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Hutcheson, Louise (2014) Rhetorics of Martial Virtue: Mapping Scottish Heroic Literature C.1600-1660

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Hutcheson, Louise (2014) Rhetorics of Martial Virtue: Mapping Scottish Heroic Literature C.1600-1660 Hutcheson, Louise (2014) Rhetorics of martial virtue: mapping Scottish heroic literature c.1600-1660. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5097/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Rhetorics of Martial Virtue Mapping Scottish Heroic Literature c.1600-1660 Louise Hutcheson Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2014 Department of Scottish Literature, College of Arts, University of Glasgow © 2014 Louise Hutcheson Abstract This thesis investigates textual cultures of heroism in Scottish literature c. 1600-1660 as evidenced in a corpus of texts engaged with evolving concepts of martial virtue, honour and masculinity. It provides the first sustained analyses of four seventeenth-century romances – Penardo and Laissa (1615) and Prince Robert (1615), both by Patrick Gordon, Sheretine and Mariana (1622) by Patrick Hannay and Calanthrop and Lucilla (1626) by John Kennedy – and their trajectory within a Scottish tradition of writing that was engaged in a fundamental search for its ideal national hero. Over the course of this research, a series of intriguing connections and networks began to emerge which illuminated an active and diverse community of ‘martial writers’ from whom this corpus of texts were conceived. From these pockets of creativity, there emerged a small but significant body of writers who shared not just a military career but often patronage, experience of service in Europe and a literary interest in what I will define in this thesis as the search for post-Union (1603) Scottish male identity. What began as a study of romance texts was prompted to seek new lines of enquiry across a wide and varied body of texts as it sought to engage with a changeable but distinctive thematic discourse of martial heroism, conduct literature for young men disguised as romance. Its findings are by no means always finite; a partly speculative attempt is made to illuminate the path of one particularly pervasive thread of literary discourse – martial virtue – rather than to lay false claims to homogeneity. The nature of this enquiry means that the thesis examines a vast array of texts, including the fictional romances mentioned above and others such as Sir George Mackenzie’s Aretina; Or, the Serious Romance (1660) and John Barclay’s Argenis (1621), non-fictional texts such as Robert Munro’s The Expedition (1638), George Lauder’s The Scottish Soldier (1629) and James Hume’s Pantaleonis Vaticinia Satyra (1633), and their engagement with issues of martial service. It is, in essence, a study of the seventeenth-century Scottish literary hero, sought naturally at first among the epic and fantastical landscapes of fictional romance, but pursued further into the martial world inhabited by its authors, patrons, and, as will be argued, its readers. In mapping this hitherto neglected topic and its related corpus of texts, the thesis identifies a number of potentially characteristic emphases which evince the development of a specifically martial conversation in seventeenth-century Scotland. It foregrounds the re-emergence of feudal narratives of male identity in the wake of the 1603 Union of the Crowns and after the outbreak of Civil and European war, in which the martial warrior of Brucian romance emerges once again as an ideal model of heroism – the natural antithesis to the more (self-evidently) courtly romance narratives produced at the Stuart court in London. Coupled with the i inheritance of a late-fifteenth and sixteenth-century poetics which foregrounds reading as an act of moral investment (from which later writers appear to select the specifically reader- focused aspects of Christian Humanism), the erudite soldier and his corresponding literary protagonist begin to emerge as the foremost Scottish hero in a selection of both fictive and non-fictive texts, from vernacular romance to memoirs and chronicles, and in prose fiction. Across this diverse corpus of texts, collective emphases upon the moral investment of reading, exemplar-based use of historical materials and Scotland’s martial past emerge as a shared advisory paradigm, a conduct book of behaviours for the young Scottish male. ii list of contents ~ abstract ……………………………………… i acknowledgements ……………………………………… v selective database of texts ……………………………………… vi introduction ……………………………………… 1 chapter one: seventeenth-century romance ……………………………………… 4 The History of Penardo and Laissa 5 The Famous History of Prince Robert 33 Sheretine and Mariana 53 Calanthrop and Lucilla 75 Argenis 91 Aretina; or, the Serious Romance 98 chapter two: medieval romance ……………………………………… 110 Database Analysis: Romance circulation 113 The Courtly Romances 121 chapter three social, political and cultural contexts ……………………………………… 128 The Cult of Reading and the Book 133 War and the Military: The Thirty Years War 135 The Martial Hero 137 chapter four: the prudent soldier ……………………………………… 142 iii George Lauder 144 James Hume 148 Robert Munro 151 James Graham 154 Honour, Warfare and Erudition 157 Mackay’s Regiment 166 Colonel Sir Andrew Gray and Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia 168 conclusion 171 bibliography ……………………………………… 174 iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr Theo van Heijnsbergen for his boundless commitment to this project. He has certainly been a ‘heroic’ supervisor. This thesis would not have been possible without the support of The Carnegie Trust, and I am extremely grateful for their funding of the project. I would also like to thank Dr Anna Caughey, Dr Sebastiaan Verweij and Dr Kate McClune for generously granting me permission to quote material from their forthcoming publications, as well as Dr Rhona Brown for her comments and guidance at various stages of this project. Every doctoral student approaches their Viva with a great sense of foreboding, and I was certainly no exception. I would therefore like to express my utmost gratitude to Dr Robert Maslen and Professor David Parkinson for their invaluable feedback, encouragement and support at that vital latter stage of the project. My colleagues at Luath Press and North Lanarkshire Trust generously allowed me time and scope in which to finish my thesis, and I am thankful to Jennie Renton and Kirsten Graham in particular for their support. On a more personal level, I would like to thank my family – John, Christine, Fiona and Laura – for their unfailing support over the past three years. Their encouragement, warmth and belief in my work spurred me on when I needed it most. I will always be especially grateful for a mother and aunt who accompanied a timid Masters student all the way to Italy for her first conference paper – then kept a low profile on arrival, lest she feel embarrassed. Jennifer Orr, Lucy Hinnie and Gillian Loney all provided cups of tea (sometimes wine), moral support and the occasional critique, and I owe all of them a debt of thanks. Finally, I owe a great deal to Paddy Harley, whose love, support and advice has been invaluable. v Selected database of romances/heroic texts1 Title MS/Print Later Modern Library Date editions/appearances Collections or archives and reprints Anon, Fierabras2 c.1375 c. 1456-1458 Anon, The Buik of c. 1437 c. 1580 British Library STC (2nd Alexander ed.), 321.5. Sir Gilbert Hay, The Buik c. 1460 c. 1499 British Museum, of King Alexander the Additional MS 40,732. Conqueror. Scottish Register House, MS GD 112/71/9. Anon, The Knightly Tale of c. 1450-1475 1508 National Library of Golagros and Gawane Scotland STC /1852:18. Anon, The History of Sir c. pre-1497 1669 British Library ESTC Eger, Sir Graham and Sir Citation no. R43180. Gray Steel Scottish Troy Book 15th century IMEV 298.5 MSS Oxford, (fragments) Bodl. Douce 148. CUL Kk.V.30 Raoul Lefèvre, The Veray c. 1477 1483 Library of Queen Mary and Trew Historie of the of King James VI.3 Valiaunt Knight Jasone Cambridge University (translated by William Library. Caxton). Anon, Lancelot of the Laik c. 1490-1500 Library of Queen Mary and (Scottish translation of of King James VI. French prose romance Cambridge University Lancelot du Lac, Library MS. xxxvi, 113 p. 3 publication details fold. facsim. unknown). Anon, Roman de Gyron le c. 1501 c.1519 Library of Queen Mary and Courtois (Paris: A Vérard). of King James VI. Anon, Clariodus. c. 1503-49 1830 National Library of Scotland, Advocates MS 19.2.5. Pontus de Tyard, Erreurs c. 1549 1551 Library of Queen Mary and Amoureuses (Lyon). 1573 of King James VI. Anon, Florimond of Albany c. pre-1550 1 The above table represents a broad selection of romances – or texts which contain recognisable romance elements – and heroic fiction dating from the medieval period to 1626. The contents are not exhaustive, but are provided to illustrate a sizeable cross-section of texts which were circulating throughout Scotland in the medieval and early modern period. Any omissions or errors are my own. 2 To my knowledge, there are no extant holdings of the English translation(s) of this French chanson du geste. However, The British Library does hold artistic representations of the knight Fierabras, Charlemagne and Fierabras with the relics; detail of a miniature from BL Royal MS 15 E vi, f. 70r (the ‘Talbot Shrewsbury Book’) dating from around 1444-1445. 3 See Julian Sharman, The Library of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1889).
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