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Sġngapur'dakġ Çġnlġ Mühtedġler Örneğġ

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Sġngapur'dakġ Çġnlġ Mühtedġler Örneğġ T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DĠN BĠLĠMLERĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI DĠN SOSYOLOJĠSĠ BĠLĠM DALI YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ DĠN DEĞĠġTĠRME VE KĠMLĠĞĠN YENĠDEN ĠNġASI: SĠNGAPUR’DAKĠ ÇĠNLĠ MÜHTEDĠLER ÖRNEĞĠ Muhammad Nazirul Mubin BIN ABDUL MOEN 2501171110 TEZ DANIġMANI Doç. Dr. Ġsmail DEMĠREZEN ĠSTANBUL - 2019 T.C. ĠSTANBUL ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DĠN BĠLĠMLERĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI DĠN SOSYOLOJĠSĠ BĠLĠM DALI YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ DĠN DEĞĠġTĠRME VE KĠMLĠĞĠN YENĠDEN ĠNġASI: SĠNGAPUR’DAKĠ ÇĠNLĠ MÜHTEDĠLER ÖRNEĞĠ Muhammad Nazirul Mubin BIN ABDUL MOEN 2501171110 TEZ DANIġMANI Doç. Dr. Ġsmail DEMĠREZEN ĠSTANBUL - 2019 ÖZ DĠN DEĞĠġTĠRME VE KĠMLĠĞĠN YENĠDEN ĠNġASI: SĠNGAPUR’DAKĠ ÇĠNLĠ MÜHTEDĠLER ÖRNEĞĠ Muhammad Nazirul Mubin BIN ABDUL MOEN Din, bir insanın hayatındaki en önemli unsurlardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Bununla birlikte, din kimliğin Ģekillenmesinde yadsınamaz bir rol oynar. Ġnsanlar hayatın farklı aĢamalarından geçerek, kendi dünya görüĢleriyle uyumlu olan düĢünce ve inanç arayıĢına girerler. Yıllar boyunca insanlar entelektüel, duygusal, deneysel, mistik, yeniden uyanıĢçı ve cebri nedenlere dayanarak dinlerini değiĢtirmiĢtir. Bu çalıĢmanın amacı, Singapur‟daki Çinli mühtediler arasında dinsel dönüĢümün önde gelen nedenlerini araĢtırmaktır. Bu çalıĢma aynı zamanda yukarıda belirtilen grubun karĢılaĢtığı kimlik sorunlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Güneydoğu Asya‟da Ġslam esasen Malay etnik kökeniyle iliĢkilendirilir. Bu nedenle Çinlilerin Ġslam‟a girmesi bir tabu olarak kabul edilmiĢtir. Nitel bir analiz yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan bu çalıĢma, 30 katılımcıyı derinlemesine görüĢme yoluyla analiz etmiĢtir. Bu yöntem araĢtırmacının dinsel dönüĢüm olgusunu daha iyi anlamasına yardımcı olarak iki temel bulguyu ortaya çıkarmıĢtır: 1) Singapurluların Ġslam‟ı tercih etmelerindeki en etkili nedenin evlilik olduğu düĢünülse de, deneklerimizin ihtidalarında entelektüel nedenlerin daha ağır bastığı gözlemlenmiĢtir ve 2) Din değiĢtirme nedenlerine bakılmaksızın, katılımcılarımızın Ġslam‟a girdikten sonra bir kimlik krizi yaĢama eğiliminde olduğu görülmüĢtür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Singapur, Çinli mühtediler, Ġhtida, Kimlik, Malay. iii ABSTRACT RELIGIOUS CONVERSION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY OF CHINESE MUSLIM CONVERTS IN SINGAPORE Muhammad Nazirul Mubin BIN ABDUL MOEN Religion is considered to be one of the most important elements in one‟s life. With that being said, religion plays an undeniable role in shaping one‟s identity. By going through different phases of life, human has the tendency to seek thoughts and beliefs which are compatible with their own world view. Throughout the years, there are people who have changed their religions based on intellectual, affectional, experimental, mystical, revivalism and coercive reasons. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prominent reason in religious conversion amongst Chinese Muslim converts in Singapore. This study also aims to examine the identity problems faced by the abovementioned group. Islam in South-east Asia is mainly associated with Malay ethnicity. Due to this, it is considered as a taboo for Chinese people to embrace Islam. This study, which was conducted using a qualitative analysis method, analysed 30 respondents through in-depth interview. This method has helped the researcher to further understand the phenomenon of religious conversion, and it has produced two main findings: 1) Despite the thought that marriage is the most effective reason for Singaporean converts to choose Ġslam, it has been observed that intellectual reason outweighs the reasons in our respondents‟ conversions and 2) Regardless of the conversion motives, it has been discovered that our respondents tend to have an identity crisis after converting to Islam. Keywords: Singapore, Chinese Muslim, Religious Conversion, Identity, Malay. iv ÖNSÖZ Din veya inanç bir insanın hatta bir toplumun en önemli öğelerdendir. Din veya inanç ayrıca insan hayatlarında çok önemli bir rol oynar. Her insanın bir inancı olduğuna inanıyoruz. Tek tanrıya veya çok tanrıya inanan olduğu gibi hiçbir tanrıya inanmayan da vardır. Zira tek tanrıya, çok tanrıya inanmak veya hiçbir tanrıya inanmamak inancın alt konudur. Ġnsanlar ayrıca entelektüel, mistik, duygusal, deneysel vd. sebeplerden bir inançtan baĢka bir inanca geçiĢ yapabilir. Bu olguya din değiĢtirme (dinsel dönüĢüm) denilir. Ġster Hz. Peygamber döneminde olsun isterse bizim dönemimizde, din değiĢtirme her toplum tarafından bir tabu olarak görülmektedir. Norm olmayan bir çizgide yürüyen kimse çoğu zaman toplum tarafından ters bakılır. Böylece o kiĢinin kendi toplumdan yabancılaĢmasına yol açabilir. AraĢtırdığımız gibi Singapur‟daki Çinli mühtediler aynı sorunla karĢılaĢmaktadır. Birçok aidiyet sorunu yaĢamalarına rağmen, mühtedilerin ihtida etme kararından vazgeçmemeleri ilgimizi çekmiĢtir. Bu sebeple, sosyoloji alanı için “Din DeğiĢtirme ve Kimliğin Yeniden ĠnĢası: Singapur‟daki Çinli Mühtediler Örneği” adlı bir araĢtırma yürütmek değerli bulmaktayız. Bu çalıĢma giriĢ ve üç bölümden oluĢmaktadır. GiriĢ kısmında bir önbilgi vermek maksadıyla araĢtırmanın konusu, önemi, amacı, metodu, hipotezleri ve sınırlılıkları anlatılmaktadır. Birinci bölümde genel çerçevede Singapur ve Singapur‟daki Çin halkından bahsedilmiĢtir. Ġkinci bölümde ise din değiĢtirmeye dair bulunan birkaç teori ve kimliğin hem din hem de etnik kimlik iliĢkisi ele alınmıĢtır. Üçüncü bölümde ayrıca yaptığımız mülakatlarının analize bölümü olup „ihtida öncesi‟, „ihtida sırası‟ ve „ihtida sonrası‟ olmak üzere üç ayrı alt bölümde Çinli Mühtedilerin deneyimleri analiz edilmiĢtir. Bu tez yazım serüvenim birçok kiĢinin yardımıyla mümkün kılmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmam boyunca değerli yardım ve katkılarıyla beni yönlendiren baĢta değerli tez danıĢmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Ġsmail Demirezen hocama teĢekkür edip saygılarımı sunarım. Tezimi incelemek üzere hafta sonlarını ve mesaiden sonra değerli vaktini ayırdığınıza teĢekkür etmek için gerçekten yetersiz kalıyor. v Lisansüstü eğitimim boyunca derslerinden çok fayda gördüğüm Sayın Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tekin ve Sayın Doç. Dr. Birsen Banu Okutan hocalarıma da Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Tez jürimde yer alarak tez çalıĢmamla ilgili katkı ve görüĢlerini benden esirgemeyen Sayın Prof. Dr. Ali CoĢkun ve Sayın Doç. Dr. Ümit Horozcu hocalarıma saygı ve teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Yüksek lisansa baĢladığım andan itibaren tezimi bitirene kadar bana her konuda yardımcı olan ve özellikle burs veren Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (TDV)‟na Ģükranları bir borç bilirim. 7 sene önce Türkiye‟ye ilk geldiğimde Türkçe öğreten, Türkçe anlamama yardımcı olan, Türk halkını, kültürünü ve Türkiye‟yi sevmeme sebep olan Sayın Hatice Tekin ve Ömer Celep hocalarıma teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. Alan araĢtırması için bana katılımcı bulan Khalid Ajmain Bey‟e ve bunun kapsamında derin mülakatıma cevap vererek bana yardımcı olan 30 Singapurlu Çinli mühtediye de en içten Ģükranlarımı sunarım. Tez boyunca gerek fikir vermek konusunda gerekse dil bakımından cümleleri düzeltmek konusunda yardımını esirgemeyip değerli vaktini ayıran TDV Ġstanbul Koordinasyon ve Eğitim Merkezi Koordinatörü Faruk TekĢen hocama teĢekkürden fazlasını iletmek isterim. Anneme, babama ve tüm ailemin sürekli duaları, sevgileri ve ümitlerinden dolayı minnettarım ve teĢekkür ederim. Bu tez sizin içindir. Bu yolda yanımı bırakmayan, hem çalıĢma boyunca, desteğini, motivesini ve yardımını da eksik etmeyen Sorfina Shariffuddin, Ammar Mustapha, Halim Bohari, Hasnan Hakim, Zainab Zaidi, Cansu Bozu, Cemre Kaymak ve isimlerini sayamadığım tüm arkadaĢlarıma da çok teĢekkür ederim. Hepiniz olmasaydı bu tezi gerçekten bitiremezdim. Ġyi ki varsınız. Muhammad Nazirul Mubin BIN ABDUL MOEN ĠSTANBUL, 2019 vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................. ĠĠĠ ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ĠV ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... V ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ...................................................................................................... VĠĠ ġEKĠLLER LĠSTESĠ ............................................................................................... ĠX TABLOLAR LĠSTESĠ .............................................................................................. X KISALTMALAR LĠSTESĠ ..................................................................................... XĠ GĠRĠġ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM SĠNGAPUR VE ÇĠNLĠLER 1.1. ARAġTIRILAN ÜLKEYE GĠRĠġ: SĠNGAPUR‟A GENEL BAKIġ ..................................... 9 1.2. SĠNGAPURLU ÇĠNLĠLER ......................................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Tarih .......................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2. Kültür ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2.2.1. Maddi kültür ...................................................................................... 16 1.2.2.2. Manevi kültür .................................................................................... 19 1.2.2.3 Sosyal Kültür (Bayramlar) ................................................................. 22 1.3. SĠNGAPUR‟DA ÇĠNLĠLER ARASINDA YAYGIN DĠNLER .........................................
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