Download Scans

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Download Scans DE KATHOLIEK. GODSDIENSTIG-, GESCHIED- EN LETTERKUNDIG MAANDSCHRIFT. DE KATHOLIEK. GODSDIENSTIG, GESCHIED- EN LETTERKUNDIG MAANDSCHRIFT. VIJF EN ZESTIGSTE DEEL. '1874. Vindicamus hereditatem patrum nostrorum. 1 Mach. XV, 34. X an+en te domen in be poert ' ergiu bie 3aume benebiebe (in eine Qlert^che is`cop roiebe. Melis Stoke. LEIDEN, J. W. VAN LEEUWEN. SJ BIBLIOTHEEK BERCH -i.'AANIANUM NIJMEGEN F11 INHOUD HOOFDARTIKELEN. Bladz. De algemeene vergadering der fransche geestelijkheid van 1682. I . .. 1. P. A. DE BRUIJN. Onze Lieve Vrouwe van Lourdes . 33. H. J. J. PRENGER. Sanctissimi Domini Nostri Pil Papae IX Epistola Encyclica »Etst malta" . 43. De algemeene vergadering der fransche geestelijkheid van 1682. II. 69. P A. DE BRUIJN. Erasmus. 96. W. J. VAN CAMPEN. Sanctissimi Domini Nostri Pu Papae IX Constitutio super vicariis capitularibus neenon electis et nominatis ad se- des episcopales vacanter . 122. De strijd tegen het Vaticaanscfh Concilie. I. 128. J. KIMMAN. D@ algemeene vergadering der fransche geestelijkheid van 1682 II1. 161. P. A. DE BRUIJN. IV Bladz. Veroordeeling van de Jansenisten-bissch oppen van Deventer en van Haarlem . 194. Het Enthusiasme. Eene voorlezing . 199. G. F. DRABBE. Het lijdelijk verzet. I en II. 248. H. J. H. RUSCHEBLATT. Broere's Constantijn. V}jfde Zang . , . 271. De strijd tegen het Vaticaansch Concilie. II. 298. J. KIMMAN. Broere's Constantijn. Zesde Zang . 339. Mgr. Antonius Joseph Pluym. I. 365. TH. BORRET. VERSCHEIDENHEDEN. Liever heiden dan christen . .. 59. v. D. H. Naschrift . .. ..t . De Vmcentius-Almanak voor 1874 . 62. V. D. H. Jaarboekje van de H. Familie, 187 . 63. V. D H. Scheurkalender der Katholieke Illustratie, 4874 65. H. J. J. P. Challoner's Overwegingen . 128. H. J. J. P. »Staatsgefaehrlich" . .264. H. J. J. P. Maand van Maria, Onze Lieve Vrouw van Lourdes . 338 H. J. J. P. V Bladz. »Afstamming van Z. M. Koning Willem den Derde en van H, M. Koningin Sophia uit Keizer Karel den Groote". 425. H. J. J. P. SPROKKELINGEN. Een Protestant bij een »Requiem". 65. »Liever Modern dan Paapsch". 197. Eene protestantsche gemeente op Zondagmorgen . 269. LETTERLOOVER. Kruiszang . 66. J. P. G. DRUKFEIL. B r o e r e' s Constantijn ,Vierden Zang, blz. 292 (laatsten regel) staat: Hij kraakte, lees: Het kraakte. DE ALGEMEENE VERGADERING DER FRANSCHE GEESTELIJKHEID VAN 1682. I. Als in 1661 de 23jarige Lodewijk XIV zelf de teugels van liet bewind in handen nam, liet het zich alras aanzien dat de tamelijk gunstige verhouding, waarin Frankrijk onder Richelieu en Mazarin tot den H. Stoel zich had bevonden, spoedig door eenen meer gespannen toestand zou worden opgevolgd. Wel is waar hadden de zooge- naamde gallicaansche meeningen veel van haar tooverkracht verlorèn en hing verreweg het grootste gedeelte der geeste- lijkheid met trouwe aanhankelijkheid aan den Paus als den onfeilbaren regter over de christelijke waarheid l); maar toch waren in de laatste jaren onder de bisschoppen som opgenomen, die hunne benoeming minder hadden-migen :l Fleury getuigt bil Gérin , .Recherches historiques sur l'assemólée du clerge de France de 1682, p. 340. '.En France on ne trouvera guére de réguliers qui ne sment persuadés de I'mfaillibilité, et non seulement les religieas, mais les communautés de prêtres , gnoique sans privilèges et soumis anx évêques, mciment de ce coté, comme plus favorable á la piété. " Een gelijk getuigenis gaven de Gallicanen A de Harlay en J Do- mat. Verg Acta et Decreia S. Cone. recentzorum Gollectso Laeensis Tom. 1, p. 800, nota 3 et 5. Dl. LXV Jannarij 1874. z te danken aan hun kerkelijken geest en levenswandel dan wel aan hunne buigzaamheid onder het gezag van den Staat. Vele misbruiken waren langzamerhand ingeslopen, die tie onafhankelijkheid der Kerk maar al te veel bena- deelden, en deze onder eene onregtmatige overheersching van den Staat hadden gebragt. De geestelijkheid was met belastingen van allerlei aard, met gewone en buitengewone, zoogenaamd vrijwillige, maar in de (laad gedwongeu.e oíf'er- gaven , die bij millioenen telden, overladen. De Koning beschikte als opperheer over de inkomsten van bisdommen en kloosters en liet hiervan naar zijn willekeur groote pensioenen aan zijne gunstelingen uitbetalen. Het aller- verderfelijkst was evenwel de wijze, waarop de bisschoppelijke zetels en abdijen bezet werden. Vele schenen niet anders als een domeingoed van zekere familie te wezen, en de bevordering van ongeschikte en onwaardige personen, die zich echter bij liet hof verdienstelijk hadden gemaakt, was geene zeldzaamheid. De commendatuurabten , een soort menschen, wier eenige bezigheid hierin bestond, de in- komsten der kloosters te verteeren, en die overigens naar karakter en stand geheel wereldlingen waren, werden hoe langer hoe meer een landplaag van Frankrijk. Bij dit alles kan het niemand verwonderen, dat ook onder de geestelijkheid een zekere slaafsche geest tegenover het staats- gezag doordrong, welke nog gevoed werd door de schit- terende en onder meerdere opzigten ook prijzenswaardige eigenschappen van Lodewijk XIV, niet het minst door het groote geluk zijner wapenen 1 ). Daarbij , had het Gallicanisme onder de geestelijkheid ook vele aanhangers verloren, uitgestorven was het niet, en vooral in de paélementen, inzonderheid in het Parijsche 1) Yerg Stimmen aus Marza-Laack V S 241, v 3 was zijn invloed nog magtig. Het was of bij de Fransche magistraatspersonen een ingeboren afkeer tegen den H. Stoel heerschte ') ; en terwijl zij de koninklijke raagt steeds zochten uit te breiden en een waar despotisme hielpen vestigen , hielden zij met de grootste hardnekkig- beid aan meeningen vast, welke vijandig waren aan liet gezag des Pausen. Hetzij de zucht om hun eigen gezag steeds te vergrooten, hetzij de studie en de voortdurende toepassing van 't Romeinsche regt, hetzij het verlangen om aan den Vorst te behagen oorzaak zij van dit ver- schijnsel, zeker is het, dat reeds van de dagen van Phi- lippus den Schoone af een dergelijke geest inzonderheid het Parijsche parlement bezielde en met den tijd eer toe- dan afnam. De stelling, door P. Pithou in 1594 gefor- muleerd , dat het gezag van den Paus, schoon souverein in geestelijke zaken, in Frankrijk altoos gelimiteerd was door de canons en , regels der oude Kerk, die in Frankrijk waren aangenomen , bleef gehandhaafd. Het parlement stelde zich aan als de verdediger van de vrijheden der Fransche Kerk en besliste natuurlijk zelf, wat onder die vrijheden moest worden verstaan, welke canons en regelen van vroegere Concilién door de Kerk van Frankrijk waren aangenomen of niet 2 ). Ook het Jansenisme, ofschoon veroordeeld en veelzins gefnuikt, had nog niet allen invloed verloren. Openlijk kon het zich niet meer zoo vertoonen als weleer, des te 1) Ik spreek hier natuurlijk in het algemeen. Het ontbrak niet aan loffelijke uitzonderingen. 2) Niet ten onregte geeft J de Maistee de volgende definitie der galli vrijheden: « Elles ne soot qu'un accord fatal signé par l'E_hse-caansche de France, en vertu duquel eile se soumettait á recevoir les outrages du parlement, A la charge d'être déclarée libre de les rendre au Souveram• Pontife" Vgl. De l'Eglzae gallecane, Livro I1, Chap. )iIII. 4 sterker werkte het in het geheim; en daar verschillenden zijner aanhangers zich door groote geestesgaven onder aanzienlijke familièn behoorden, of ge--scheidden, of tot wigtige ambten bekleedden, laat het zich gereedelijk be- grijpen, dat die werking niet zonder gevolgen bleef. De Jansenisten vereenigden zich met de Gallicanen , om door de medewerking van deze tot stand te brengen wat zij alleen niet vermogten: de liefde voor den H. Stoel te verminderen en daarmede tevens de onderworpenheid aan het leerend gezag des Pausen. Uit dit beknopte overzigt van den algemeenen kerkelijken toestand van Frankrijk op het oogenblik, dat de jeugdige Lodewijk XIV den troon besteeg, blijkt genoegzaam, dat het niet ontbrak aan elementen om een aanslag op de regten van den H. Stoel te beproeven, noch aan dezulken, die hetzij uit instemming, hetzij uit zwakheid, den ver wederstand niet zouden bidden. -schuldigden Ongelukkig voor den jeugdigen monarch waren zijne drie voornaamste ministers sterk van gallicaansche mee doortrokken, en hadden zij ieder een Jansenist tot-ningen vertrouwden vriend en raadgever'). Colbert stond op den besten voet met den abbé de Bourseys, LeTellier met den dotter der Sorbonne Cocquelin en Hugo de Lyonne met J. Gaudon. Zoo verkregen de Jansenisten, ofschoon per- soonlijk door hem gehaat, niettemin grooten invloed op den Koning, en wordt het ons verklaarbaar, dat van het begin zijner regering af, volgens het woord van Bossuet de politiek d' humilier Rome et de s'affermir contre eile" gevolgd werd 2). Bij zijn ambitieus karakter en het hooge 1) Rapiu. Mémoires. Ill, p. 193. Coll. Lac, 1 , p 797 2) Journal de Le Dieu I. p. 8. v. Bossuet wijt deze politiek vooral aan Colbert, dien hij den waren auteur noemt van de Declaratiogallecana, 5 denkbeeld, wat hij koesterde van zijn onbeperkt gezag, bid zijne uiterste gevoeligheid omtrent alles, wat zijn eer betrof, kon het zijnen raadslieden niet moeijelijk vallen, hem tot een breuk met Rome te verleiden. En in de daad het duurde niet lang, of eene vechtpartij tusschen soldaten van het gevolg des Franschen ambassa- deurs te Rome, den hertog van Crequi, en eenige Cor lijfwacht des Pausen behoorden, op-sicanen, die tot de den 20 Augustus 1662, gaf aanleiding, dat Lodewijk XIV in hevigen toorn ontstak tegen den H. Stoel, en toen deze in de buitensporige en onregtvaardige eischen van het Fransche hof niet wilde treden, met een heir van 15000 man den geheel verlatenen Paus dwong den ver vrede van Pisa, den 12 Februarij 1664, te-nederenden sluiten. Te midden der hierdoor ontstane gisting waagden de vereenigde Gallicaxien en Jansenisten met behulp van het parlement eene poging, om hun altoos nagejaagd doel te bereiken. Op den 19 Januari,) 1663, zonde de baccalaureus Gabriel Drouet van Villeneuve, voor de Sorbonne o. a. ook deze theses verdedigen, die onder goedkeuring van den syndicus Grandin gesteld waren: 1.
Recommended publications
  • Index of Manuscripts Cited
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86578-4 - An Introduction to the Medieval Bible Frans Van Liere Index More information Index of Manuscripts Cited Cambridge, Trinity College Oxford, Bodleian Library R.17.1: 32 Auct. D.4.10: 106, 169 Junius 11: 185–186 Chicago, Newberry Library Case 19.1: 231 Paris, Bibliotheque` Nationale Case 203: 25 Lat. 9380: 35 Lat. 11,937: 94 Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana 1 5 7 9 12 21 25 27 41 54 64 Amiatinus : – , , , , – , , , , Saint Gall, Stiftsbibliothek 72 94 211 246 , , , MS 913,fol.148ff.: 151 Freiburg, University Library 334 252 Stuttgart, Wurttembergische¨ Landesbibliothek MS : n HB.II.16: 94 London, British Library Vatican Library Add. 10,546: 35–36, 95, 242–243 Vat. gr. 1209: 24 Add. 15,253: 33 Vat. lat. 1027: 170 Add. 24,142: 73, 94 Add. 43,725: 24 37 777 9 46 Verona, Biblioteca capitolare Add. , : , 6 91 181 182 Add. 40,006: 47–48 MS : , – Add. 45,025: 9, 24, 46 ¨ Cotton Nero D. IV: 107, 189 Vienna, Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek Egerton 3031: 47 MS 1179: 248 Harley 2805: 35 MS 2554: 248 Royal 1.B.X: 24, 47, 169 Royal 1.D.V-VIII: 24 York, Minster Library Add. 2: 213 New York, Pierpont Morgan Library XVI.D.13: 47 M.240: 249 XVI.K.6: 253 M.719-720: 252n XVI.N.6: 97 M.962: 154 XVI.Q.3: 97, 105 303 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86578-4 - An Introduction to the Medieval Bible Frans Van Liere Index More information Index of Biblical References Genesis 11:5105 1:1131–132 15:3125 1:2171 15:11 110 1:31 44 17 168 2:344
    [Show full text]
  • A Journey Into Christian Understanding
    TWO THOUSAND YEARS WITH THE WORD BOOK TWO OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION SERIES C. H. REN TWO THOUSAND YEARS WITH THE WORD BOOK TWO OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSION SERIES C. H. REN TWO THOUSAND YEARS WITH THE WORD FIRST EDITION Copyright @ 2000 by C.H. Ren ____________________________ Library of Congress Control Number: 99-76902 __________________________ ISBN 0-7880-1605-9 To Kelly CONTENTS Introduction 7 Chapter I: The Birth of Christianity (33 – 100 AD) 11 Historical Information 19 Chapter II: The Maturation of Christianity (100 – 312 AD) 25 Historical Information 33 Chapter III: A Christian Empire (312 – 726 AD) 37 Historical Information 47 Chapter IV: Division and Growth (726 – 1291 AD) 57 Historical Information 69 Chapter V: The Power that Corrupts (1291 – 1517 AD) 79 Historical Information 85 Chapter VI: Division and Reform (1517 – 1900 AD) 93 Historical Information 113 Chapter VII: Challenges to the Faith (1900 – 2000 AD) 133 Conclusion 159 Historical Information 161 References 175 INTRODUCTION Friends, in my first book, A Journey into Christian Understand- ing, we shared some of my thoughts on the essence of being a Christian. I thank the Lord for permitting the Holy Spirit to lead me through such a journey and share it with all of you. Now I invite you again with love and fellowship to join me as I continue this path of discovery. In this book we will explore how the Body of Christ, all the Christian churches, has grown in 2000 years since our Lord Jesus Christ offered the world the gift of God's truth through His sacrifice on the cross, which is the key to our salvation.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Devotion the Northern Renaissance and Religious
    Turning Points:God’s Faithfulness in Christian History 4. Religious Awakening: Modern Devotion below: Begijnhof/ Beguinage, Bruges Context : Renaissance 1300-1500 “Renaissance”= re-birth / discovery of “Classical Ancient World”= Greece & Roman (600 BC--300 AD) “Humanism” = method to recover & study ancient texts. Discovery of ancient wisdom challenged existing authorities (church, kings): “Veritas, non auctoritas facit legem” (truth, not authority makes the law); truth in original texts & languages: Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic, Arabic, classical Latin. All Truth is God’s Truth Arthur F. Holmes, All Truth Is God’s Truth (Eerdmans, 1977). Long-time Wheaton College philosopher 2 Rise of Spirituality Problem of “Spirituality” for medieval laity & individual: (1) Few “religious” (nuns), monks, & priests w/some access to spirituality; (2) Laity mediated only through institutional Christendom (& rise of papacy). Lacked: access to Bible (esp. own language); God very distant (in heaven judging) & Jesus divinity, not humanity; no developed sense of individual/personal piety; almost no education about doctrine. CHANGE 1. Renaissance: 1300-1500 = re-birth of antiquity. 2. Christology: from almost solely divine Jesus to more human Jesus. 3. Mysticism allowed individual quest to know God & Self with heightened awareness of role of “conscience” & individual responsibility. Rise of Spirituality 4. “Devotio Moderna ” (modern devotion) movement northern Europe: Beguines, Brethren of the Common Life, & new Augustinian Order1256, education & publication. 5. Crises 14th c.: breakdown Christendom (2-3 popes);100 Yrs. War; Bubonic Plague; Peasant revolts. 6. Christian Humanism & spread of handbooks/manuals (scholarly base) & devotional materials. A balance b/w FAITH & REASON = goal. Crisis of Authority: Breakdown of Christendom Great Schism (1378-1417) SUPPORT Avignon: Kingdoms of France, Two popes: Avignon & Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is a Layman? Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the “Idiota”/“Laicus”
    Inigo Bocken Who is a Layman? Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on the “Idiota”/“Laicus” The figure of the layman belongs undoubtedly or her life without external coercion and without to the paradigmatic expressions of Western dictation. It is the state to which every individual Modernity – it is the emancipation of the layman attributes the capacity of developing this freedom that is at stake in the most fundamental innova- in an equal manner, limited only by civil law. tions of society, as well as in those of intellectual It is in this respect that every modern construc- and scientific life since Early Modernity. In a tion of a state found its starting point and funda- way, it is even possible to describe Western ment in the paradigmatic figure of the layman.4 Modernity as the era of the layman. From a It is obvious that precisely this logic played a political perspective, it is liberal democracy that crucial role in the discussions since the sixties has determined our society since those days, and of the last century within the Catholic Church that is the expression of the awareness that no concerning the role of laypeople. Here too, the authority ever can be legitimated without consent concept of the layman became the symbol of an of its subordinate individuals – independently emancipatory movement. Inspired by the Second of education, class or origin. But in other spheres Vatican Council, the representatives of this too – in science or religion, to refer only to movement stressed the positive and even decisive these – the principle holds true that authority role of the laity in the Church.5 has to justify itself vis-à-vis every individual par- Although the meaning of the word “layman” ticipant.1 In modern science, the use of authority- in this discussion was reduced to the group of arguments is one of the mortal sins.
    [Show full text]
  • 1000-1500 Monks and Scholars How a Movement Born in Egypt‘S Desert Brought Learning to the European Peoples, and Agitated for Reform
    European Studies Course, Copenhagen • Jan - Jun 2012 • Module Two EUROPE YESTERDAY: RECOVERING THE PAST 1000-1500 Monks and Scholars How a movement born in Egypt‘s desert brought learning to the European peoples, and agitated for reform. A. A Christian society emerges: power, wealth and corruption 1. Europe at the turn of the millennium We have seen the emergence of ‘Europe’ through the common adoption of Christianity by the peoples migrating into the western peninsula of Eurasia. Firstly the Greek and Roman peoples embraced Christianity, and the peoples absorbed into the Roman Empire, including Egyptians. Then the monastic movement starting in Egypt spread east and west, impacting Gaul, Ireland, Scotland and England, and the Celtic and Roman forms merging into the Anglo-Celtic missions of Willibrord and Boniface to reach across to the Friesians and Germans. An eastern expression, led by Cyril and Methodius, spread up from Greece among the Slavs to today’s Czech Republic. Rivalry between west (Latin) and east (Greek) had flared at times into political and ecclesiastical antagonism: attacks on icons, different calendars, celibacy, tonsures. Under Charlemagne, the Carolingian (Frankish) Empire peaked and then split up. The ongoing invasions of Magyars (Hungarians) and Vikings brought further trouble, before they too were finally Christianised around the end of the first millennium. The church’s uneasy relationship with power, begun with Constantine, continues throughout the centuries. Emperors and kings clashed with popes as to who had final authority. So while it was clear that as the second millennium began, Christianity had succeeded in becoming the accepted faith and worldview, it was also obvious that God’s Kingdom of ‘shalom’ had not been ushered in.
    [Show full text]
  • In Ecclesia Nostra: the Collatiehuis in Gouda and Its Lieux De Savoir." Le Foucaldien 7, No
    In Ecclesia Nostra: The Collatiehuis in Gouda and Its Lieux de Savoir RESEARCH PIETER H. BOONSTRA ABSTRACT CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Pieter H. Boonstra This article will show how the concept of lieux de savoir as theorized by Christian Jacob University of Groningen, NL provides an intriguing framework from which to examine the interactions between [email protected] laypeople and religious professionals and the transmission of knowledge in the late medieval city, by applying it to the Collatiehuis in Gouda. Here, religious knowledge was shaped and communicated in the interaction between the Brothers of the Common KEYWORDS: Life and visiting laypeople. The separate rooms in which these interactions took spatiality; communication of place, as well as the location of the house within the city, influenced the circulation knowledge; collatio; lieux de of knowledge. Aside from this spatial approach, the article will also propose that the savoir texts used during these meetings can be considered their own lieux de savoir as they played an important role in shaping and communicating religious knowledge between TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: the lay and religious participants of the collatio. Boonstra, Pieter H. "In Ecclesia Nostra: The Collatiehuis in Gouda and Its Lieux de Savoir." Le foucaldien 7, no. 1 (2021): 5, 1–13. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.16995/lefou.93 1. INTRODUCTION Boonstra 2 Le foucaldien In the year 1445, a small community of Brothers of the Common Life took up residence in DOI: 10.16995/lefou.93 the Dutch city of Gouda, in a house located in the Spieringstraat. This community represented an urban branch of the Devotio moderna or Modern Devotion, the most renowned religious movement in the late medieval Low Countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Devotion and Obedience: a Devotio Moderna Construction of St Bridget of Sweden in Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Manuscript 114
    Devotion and Obedience: A devotio moderna construction of St Bridget of Sweden in Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Manuscript 114 Sara Danielle Mederos Doctor of Philosophy October 2016 Devotion and Obedience: A devotio moderna construction of St Bridget of Sweden in Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Manuscript 114 Sara Danielle Mederos A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Lincoln for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2016 2 Abstract This thesis analyses the construction of the pious lay female in Lincoln Cathedral Manuscript MS 114, through the example of Saint Bridget of Sweden. MS 114 is a devotional manuscript compiled of nineteen different, individual, articles. These nineteen articles are arranged in two, nearly equal, parts. The first part includes several Birgittine texts whereas the second part provides a more thematic approach, emphasising the virtues of humility, chastity, and overall spiritual obedience. Compiled in the Netherlands, sometime during the early fifteenth century, MS 114’s articles were purposely chosen to form a single compilation and was meant to be read as an enhancement of one’s devotion. By analysing the contents of MS 114, its date and provenance, and putting it in the context of the religious movements of its original time and place, this thesis argues that MS 114 was an early manuscript of the devotio moderna movement; a religious movement which attracted many lay devotees and particular female members and which emphasised the use of literature and, in particular, of written examples of holy, female lay lives. MS 114 uses the life of Bridget of Sweden, other works about her, and extracts from other theological texts to explore two devotio moderna virtues.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did the Netherlands Develop So Early? the Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life
    CPB Discussion Paper | 228 Why Did the Netherlands Develop so Early? The Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life İ. Semih Akçomak Dinand Webbink Bas ter Weel Why Did the Netherlands Develop so Early? The Legacy of the Brethren of the Common Life* İ. Semih Akçomak Middle East Technical University [email protected] Dinand Webbink Erasmus University Rotterdam and CPB [email protected] Bas ter Weel CPB and Maastricht University [email protected] Abstract This research provides an explanation for high literacy, economic growth and societal developments in the Netherlands in the period before the Dutch Republic. We establish a link between the Brethren of the Common Life (BCL), a religious community founded by Geert Groote in the city of Deventer in the late fourteenth century, and the early development of the Netherlands. The BCL stimulated human capital accumulation by educating Dutch citizens without inducing animosity from the dominant Roman Catholic Church or other political rulers. Human capital had an impact on the structure of economic development in the period immediately after 1400. The educated workforce put pressure on the Habsburg monarchy leading to economic and religious resentment and eventually to the Revolt in 1572. The analyses show that the BCL contributed to the high rates of literacy in the Netherlands. In addition, there are positive effects of the BCL on book production and on city growth in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Finally, we find that cities with BCL-roots were more likely to join the Dutch Revolt. These findings are supported by regressions that use distance to Deventer as an instrument for the presence of BCL.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: the Middle Ages
    History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library Description: Philip Schaff©s History of the Christian Church excels at providing an impressive and instructive historical treatment of the Christian church. This eight volume work begins with the early Church and ends at 1605 with the Swiss Reforma- tion. Schaff©s treatment is comprehensive and in depth, dis- cussing all the major (and minor!) figures, time periods, and movements of the Church. He includes many footnotes, maps, and charts; he even provides copies of original texts in his treatment. One feature of the History of the Christian Church that readers immediately notice is just how beautifully written it is--especially in comparison to other texts of a sim- ilar nature. Simply put, Schaff©s prose is lively and engaging. As one reader puts it, these volumes are "history written with heart and soul." Although at points the scholarship is slightly outdated, overall History of the Christian Church is great for historical referencing. Countless people have found History of the Christian Church useful. Whether for serious scholar- ship, sermon preparation, daily devotions, or simply edifying reading, History of the Christian Church comes highly recom- mended. Tim Perrine CCEL Staff Writer Subjects: Christianity History i Contents Title Page 1 Preface 2 History of the Christian Church, Volume VI 4 Introductory Survey 4 The Decline Of The Papacy And The Avignon Exile 7 Sources and Literature 8 Pope Boniface VIII. 1294-1303 13 Boniface VIII.
    [Show full text]
  • Theatre of Truth: Performing Public Religious Disputation in Seventeenth-Century Europe
    Theatre of Truth: Performing Public Religious Disputation in Seventeenth-Century Europe by David Lorne Robinson A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree History University of Toronto © Copyright by David Lorne Robinson 2020 Theatre of Truth: Performing Public Religious Disputation in Seventeenth-Century Europe David Lorne Robinson Doctor of Philosophy History University of Toronto 2020 Abstract This dissertation examines the practice of public religious disputation in early seventeenth- century Europe. It takes a transnational approach, examining disputations in France, England, and the Low Countries between 1598 and 1625. This approach highlights the ways in which common social and political circumstances created a climate for frequent disputations, but also how religious controversy was communicated across political boundaries. It argues that these debates were part of a wider culture of performance and became especially prevalent in religiously-divided communities where performances of religious unity like Corpus Christi processions had become contested. These disputations took the practice of academic disputation, still well regarded by both Catholics and Protestants as an effective method of inquiry, and relocated it in the homes of lay hosts. The lay audience thereby became active participants in the performance, debating clergy and performing their own religious identity. Disputations then became the subject of a more public debate as rumours about them spread and clerics exploited oral and manuscript communications networks and printing presses to vaunt their victories and denigrate their opponents, making use of negative stereotypes to solidify religious divisions. State actors, seeing the utility of disputation in shaping public opinion, also sought to organize disputations in an effort to legitimize their religious policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Imitation of Christ Jq.Vp
    C Preface Hendrickson Christian Classics Edition Thomas à Kempis (1380-1471) Most of us think of history in broad strokes, in eras that span cen- turies; people think and act one way, then with no apparent provocation or motivation, everyone is moving in a different direction. Why do things change? Why suddenly do people seem to change their values? Is it people who make history, or is it history that makes people, through forces like disease, technology, or environmental catastrophes? Or is it possibly the Spirit of God working in history, through godly men and women, to effect His will in His creation? It is only when we pull aside those broad curtains that describe the history of Christianity and western civilization that we discover the human face of God’s work. Such is the case in the years leading up to the Reformation, that fire lit by Martin Luther in 1517. Of course, it was certainly not this humble teaching monk’s goal to ignite a sweeping xi Thomas à Kempis movement that would divide the church. Luther’s intention was simply a discussion on the theology of indulgences, one of the most egregious abuses that had rooted itself in the Roman church practices. How could such a small flint light such a great fire? Because people were ready. Before Luther posted his 95 Theses, there were men and women whose faithfulness prepared the way for spiritual reform, just as John prepared people for the message of Jesus. One such person was Thomas à Kempis, a teacher and writer whose life was devoted to pattern- ing his life after Jesus Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Geert Groote) in Dutch, Manuscript on Paper the Netherlands, C
    Book of Hours (Use of Geert Groote) In Dutch, manuscript on paper The Netherlands, c. 1450-1500 49 folios on paper, unidentified watermark of unicorn rampant with dashes to the horn, similar to Piccard Online no. 124565, Flemish, c. 1460 , modern foliation in pencil, 1-49, missing several quires following quire 5, f. 35v (collation i2 ii8+1 [one leaf, f. 3, added at the beginning] iii-vi8 vii6), no catchwords or signatures, frame ruled in crayon (justification 95 x 76 mm.), written in brown ink in an informal quick hybrida script with 24 to 22 lines per page, red rubrics and 2-line capitals in red, a selection of prayers and rubrics in brown ink underlined in red, minor crinkling and thumbing to pages, edges worn with occasional chipping. Bound in 19th-century marbled paper, 19th-century handwriting “Een ghetide van der heyligher magheden” with a printed number “87” on spine, binding loose and cover splitting along front edge of spine. Dimensions: 146 x 108 mm. Made for an owner of modest means, utilitarian Books of Hours such as this, copied on paper in informal scripts and without decoration, are rare survivors that provide a broader perspective on book ownership and religious culture in the late-medieval Netherlands. Written entirely in Dutch, the text of the present Book of Hours follows the translation of Geert Groote (1340- 1384), founder of the pietistic religious movement known as the Modern Devotion. Although once part of a longer volume, this is certainly of interest to modern historians of the book. PROVENANCE 1.
    [Show full text]