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Further, the acids. is organic chitosan in that soluble was 1894 the be compound in resulting to the andBraunin that noticing Purchase glucosamine and by tion confirmed waselucidated Gilson ofchitin and 1879, nature chemical in chitin, final chitin The in [9]. [9]. of nitrogen 1946 1894 of units in presence chitin structural of the as unit found repeated acid Lassaigne year butterfly, acetic silkworm same and of the cosamine exoskeleton In the [9]. with 1843 working in when Payen by initiated was pods of name insect the the it in gave biopolymer Greek thus biopoly- same and this the identified mushrooms, found who of Odier [7], Auguste extracts Braconnot in Henri Nancy, 1811 from naturalist in French mer a to 1799 attributed usually in is reported chitin who chemicals Hachett, usual A. to scientist English resistant an ticularly by discovered probably most was Chitin outline Historical 2 2: Figure hlsei ei a tde 1] wse lwo tutr a hsfudi h lobster the in found thus 2 was structure plywood twisted a [13], studied was helix cholesteric 3: Figure nte ietn ntedsoeyo chitin of discovery the in milestone alkalisolu- concentrated Another chitinin a boiling when [10], Rouget by C. chitin from obtained first was Chitosan byarthro- produced chitin and byplants, produced cellulose, between difference the on interrogation The ute,temcocpcarneeto htnlyr n rti cfod urudn hmona them surrounding scaffolds protein and layers chitin of arrangement macroscopic the Further, Berezina “ chiton ectlto fcii ochitosan. to chitin of Deacetylation ifrn htnsrcue codn to Bouligand. according structures chitin Different α β -, tp htnarneetcaatrzsprle chains parallel characterizes arrangement chitin -type ” meaning β and - γ tps(iue3.The 3). 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[21], whereasshrimp Rhazi et by byRhazi 22% 20% only to and up [26] and al. et [26] Hajji by al. chitin et Hajji 37.2% by to namelycuttle- up chitin so have of somespecies, to the 5.8% found was concerning is only the literature have now in to found upto was observed fish differences used severe and mainly explain qualitative may method only which used, quantitative allowing analysis only diffraction the and called therefore infrared now, [25], until of approaches lifetime reported non-quantitative the been during in have 3% species methods around same be lytic the to within found content was chitin it stable, The remain [23]. to pens seems squid organism in the reported were 49% to up 23 with matrices organic have are to scales anterior-posterior These the color. to parallel one run [22]. represents which wing rows, the scale in of wings epidermal axis the each to adherent where and structure, homogeneous butterfly,morphologically hierarchical lady complex painted a the exhibit [21]. of accurate wings less of the be representative may two that class only latter explored, this crustaceans concerning of conclusions species the 10 therefore for considered, study were this cephalopods in that produce acknowledge to mainly have crustaceans erwe that shown thus β was It explored. been below. detailed characterization, extracted and for chitin extraction chitin characteristics of specific issue any the distinguish faces not ( could sources scientists now different sourceswould different for from from but chitin of interest, havestill etc. studies great those contents, of properties, ourbe knowledge different of between comparison a the best Also, to done. be however to species, different these of taxonomy and the a eyes evolution of and cuticle [18] epidermal fungi the epidermis the of in that reported those even material) as vertebrates. has (reflective by such [20] iridophores study cells, One named the eukaryotic fish [20]. a in in vertebrate, cephalopods found also and also arthropods [17], certain is arthropods of It of [19]. exoskeleton mushrooms the and in present is Chitin Sources 3 [16]. beetle scarab the of iridescence icanus GRUYTER DE cii,as h htncnetvre rm7t 6 ncutcasadfo 0t 0 ncpaoos howev- cephalopods, in 40% to 20 from and crustaceans in 36% to 7 from varies content chitin the also -chitin, Thus, for example, the mineral content is especially high within shellfish sources of chitin whereas lipid con- whereas ofchitin sources shellfish within high especially is content mineral the example, for Thus, ana- reliable no Indeed, issue. an remains source original its in content chitin of determination reported the were Also, honeybees thus cuticle, of mass dry of 40% to 5 of range the in usually is content chitin The thus shown was It [22]. butterflies with concerned mainly were chitin insect on performed studies few A has industry shellfish the from chitin mainly now, until sources, chitin of diversity large very this Despite use chitinfor to very tempting ofcourse, be, it would species, different many so in present is chitin As “ 1]adi h he crab sheep the in and [14] laieextraction alkaline – 0° oaoda uha osbecii erdto n rsreissrcue h different The structure. its preserve and degradation chitin possible as much as avoid to °C 90 α aaiohy trigloides Paralipophrys cii en oiaigi n hlfs,iscs t.,as h otn comparison thecontent also etc.), insects, shellfish, any in dominating being -chitin ” ehd[5.Hwvr tsrnl eed ntesuc n xrcinprocedure extraction and source the on depends strongly it However, [25]. method – 2 fcii 1] uhom 8 mushrooms [17], chitin of 32% oohnhsgrandis Loxorhynchus otiscii;tu ugsigta htncnas eproduced be also can chitin that suggesting thus chitin; contains , aes cardui Vanessa 1] thsas enrpre ob epnil o the for responsible be to reported been also has it [15], ines exhibits Linnaeus, – 6 1]adselih5 shellfish and [17] 16% α aau helgolandicus Calanus cii,weescpaoosproduce cephalopods whereas -chitin, α tp htn[2.Teinsects The [22]. chitin -type – 0 2] n even and [21], 40% [24]. Berezina 3 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd neetn rpriso htsn niirba eairadbooptblt 4.Teepout aebeen have products These [4]. most the biocompatibility of and two behavior combines application antimicrobial This chitosan: healing. of wound in properties are interesting chitosan of applications biomedical main The applications Biomedical 5.1 and chitosan. ofchitin applications notneces- purification does water and fats, blood. materials in from agricultural, cholesterol lowering namely for purify, candidate to good difficult it is makes appears chitin it biodegradation proper- that that their biodegradation and fact proven, mean be the sarily Similarly, to antimicrobial seems [48]. topresent chitosan doubtful and more chitin molecule of much same aspect antimicrobial the the for if actually difficult ties, be would it appli- example, of for most for latter the of derivatization the by followed [45 chitosan to cations chitin of seem transformation and biopolymers necessary antimicrobial those the if [42], limited. even rather fats remain that other applications acknowledge actual or to [39], the have now, cholesterol biocompatibility until we of as However, promising, and very etc. such 44], [41] properties several [43, metal behaviors present heavy antioxidative to of reported scavenging been [40], recently biodegradation have chitosan and Chitin Applications 5 for essential indeed, canpresent. is, molecules stage those extraction potential huge This the improvements. fulfill their to chitosan on and working chitin still are companies industrial [34]. biochemical more much it making and extraction ical acids cut protein amino even or they catechols are proteases, from chitin it. liberate of chitins to cannot attached they however purification and directly acids, proteins the amino surrounding for and the peptides used give and enzymes to chitin main bonds between the links covalent Indeed, main 17]. the [12, of melanins understanding poor pu- now either to up use the can They [34]. [38]. recently whole microorganisms developed or been 37] have chitin [36, of enzymes extraction rified the for methods biological The extraction Biological 4.2 neutralization further requiring solutions basic and acidic of utilization extensive [34]. elimination the and atthe to chitin due chitin white the impact pure finalize mental a to used often obtain are to peroxide, such as hydrogen difficult as it techniques, such Other make agents, [34]. sources bleaching purification therefore chitin process, other the or of arthropods end of exoskeleton the allowsthe to approaches ofthese of thechitin. several theydidnot of andpurity however were onlyacombination made, the structure and of 29], [26]techniques 28, confirmation [21, [25, or NMR results satisfying [33] sufficiently give fluorescence [25], diffraction [32], shorter infrared [18]. applications, alteration some chain for of advantages drawbacks present also can but solubility, It better obtained. inducing thus chains be can oligosaccharides chi- and but polymer, chitin, longer no is product obtained the and deacetylation [31]. to tosan up continues crystalline reaction highly the obtain concentration to and contamination of sources these both [30]. of chitosan elimination the combine to approach, 4 o l h esn etoe bv,w ilfcsoratnini hscatrmil nbiomedical, on mainly chapter this in attention our focus will we above, mentioned reasons the all For glance, first at seemed they that obvious less appeared assertions mentioned previously the of some theoriginalchitin, Also, of andpurification of extraction the difficulty aspects: different by explained be can This and teams academic several now, for satisfying completely are ofpurebiolog- scope methods biological the nor chemical thus reducing neither As steps, bleaching avoid to difficult more even becomes it case, this In being main reasons the of one efficient, less remain methods these friendly, environment more Although environ- and energetic its however remains extraction chemical of utilization the of drawback main The [12,17]attached sclerotins and other melanins Indeed, its color. is of chitin purification the through of aspect attempts Another several product, obtained the analyze to ability poor very a of consists issue Another chitin the of integrity the damage also may temperature high at conditions and basic and temperature acidic athigh of utilization as The interest, specific of is step deproteination the for concentration alkali the Also Berezina – 7,etc. 47], γ rdain eeas etdt mrv h xrcino htn[35]. chitin of extraction the improve to tested also were -radiation, EGRUYTER DE Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd ocretfocltn gnsaecepr ned vni htsnsosbte rpris thetraditional betterproperties, shows frameworks. of cardboard-mill regulatory even ifchitosan current fulfill as flocculation to rare, sufficient the choice rather are Indeed, of remain for products are cheaper. industry cheaper solution efficient in a particularly agents applications it be actual flocculating makes to the concurrent cheap unfortunately shown rather [70], was wastewater and biological chitosan abundant secondary Thus very the fact cases. compound, purposes, friendly certain [70] flocculation environment in and an 69] [68, is adsorption it for applied that be can Chitosan treatments. biological or technically be to have in importance.To is ofcrucial techniques water treatment water polluted pure chosen or to the for use efficient. population conflicts. Access economically larger and even military a facing. and of currently unsuitable wellbeing wasinitially the is diseases, that to malnutrition, humanity contribute generating of water issues thus huge purification difficult, the remains the Therefore world of the one of parts remains some water of quality The purification Water 5.4 chemistry green of implementation the to materials product contributes raw renewable required thus of of It utilization amount 67]. the [66, minimizing liquids by ionic principles CO of supercritical utilization such or of techniques, and/ utilization up-to-date ities or several combines [64] application drying this freeze Indeed, as interest. particular of is the support catalyst for 63]. films [62, antimicrobial phosphomethylation of or [61] production (PEG) the glycol) poly(ethylene for of plastic tives [60]. a meat as or used fruits vegetables, was fresh material protecting a packaging i.e. as industry, chitosan food time long a For applications Materials 5.3 the in chitosan resistant more of them introduction making 59]. thus The [58, plants, fungi. aggressors in natural enzymes as chitinolytic their such towards of production aggressors, the pathogen stimulates medium against growth themselves defend to further and them inhibition actual through ones unsuitable of [57]. invasion control of demographic the as lowering the growth and such to microorganisms pathogens suitable contributed certain specifically of medium growth the the to chitin of dition as such pesticides, roles. this different in However, very pathogens. play against to plants described of were protection chitosan the and to chitin contribute application, to reported were chitosan and Chitin applications Agricultural 5.2 of oocysts of excretion biomedical of market actual the reached yet not have [54]and applications these antihypertensive products. 53], of [52, most however anti-inflammatory drugs; or [55] [51], anticancer implants [4], vectorization drugs 50], [4, teractions (France). Cytosial lesser (USA), a Technologies Polymers to however Marine Europe, (Germany), in also but America, North and Asia in mainly 1990s, extent. early the since market the on GRUYTER DE ifrn ehiusaeuulyapidt ae uiiain uha cvnig adsorption,flocculation scavenging, such as waterpurification, to applied are usually techniques Different a as chitosan of utilization the them among interest, deriva- greater ester received applications of novel grafting some recently, as More such made, also were materials biofunctional novel produce to attempts Several help which enzymes, chitinolytic possess plants several indeed, elicitor, an as act to described was Chitosan microbial of growth the allowing by mainly seeds, of protection the to contribute to reported was Chitin the reducing significantly goats, in cryptosporidiosis against active be to shown also was chitosan Finally, in- blood 49], [4, substitutes bone as such studied, also were chitosan of applications biomedical other Medovent (USA), Some Hemcon (Canada), BioSyntech as such companies by commercialized are products These rcoem harzianum Trichoderma .parvum C. n irha n nacn h egtgi fyugaias[56]. animals young of gain weight the enhancing and diarrhea, and – eodms bnatbooye worldwide. biopolymer abundant most second .solani R. 1 hc a eotdt eatv gis oirdsae h ad- The disease. foliar against active be to reported was which P1, hspaigadul oe nacn h rdcinof production the enhancing role: double a playing thus , 2 (scCO – aayi n o tihoercpootos and proportions, stoichiometric not and catalytic 2 6]t nraetesraeecag capabil- exchange surface the increase to [65] ) .harzianum T. n atal inhibited partially and Berezina 5 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 2]ShfmnJ,ShurC.Sldsaecaatrzto of characterization state Solid the CL. on Schauer JD, process Schiffman deacetylation [22] and source the of influence chitin: of sources natural different of Investigation J. Desbrieres M, Rhazi [21] revisited, research Chitin M. Yamabhai F, Khousab [20] medicine, western modern for sources Mushrooms: RHJr. Kurtzman applications, [19] and Properties chitosan: and Chitin M. Rinaudo [18] in organisms, terrestrial from chitosan and Chitin H. Tamura T, Furuike view, N, Nwe closer [17] a beetles: ofscarab iridescence polarized circularly underlie structures Bouligand J. Srinivasarao ex-oskeletons, JO, crab Park of M, properties Crneb V, mechanical Sharma and [16] Structure MA. Meyers the J, McKittrick in AYM, structure Lin honeycomb PY, a Chen of [15] Discovery HG. Hartwig G, Servos SB, Yi HG, Brokmeier A, Al-Sawalmih C, P, Sachs Romano Bouligand, D, Yves Raabe to [14] tribute a collagen, About JF. Sadoc J, chitinases, Charvolin and [13] synthases chitin of regulation and function structure insects: in metabolism Chitin L. Zimoch H, Merzendorfer [12] P, Jyotishkumar C, Chassenieux D, Durand S, Thomas [11] in chitosan, to chitin From D. Teng [10] http://polysac3db.cermav.cnrs.fr/discover_chitins_chitosans.html, 2015] July 2nd accessed [last chitosans. and chitins polysaccharides: Discover [9] revisited. research Chitin M. Yamabhai F, Khoushab [8] CENIC. Revista Braconnot. Henri J, Wisniak [7] from production chitinase for parameters physical of Optimization A. Singh S, Sharmila G, Susithra LJ, Rebecca [6] management. waste processing Crustacea D. Russel M, Archer [5] ACA. Wan H, Khor [4] com- blends, based (PHA) Polyhy-droxyalkanoate In: sources. and properties structure, Polyhydroxyalkanoates: biore-fineries, SM. for Martelli resources Renewable N, In: Berezina materials [3] and polymers Bio-based SM. Martelli N, Berezina in biopolymers, [2] with blends rubber Natural LHI. FM,-Mei Fakhouri N, Berezina Z, Sun CSK, Lin SM, Martelli [1] References 978 isbn (2016), Gruyter De Biomaterials. Luque/Xu, in: available also is article This Acknowledgement attributing avoid to and properties actual ones. only proven promote not to but mandatory, fashionable also ofwater, is purification rigor is nowthe intellectual developments, of chitosan residues. anddevelop- research metal main utilization heavy more the of scavenging butrequire prop- by therefore similar achieved results, with promising polymers significant very based achieve seem petroleum fields to of agricultural that ment the than mainly higher in limited, remains applications rather which The are sufficient product, now erties. access the until to of applications difficulty cost materials extreme the The the to biopolymer. to due the due of mainly reliability limited, source remain and latter. area purity the biomedical it of the area, derivatization in agricultural by chitosan the of further tions even on sometimes focused and mainly chitosan, exploited, to be deacetylation can by until wellasthe that as transformed as applications is, be Also, of to applications. it range widespread has species, poor its andpurification several rather impacts unfortunately a in Its extraction and has issue Present chitin industry. an cellulose. shellfish remain sources after the available of Earth of discards reliability on the biopolymer from abundant obtained most mainly now, second a is Chitin Outlook 6 6 sources, local from chitosan and chitin of characterization and Extraction MZ. Elsabee KSA, Nagy ES, Abdou [23] hscceia hrceitc fchitosan, of characteristics physicochemical 3 pp. 2010, Press, Proc Today: Materials tissue, nanocomposite biological fibrous of patterns plywood twisted 4393 206, 2003, networks therein cited references and nanocomposites, and posites 370 1, 2013, RSC, IPNs, and Blends 1: ume scientific strong beside biopolymers, promising very truly these of utilization widespread the for Finally, applica- the behavior, antimicrobial or biocompatibility as such properties, interesting extremely Despite 1359 ChemSci PharmBiol Berezina – 67. onWly&Sn,2013. Sons, & Wiley John , – – 412. htn ufiln imtraspromise biomaterials a fulfilling Chitin: 10. 03 ,1676 4, 2013, , ,21,161 2014, ., . S re Chemistry Green RSC – 71. – 82. htsnbsdhydrogels Chitosan-based – 93. inisQuímicas Ciencias oye Int Polymer 05 0 18 30, 2015, a Drugs Mar a.Drugs Mar. adoko iplmrbsdmtr-l:fo lnsadcmoie ogl n complex and gels to composites and blends from materi-als: biopolymer-based of Handbook leirIsgt,2dE. 2014. Ed., 2nd Insights, Elsevier . ,20,4,337 49, 2000, ., α alr&FacsGop 02 p 1 pp. 2012, Group, Francis & Taylor , cii from -chitin 07 8 345 38, 2007, , 00 ,1988 8, 2010, , 00 ,1988 8, 2010, , rg oy.Sci Polym. Prog. – Seafish 46. nefc focus Interface 08 1 2008, , iaoi piaaInt Aplicada Micalogia rs Growth Crist J – aes cardui Vanessa 344. – 55 – – 2012 ,20,3,603 31, 2006, ., – 2012. n eeecsctdtherein cited references and 23. htn htsn lgschrdsadterderivatives their and oligosaccharides chitosan, Chitin, 02 1 2012, , n ee-ne ie therein cited refer-ences and 05 8,1 283, 2005, , i-au wings, Lin-naeus – 8. ,20,1,21 17, 2005, ., – 32. – 33 – n eeecsctdtherein cited references and 7. S re Chemistry Green RSC – . a.Si n.C Eng. Sci. Mat. caBiomaerialia Acta 33. – 3 aua ubrMaterials Rubber Natural – . 11 irsu.TechnolBioresour. ertamarcescens Serratia – 034230 09 9 1370 29, 2009, , 08 ,587 4, 2008, , – 04 7 1 27, 2014, . 7. EGRUYTER DE ,20,99, 2008, ., .Ep Biol Exp. J. CRC , , e J Res Vol- : – – – 28. 4. 96. ., Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 5]LeatY ate ,Dbi-api ,Dmr .Ttaeso htn(htsn seiiosi uu rtpat,in protoplasts, Rubus in elicitors as (chitosan) chitin of Tetramers A. Domard R, Dubois-Dauphin cucumber,in C, in Gautier Y, lectin Lienart chitin-binding [59] and chitinase of role Physiological K. Oishi K, Nakajima H, Torii M, Sogitani Y, Shimura J, in Kato diseases, [58] plant of control biological in chitosan and chitin of Use in GE. essi Harman chitosan: O, Skaugrud le avec A, Tronsmo cryptosporidiose [57] la de Maitrise I. Vallée C, Mage E, JP, Auclair Marden A, Grasset-Chevillot M, Mammeri K, Adjou [56] in nanoparticles, chitosan of applications therapeutic and activity Anticancer CR. Dass DE, Dunstan HT, Ta [55] in derivatives, its and chitosan of actions Antihypertensive CB. 6037, Ahn JY, HUT Je griseus Strepto-myces [54] by chitosanase and chitinase of production on sources chitin of Effect HS. Ji K, Kim [53] in derivatives, their and chitosan, chitin, of activity Anti-inflammatory SK. Kim MM, chitosan, Kim and [52] chitin of applications Implantable LY. Lim E, Khor [51] in hemostasis, human on derivatives their and chitosan chitin, of Effects WK. Jung SK, Kim [50] in regeneration, bone for Estuary, scaffolds Delaware Chitosan the RAA. in Muzzarelli chitin [49] of mineralization and Hydrolysis J. White DL, Kirchman [48] in future, and present delivery: DNA plasmid for chitosan of derivatization Chemical MCM. physico-chemical Lin WF, controlled Lai with [47] chitosans and chitins of preparation the to Contribution A. Alagui M, Rhazi J, Desbrieres A, Tolaimate galore, [46] opportunities applications: and Chitosan-modifications NN. Inambar VK, Mourya [45] in derivatives, their and chitooligosaccharides chitosan, of activity Antioxidative SK. Kim weights, S, Koppula molecular PJ, varying Park with [44] chitosans of activity Antioxidative RL. Thomas KW, Kim [43] risks, and benefits properties, Chitin-chitosan: SS. Koide properties, [42] functional Chitosan A. Falshaw S, Reader R, applications, Shepherd chitosan [41] and chitin of review A in derivatives, MNVR. its Kumar and [40] chitosan of Biocativities J. Shen A, Zhu [39] decalcification, and deproteination microbial by wastes shrimp from purification Chitin J. Winter C, Gallert Y, Xu [38] shrimp from chitin of isolation enzymatic during hydrolysate protein of recovery The NAAQ, Al-Khateeb J, Synowiecki [37] ( shrimp from components of Recovery FM. Netto H, Holanda de Duarte [36] shells, prawn from extraction chitin/chitosan irradiation-aided Gamma A. Khodja Nacer S, Benamer D, Tahtat M, Mahlous [35] acid hyaluronic sulfate, Chondroitin M. Murado Anxo M, González Pilar del J, Fraguas MI, Montemayor I, Rodríguez-Amado JA, mi- Vázquez Nonlinear [34] AJ. Krmpot NPM, Curcic VM, Lazovic MD, Vrbica MS, Rabasovic SB, Curcic BM, Jelenkovic DV, and Pantelic MD, chitin Rabasovic with [33] relation in investigation in-frared An M. Rinaudo J, Desbrieres W, Arguelles-Monal FM, Goycoole J, Lizardi J, ( Brugnerotto maritime [32] pin de ectomycorhizes des sur chitine la de Dosage L. Salsac D, Mousan A. C, Domard Plassard C, Peniche-Covas [31] JM, Lucas S, Trombotto L, David A, Osorio-Madrazo [30] SP. northern Campana-Filho from OBG, obtained Assis shells R, shrimp Lavall of [29] quality chitin and composition chemical the of study Aseasonal KM. Varum A, Einbu RH, and Rodde opilio) [28] (Chinoecetes crab snow from prod-ucts value-added and nutrients of characterization and Isolation extracted J. chitosan Synowiecki F, and Shahidi chitin [27] between differ-ences Structural K. Jellouli M, Nasri M, Rinaudo R, Hajj O, Ghorbel-Bellaaj I, Younes S, Hajji marins, [26] écosystèmes les dans crustacés les par chitine de production La JC. Bussers MF, (Corse), Voss-Foucart Calvie C, de Jeuniaux baie [25] la de zooplancton du crustacés les par chitine de P. Production Dauby C, Jeuniaux O, Gervasi [24] GRUYTER DE 6]NdrjhK rnatakiW oH,Stie ,X .Srto eairo rws h-oa lsa fetdb htsnextraction chitosan by affected as films chi-tosan crawfish of behavior Sorption Z. 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Chitin ., ., , 7 J Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 7]RnutF acyB hre ,MrnCiiN ao M itro ,CiiG htsnfocl-ino ador-ilscnaybiolog- secondary cardboard-mill of floccula-tion Chitosan G. P, Crini Winterton PM, Badot N, Morin-Crini 10.1016/j.biotech.2005.05.001. J, DOI: Charles 2005, B, Sancey K, F, review, Renault A [70] removal: dye for adsorbents low-cost Non-conventional G. Crini [69] treatment, wastewater in adsorbents as used materials polysaccharide-based in developments Recent support, G. as Crini chitosan [68] using catalysts SILP new of Developmetn I. Dez AC, Gaumont PJ, sup- Madec phase K, liquid Perrigaud J, ionic Baudoux containing cat-alyst [67] on based materials Catalytic I. Dez AC, Gaumont PJ, P, Madec Naik R, Moucel N, Clousier [66] chitosan the of conditioning the of Impor-tance I. 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