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The Clerical Humanist and the Language of Service Neo Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Dottorato in Scienze Linguistiche, Filologiche e Letterarie Area Disciplinare: Linguistica, Filologia, e Letterature Anglo-Germaniche Ciclo XXX, A. A. 2017/2018 THE CLERICAL HUMANIST AND THE LANGUAGE OF SERVICE NEO-LATIN EPHEMERA AND THE JACOBEAN COURT IN THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS OF WILLIAM FOWLER Coordinatore del Corso di Dottorato: Ch.mo Prof. Annalisa Oboe Dottorando: Relatore: Allison Lindsay Steenson Ch.mo Prof. Alessandra Petrina matr. 1107790 Turpe est difficile habere nugas, et stultus labor est ineptiarum. (Martial, Epigrams, II, 86) ii ABSTRACT The research detailed in this thesis explores the largely uncharted territory represented by the Hawthornden manuscripts (Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, MSS 2063-67) of William Fowler, Scottish courtier in Edinburgh and London and attached to the court of Queen Anna of Denmark between 1590 and 1612. The research has focused on material evidence of scribal culture, with the aim of clarifying issues of localization of specific texts and typologies of texts in relation to their social, literary and more broadly cultural background. Based on the fragmentary evidence in the Hawthornden manuscript, this project engages in the exploration of one of the “cultural places of the European Renaissance”, focusing on the early Stuart courtly establishment in the first decade of the seventeenth century. The aim is, on the one hand, to close a series of scholarly gaps in the field of manuscript-based studies of the Scottish Jacobean Renaissance, and on the other, to increase our knowledge of British Jacobean cultural life in the broader sense of the word. Words: ca. 100.000 SOMMARIO La ricerca presentata in questa tesi si concentra sugli “Hawthornden manuscripts” (Edinburgo, National Library of Scotland, MSS 2063-67). I manoscritti contengono le carte dello scozzese William Fowler, poeta petrarchesco e cortigiano a Edinburgo e Londra, impiegato come segretario della consorte di Giacomo VI, dal 1590 al 1612. La ricerca si è concentrata sul reperimento di dati riguardanti la cultura manoscritta contemporanea, con l'obiettivo di chiarire questioni di localizzazione della produzione fowleriana d'occasione all'interno del suo contesto sociale, letterario e più generalmente culturale. Sulla base delle testimonianze frammentarie raccolte negli “Hawthornden manuscripts”, questo progetto vuole esplorare uno dei “luoghi culturali del Rinascimento Europeo”. Si concentra in particolare sulla corte del sovrano a Londra nella prima decade del Seicento, con l’obiettivo finale di comprendere più a fondo alcuni aspetti specifici della congerie culturale Britannica, nonchè di raccogliere testimonianze materiali che ci permettano di comprendere più a fondo la produzione manoscritta scozzese del cosiddetto “rinascimento giacobita”. Parole: ca. 100.000 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the institutions that supported this research in its various stages, the Universities of Padua and Edinburgh, and the National Library of Scotland. Specifically, I am heavily indebted to the expertise of the curatorial staff at the National Library of Scotland, both in Special Collections and in the Library’s own Conservation Unit. I am equally indebted to the conservation staff in Edinburgh University Library’s Centre for Research Collections. Likewise, I would like to thank the personnel in the Special Collections Units at the Universities of St Andrews and Glasgow, and the staff at the Archives of the University of Dundee. Most of the technical details and practical information in this dissertation have been acquired thanks to these extraordinary people’s expertise. Special thanks go to: dr. Jamie Reid- Baxter (University of Glasgow), prof. Michael Bath (University of Strathclyde), prof. Sarah Dunnigan (University of Edinburgh), dr. Sebastiaan Verweij (University of Bristol), prof. Jane Stevenson (University of Aberdeen), prof. Alastair Fowler, dr. Marilyn Brown (Historic Environment Scotland), prof. David Parkinson (University of Saskatchewan), who have shared their research with me, and to all the others who have offered tea and wise words, who answered my improbable queries in writing and in person, and provided me with detailed information. To all the individuals that have contributed to shape this research by providing feedback, insight and suggestions in a series of conferences, workshops and seminars throughout this project go my most sincere thanks: your work helped me understand my own. Finally but importantly, I wish to express my warmest thanks to prof. Greg Walker of the School of Languages and Literatures (University of Edinburgh) for mentoring me during fieldwork and putting up with my research woes for a whole year. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT - SOMMARIO iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF PLATES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS viii NOTE ON TRANSCRIPTIONS AND TRANSLATIONS ix INTRODUCTION 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 25 PART I: THE MAN AND THE BOOKS WILLIAM FOWLER AND THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS 44 CHAPTER ONE: MY SPARK IS STILL ALIVE A LIFE OF WILLIAM FOWLER 45 CHAPTER TWO: A CONFUSED MASS THE STATE OF THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS 95 PART II: THE LANGUAGE OF SERVICE THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS AT THE LONDON COURT 120 CHAPTER THREE: DIFFICULT TRIFLES THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS AT THE COURT OF ANNA 121 CHAPTER FOUR: PRIVATE VERSE FOR PUBLIC PEOPLE THE HAWTHORNDEN MANUSCRIPTS AND THE WIDER WORLD 155 CONCLUSIONS: FRAGMENTS OF A CULTURAL DISCOURSE 190 BIBLIOGRAPHY 214 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1, p. 49: Anagrammatic subscription of William Fowler, with his monogram (WF), from Hw 2065 f. 152r. Figure 2, p. 50: Several attempts at the same in Hw 2063 f. 175r, including the phrases “musi Leander” and “mors vitae”. Figure 3, p. 51: Hw 2067, f. 49r, the first page of the “law notes”, reading “foulerus/ anno do[mini] 1580/ parisiis”. Figure 4, p. 94: Ex-libris of William Fowler and annotation by Drummond recording the donation of the book to the University Library in 1628, from EUL De.2.4, a copy of Bonardo, Miseria della vita humana. Figure 5, p. 99: Front Stamp, Hw 2063. Figure 6, p. 99: Back stamp, Hw 2063. Figure 7, p. 99: Back stamp from EUL De.4.27, a copy of Ovid’s Heroidum in the Drummond Collection. Figure 8, p. 100: Gauffered edges (gilt) on EUL De.1/1.31-33, a copy in the Drummond Collection that could have belonged to Fowler. Figure 9, p. 100: Gauffered edges (blind tooled) on Hw 2064, showing the same pattern. Figure 10, p. 100: Hw 2063, spine. Figure 11, p. 103: Sigil of the Society of Antiquaries, Hw 2063 f. iiiv. Figure 12, p. 103: Ex libris of the Society of Antiquaries, reproducing the front stamp, under a copy of a letter signed by ‘Robert Carey’ on Hw 2066 f. 21r. Figure 13, p. 106: Hw 2063 f. 269v, in the hand of Ludovic Fowler. Figure 14, p. 109: Cut out of Fowler's autograph, from the “Laing papers”, EUL La.II.512 f. 9r, pasted on another leaf. Figure 15, p. 111: Hw 2063 f. iiir, a conservation paste-on showing annotations in an unknown hand (1665) and, below, in Sir William's hand (1693). Figure 16, p. 145: Portrait of Thomas Durye, the Queen's fool, now in the National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh. Figure 17, p. 154: A close-up image of Hw 2063 f. 72r, with the “Meditation” sonnet. Figure 18, p. 168: Hw 2063 f. 142r, Epitaph for the Earl of Dunbar. Figure 19, p. 184: Hw 2063 f. 191v, top-half, displaying the names of Zorzi Giustinian and Marcantonio Correr, fairly written. vi LIST OF PLATES Plate 1, p. 24: Hw 2063, f. iiir. Frontispiece of the first of Fowler's volumes in Hawthornden. Plate 2, p. 76: Hw 2064 f. 131r, letter to Anna of Denmark. Plate 3, p. 138: Hw 2063 f. 98r, a multi-lingual composite piece for Anna of Denmark. Plate 4, p. 141: Hw 2063 f. 62r, text for Lucy Countess of Bedford. Plate 5, p. 177: Hw 2063 f. 208r, epitaphs of James Stewart and George Wharton. Plate 6, p. 196: Hw 2063 f. 191r, containing the names of many people at court, among which are James Hay, Robert Cecil, Mary Middlemore and Elizabeth Norris. On the verso of the same leaf are the names of the Venetian ambassadors Correr and Gustinian, of Mary Queen of Scots, the Earl of Gowrie and John Florio. Plate 7, p. 212: Hw 2063 f. 222r, a composite leaf made of several fragments pasted onto a conservation leaf dating from the early nineteenth century. NOTE ON COPYRIGHT AND IMAGES: The rights on all images and plates are retained by the holding institutions. Specifically, the rights of reproduction of material from the Hawthornden manuscripts are detained by their proprietor, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Conversely, rights on the material belonging to the Drummond collection are held by the Edinburgh University Library. Figures 1 to 3, 5 to 16 and 19 are personal copies taken in compliance with the holders’ reproduction policies; these images have been both cropped and enhanced digitally to highlight specific features. All plates, plus figures 4, 17 and 18, are instead courtesy of the National Library of Scotland’s reproduction service, where the Hawthornden manuscripts are preserved; these images are presented without any digital editing. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CELM: Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts 1450-1700, available at: <http://www.celm-ms.org.uk/> CSP James: Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series: James I, 1611-18. London: H.M. Stationery Office. CSP Scot: Calendar of the State Papers Relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547- 1603 Preserved in the Public Record Office, British Library and Elsewhere. Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House. CSP Venice: Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice. London: H.M. Stationery Office. DBI: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Treccani, online version available at: <http://www.treccani.it/biografico/index.html> DSL (DOST): Dictionary of the Scottish Language / Dictionar o the Scots Leid (including the Dictionary of the Old Scottish Tongue), online version available at: <http://www.dsl.ac.uk> Enc.
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