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Tc Ankara Ünġversġtesġ Sosyal Bġlġmler Enstġtüsü T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ TARĠH ANABĠLĠM DALI ORTAÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI GEÇ ORTAÇAĞ’DA ĠTALYA’NIN SĠYASĠ DURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sait Emre ÇİFTÇİ Ankara-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ TARĠH ANABĠLĠM DALI ORTAÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI GEÇ ORTAÇAĞ’DA ĠTALYA’NIN SĠYASĠ DURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sait Emre ÇİFTÇİ Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. Hatice ORUÇ Ankara-2019 II ONAY TÜRKĠYE CUMHURĠYETĠ ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ TARĠH ANABĠLĠM DALI ORTAÇAĞ TARĠHĠ BĠLĠM DALI Sait Emre ÇİFTÇİ GEÇ ORTAÇAĞ’DA ĠTALYA’NIN SĠYASĠ DURUMU Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Hatice ORUÇ Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı Ġmzası .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ Tez Sınavı Tarihi .................................. III T.C. ANKARA ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ SOSYAL BĠLĠMLER ENSTĠTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ’NE BĠLDĠRĠM Bu belge ile, tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(......../06/2019) Sait Emre Çiftçi IV ÖNSÖZ “Geç Ortaçağ‟da İtalya‟nın Siyasi Durumu” adlı bu yüksek lisans tezinde XI. yüzyıldan XV. yüzyılın sonuna kadar İtalya‟daki politik gelişmeleri ele aldık. Amacımız bu zaman diliminde meydana gelen siyasi olayları, devletleri, kişileri ve aileleri yazmaktır. Kullandığımız yöntem; birinci elden kaynaklar ile çağdaş İtalyanca ve İngilizce kaynaklardan faydalanıp, kronolojiye dikkat ederek söz konusu zaman diliminde yaşanan olayların bilgisini vermek olmuştur. Tezin içeriğine gelirsek; birinci bölümde İtalya‟daki kentlerin komün yönetimlerine geçiş süreçlerini, Kutsal Roma- Germen imparatorlarının bu komünleri itaat altına almak için düzenlediği seferleri ve Guelf-Ghibellin savaşlarının başlangıcını yazdık. İkinci bölümde XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Kuzey ve Orta İtalya‟da signoria yönetimlerinin kurulma sürecini, XIV. yüzyılın önemli signoreleri ve signoria ailelerini, Kutsal Roma-Germen imparatorlarının İtalya‟da Anjou‟lara karşı rekabetini, Visconti ailesi döneminde Milano‟nun durumunu, XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yaşanan Lombardiya Savaşları‟nı ve XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Sforza ailesi dönemi Milano‟da yaşananları inceledik. Üçüncü bölümde Cenova ve Venedik‟in XI.-XV. yüzyıllardaki tarihlerini, dördüncü bölümde XIV. ve XV. yüzyıllarda Toskana‟da yaşanan gelişmeleri, beşinci bölümde XIV. yüzyıldan XV. yüzyılın sonuna kadar Kilise Devleti‟nde yaşananları, altıncı bölümde XIV. ve XV. yüzyıllarda Güney İtalya‟nın siyasi tarihini, Napoli Krallığı‟nda Anjou ve Aragon yönetimlerini yazdık. Değerli hocam Doç. Dr. Hatice Oruç‟a tez konumun belirlenmesinde ve yazım aşamasında yardımlarından dolayı teşekkürü borç bilirim. Ankara, Mayıs 2019 Sait Emre Çiftçi V ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa No. ONAY ............................................................................................................................ III BĠLDĠRĠM ..................................................................................................................... IV ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................ V ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ............................................................................................................. VI HARĠTALAR LĠSTESĠ ............................................................................................ VIII KISALTMALAR LĠSTESĠ ......................................................................................... IX GĠRĠġ ............................................................................................................................... 1 KAYNAKLAR ................................................................................................................ 6 Birinci Elden Kaynaklar ............................................................................................... 6 Modern Kaynaklar ........................................................................................................ 8 BĠRĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................ 11 XI. YÜZYILDA KOMÜNLERİN SİYASİ ÖZERKLİK KAZANMALARI ............ 11 1.1. Canossa Ailesi‟nin Tuscia Markiliği ................................................................... 12 1.2. Friedrich Barbarossa‟nın İtalya Seferleri ve Legnano Savaşı ............................. 13 1.3. Güney İtalya‟da Hohenstaufen Hanedanı; Guelf-Ghibellin Çatışmalarının Başlaması .................................................................................................................... 17 ĠKĠNCĠ BÖLÜM .......................................................................................................... 19 KUZEY VE ORTA İTALYA KENTLERİNDE SİGNORİA YÖNETİMLERİNİN KURULMA SÜRECİ ................................................................................................. 19 2.1. Pallavicino ve Ezzelini Aileleri ........................................................................... 19 2.2. Floransa, Siena ve Pisa Cumhuriyetleri‟nin Durumu .......................................... 23 2.3. Luxembourglu VII. Heinrich ve Wittelsbachlı IV. Ludwig‟in İtalya‟ya Gelişleri .................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4. Uguccione della Faggiuola ve Castruccio Castracani‟nin Signoria Yönetimleri 32 2.5. Della Scala ve Carraresi Aileleri ......................................................................... 37 2.6. Condottieroluk ve Capitano di Ventura İlişkisi, Paralı Askerler Birlikleri ......... 41 2.7. Milano‟da Torriani ve Visconti Aileleri Arasında Mücadele; Desio Savaşı ....... 47 2.7.1. Visconti ve Sforza Egemenliklerinde Milano ................................................... 48 2.7.2. Lombardiya Savaşları (1423-1454) .................................................................. 60 2.7.2.1. Savaşların İkinci Aşaması .............................................................................. 64 2.7.2.2. Savaşların Üçüncü Aşaması ........................................................................... 69 2.7.2.3. Cremona Barışı‟ndan Sonra Yaşananlar ........................................................ 75 VI 2.7.2.4. Ambrosiana Cumhuriyeti ............................................................................... 78 2.7.2.5. Francesco Sforza ve II. Dukalık Dönemi ....................................................... 80 2.7.3. Lodi Barışı Sonrasında Milano ......................................................................... 84 2.8. Ferrara Signoria‟lığı; Estensiler, Mantova‟da Bonaccolsi ve Gonzaga Aileleri.. 90 2.9. Savoia Kontluğu ile Piyemonte Bölgesinde Montferrat ve Saluzzo Markilikleri 98 2.9.1. Montferrat ve Saluzzo Markilikleri ................................................................ 102 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ..................................................................................................... 105 CENOVA VE VENEDİK DENİZCİ CUMHURİYETLERİ ................................... 105 3.1. Cenova‟nın Kuruluş Evresi ................................................................................ 105 3.2. Cenova‟nın Yükselme Evresi ............................................................................ 108 3.2.1. Guelf-Ghibellin Savaşları‟nın Cenova‟ya Yansıması ..................................... 108 3.2.2. Ninfeo Antlaşması, Cenova-Pisa (Meloria Savaşı) ve Cenova-Venedik (Curzola Savaşı) ....................................................................................................................... 110 3.3. Chioggia Savaşı (1378-81) ve Sonrasında Cenova ............................................ 113 3. 4. Venedik Cumhuriyeti ........................................................................................ 120 3.4.1. Venedik Genişlemesi ve Sonraki Dönem ....................................................... 124 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ............................................................................................... 132 XIV VE XV. YÜZYILLARDA TOSKANA BÖLGESİ .......................................... 132 4.1. Medici‟ler ........................................................................................................... 144 BEġĠNCĠ BÖLÜM ...................................................................................................... 164 KİLİSE DEVLETİ VE BÖLGELERİ ...................................................................... 164 5.1. Papalığın Babil Sürgünü; Avignon Papalığı‟nın Oluşumu ................................ 167 5.2. Egidio Albornoz‟un (Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz) İtalya Siyaseti ........... 169 5.3. Papaların Roma‟ya Dönüşü ve Katolik Şizması ................................................ 172 5.4. Katolik Şizması Sonrası
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