Underground Friends • Mainly Ascomycota & Basidiomycota • Ectomycorrhiza Mikael Jeppson • Dispersal with Animals August 2019

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What is a truffel?

• Hypogeous fruitbody • Gastroid, sequestrate Underground friends • Mainly Ascomycota & Basidiomycota • Ectomycorrhiza Mikael Jeppson • Dispersal with animals August 2019

Evolution Taxonomy epigeous hypogeous • Basidiomycota • Boletales - Rhizopogon, Alpova, Melanogaster, Chamonixia, Octaviania agaricoid/discoid gastroid • Russulales – Macowanites/Elasmomyces/Arcangeliella → Russula & Lactarius Ballistospores statismospores • Agaricales – Hymenogaster, Hydnangium, Stephanospora • Gomphales – Gautieria Explosive asci non-explosive asci • Phallales – Hysterangium • Geastrales - Sclerogaster • Ascomycota • Pezizales – Tuber, Balsamia, Genea, Hydnotrya, Choiromyces, Hydnobolites, Pachyphlodes, Stephensia • Eurotiales - Elaphomyces

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From agaricoid/boletoid to gastroid

sequestrate

gastroid

Hypogeous basidiomycota Chamonixia caespitosa - blåtryffel Genera & species • Boletales overview • Mycorrhiza with Picea • A species with Action plan • Red-listed as VU • In old-growth Picea-forests A snapshot of the current state of knowledge

Photo A. Bohlin

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Rhizopogon - hartryfflar

• Boletales • Dyntaxa: 9 species in Sweden • Ectomycorrhiza with Pinaceae

• 2 abundant species: luteolus (gulbrun) och luteolus Roseolus - rubescens roseolus (rodnande – a species complex) • 7+ with only scattered records in Sweden and/or Europé • Monographic treatment based on morphology (Martín 1996)

abietis Structure of peridiepellis

Boletales tree (collections 2011)

AM49_Me la no_ITS _LS U

AM97_Melano_ITS_LSU_NB

AM80_Melano_ITS_LSU_NB Melanogaster

AM96_cf_Rhizop_ITS

AM39_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM123_Rhizop_ITS luteolus AM89_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM118_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM86_Rhizop_ITS

AM82_Rhizop_LS U

AM60_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

Rhizopogon AM81_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM121_Rhizop_ITS _LS U R2

AM46_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM116_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM93_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_NB

AM119_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_indel AM56_Rhizop_ITS _LS U R3 AM117_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_indel_NB

AM120_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM59_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM61_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM124_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM125_Rhizop_ITS _LS U This image has a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license. AM147_Rhizop_ITS _LS U roseolus- If you have questions, contact Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy amadej.trnkoczy[AT]siol.net. AM126_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM50_Rhizop_ITS _LS U

AM122_Rhizop_ITS

AM94_Rhizop_ITS _LS U complex

AM53_Alpova_ITS_LSU

0.07

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Melanogaster - slemtryfflar M. broomeianus – aromatisk slemtryffel • Boletales N to Uppland • Ectomycorrhiza with deciduous trees • 3 species in Sweden

M. tuberiformis – luddslemtryffel Southernmost Sweden

A. ambiguus – stinkande slemtryffel N to Uppland

Alpova - gelétryffel

• Boletales • Ectomycorrhiza with Alnus • 1 species in Sweden (”diplophloeus”)

Photo A. Molia

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Octaviania - lövtryfflar

• Boletales • Ectomycorrhiza with deciduous trees (Fagus, Tilia) • 2 species in Scandinavia, 1 in Sweden

Photo https://sites.google.com/site/hongoshipogeos/basidiomycetes/octaviania-asterosperma-vittad-1831

Hymenogaster - buktryfflar Hymenogaster spp

• Agaricales – Hymenogastraceae • Dyntaxa: appr. 15 species in Sweden • Index fungorum – 186 names • The most abundant of the hypogeous genera • Numerous herbarium collections • Ectomycorrhiza with Corylus, Quercus, Tilia, Betula, Salix Complicated taxonomy – Few morphological characters – No consensus in naming – Different species concepts in literature – German monography 1962 with a narrow species concept – Molecular study in Germany recently – Most type collections (if existant) from early 18th century (Italy)

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hessei

niveus

bulliardii arenarius

AM71_Aga ric_ITS 1_LS U

AM128_Mycena_ITS4_LSU

ITS1,58S,ITS2 og LSU inkludert (modeller fra AM20_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,08 mrmodeltest). AM30_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Posterior probabilities på noder. AM25_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Bayesian, 1,5mill generasjoner, 10% burn in. 0,08 0,07 AM18_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU 0,02 AM27_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,97 0,01 AM67_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H1 – ? citrinus” Hymenogaster 0,89 AM45_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,08 1 AM15_ITS _LS U_NB

AM69_Hymeno_ITS_LSU

AM52_Hymeno_ITS_LSU

AM42_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,2 AM109_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 H2 AM74_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,21 0,25 AM143_Hymeno_ITS_ctb6 Apex 0,97 AM75_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,48 AM130_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H3 - ? rehsteineri 1 Large spores AM106_Hymeno_ITS_LSU AM66_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,19 AM21_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,1 1 Episporium 0,11AM103_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,3AM105_Hymeno_ITS_LSU

AM104_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 H4 - vulgaris AM107_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1

0,79AM108_Hymeno_ITS_LSU_NB 1 0,33 Perisporium AM19_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU 0,98 AM63_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU AM113_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H5 AM68_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 AM135_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 H6 - hessei 1 AM138_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,34 AM142_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 0,99 AM144_Hymeno_ITS_ctb6 H7 0,48 AM112_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H8 – olivaceus AM98_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 AM111_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H9 –immature 1 AM136_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,71 AM145_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H10 - arenarius AM22_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 AM38_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H11 - niveus Small spores AM26_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,57 0,21 AM28_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Apiculus 0,21 AM29_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H12 - tener 1

AM70_Hymeno_ITS_LSU

0.03

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Gautieria - groptryfflar morchelliformis

• Gomphales – Ramaria (fingersvampar – coral fungi) • Dyntaxa: 4 species in Sweden • Ectomycorrhiza with Pinaceae

• Very rare species, few herbarium specimens Otthii ? • Different species concepts – different interpretations • Most type collections are old • One species described from Sweden in 1907; not recorded here since; interpretations in continental Europe

”globispora” Gautieria retirugosa holotype UPS

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Russula - kremlor Lactarius - riskor • Russulales • Lactarius stephensii (Arcangeliella stephensii, Zelleromyces stephensii) • Russula krjukowensis – naveltryffel (Elasmomyces krjukowensis) • Ectomycorrhiza with Quercus, Tilia, Corylus • Ectomycorrhiza with Quercus, Corylus, Tilia, • I Swedish record (Oland)

Lactarius stephensii - Öland Hysterangium - brosktryfflar

• Phallales • Ca 10 species in Fennoscandia; different interpretations • Ectomycorrhizal with deciduous and coniferous trees? • Rare species, few herbarium collections • Difficult to sequence

Photo E. Hultqvist

Photo https://sites.google.com/site/hongoshipogeos/basidiomycetes/hysterangium-stoloniferum-tul-c-tul-1843

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Hysterangium Sclerogaster - hårdtryfflar

• Geastrales Only few records in national species database (Artportalen) • 2 rare species in southern Sweden

•Most species with greenish gleba •One species with reddish-brown gleba – H. pompholyx – one Swedish record (not on map)

S. hysterangioides S. compcatus

Geastrum - jordstjärnor

• Geastrum flexuosum - jordstjärnstryffel • One mycelium world-wide • Verified by DNA • Extinct? Last observation appr. 2005 • Annual monitoring

Photo Johan Nitare

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Summing up

• Basidiotruffels • Ascotruffels – Appr 10 - 12 genera – Appr 10 genera – Appr 35 species – Appr 40 species – Most species with southern distributions • Tuber - at least one species to be described (Norway) – Many species calciphilous • Pachyphlodes (kratertryfflar) – Indicators of forest habitats with long continuity • Genea (knottertryfflar) – Several hypogeous fungi are red-listed • Elaphomyces (hjorttryfflar) – three or more species to – Distribution is incompletely known be described – Taxonomical issues in most genera (no consensus, lack of type materials etc

Svenska Artprojektet Swedish species initaitive • Two-year project 2019 – 2021 • Göteborgs universitet: Ellen Larsson, Mikael Jeppson • Anne Molia – similar study in Norway 2011-2013 • Inventory of potentially species-rich habitats for hypogeous fungi • Use of trained dogs • Taxonomic integrative studies (morphology, DNA, ecology) in Alpova, Gautieria, Hymenogaster, Rhizopogon and others – Typification – Barcoding – Decription of new species

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Thanks for your attention!