14/08/2019 What is a truffel? • Hypogeous fruitbody • Gastroid, sequestrate Underground friends • Mainly Ascomycota & Basidiomycota • Ectomycorrhiza Mikael Jeppson • Dispersal with animals August 2019 Evolution Taxonomy epigeous hypogeous • Basidiomycota • Boletales - Rhizopogon, Alpova, Melanogaster, Chamonixia, Octaviania agaricoid/discoid gastroid • Russulales – Macowanites/Elasmomyces/Arcangeliella → Russula & Lactarius Ballistospores statismospores • Agaricales – Hymenogaster, Hydnangium, Stephanospora • Gomphales – Gautieria Explosive asci non-explosive asci • Phallales – Hysterangium • Geastrales - Sclerogaster • Ascomycota • Pezizales – Tuber, Balsamia, Genea, Hydnotrya, Choiromyces, Hydnobolites, Pachyphlodes, Stephensia • Eurotiales - Elaphomyces 1 14/08/2019 From agaricoid/boletoid to gastroid sequestrate gastroid Hypogeous basidiomycota Chamonixia caespitosa - blåtryffel Genera & species • Boletales overview • Mycorrhiza with Picea • A species with Action plan • Red-listed as VU • In old-growth Picea-forests A snapshot of the current state of knowledge Photo A. Bohlin 2 14/08/2019 Rhizopogon - hartryfflar • Boletales • Dyntaxa: 9 species in Sweden • Ectomycorrhiza with Pinaceae • 2 abundant species: luteolus (gulbrun) och luteolus Roseolus - rubescens roseolus (rodnande – a species complex) • 7+ with only scattered records in Sweden and/or Europé • Monographic treatment based on morphology (Martín 1996) abietis Structure of peridiepellis Boletales tree (collections 2011) AM49_Me la no_ITS _LS U AM97_Melano_ITS_LSU_NB AM80_Melano_ITS_LSU_NB Melanogaster AM96_cf_Rhizop_ITS AM39_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM123_Rhizop_ITS luteolus AM89_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM118_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM86_Rhizop_ITS AM82_Rhizop_LS U AM60_Rhizop_ITS _LS U Rhizopogon AM81_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM121_Rhizop_ITS _LS U R2 AM46_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM116_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM93_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_NB AM119_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_indel AM56_Rhizop_ITS _LS U R3 AM117_Rhizop_ITS_LSU_indel_NB AM120_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM59_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM61_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM124_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM125_Rhizop_ITS _LS U This image has a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) license. AM147_Rhizop_ITS _LS U roseolus- If you have questions, contact Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy amadej.trnkoczy[AT]siol.net. AM126_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM50_Rhizop_ITS _LS U AM122_Rhizop_ITS AM94_Rhizop_ITS _LS U complex AM53_Alpova_ITS_LSU 0.07 3 14/08/2019 Melanogaster - slemtryfflar M. broomeianus – aromatisk slemtryffel • Boletales N to Uppland • Ectomycorrhiza with deciduous trees • 3 species in Sweden M. tuberiformis – luddslemtryffel Southernmost Sweden A. ambiguus – stinkande slemtryffel N to Uppland Alpova - gelétryffel • Boletales • Ectomycorrhiza with Alnus • 1 species in Sweden (”diplophloeus”) Photo A. Molia 4 14/08/2019 Octaviania - lövtryfflar • Boletales • Ectomycorrhiza with deciduous trees (Fagus, Tilia) • 2 species in Scandinavia, 1 in Sweden Photo https://sites.google.com/site/hongoshipogeos/basidiomycetes/octaviania-asterosperma-vittad-1831 Hymenogaster - buktryfflar Hymenogaster spp • Agaricales – Hymenogastraceae • Dyntaxa: appr. 15 species in Sweden • Index fungorum – 186 names • The most abundant of the hypogeous genera • Numerous herbarium collections • Ectomycorrhiza with Corylus, Quercus, Tilia, Betula, Salix Complicated taxonomy – Few morphological characters – No consensus in naming – Different species concepts in literature – German monography 1962 with a narrow species concept – Molecular study in Germany recently – Most type collections (if existant) from early 18th century (Italy) 5 14/08/2019 hessei niveus bulliardii arenarius AM71_Aga ric_ITS 1_LS U AM128_Mycena_ITS4_LSU ITS1,58S,ITS2 og LSU inkludert (modeller fra AM20_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,08 mrmodeltest). AM30_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Posterior probabilities på noder. AM25_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Bayesian, 1,5mill generasjoner, 10% burn in. 0,08 0,07 AM18_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU 0,02 AM27_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,97 0,01 AM67_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H1 – ? citrinus” Hymenogaster 0,89 AM45_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,08 1 AM15_ITS _LS U_NB AM69_Hymeno_ITS_LSU AM52_Hymeno_ITS_LSU AM42_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,2 AM109_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 H2 AM74_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,21 0,25 AM143_Hymeno_ITS_ctb6 Apex 0,97 AM75_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,48 AM130_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H3 - ? rehsteineri 1 Large spores AM106_Hymeno_ITS_LSU AM66_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,19 AM21_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,1 1 Episporium 0,11AM103_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,3AM105_Hymeno_ITS_LSU AM104_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 H4 - vulgaris AM107_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 0,79AM108_Hymeno_ITS_LSU_NB 1 0,33 Perisporium AM19_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU 0,98 AM63_Hymeno_ITS4_LSU AM113_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H5 AM68_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 AM135_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 H6 - hessei 1 AM138_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,34 AM142_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 0,99 AM144_Hymeno_ITS_ctb6 H7 0,48 AM112_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H8 – olivaceus AM98_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,98 AM111_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H9 –immature 1 AM136_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,71 AM145_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H10 - arenarius AM22_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 1 AM38_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H11 - niveus Small spores AM26_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0,57 0,21 AM28_Hymeno_ITS_LSU Apiculus 0,21 AM29_Hymeno_ITS_LSU H12 - tener 1 AM70_Hymeno_ITS_LSU 0.03 6 14/08/2019 Gautieria - groptryfflar morchelliformis • Gomphales – Ramaria (fingersvampar – coral fungi) • Dyntaxa: 4 species in Sweden • Ectomycorrhiza with Pinaceae • Very rare species, few herbarium specimens Otthii ? • Different species concepts – different interpretations • Most type collections are old • One species described from Sweden in 1907; not recorded here since; interpretations in continental Europe ”globispora” Gautieria retirugosa holotype UPS 7 14/08/2019 Russula - kremlor Lactarius - riskor • Russulales • Lactarius stephensii (Arcangeliella stephensii, Zelleromyces stephensii) • Russula krjukowensis – naveltryffel (Elasmomyces krjukowensis) • Ectomycorrhiza with Quercus, Tilia, Corylus • Ectomycorrhiza with Quercus, Corylus, Tilia, • I Swedish record (Oland) Photo http://gribi.net.ua/macowanites-krjukowensis/ Photo © Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio. Lactarius stephensii - Öland Hysterangium - brosktryfflar • Phallales • Ca 10 species in Fennoscandia; different interpretations • Ectomycorrhizal with deciduous and coniferous trees? • Rare species, few herbarium collections • Difficult to sequence Photo E. Hultqvist Photo https://sites.google.com/site/hongoshipogeos/basidiomycetes/hysterangium-stoloniferum-tul-c-tul-1843 8 14/08/2019 Hysterangium Sclerogaster - hårdtryfflar • Geastrales Only few records in national species database (Artportalen) • 2 rare species in southern Sweden •Most species with greenish gleba •One species with reddish-brown gleba – H. pompholyx – one Swedish record (not on map) S. hysterangioides S. compcatus Geastrum - jordstjärnor • Geastrum flexuosum - jordstjärnstryffel • One mycelium world-wide • Verified by DNA • Extinct? Last observation appr. 2005 • Annual monitorinG Photo Johan Nitare 9 14/08/2019 Summing up • Basidiotruffels • Ascotruffels – Appr 10 - 12 genera – Appr 10 genera – Appr 35 species – Appr 40 species – Most species with southern distributions • Tuber - at least one species to be described (Norway) – Many species calciphilous • Pachyphlodes (kratertryfflar) – Indicators of forest habitats with long continuity • Genea (knottertryfflar) – Several hypogeous fungi are red-listed • Elaphomyces (hjorttryfflar) – three or more species to – Distribution is incompletely known be described – Taxonomical issues in most genera (no consensus, lack of type materials etc Svenska Artprojektet Swedish species initaitive • Two-year project 2019 – 2021 • Göteborgs universitet: Ellen Larsson, Mikael Jeppson • Anne Molia – similar study in Norway 2011-2013 • Inventory of potentially species-rich habitats for hypogeous fungi • Use of trained dogs • Taxonomic integrative studies (morphology, DNA, ecology) in Alpova, Gautieria, Hymenogaster, Rhizopogon and others – Typification – Barcoding – Decription of new species 10 14/08/2019 Thanks for your attention! 11.