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SOCIOLOGY Post Graduate-2nd Semester, Compulsory Paper -7 Faculty: Dr Rafia GENDER AND SOCIETY Women in Early Sociology Jane Adams (1860-1935) Anna Julian Cooper (1858- 1964) Marianne Weber (1870-1954) Beatrice Webb (1858-1943) Key theories of the early women Sociologists They emphasised on the fact that their lives and their experiences were being equal in importance to me. They realized that owing to their experiences their views could be not as objective as men on issues related to women. They were not only theorist but also activists. Historical Roots of Feminism First wave of feminism focussed on women’s political rights, especially the right to vote. It was marked by two key events- 1) In 1848 when the first women’s rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York 2) in 1920 when the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote Second Wave of Feminism It began in the 1960s and continued till the end of the 1980s. It broadened the debate to include a wider range of issues: sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities. Third Wave of Feminism It started in the early 1990s and continued till the rise of the Fourth wave of feminism in 2010. The main aim was to establish that third- wave feminism was not just a reaction, but a movement in itself, because the feminist cause had more work ahead. The term intersectionality—to describe the idea that women experience "layers of oppression" caused, for example, by gender, race and class—had been introduced by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw in 1989. Third Wave..contd The third wave saw the emergence of new feminist currents and theories, such as intersectionality, sex positivity, vegetarian ecofeminism, transfeminism, and postmodern feminism. Key themes of feminist theories Gender Inequality Gender oppression Structural oppression Multiple levels of discrimination and oppression Varieties of feminist theories Cultural feminism Explanatory feminism Existential and phenomenological Liberal feminism Psychoanalytic feminism Radical feminism Intersectionality theory .

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Ecofeminism: an Overview Difficult for Women in Such Societies to Provide Food, Fuel, Or 14 Lois Ann Lorentzen, University of San Francisco & Water
Ecofeminism: An Overview difficult for women in such societies to provide food, fuel, or 14 Lois Ann Lorentzen, University of San Francisco & water. Empirical data supports this claim. Heather Eaton, Saint Paul University A second claim is that women and nature are connected Ecofeminism is an activist and academic movement that sees conceptually and/or culturally/symbolically. These connections are critical connections between the domination of nature and the articulated in several ways. Many agree with Ruether that Western exploitation of women. The term ecofeminism, first used by French cultures present ideas about the world in a hierarchical and feminist Francoise d’Eaubonne1 in 1974, was hailed as the third dualistic manner that is lived out in the way the world is organized. wave of feminism. Ecofeminism, as Karen Warren notes,2 is an The claim is that dualist conceptual structures identify women with umbrella term for a wide variety of approaches. One may be a femininity, the body, Earth, sexuality, and flesh; and men with socialist ecofeminist, cultural ecofeminist, radical ecofeminist, masculinity, spirit, mind, and power. Dualisms such as ecowomanist, etc. Although the categorization of ecofeminism is a reason/emotion, mind/body, culture/nature, heaven/Earth, and contested point, what holds these disparate positions together is the man/woman converge. This implies that men have innate power claim that, as Karen Warren writes, “there are important over both women and nature. This dualistic structure was connections between the domination of women and the domination championed in the Greek world, perpetuated by Christianity, and of nature.”3 reinforced later during the scientific revolution.
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Section A. Feminist Theory in Late-Nineteenth-Century France, The
45 2 Section A. Feminist Theory In late-nineteenth-century France, the word féminisme, meaning women’s liberation was first used in political debates. The most generic way to define feminism is to say that it is an organized activity on behalf of women’s rights and common interests and based on the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Some initial forms of feminism were criticized for considering the perspective of only white, middle-class and educated people. Ethnically specific or multiculturalists forms of feminism were created as a reaction to this criticism. Most feminists believe that inequality between men and women are open to change because they are socially constructed. Many consider feminism as theory or theories, but some others see it as merely a kind of politics in the culture. Feminist theory aims to understand gender inequality and focus on sexuality, gender politics, and power relations. To achieve this, it has developed theories in a wide range of disciplines. Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into fields of theory or philosophy. Since in academic institutions ‘theory’ is often the male standpoint and feminists have fought hard to expose the fraudulent objectivity of male ‘science’, (for example, the Freudian theory of female sexual development) some feminists have not wished to embrace theory at all. Raman Selden, Widdowson and Brooker argue “Feminism and feminist criticism may be better termed a cultural politics than a theory or theories” (116). However, much recent feminist criticism wants to free itself from the ‘ﬁxities and deﬁnites’ of theory and to develop a female discourse which is not considered as a belonging to a recognized conceptual position (and, therefore, probably male produced).
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Modernism and Postmodernism in Feminism: a Conceptual Study on the Developments of Its Defination, Waves and School of Thought
1 Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), Volume 4, Issue 1, (page 1 - 14), 2019 Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2019 e-ISSN : 2504-8562 Journal home page: www.msocialsciences.com Modernism and Postmodernism in Feminism: A Conceptual Study on the Developments of its Defination, Waves and School of Thought Mohd Hafiz Bin Abdul Karim1, Ariff Aizuddin Azlan2 1Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC-IIUM) 2Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Correspondence: Mohd Hafiz Bin Abdul Karim ([email protected]) Abstract ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ This study seeks to identify the relations of modernism and postmodernism in feminism by looking deeply on the development of its definitions, waves of feminism and framework in its specific schools of thought; liberal, classical Marxist, socialist and radical feminism. By adapting qualitative descriptive study, this study covers mainly secondary data from English language sources, be it from books, academic articles or any literatures pertaining to this topic, which obtained from various databases. This study argues that modernism and postmodernism is the worldviews that become the essence of feminism. By looking at the variations of how feminism is studied, e.g. definitions, waves and school of thought, this study concluded that there are several points indicating the relations that exist between modernism and postmodernism with feminism. Modernism can be seen in the relational approach of the liberal, classical Marxist and socialist feminism in the first wave, which are more centered on education, politics and economic participation. Meanwhile, the relation of postmodernism to feminism is exampled in the deconstructing approach of the radical feminism that began from the second wave shown in their individualist views on sex, sexuality, motherhood, childbirth, and language institution.
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Beyond Postmodern Margins: Theorizing Postfeminist Consequences Through Popular Female Representation
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Thomas Erben Gallery Ecofeminism(S)
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The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Philosophy 5-2-1994 The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered Elizabeth Mayer '94 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/phil_honproj Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Mayer '94, Elizabeth, "The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered" (1994). Honors Projects. 4. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/phil_honproj/4 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. - The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered . Elizabeth Mayer Honors Research Project 2 May 1994 Ann Baker, Advisor "Yes Chapman, Larry Colter, April Schultz, Committee • The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Reconsidered1 Introduction Ecofeminism is one of the newest varieties of feminism, and it seems to be one of the brightest. There's ~omething appealing in combining feminist and ecological concerns, and something positively seductive in the implied possibility of one big solution out there somewhere that will end not only the oppression of women but the abuse of nature as well.· There seems to be something right about ecofeminism too: it points out that our culture has formed a conceptual association between women and nature which certain'ly does seem to exist and certainly does seem to have undesirable consequences.
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