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Colchester Archaeological Report 12 COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 12: Animal bones from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 Colchester Archaeological Reports General Editor: Philip Crummy Published by the Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd Report 1: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester by Philip Crummy (CBA Research Report 39), 1981 ISBN 0 906780 06 3 Published jointly by the Colchester Archaeological Trust and the Council for British Archaeology, 112 Kennington Road, London SE11 6RE Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-9 by Nina Crummy, 1983 ISBN 0 9503727 3 0 Report 3: Excavations at Lion Walk, Balkerne Lane, and Middleborough, Colchester, Essex by Philip Crummy, 1984 ISBN 0 9503727 4 9 Report 4: The coins from excavations in Colchester 1971-9 by Nina Crummy (ed), 1987 ISBN 0 9503727 6 5 Report 5: The post-Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester 1971-85 by Nina Crummy, 1988 ISBN 0 9503727 7 3 Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and other sites in Colchester 1971-85 by Philip Crummy, 1992 ISBN 0 9503727 9 X Report 9: Excavations of Roman and later cemeteries, churches and monastic sites in Colchester, 1971-88 by Nina Crummy, Philip Crummy, and Carl Crossan, 1993 ISBN 1 897719 01 9 COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 12: Animal bones from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 by ROSEMARY LUFF with a contribution by Don Brothwell COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST LTD © 1993 Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd and Author and contributor English Heritage Rosemary Luff, Published 1993 by Faunal Remains Unit, Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, Department of Archaeology, 12 Lexden Road, Cambridge University, Colchester, Downing Street, Essex C03 3NF. Cambridge CB2 3DZ British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. Don Brothwell, A catalogue record for this book is available from the Institute of Archaeology, British library. University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, ISBN 1 897719 00 0 London WC1HOPY Printed by Witley Press Limited, 24 Greevegate, Hunstanton, Norfolk, PE36 6AD. The principal officers of the Colchester Archaeological Trust (formerly the Colchester Excavation Committee) since 1971 — Presidents: Lord Alport (1965-72) Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1972-6) Professor S S Frere (1976-) Chairmen: M R Hull (1971) Major J G S Brinson (1971-4) Dr M S Tite (1974-9) F H Thompson (1979-82) Professor J J Wilkes (1982-7) Mark Hassall (1987-) Honorary Secretaries: Major J G S Brinson (1964-72) D T-D Clarke (1972-88) G M R Davies (1988-92) N Wickenden (1992-) The Colchester Archaeological Trust Honorary Treasurers: C S Buck (1969-75) acknowledges with gratitude the grants towards I McMaster (1975-80) the publication of this volume from English S G Maddison (1980-89) Heritage, the Pilgrim Trust, and the J Greenwood (1989-) Colchester Borough Council. Director and General Editor: Philip Crummy (1971 -) CONTENTS Contents ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES 3. Patterns of bone fragmentation 3.12 Relative percentage bone- fragment counts of Roman 3.1 Bone-fragment counts (NISP) of large cattle skeletal elements 47 and medium-sized mammals •.. 25 3.13 Relative percentage bone- 3.2 Relative percentage bone-fragment fragment counts of Roman counts (NISP) of large and medium- sheep/goat skeletal elements 49 sized mammals 26 3.14 Relative percentage bone- 3.3 Bone-fragment counts (IND) of large fragment counts of Roman and and medium-sized mammals 28 medieval pig skeletal elements 49 3.4 Relative percentage bone-fragment 3.15 Relative percentage bone-fragment counts (IND) of large and medium- counts of medieval/post-medieval sized mammals 28 cattle skeletal elements 52 3.5a Relative percentage weights of 3.16 Relative percentage bone-fragment mammalian and avian bone (part 1) 30 counts of medieval/post-medieval 3.5b Relative percentage weights of sheep/goat skeletal elements 53 mammalian and avian bone (part 2) 31 3.6 Bone-fragment counts (NISP) from Balkerne Lane and Lion Walk, 5. Poultry and game excluding the major domesticates and deer 34 5.1 Number of bird-bone fragments (NISP) of main species recovered 3.7 Relative percentage bone-fragment from Colchester 83 counts (NISP) from Balkerne Lane and Lion Walk, excluding the major 5.2 The contents of some Lion Walk domesticates and deer 35 medieval/post-medieval pits 83 3.8 Bone-fragmentation indices of cattle 5.3 Domestic fowl long-bone fusion 89 and sheep/goat remains 39 5.4 The occurrence of wild bird 3.9 The percentage representation of species at Colchester 98 IND in NISP for cattle, sheep/ goat, and pig 39 3.10 Culver Street Site B by context type: 7. A synthesis of the faunal data in relation to relative percentage representation of the major domesticates 40 other archaeological sites 3.11 Bone-fragment counts (NISP) 7.1 Colchester cattle withers heights 130 of bird compared with the major domesticates 46 7.2 Colchester sheep withers heights 133 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Department ot Archaeology, The photography was undertaken by Gwil Owen University of Cambridge (Martin Jones and Geoff (Department of Archaeology, University of Cam• Bailey), the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English bridge), and Naomi Mott (Institute of Archaeology, Heritage (Clifford Price, Kate Foley and Sebastian University College London) provided radiographic Payne), the Inspectorate of English Heritage (Philip assistance. Both Ingrid Mainland and Rachel Hutton Walker) and Philip Crummy (Director of the MacDonald very kindly helped with the drawings. I am Colchester Archaeological Trust) for their firm support grateful to both Sebastian Payne and Terry O'Connor and backing. for reading a complete draft of the text and making many valuable criticisms. Also I am appreciative of the In particular, I am much appreciative of the unfailing assistance of Gillian Adams for all her work in help and encouragement shown by Geoff Bailey, producing the book. Last but not least I would like to Jacqui Mulville, Ingrid Mainland and Rachel Hutton thank my Alexander teacher, Rodrick Beesley, who MacDonald who, besides being stimulating col• enabled me to finish this book. leagues, also kept me sane when deadlines were imminent. I am indebted to Don Brothwell, whose keen enthusiasm contributed much to Chapter 6 of this book, and also to Dougie Burnett, who helped Rosemary Luff, with the identification of the avian material with such Cambridge good humour. 1993 1: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction One major problem encountered by archaeologists is the difficulty of spotting residual material (surviving from a significantly earlier period) within strata. The first half of this chapter outlines some Schofield (1987, 1) suggests this 'background noise' fundamental problems in grasping and assimilating should be identified by comparing results from the the function of different kinds of settlement in early excavation of single-period sites and by the employ­ historic Britain. While this may seem superfluous to a ment of various analytical tools such as Harris study of animal bones from Colchester, it is stressed matrices or seriation diagrams for the finds. that knowledge of a site's integration with the landscape is vital for any investigations concerning Although the terms 'urban', 'town' and 'village' are the economics of trade and agriculture. The emphasis adequately described in the 20th-century literature, is on Roman Britain since most of the bone our appreciation of their meaning with respect to the assemblages from Colchester have emanated from Roman and indeed medieval periods is sadly clouded this period. Further, it is evident as this section unfolds by a lack of agreement among archaeologists and that the Romanists' interpretation of settlement types historians. The problem mainly centres on the fact that is in a state of flux, as indeed is the range of questions many urban sites reflect a rural nature, especially in being asked of the bone assemblages. late Roman Britain and medieval England, as evidenced by agricultural and horticultural activities. In In 1974, Dr Graham Webster boldly stated in his book, order to make sensible interpretations of bone Practical archaeology: 'It is sad to note that in Britain, samples, it is essential for the faunal analyst to be animal archaeology is still much in its infancy. There aware of the main archaeological and historical are very few workers in this field and little is available problems of the period in question, particularly the for research funds. The best work has been done in interpretation of settlement types. other countries like Holland, Poland and Russia' (Webster 1974, 104). His remark is a reasonably accurate appraisal of the situation prior to 1970. However, the emergence and growth of rescue 1.2 Roman Britain archaeology in Britain during the 1970s led to the unearthing of huge deposits of animal bone, particularly from urban sites, for example at Throughout the empire, perhaps the most distinctive Colchester, Exeter, Lincoln, Southampton, Winchester phenomenon of Romanisation was the appearance of and York. The interpretation of these remains caused towns. Some exhibit clearly-definable characteristics, the discipline of British zooarchaeology, that is the for example the coloniae, municipia and civitas study of animal remains from archaeological sites, to capitals. These settlements possessed a forum and evolve along new lines, since the immense quantity of basilica, a regular grid of streets and a variety of material demanded more improved and refined public amenities such as public baths, theatres and methods of analysis that were essentially cost- amphitheatres. Civitas capitals can be identified via effective. documentary evidence by the tribal suffix to their names (Rivet 1975, 111). The four towns holding the Towns indeed are the most complicated sites to rank of colonia were Lincoln, Gloucester, York and excavate being complex, multi-functional settlements, Colchester, of which three (Lincoln, Gloucester and many having been in existence for thousands of Colchester) were founded to house ex-army veterans years.
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