan areas of Project Districts.
S.No. District Total No. of Villages electrified Villages Conventional Solar Total (1) (2) (3) Lights (4) (5) (6)
1 Visakhapatnam 3466 722 2153 2875
2 East Godavari 599 361 223 584
3 West Godavari 103 85 15 100
4 Khammam 892 447 188 635
5 Warangal 254 179 32 211
Total 5314 1794 2611 4405
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
88 ANNEXURE- 18
Housing Programme for Scheduled Tribes in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas of the Project Districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total No. No.of families % to total of Provided with families. Families. houses
1 Paderu 1,19,913 48,744 41 (Visakhapatnam Dist)
2 Rampachodavaram 49,740 19,874 40 (East Godavari Dist) 3 Kotaramachandra 11,992 4,605 38 Puram (West Godavari Dist) 4 Bhadrachalam 1,56,508 52,824 34 (Khammam Dist)
5 Eturunagaram 25,991 18,654 72 (Warangal Dist)
6 Sundipenta 7,565 2,733 36 (Chenchu region)
89 Project Area 3,71,709 1,47,434 39.7 Andhra Pradesh 5,11,521 2,02,138 40 (Tribal Sub Plan Areas)
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
ANNEXURE-19
Note on Implementation arrangements in TSP areas - delineation of the roles of PO-ITDA and PD-DPIP
Background:
The A.P.D.P.I. Project is being implemented in 6 districts. The main objective of the A.P.D.P.I.P. is to improve opportunities for the poor to meet their priority social and economic needs. The project objectives will be achieved through a process of social mobilization and empowerment of the poor and their self managed institutions. Of the 6 DPIP project districts, there are 3 districts with significant tribal population - Vizianagaram. Srikakulam and Adilabad. A tribal development strategy was developed for APDPIP by the Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institute, Tribal Welfare Department during the preparation of the project. Based on this strategy, a Tribal Development Plan (TDP) has been developed for the project.
The basic premise of A.P.D.P.I.P. is that social mobilization and empowerment of the poor requires an autonomous and sensitive support organization, and the support organization should not have any other responsibility like delivery of specific services. Hence, the management of the Project at the state level is
90 vested in an independent, autonomous society, the Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP). The role of SERP through the SPMU and DPMUs is to work exclusively on social mobilization of the poor. SERP is not involved in any sectoral programmes or in delivering any sevices.
For effective implementation of the DPIP in TSP areas, there is a need for clear delineation of the role of the Project Officer, ITDA and the role of the PD, DPIP. The convergence between them is essential for accelerating the pace for poverty eradication. During the visit of the Supervisory Mission of the World Bank in May, 2001, the Mission had requested the State Government to delineate their respective roles. These issues were discussed with the three District Collectors, PDs-DPIP and POs-ITDA. Discussions were held by Secretary, Tribal Welfare with the Commissioner, T.W. the Chief Executive Officer, S.E.R.P. and the S.P.C., S.E.R.P. After taking into consideration the suggestions received from the districts, from the C.E.O., S.E.R.P., and Commissioner, T.W. and also keeping in view the arrangements mentioned in the Project Appraisal Document of A.P.D.P.I.P., the following orders are issued. The Orders will come into effect immediately.
Implementation arrangements in the T.S.P. areas of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and Adilabad districs.
1. In TSP areas, the Project Officer, ITDA has the overall responsibility of implementing development programmes for tribals, either directly or through the line departments in the tribal areas. Considering the process intensive nature of work involved in social mobilization under D.P.I.P., there will be an independent and autonomous unit in the I.T.D.A., the Tribal Project Management Unit (TPMU) to implement the A.P.D.P.I.P. in the T.S.P. areas. The TPMU will have a separate account for
91 receiving funds from the concerned DPMU. This separation will ensure that the T.P.M.U. is an independent support organisation for the TSP area and has only one mandate i.e., social mobilization and empowerment of tribal communities. This unit will not be involved in day-to day activities of the ITDA and it will not be used as an extension wing of any line department for delivering services. The day-to day functioning of the TPMU will be the responsibility of a Project Co-ordinator, who will be assisted by two to three functional specialists and also support staff. The Project Coordinator, the functional specialists and the support staff required will be funded by SERP.
2. The jurisdiction of the T.P.M.U. will extend to all the TSP areas of the District. In Adilabad district, since almost all the mandals fall in the T.S.P. area, the PO-ITDA and PD-DPIP will divide the mandals into two categories. (i) 'Core' Tribal mandals - where the ST population is very high and (ii) 'other' mandals. In Adilabad, the T.P.M.U. will take up the responsibility for the lst category, i.e., the 'core' tribal mandals and the Project Director, D.P.I.P. will be responsible for the other mandals.
3. The Project Coordinator, TPMU and the functional specialists in the TPMU will be under the administrative control of the Project Officer, ITDA. The relationship with the Project Officer, ITDA is on the same lines as the relationship between the Project Director, DPIP and the District Collector. The Project Director, DPIP has the responsibility of technical supervision, training of T.P.M.U. specialists, to ensure that the activities in the T.S.P. areas are in accordance with the Annual Works and Finance Plans (A.W.F.P), communication of guidelines received from S.P.M.U., monitoring of accounts, consolidation of progress reports, etc.,
92 4. An Annual Works and Finance Plan (AWFP) will be developed by the Project Officer, ITDA for the TSP area, as per the guidelines of the SPMU and in consultation with the Project Director, DPIP. The TSP plan along with the rest of the district plan will be placed before the District Collector for approval. After District Collector's approval, the Project Director, DPIP will send the AWFP for the entire district showing the tribal sub plan component separately. The SPMU will integrate the proposals of the DPMUs and the schools component under APSWREIS and obtain the approval of the Government and World Bank for the AWFP. After approval, the SPMU will release funds to the D.P.M.U. The D.P.M.U. will in turn release funds to the T.P.M.U. for implementation of the TSP component. These funds will be adjusted in the account of the Tribal Project Management Unit.
5. The tribal development plan referred to above shall cover all the components of the DPIP in the Project mandals falling in the ITDA area:
(i) Institutional Capacity Building: Mandal Community Support Cells would be established in each of the DPIP project mandals. The T.P.M.U. will prepare a training calendar covering all levels including the trainings to the community members. The TPMU, guided by PD, DPIP and in consultation with PO - ITDA will prepare the training calendar. The training calendar shall clearly indicate the training which will be conducted by the TPMU exclusively and also the training which will be conducted by DPMU for all CCs / SOs. PO-ITDA will ensure that the CCs / SOs of the TSP areas are deputed to the common
93 training programmes organized by the DPMU for enhancing their capacities, as per a jointly developed training calendar. (ii) Wherever the MCSC is sub-contracted to the NGOs by SERP, the PO - ITDA would regularly interact with the NGOs and the TPMU would be responsible for the outcomes committed in the MCSC contract entered between SERP and the NGO concerned. There shall be a triparte agreement among the NGO, PD DPIP and PO ITDA clearly setting out the roles and responsibilities of each agency. (iii) The capacity building of all the stakeholders, the convergence with line departments and PRIs, conduct of trainings, exposure visits, etc., will be undertaken by the TPMU. (iv) Community Investment Fund: PO ITDA will indicate in the AWFP the mandals, villages and the approximate number of Common Interest Groups (CIGs) which can be facilitated for development of CIF proposals. The approximate cost of the sub-projects under the proposals would be indicated in the AWFP. The PD - DPIP will impart necessary trainings to the TPMU and the MCSCs on preparation of the CIF proposals, following the guidelines issued from time to time by SERP. PO-ITDA will facilitate preparation of sub-project proposals by the MCSCs. The CIF proposals shall then be transmitted to PD- DPIP for appraisal by the independent appraisers. After the appraisal process is successfully completed, the PD DPIP would get the CIF proposals cleared by the District Coordination Committee on Tribal sub-plan component of DPIP. The MOU would be signed with the CIGs by PD - DPIP and PO - ITDA. The PO - ITDA will ensure that the sub-projects are
94 implemented and the objectives of the sub-projects are accomplished as envisaged in the CIF proposals.
District Coordination Committee
6. A District Coordination Committee on tribal sub-plan component of APDPIP shall be constituted with the District Collector as the Chairperson. The following will be the composition of the committee.
PD DPIP Member PO ITDA Member Representative of the Partner Voluntary Member Organization. Project Coordinator, TPMU Member Convenor
Reporting
7. The Project Coordinator is responsible for maintaining the accounts and MIS as prescribed by the DPMU. He/She shall submit to DPMU, through the PO ITDA all the reports required by the DPMU.
95 ANNEXURE 20
ANNEXURE TO G.O.MS.NO. 242, DATED 112-1991
GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME OF ACQUISITION/ PURCHASE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS FOR ASSIGNMENT TO TRIBALS UNDER ACTION PLAN FOR ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF TRIBAL AREAS.
1. These guidelines may be called the "Guidelines for implementing the scheme of acquisition/purchase of agricultural lands for assignment to the scheduled tribe families".
2. The Scheme shall be implemented by a committee consisting of the concerned Project Officer, Integrated Tribal Development Agency / Joint Collector as Chairman and Sub-Collectors/Revenue Divisional Officers/Special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) having jurisdiction on the areas and the District Tribal Welfare Officer as members for acquiring/purchasing the agricultural lands under the scheme.
3. The Committee shall scrutinize and obtain the approval of the District Collector whose decision shall be final. The acquisition /purchase of the land shall be made through "Public Notice" by the Project Officer/Joint Collector and not by individual contact.
4. The agricultural land to be purchased or acquired should be free from all encumbrances, arrears of land revenue tax and other dues to Government, Local Bodies etc., and should be in the actual possession and enjoyment of the transferor at the time of acquisition or purchase.
96 5. Lands belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other small and marginal farmers should not be purchased.
6. The lands governed under the A.P. Tenancy Act and A.P. (Telangana areas) Tenancy and Agricultural lands Act, 1950as amended from time to time and are under the direct cultivation and actual enjoyment of Sch.Castes and Sch. Tribes shall not be purchased/acquired.
7. a) The lands covered by the A.P. Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers)Act, 1976 shall not be purchased/Acquired. b) The special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) in the Scheduled Areas shall be consulted as to whether the land thus identified is attracted by the provisions of: i. A.P. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959. ii. A.P. Scheduled Areas Ryotwari settlement Regulation, 1970. iii. A.P. Muttas (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969. iv. A.P. Mahals (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969.
8. The lands under cultivation of paddy,. Cotton, ground-nut, barley, chilies, sugacane, citrus, Mango, coconut, Mulberry etc., which are likely to yield within a period of six months from the date of acquisition/purchase of land shall be preferred. In case where dry lands are proposed for acquisition/purchase, it shall be ensured that the land has potential for irrigation either through open wells or bore wells/tube wells or any other possible source of irrigation.
97 9. The Project Officer, ITDA/Joint Collector shall get all the relevant documents, title deeds, certificates, etc., scrutinized by the Government Pleader for ensuring the correctness of the ownership of the land.
10. The Committee shall go into the location of the lands available for acquisition/purchase, ascertain the title to the lands proposed for acquisition/ purchase, identify the genuine landless poor agricultural labour, families belonging to Scheduled Tribes, arrive at the local values and fix reasonable rates on the lands proposed to be acquired /purchased.
11. The village-wise market values as fixed by the Revenue Department under the market values schemes are available with the Mandal Revenue Officers. These values may broadly be the basis for deciding the rates for acquisition/purchase.
12. The land should be assigned in the name of the house-wife.
13. The Committee shall not entertain proposals for acquisition/purchase of the lands situated in the Scheduled Areas if the possession and enjoyment of the lands by the persons who offer such lands for being acquired/purchased under the scheme is hit by the provisions of the A.P. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation 1959 as amended from time to time.
14. The maximum extent of land that can be assigned to the families belonging to Scheduled Tribes shall not exceed 2 acres of dry or one acre of wet land. In certain cases even 0.50 cents of wet land can be quite adequate.
15. No member of a Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land under the scheme if the annual income of the family of which he is a member exceeds Rs.6,400/-
98 16. No member of a Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land under the scheme if he or any other member of a family of which he is a member was assigned Government land of not less than 2 acres of dry land or one acre of wet land under normal rules governing assignment of government lands.
17. No member of a) Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land under the scheme if he or any other member of the family of which he is a member was allotted an extent of less than 2 acres of dry land or 1 acre of wet land from out of the land available as surplus under the provisions of the A.P. Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural holdings) Act 1973 for the land assigned/allotted under any other law.
18. The conmuittee shall accord priority in the matter of assignment of land under the scheme first to those Scheduled Tribes who do not own any land at all and next to those who own land "not exceeding one acre of dry land or 0.50 cents of wet land and finally to those who own land exceeding one acre of dry land or 0.50 cents of wet land but below two acres of dry land or one acre of wet land.
19. No alienation of lands assigned to the families of Scheduled Tribes under the scheme can be made under any circumstances what so ever. The provisions of the A.P. Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act, 1977 shall apply to the lands assigned under the scheme.
20. In case, the land is purchased, the cost of the land as may be determined by the committee as per para 10 of these guidelines shall be paid to the vender of the land at the time of registration of Sale Deed in the office of the concerned Registering officer.
21. Ceiling on the price of the land to be purchased shall be fixed at Rs. 15,000/- per acre of wet land and Rs. 5,000/- per acre in case of dry land.
99 22. The land purchased under the scheme shall be handed over to the Revenue Department for assignment to the Tribal families so that all the formalities and procedures for assignment of land will be complied with.
T.S. APPA RAO, JOINT SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL WELFARE EPARTMENT.
100 Compliance requirements in accordance with Indigenous peoples (O.D.4.20)
Obiectives: i Ensure that the development process The tribal community has been fosters full respect for the dignity, directly consulted for identification human rights and cultural uniqueness of issues and the strategies to be of indigenous people. adopted in the plan to address such issues effectively. ii Ensure that they do not suffer The indigenous people do not adverse effects during the suffer from adverse effects during development process the development process since the participatory development approach is envisaged under the plan. iii Ensure that indigenous peoples The TDP is culturally receive culturally compatible social compatible plan since the options and economic benefits. preferred by the tribal community during consultation process have been incorporated in the plan. Triggers: The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting A.P. State fulfill the i There are indigenous peoples in the criteria prescribed for Project Area identification of a social group as indigenous people by the World Bank in O.D. 4.20 ii Potential adverse impacts on No adverse impacts on indigenous peoples are anticipated. indigenous people are anticipated. iii Indigenous peoples are among the Indigenous people viz. intended beneficiaries. Scheduled Tribes form part of beneficiaries under the Project. CONSULTATIONS Series of consultations were made with tribal community, elected representatives, NGOs and Government officials at district level and with NGOs at state level for the preparation of TDP.
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