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Be Scottish Gcyt Society the WORKS of WILLIAM FOWLER Secretary To %slr55. SCS STtSS. 13 £be Scottish Gcyt Society THE WORKS OF WILLIAM FOWLER Secretary to Queen Anne, wife of James VI. THE WORKS OF William Fowler Secretary to Queen Anne, wife of James VI. EDITED BY HENRY W. MEIKLE, M.A., D.Litt. librarian of the national library of Scotland JAMES CRAIGIE, M.A. HEAD OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, MUSSELBURGH GRAMMAR SCHOOL AND JOHN PURVES, M.A. READER IN ITALIAN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH VOL. III.—(Introduction, Notes, &c.) $rmteb for tlje Socutg bg WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS LTD. EDINBURGH AND LONDON 1940 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS PAGE Introduction— I. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF WILLIAM FOWLER ix II. SOURCES—MS. AND PRINTED . xliii III. fowler’s LANGUAGE li 1. THE VOWELS Hi 2. THE CONSONANTS Ixvi 3- ACCIDENCE Ixviii 4. VOCABULARY Ixxii 5- RHYMES Ixxvii IV. FOWLER AND SCOTO-ITALIAN CULTURAL RELA- TIONS IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Ixxx Appendices— I. TO ROB ART HUDSOUN cli II. OF THOMAS CARGILL INTERPRETER OFHESIODE clii in. fowler’s translation of machiavelli’s DEDICATION OF THE PRINCE . cHH IV. DRAFT OF FOWLER’S DEDICATION OF HIS TRANS- LATION OF THE PRINCE . civ V. FOREIGN SOURCES AND PARALLELS IN THE SONNETS Clvi Notes— TO VOL. I. 3 TO VOL. II. 35 TO VOL. III.—APPENDICES 71 Index to the First Lines of Poems ... 73 Glossary 81 General Index 147 PREFACE. This is the final volume of The Works of William Fowler, the first having been issued in 1914 and the second in 1936. The delay in completing this edition would have been even greater but for the collaboration of Mr Craigie and Mr Purves. Mr Craigie read the proofs of the second volume and has contributed to this one the unusually detailed study of Fowler’s language, the notes to which his initials are appended, the index of first lines, and the glossary. Mr Purves has broken fresh ground in his account of ScotoTtalian cultural relations in the sixteenth century, and has furnished the bulk of the notes to Fowler’s translations. The present writer is responsible for the first and second volumes, including the final collation of the text, for the account of Fowler’s life and works, for most of the historical notes, and for the general index. The Editors desire to thank those who have helped them in the course of their labours. These include the late Professor R. K. Hannay; Mr Paton, Curator of the Historical Department, H.M. General Register House, Edinburgh, and his colleague, Mr Maclnnes, who made the first collation of the Prince ; Miss Asta W. R. Moller, B.Litt., D.Phil. (Oxon.), who placed her knowledge of the life of Anne of Denmark at their disposal; Dr O. K. Schram and Mr Austin Gill of the University of Edinburgh ; vm PREFACE. Mr John Russell, Edinburgh; Mr M. R. Dobie, Keeper of Manuscripts, and Mr W. Park of the National Library of Scotland. Others are mentioned in the notes ; but special thanks are due to Dr R. F. Patterson, General Editor of the Society’s Publications, for his helpfulness and for his patience in face of much unavoidable delay. INTRODUCTION. I. THE LIFE AND WORKS OF WILLIAM FOWLER. Little has hitherto been known of the life of William Fowler, and extensive research, surprisingly fruitful in many respects, has failed to produce sufficient material for a uniform and balanced account of his career. Most of his literary work is undated, and the State Papers, Scottish and English, from which much of the information is derived, throw light almost exclusively on his political and official activities.1 Fowler2 came of good Edinburgh burgess stock. “ My grandfather, guidshir, and father,” he wrote in his Answer to Hammiltoun, “ ze, and befor them thair proginitours on baith the sides, sa lang as thay had the vsury of this life, hes bene obedient subiects vnto thair kings, and borne offices as magis- trats in the Toun of Edinburgh. Thair honestie and guid behauiour towards all men wer . knowin, togidder with 1 Thomas Dempster (i579?-i625) wrote a brief account of Fowler in his Historia Ecclesiastica, Bann. Club (1829), i. 292*-*2g3. It appears to be more reliable than Dempster’s other biographies. He seems to have obtained his information from Fowler’s son Ludovick. For modern accounts, see the present writer in Hew Scott’s Fasti Ecclesice Scoticams (new ed.), ii. 112 ; E. Margaret Thompson, “ The Daughter of Anne of Denmark's Secretary,” in Scot. Hist. Rev., xix. (1921), 21-32. These correct and supplement the article in the Diet, of Nat. Biog. David Laing dealt briefly with Fowler’s career in " The Hawthornden MSS.” in Archceologica Scotica, iv. 70-71 ; 230. 2 The name is spelt in various ways. VOL. III. b X INTRODUCTION. thair faithfulnes towards thair superiours.” 1 Fowler’s boast is vindicated in the Records of the burgh of Edinburgh during the sixteenth century, wherein may be traced various Fowlers holding office in the council,2 and by the sixteenth century birth-brief of John Fouller, the grandson of the poet’s brother, also called William.3 In this official document, it is stated that the “ ancestors on the father’s side of the said John have flourished in the sheriffdom of Edinburgh for two hundred years and more.” According to the same document, the mother of the two Williams was “ Jane Fischer of the English family of Fisher ” and their father William Fouller of Fouleran, who was treasurer of the French revenues of Mary, Queen of Scots. He died intestate in January 1571-72. In his testament- dative 4 he is described simply as William Fouler, burgess of Edinburgh, the inventory of his estate being rendered on behalf of his children, William Fowler, younger,5 John, Susan- 1 Ante, ii. 30, 11. 2-8. 2 Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh (Scottish Burgh Records Soc.), vol. i. passim. 3 Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, 1660-68 (Record Series), p. 50 ; Miss Thompson, op. cit., pp. 21, 32. Brothers with the same Christian name were not uncommon at this period. In such cases probably the paternal and the maternal grandfather had identical Christian names. 4 Transcript in Univ. of Edinburgh, Laing MS. No. 494. 6 This is the future poet and Queen’s Secretary. Presumably it was his brother William, “ eldest son to his father umquhile Wm. Fouler, merchant,” who was made burgess and gild brother of the City of Edinburgh on 31st January 1588-89 (MS. Burgess Roll in the City Archives). According to the above-mentioned birth-brief. Secretary William was a twin. John may have been the twin brother, as William the Secretary and John were made burgesses and gild brothers together on 1st October 1606 (Burgess Roll). The wife of William Fowler, the merchant, according to the birth-brief, was Barbara Gibson. Sir Daniel Wilson in his Memorials of Edinburgh (1848), p. 20, gives the inscription on a house as " W. F. angusta ad usum augusta. B. G.,” and states that the initials are those of Wm. Fowler, probably the father of Queen Anne’s Secretary. B. G., however, must be the initials of Barbara Gibson, given in the birth-brief as the wife of William Fowler, the merchant, brother of Secretary William. The house was in Fowler Close, later Anchor Close. Secretary William possessed a half-tenement probably also in Anchor Close (Alex. Guthrie’s Protocols, 10, 3rd March 1646, MS. in City Archives). It was formerly in the possession of Katherine Fowler (ibid.). She was probably his aunt (Inquisitiones INTRODUCTION. XI na,1 Barbara, and Janet. William must have been bom in the second half of 1560, for in his Answer to Hammiltoun, dated 2nd June 1581, he states that “ the 21 zeir of my birth [is] not zit expyrit.” 2 It is probably his name that occurs during 1:574-78 in the registers of the University of St Andrews as a student of St Leonard’s College. He graduated M.A., in 1578.3 Throughout his career he is always designated “ Mr ” or “ M.,” indicating that he had taken that degree. Fowler next proceeded to France, and from notes bound up in volume xv. of the Hawthornden MSS. he appears to have been a student of civil law in Paris, probably at the College of Navarre.4 It had long been the custom of Scottish students to complete their studies in France, especially in Paris, and Fowler found himself one of a large number of fellow-countrymen. Among those he mentions are Lord Arbroath—that is. Lord John Hamilton, Commendator of Arbroath, who had taken refuge in France during Morton’s ascendancy in Scotland ; the Earl of Crawford ; the Master of Marischal; the Lord of Lindores—that is, Patrick Leslie, Commendator of Lindores; and Sir James Balfour.5 Not a few were Catholic refugees or students preparing for the priesthood. The period 1580-81, indeed, as Dr Graves Law Generates, No. 491). Secretary William Fowler (in the event of the death of his son Ludovick) bequeathed his estate to his brothers William and John. Wm. Fowler, merchant burgess of Edinburgh, who applied for 20,000 acres in Ulster on 25th July 1609 (Reg. Privy Council of Scot., viii., Ixxxix., p. 330), is probably the Secretary’s brother, with whom he is confused in the article on the Secretary in the Diet, of Nat. Biog. For these references, printed and MS., I am much indebted, as are all interested in the history of Edinburgh, to Mr Charles B. Boog Watson. 1 The mother of Wm.
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