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COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 11 Camulodunum 2 COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 11 Camulodunum 2 Colchester Archaeological Reports General Editor: Philip Crummy Published by the Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd Report 1: Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Colchester by Philip Crummy (CBA Research Report 39), 1981 ISBN 0 906780 06 3 Published jointly by the Colchester Archaeological Trust and the Council for British Archaeology, 112 Kennington Road, London SE11 6RE Report 2: The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9 by Nina Crummy, 1983 ISBN 0 9503727 3 0 Report 3: Excavations at Lion Walk, Balkerne Lane, and Middleborough, Colchester, Essex by Philip Crummy, 1984 ISBN 0 9503727 4 9 Report 4: 77?e coins from excavations in Colchester, 1971-9 by Nina Crummy (ed), 1987 ISBN 0 9503727 6 5 Report 5: T7?e post-Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 by Nina Crummy, 1988 ISBN 0 9503727 7 3 Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and miscellaneous sites in Colchester, 1971-85 by Philip Crummy, 1992 ISBN 0 9503727 9 X Report 8: Roman vessel glass from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 by H E M Cool and Jennifer Price, 1995 ISBN 0 897719 02 7 Report 9: Excavations of Roman and later cemeteries, churches and monastic sites in Colchester, 1971-88 by Nina Crummy, Philip Crummy, and Carl Crossan, 1993 ISBN 0 897719 01 9 Report 12: Animal bone from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85 by Rosemary Luff, 1993 ISBN 0 897719 00 0 COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 11: Camulodunum 2 by C F C HAWKES AND PHILIP CRUMMY Principal illustrators: Terry Cook, R M Moyes, and Stephen Benfield Contributors: G Carter, Nina Crummy, Thalassa Cruso, G B Dannell, R Kenyon, R Reece, Valery Rigby, G Simpson, N A Smith, John Wacher, and J J Wymer COLCHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST LTD © 1995 Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd and Contributors English Heritage Published 1995 by Colchester Archaeological Trust Ltd, G Carter, 12 Lexden Road, 2 Braeside, Colchester, Main Street, Essex C03 3NF. Acomb, Hexham NE46 4PW. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the Nina Crummy, British Library, Philip Crummy, Colchester Archaeological Trust, ISBN 0 897719 03 5 12 Lexden Road, Colchester C03 3NF. Printed by Witley Press, Hunstanton, Norfolk. G B Dannell FSA, The principal officers of the Colchester Archaeological 28 & 30 Main Street, Trust (formerly the Colchester Excavation Committee) Woodnewton, since 1971 — Peterborough PE8 5EB. Presidents: Lord Alport (1965-72) Sir Mortimer Wheeler (1972-6) Robert Kenyon, Professor S S Frere (1976-) 73 Stubbington Avenue, Chairmen: M R Hull (1971) North End, Major J G S Brinson (1971-4) Portsmouth P02 OHZ. Dr M S Tite (1974-9) F H Thompson (1979-82) Richard Reece, Professor J J Wilkes (1982-7) Institute of Archaeology, Mark Hassall (1987-) University of London, Honorary Secretaries: Major J G S Brinson (1964-72) 31-34 Gordon Square, D T-D Clarke (1972-88) London WC1H OPY. G M R Davies (1988-92) N Wickenden (1992-) Valery Rigby, Honorary Treasurers: C S Buck (1969-75) Dept of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities, I McMaster (1975-80) British Museum, S G Maddison (1980-89) London WC1B 3DG. J Greenwood (1989-94) Dr G Simpson, D Phil, FSA Director and General Editor: Philip Crummy (1971-) 73 Butler Close, Oxford 0X2 6JQ. John Wacher, Rosewin, Gwinear Road, The Colchester Archaeological Trust Haylle, acknowledges with gratitude the grants Cornwall TR27 5JQ. towards the publication of this volume from J J Wymer, English Heritage, the Pilgrim Trust, Project Leader, and Colchester Borough Council. English Rivers Palaeolithic Survey, Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury. To the memory of C F C Hawkes, M R Hull, and A F Hall Camulodunum 2: a lifelong commitment fulfilled In 1930, at the age of 24, Christopher Hawkes readily 1951 was a particularly important event since it gave accepted an invitation to carry out an excavation on the go-ahead for the development of large open areas the site of the intended by-pass at Colchester. Little in the western suburbs of Colchester, and prompted did he know what he was taking on. The excavation at an appeal to Christopher from John Hamilton at the Sheepen was to turn into a major project taking ten Ministry. As a result Christopher returned repeatedly years, and his fieldwork in Colchester was to last to Colchester to carry out various investigations which considerably longer. He already had a full-time job at culminated with his spectacular section across the the British Museum, so he could only find time to Triple Dyke in 1961 (p 58). excavate by giving up his annual leave. Later that year, sensing that it might be a long-term Two years later, in 1963, he told the Ministry with commitment, Christopher wrote in a letter to his considerable relief that he felt there was no further mother need for him in Colchester. The occasion was the '...it means sticking to it pretty hard — in this case foundation of the Colchester Excavation Committee throughout the winter writing up results — and then (now the Colchester Archaeological Trust) and the probably next year more work here: heaven knows appointment of Ros Dunnett (now Niblett) as its first how much longer I shall be committed to working in full-time archaeologist. this place!' Following our excavation at Pitchbury Ramparts in Christopher's association with Colchester very nearly 1973, I wrote to Christopher wondering how we could ended up being much briefer than anybody expected. publish our work in the absence of a report on the The following year a trench across the Sheepen Dyke 1933 excavation. This led to him readily accepting an collapsed, burying him and J P Bushe-Fox (the Chief offer of practical help with the publication of all his Inspector of Ancient Monuments) for at least quarter Colchester material: and what you see here is the of an hour. Mercifully Christopher survived the ordeal result. He worked on the book intermittently over a unhurt but sadly poor Bushe-Fox never fully period of fifteen years or so, during which time I recovered. assembled a large number of letters and texts all written out in his distinctive large multi-coloured In 1932 Christopher turned his attention to the dykes handwriting. His debt to Rex Hull, paid in the form of and, with the help of Thalassa Cruso (later Hencken), editing part of his brooch corpus, took far longer than carried out the first excavation of those earthworks. he wanted or planned, with the result that he left the He was to become great friends with Rex Hull and completion of the dykes almost until too late. A F Hall for whom he had both affection and respect, Nevertheless, despite failing eyesight and even after a and together they were to account for a campaign of heart attack, he struggled on to within two years of his exploration of the Iron Age settlement which was to death in 1992 to fulfil his long-standing obligation and span almost thirty years. Hall felt himself inadequate love-affair with Camulodunum. Sixty years on, it was when it came to publishing but was happy to feed to be the last piece of archaeological work he was to Christopher with information. Rex Hull's great strength do: his archaeo-historical essay on Camulodunum lay in finds rather than excavation, so they made a and its rulers (pp 88-94) is vintage Hawkes and is a great team. masterly demonstration of how to combine scholar­ ship with dirt archaeology. There will be many (myself The digging at Sheepen finally finished in 1939 and included) who will disagree with some of his publication in the form of Camulodunum followed in conclusions, but our great debt to him will no doubt be 1947. This was a considerable achievement con­ evident in the way his work will underpin research on sidering the intervention of the war and the volume of Camulodunum and its dyke system for many years to finds which needed to be processed (forty tons). The come. book became a classic. For me, Christopher's treatment of the residual pottery (pp 174-80) shows a Christopher, although always quick to acknowledge sharp and perceptive appreciation of the limitations of the help of others, never wrote any acknowledgement stratified assemblages which was ahead of its time as such for the book. Given time, there would un­ and which signals to the reader a carefully-considered doubtedly have been a long and generous testimonial. book of real quality. But we can be sure that his enormous drive to complete the work stemmed from his desire to In 1946 Christopher was faced with new challenges discharge his debt to that generation of archaeo­ when he was appointed to the newly-created chair of logists, of which he was the last, who worked on this European Archaeology at Oxford. Throughout the grand project so many years ago. subsequent years until his retirement in 1972, he was a busy professor, founding the Research Laboratory and the Institute there. But for Colchester he had no Philip Crummy funding and no research assistance, and yet it was to March 1995 Christopher that the Ministry of Works turned when [Sources include: Sonia Hawkes; Hawkeseye: the early life of Christopher there was a need for excavation of the dyke system. Hawkes by Diana Bonakis Webster (1992); and D W Harding's memoir of The publication of the Borough's development plan in CFCH's life in Proc Brit Acad, 84 (1993). 323-44] vi Above and left: Christopher Hawkes with Joan Blomfield at the Sheepen excavations in 1931.
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