Revised Coastal Management Plan 2017-2022

Coastal Management Plans (2017-2022) Semaphore, Largs Bay, Taperoo, Osborne and North Haven Dunes 1 City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Coastal Management Plans (2017-2022) City of Port Adelaide Enfield

26 September 2017

Version 3

Prepared by EBS Ecology for the City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Document Control

Revision Date Date issued Authors Reviewed by Revision type No. Reviewed 1 24/08/2017 A. Derry G. Glazier 24/08/2017 Draft1 2 13/09/2017 A. Derry G. Glazier 12/09/2017 Draft2 3 26/09/2017 A. Derry - - Final

Distribution of Copies

Revision Date issued Media Issued to No. 1 24/08/2017 Electronic Andy Walker, City of Port Adelaide Enfield 2 13/09/2017 Electronic Andy Walker, City of Port Adelaide Enfield 3 26/09/2017 Electronic Andy Walker, City of Port Adelaide Enfield

COPYRIGHT: Use or copying of this document in whole or in part (including photographs) without the written permission of EBS Ecology constitutes an infringement of copyright.

LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive use of EBS Ecology’s Client, and is subject to and issued in connection with the provisions of the agreement between EBS Ecology and its Client. EBS Ecology accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any third party.

CITATION: EBS (2017) Coastal Management Plans (2017-2022). Report to City of Port Adelaide Enfield. EBS Ecology, Adelaide.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Objectives ...... 3

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...... 4 2.1 Pre-European Settlement ...... 4 2.2 Post European Settlement ...... 4 2.3 Survey Limitations ...... 4

3 SITE DETAILS AND DESCRIPTION ...... 5 3.1 Physical description ...... 5 3.1.1 Topography ...... 5 3.1.2 Soils ...... 5 3.1.3 Climate ...... 5 3.2 Vegetation ...... 6 3.2.1 Flora species...... 7 3.2.2 Significant flora ...... 10 3.2.3 Condition ...... 10 3.3 Previous revegetation ...... 10 3.4 Bushland condition monitoring ...... 11 3.5 Signs ...... 12 3.6 Fauna ...... 12 3.6.1 Native fauna ...... 12 3.6.2 Introduced Fauna ...... 14

4 VALUES ...... 15 4.1 Educational Value ...... 15 4.2 Aesthetic Value ...... 15 4.3 Recreation Value ...... 15 4.4 Community Engagement ...... 15 4.5 Biodiversity Value ...... 15

5 MANAGEMENT ISSUES ...... 16 5.1 Weeds ...... 16 5.2 Erosion ...... 26 5.2.1 Cooroyba Court...... 26 5.2.2 Gulf Point Drive ...... 27 5.2.3 Beach access paths ...... 28 5.2.4 Erosion areas in Semaphore South ...... 30 5.3 Public safety ...... 32

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5.4 Stormwater drainage ...... 32 5.5 Introduced fauna ...... 34 5.6 Disability access ...... 34 5.7 Seaweed ...... 34

6 ACTION PLAN ...... 35 6.1 Weed Control ...... 35 6.2 Revegetation ...... 37 6.3 Erosion Mitigation ...... 39 6.3.1 Cooroyba Court...... 39 6.3.2 Gulf Point Drive ...... 39 6.3.3 Beach access paths ...... 39 6.3.4 Erosion areas in Semaphore South ...... 40 6.4 Public safety mitigation ...... 41 6.5 Stormwater discharge mitigation ...... 41 6.6 Seaweed ...... 41

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 51

8 APPENDICES ...... 52

Appendix 1. Weed control methodology...... 52 Appendix 2. Vegetation associations across the five management areas...... 55 Appendix 3. Locations of tracks within the LeFevre Peninsula Dune System...... 60

iii

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

List of Tables Table 1. Vegetation species identified within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System...... 7 Table 2. Numbers of plants planted per year...... 10 Table 3. Bird species recorded within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System...... 13 Table 4. Native reptiles and mammals likely to be present within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System...... 13 Table 5. Weed threat category...... 16 Table 6. Weed species identified within LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System and subsequent weed threat category...... 16 Table 7. Weed species for control – Hierarchy of Management...... 35 Table 8. Revegetation species suitable for the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System...... 37 Table 9. Action Plan and approximate budget for Semaphore management area...... 43

List of Figures Figure 1. Location map of the five management areas...... 2 Figure 2. Large information signs. Figure 3. Small information signs...... 12 Figure 4. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (1 of 3)...... 18 Figure 5. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (2 of 3)...... 19 Figure 6. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (3 of 3)...... 20 Figure 7. Largs Bay weed control areas (1 of 2)...... 21 Figure 8. Largs Bay weed control areas (2 of 2)...... 22 Figure 9. Taperoo weed control areas...... 23 Figure 10. Osborne weed control areas...... 24 Figure 11. North Haven weed control areas...... 25 Figure 12. Sand drift problem at Cooroyba Court. (Top 2011, bottom 2017) ...... 26 Figure 13. Sand drift problem at Cooroyba Court. (Left 2009, Right 2017) ...... 27 Figure 14. Erosion at Gulf Point Drive...... 28 Figure 15. Beach access track (Semaphore)...... 29 Figure 16. Informal track North Haven...... 29 Figure 17. Sand dumping at Semaphore South Dunes...... 30 Figure 18. Sand drift at Semaphore South...... 31 Figure 19. Acacia longifolia at the northern carpark Palais Hotel...... 33 Figure 20. Trachyandra divaricata (Dune onion weed)...... 36 Figure 21. An example of fenced paths leading to the beach...... 40

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

1 INTRODUCTION

EBS Ecology was engaged by Port Adelaide Enfield (PAE) Council in 2012 to produce management plans for Semaphore Dunes, Largs Bay Dunes, Taperoo Dunes, Osborne Dunes and North Haven Dunes. EBS has again been engaged to produce a revised, consolidated management plan, covering all five council areas. From herein, the five management areas (Figure 1), as listed above, will be referred to as the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

This revised Coastal Management Plan (CMP) (2017-2022) outlines the biodiversity assets and the threatening processes existing within the:

 Semaphore and Semaphore South Dune system;

 Largs Bay Dune system;

 Taperoo Dune system;

 Osborne Dune system; and

 North Haven Dune system as managed by the City of Port Adelaide Enfield. The aim of this CMP is to provide a continued practical resource document for community and land managers to assist in achieving on–ground works that enhance current native vegetation and biodiversity assets, together with recreation opportunities.

For the purpose of the updated CMP, the five council areas will now be combined when discussing all elements of management including issues and mitigation, including the action plan.

Located north-west of Adelaide (along the coast), the Semaphore, Largs Bay, Taperoo, Osborne and North Haven dune systems is a part of an extensive dune system running from Semaphore south to North Haven. All five management areas link together along the coastline managed by the City of Port Adelaide Enfield (PAE). Widespread urbanisation has led to native vegetation fragmentation along the coastline and the introduction of invasive plants and animals, which have placed significant pressure on biodiversity values within the area.

The management of native vegetation within Adelaide’s metropolitan coastline remains a conservation priority, particularly given that much of the region has been heavily modified. As urban development expands, there is increasing pressure on landscapes to provide for public recreation and open space.

The information contained and updated as part of this plan, will assist land managers in making key decisions towards the long term conservation and management of biodiversity values within the area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 1. Location map of the five management areas.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

1.1 Objectives

The main objectives of the Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022), which covers the five management areas, are:

 Conservation and restoration of existing remnant vegetation;

 Control and management of high priority weed species;

 Identify other threatening processes within the project area;

 Identify high priority erosion area, that require monitoring and preventative actions;

 Implementation of appropriate revegetation programs to enhance and restore native vegetation; and

 Identify opportunities for the enhancement of public recreational activities.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.1 Pre-European Settlement

Aboriginal people of the Kaurna ‘tribe’ are the original inhabitants of the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System and surrounding region. Aboriginal inhabitants would move seasonally from the foothills in winter to the coastal areas during the summer months. Several indigenous site locations outlined in the State of the Environment Report, 2007, City of Port Adelaide Enfield, are in the vicinity of the project area. Kaurna people utilised the area and surrounding environs for food and, water supply, campsites, possible burial locations and ceremonial grounds.

2.2 Post European Settlement

Since European settlement, significant modification of the natural environment and coastline has occurred. Early settlements along the coast grew and began to merge, resulting in almost development infill from Kingston to Outer Harbor. Large scale clearing of native vegetation, coupled with the introduction of feral animals and exotic vegetation, has resulted in significant loss of biodiversity within the region. The current landscape is now characterised by urbanisation and associated infrastructure, with limited remnant vegetation remaining.

2.3 Survey Limitations

The seasonal nature of flora and fauna species means that not all species that may use the project area would have been observed during the field survey. Some plant species have short growth patterns and are typically only conspicuous at certain times of the year. Consequently some species may not have been readily detected. Other species, including many of the native grasses, are identifiable to species level only by distinguishing features (e.g. seeds), which were not necessarily present at the time of the survey. The assessment of habitats together with the site observations made, as well as previous records, are considered adequate to make a reasonable assessment of potential threats upon native fauna and flora within the project area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

3 SITE DETAILS AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 Physical description

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System extends from Semaphore South to the southern break wall of Outer Harbour (Figure 1). Significant urban development within the region has resulted in the introduction of many invasive weed species.

3.1.1 Topography

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is generally characterised by a flat sandy beach, backed by vegetated low to medium sized dunes ranging from approximately 15 to 75 m in width. The dunes and beaches are dynamic systems which are responsive to winds, waves, tides, storms and seasonal changes. Sand dunes, in particular, are only as stable as the protection they receive from erosive forces and the amount of soil and vegetation cover on them. In most locations, only some hind dunes located well back from the sea, could be justifiably termed stable. Environmental influences are therefore particularly severe on beaches and sand dunes and vegetation needs to be very resilient to survive (Cordingley and Petherick, 2006)

3.1.2 Soils

Samples taken by the Coastal Protection Branch (DEWNR) in 1999, from the metropolitan coast, showed the sand is predominantly low in nutrients and made up of 90 % fine siliceous (quartz) sands with a small proportion of calcareous (shell) sands (10 %). There is no soil structure and only shallow organic staining on the hind dunes (Cordingley and Petherick, 2006)

3.1.3 Climate

The Adelaide region experiences a Mediterranean style climate with cool wet winters and warm dry summers.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

3.2 Vegetation

Vegetation within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System can be divided into four broad vegetation associations. The vegetation associations are mapped across Semaphore and Semaphore South, Largs Bay, North Haven, Osbourne and Taperoo in Appendix 2.

1. Spinifex hirsutus +/- *Cakile maritima + Ammophila arenaria Grassland

2. Spinifex hirsutus +/- Atriplex cinerea +/- Rhagodia candolleana +/- Nitraria billardierei Low Shrubland

3. Myoporum insulare + Acacia longifolia +/- Olearia axillaris + Rhagodia candolleana Low Shrubland +/- Melaleuca lanceolata Tall Open Shrubland

4. Ficinia nodosa +/- Carpobrotus rossii drainage areas.

Association 1- Spinifex hirsutus +/- Cakile maritime + Ammophila arenaria Grassland

This association is located at the front section of the dunes (fore dune). Vegetation in this zone consists of mainly smaller sand-colonising plant species that play a vital role in building and stabilising coastal sand dune systems. This includes Spinifex hirsutus (Hairy Spinifex), a colonising species that stabilises accumulations of windblown sand, spreading rapidly due to its strong creeping runners. Like other primary species, it can withstand highly saline conditions, inundation from the sea, undermining, sand burial and blasting, very low nutrient levels, periods of drought and high surface sand temperatures, also known as Sea-rocket, is also a common species found in this association. Although not naturally native, this species helps to hold the sand together.

Association 2- Spinifex hirsutus +/- Atriplex cinerea +/- Rhagodia candolleana +/- Nitraria billardierei Low Shrubland

This area consists of interdunal low lying areas or swales located between primary and secondary dunes. This area will be affected by dunal recession. This area will have more shrubs such as Atriplex cinerea (Coast saltbush) and Rhagodia candolleana (Sea berry saltbush) but will still contain many of the smaller sand colonising species such as Spinifex hirsutus.

Association 3- Myoporum insulare + Acacia longifolia +/- Olearia axillaris + Rhagodia candolleana Low shrubland +/- Melaleuca lanceolata Tall Open Shrubland

This association exists within the secondary and rear dunes section of the dunes system. This area is more protected from extreme coastal conditions than the fore dunes and therefore is more stable. Shrubs and other plants are able to become more established. Larger species of plants such as Myoporum insulare (Common Boobialla), Acacia longifolia (Coastal Wattle), and Olearia axillaris (Coast Daisy-bush) are dominant over-storey and mid-storey species in this association.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Association 4 - Storm water Outlets-Ficinia nodosa +/- Carpobrotus rossii Outlet.

This zone consists of storm water outlets and areas immediately adjacent that are located along the Reserve’s eastern boundary. These areas are characteristically damp and often inundated with nutrient- rich water, providing conditions that favour the growth of introduced species. Many weeds present in this Management Zone have been introduced via the storm water system, with dominant species including Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu), Cynodon spp. (Couch) and Plantago spp. (Plantain). The native species Lepidosperma gladiatum (Coast Sword Sedge) is also present in this area. A limited number of other indigenous plants exist within this zone.

3.2.1 Flora species

Table 1 summarises the vegetation species that have been identified within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

Table 1. Vegetation species identified within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Family Species Common Name Comment LEGUMINOSAE Acacia cupularis Cup Wattle Revegetation LEGUMINOSAE Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush Revegetation LEGUMINOSAE Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae Coastal Wattle Revegetation LEGUMINOSAE *Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle Adriana quadripartita (formerly A. EUPHORBIACEAE klotzschii) Rare Bitterbush Remnant/Revegetation CRASSULACEAE *Aeonium spp. Succulent *Ammophila arenaria CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina verticillata Drooping Sheoak Revegetation ASPHODELACEAE *Aloe maculata Broad leaf Aloe ASTERACEAE *Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. Teneriffe Daisy foeniculaceum ASTERACEAE *Arctotheca calendula Capeweed ASTERACEAE *Arctotis stoechadifolia White Arctotis *Argyranthemum frutescens ssp. ASTERACEAE foeniculaceum Teneriffe Daisy LILIACEAE *Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Remnant/Revegetation CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Revegetation GRAMINEAE Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Revegetation GRAMINEAE Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera cymosa ssp. Sweet -apple berry Revegetation CRUCIFERAE *Cakile maritima ssp. maritima Two-horned Sea Rocket AIZOACEAE *Carpobrotus edulis Hottentot Fig AIZOACEAE Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Remnant/Revegetation ASTERACEAE *Centaurea calcitrapa Star thistle

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Family Species Common Name Comment RUBIACEAE *Coprosma repens Mirror Bush GRAMINEAE *Cynodon spp. Couch LILIACEAE Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Remnant/Revegetation AIZOACEAE Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum Round-leaf Pigface Revegetation SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa ssp. spatulata Sticky Hop-bush Revegetation CHENOPODIACEAE Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa Ruby Saltbush Remnant/Revegetation MYRTACEAE *Eucalyptus luehmannii Bushy Yate MYRTACEAE *Eucalyptus platypus Platypus Gum EUPHORBIACEAE *Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge EUPHORBIACEAE *Euphorbia terracina False Caper

CYPERACEAE Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club-rush Remnant/Revegetation AIZOACEAE *Galenia pubescens Coastal Galenia COMPOSITAE *Gazania sp. Gazania IRIDACEAE *Iris sp. Iris Ficinia nodosa (formally Isolepis CYPERACEAE nodosa) Knobby Club-rush Remnant/Revegetation LEGUMINOSAE Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Revegetation GRAMINEAE *Lagurus ovatus Hare's Tail Grass CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma gladiatum Sword Rush Remnant/Revegetation MYRTACEAE *Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree ASTERACEAE Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush Revegetation LEGUMINOSAE Lotus australis Austral Trefoil Revegetation SOLANACEAE *Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn CHENOPODIACEAE Maireana brevifolia Small leaved Bluebush Remnant MALVACEAE *Malva dendromorpha Tree Mallow BRASSICACEAE *Matthiola incana Common Stock *Medicago polymorpha var. LEGUMINOSAE polymorpha Burr-medic LEGUMINOSAE *Medicago truncatula Barrel Medic MYRTACEAE Melaleuca lanceolata Dryland Tea-tree Revegetation MYRTACEAE *Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey-myrtle AIZOACEAE *Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Ice Plant POLYGONACEAE Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum Remnant/Revegetation MYOPORACEAE Myoporum insulare Common Boobialla Remnant/Revegetation ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Nitraria billardierei Nitre Bush Remnant/Revegetation ONAGRACEAE *Oenothera stricta Evening Primrose OLEACEAE *Olea europaea European Olive COMPOSITAE Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Remnant/Revegetation ASTERACEAE *Onopordum acaulon Horse thistle

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Family Species Common Name Comment CACTACEAE *Opuntia spp Prickly Pear OXILIDACEAE *Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob GERANIACEAE Pelargonium australe Austral Stork's-bill Revegetation GERANIACEAE *Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu ARECACEAE *Phoenix canariensis Canary Palm PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum angustifolium Native Apricot Remnant GRAMINEAE Phragmites australis Common reed PLANTAGINACEAE *Plantago lanceolata Ribgrass GRAMINEAE Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass Revegetation PORTULACACEAE *Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane COMPOSITAE *Reichardia tingitana False Sowthistle Rhagodia candolleana ssp. CHENOPODIACEAE candolleana Sea-berry Saltbush Remnant/Revegetation RHAMNACEAE *Rhamnus alaternus Buckthorn GOODENIACEAE Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower Remnant/Revegetation Senecio pinnatifolius (formerly S. COMPOSITAE lautus) Variable Groundsel Remnant/Revegetation ASTERACEAE *Senecio tamoides Canary Creeper CRUCIFERAE *Sisymbrium orientale Wild Mustard COMPOSITAE *Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle COMPOSITAE *Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow-thistle GRAMINEAE Spinifex hirsutus (formerly S. sericeus) Hairy Spinifex Remnant/Revegetation CHENOPODIACEAE Tecticornia sp. Samphire Remnant TAMARICACEAE *Tamarix aphylla Tamarisk AIZOACEAE Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Remnant/Revegetation GRAMINEAE *Thinopyrum junceiforme Sea Wheat-grass CHENOPODIACEAE Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Remnant/Revegetation ZYGOPHYLLACEAE *Tribulus terrestris Caltrop TYPHACEAE Typha domingensis Bulrush *weed

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

3.2.2 Significant flora

No remnant flora species with a National or State conservation rating were recorded within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

3.2.3 Condition

The condition of vegetation varies from good to poor within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Multiple access tracks to the beach cross through the dune system, causing fragmentation of the dunes.

The majority of vegetation across the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is in good condition. This vegetation within the dune system is primarily replanted, as a result of the revegetation program since 2004. The dune system (in areas) has now turned into a self-sustaining ecosystem where native species are able to successfully compete or outcompete weed species. There are significant weed issues throughout parts of the dune system, which has been identified in section 5.1.

Condition was poorer at the southern end of semaphore south, where there is significant erosion occurring. Condition improves as you head north into Semaphore to North Haven, where extensive revegetation and weed control has been undertaken (refer to section 6.1).

3.3 Previous revegetation

Significant revegetation plantings have been undertaken across the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. This has created a stable functioning ecological community which providing habitat for local fauna species, helps with stabilising the dunes, decreased the threat of invasive weed species and increased the aesthetics of the entire area. Table 2 details the numbers of plants planted per year since 2004.

Table 2. Numbers of plants planted per year. Year Number of plants 2004 45,000 2005 45,000 2006 36,000 2007 35,000 2008 38,000 2009 18,325 2010 21,000 2011 19,000 2012 24,000 2013 24,000 2014 24,000 2015 24,000 2016 24,000 2017 24,000

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

3.4 Bushland condition monitoring

Since 2009, EBS Ecology has been undertaking bushland condition monitoring annually at sites within LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. The Bushland Condition Monitoring Manual (NCSSA 2005) is used as a methodology to obtain a snapshot of the health of the targeted reserves. Continued monitoring of these sites is recommended.

With continued weed control and the established of revegetation, the overall bushland condition should continue to improve. Refer to Port Adelaide Enfield Bushland Condition Monitoring Summary (EBS 2016) for full details of the monitoring.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

3.5 Signs

There are information signs throughout the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. The large information signs (Figure 2) are located generally in car parks or walkways on the edge of the dunes. The small information signs (Figure 2) are located at each of the beach access tracks. Each sign has been allocated a number.

Figure 2. Large information signs. Figure 3. Small information signs.

3.6 Fauna

3.6.1 Native fauna

A range of bird species have been observed across the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System (Table 3). The Sooty Oystercatcher (Haematopus fuliginosus), which is a state conservation significant species, has been previously recorded within the Semaphore management area. Two native reptile species, the Sleepy Lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) and Bearded Dragon (Pogona barbarta), have also been recorded throughout. Table 4 lists native reptile and mammal species that could potentially been found within the coastal dune system.

Reserve isolation, combined with dissection by formal and informal tracks, contributes to fragment the habitat within the coastal dune system. This severely reduces the reserve’s capacity to sustain indigenous fauna in general and mammal populations in particular. Introduced predators such as foxes, and stray and domestic cats and dogs, may further exacerbate this problem.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Table 3. Bird species recorded within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

Species Name Common Name No. of birds observed

Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird 1 Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Silver Gull 4 Columba livia Rock Dove* 4 Corvus coronoides Australian Raven 2 Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie lark 4 Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie 5 Haematopus fuliginosus Sooty Oystercatcher (Rare in SA) 2 Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow 11 Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater 2 Manorina melanocephala Noisy miner 6 Ocyphaps lophotes Crested pigeon 10 Passer domesticus House Sparrow* 6 Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican 1 Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater 8 Rhipidura leucophrys Willy wagtail 6 Stigmatopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-Dove* 2 Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling* 11 Threskiornis molucca Australian White Ibis 1 Turdus merula Common Blackbird* 6

Table 4. Native reptiles and mammals likely to be present within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Species Name Common Name Reptiles

Ctenophorus pictus Painted Dragon Christinus marmoratus Marbled Gecko Gehyra variegate Tree Dtella Hemiergis peronii Four-toed Earless Skink Lampropholis guichenoti Garden Skink Lerista dorsalis Southern Four-toed Slider Menetia greyii Dwarf Skink Morethia adelaidensis Adelaide Snake-eye Pogona barbata Eastern bearded Dragon Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake Tiliqua rugosa Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua scincoides Eastern Blue Tongue Mammals

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Species Name Common Name Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattle Bat Chalinolobus gouldii Goulds Wattle Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctinomus australis White-striped Freetail-bat

3.6.2 Introduced Fauna

Apart from some introduced avian species, no other introduced fauna species were observed however it’s likely the dunes have a population of introduced fauna species present. The surrounding suburban landscape provides a significant population of cats, both domestic and feral. Cats are likely to utilise the area primarily for hunting. Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) are common within the Adelaide region and are known to travel along linear reserves and along coastlines. One fox dens has been recorded within the dune system, with some anecdotal evidence that this species uses the dune system for protection. House Mice (Mus musculus) and Black Rats (Rattus rattus) are common within the urban area and are likely to be found within the project area. Dogs running through the dunes off leash, threaten native fauna and trample native vegetation.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

4 VALUES

4.1 Educational Value

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is an important educational tool as it is an example of:

 vegetation historically native to the Adelaide coastline  the impacts of weed and pest animal invasion  how coastal processes have been affected by European settlement and how the Adelaide coastline is managed as a result

 how vegetation has changed with European settlement.

4.2 Aesthetic Value

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is an aesthetically appealing backdrop to the beach, particularly in the winter and spring months when the native plants of the area are flowering.

4.3 Recreation Value

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is utilised by the local community for both active and passive recreational activities such as walking, dog walking, jogging and bike riding, swimming, sunbathing, kite flying and horse riding. Social interaction activities such as playing ball sports and partaking in picnics can also be undertaken within the area.

4.4 Community Engagement

The Councils Environment Program – Urban Biodiversity and Citizen Science project in partnership with local schools, Friends of Taperoo Dunes and DEWNR is focused on actively conserving the coastal biodiversity value with the intention to promote the local environment and engage with local community in environmental educational activities.

4.5 Biodiversity Value

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System is an important area for biodiversity as the metropolitan coastline is highly modified. It provides habitat and food resources from local birds, reptiles and insects. The Dune System acts as an important refuge for indigenous fauna and flora species to move along the coastal strip.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5 MANAGEMENT ISSUES

5.1 Weeds

Introduced weed species pose the biggest threat to biodiversity to the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Invasive and problematic weed species observed include Trachyandra divaricata (Dune Onion weed), Lycium ferocissimum (African Boxthorn), and Tribulus terrestris (Caltrop), Euphorbia paralias (Sea Spurge). The majority of invasive weed species are likely to have been introduced through human activities such as illegal dumping, garden escapees, seed dispersal along the coastline and transported on clothing and footwear. Introduced animals such as foxes, cats, rabbits and mice may also transport weed seed on their fur while birds can distribute seed through droppings.

Weed species have been assigned a threat category, based on the descriptions below (Table 5).

Table 5. Weed threat category. Weed Threat Weed Threat Category Description Category Highly invasive in either disturbed or intact remnant bushland, spreads rapidly producing Very High dense stands and a blanket cover. Potential to eliminate almost all understorey species. Very difficult to control. Invasive in either disturbed or intact remnant bushland, with the potential to spread High rapidly. High potential to reduce native species diversity and abundance. May produce dense stands over a wide area. Can be controlled with substantial effort. Moderately invasive in intact bushland and potential to reduce native species diversity. Medium Can be controlled with reasonable effort.

Generally only invade disturbed bushland. Can be widespread and abundant but not Low considered a significant threat to biodiversity.

Species with a threat category of ‘very high’, require immediate control. Species with a threat category of ‘high’ to ‘medium’, require control and continued monitoring to determine threat levels associated with each of these species. Table 6 lists the priority weed species within the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System and their subsequent weed threat category. Figure 4 to Figure 11 summarise the weed areas across the five management areas within coastal dune system.

Table 6. Weed species identified within LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System and subsequent weed threat category. Species Name Common Name Weed Threat Category Trachyandra divaricata Dune onion weed Very High

Tribulus terrestris Caltrop High Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn High Gazania spp. Gazania High Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper High Hyparrhenia hirta Coolatai High Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Medium

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Species Name Common Name Weed Threat Category Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle Medium Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Medium Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree Medium Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm Medium Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey-myrtle Medium Casuarina glauca Swamp oak Medium

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 4. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (1 of 3).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 5. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (2 of 3).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 6. Semaphore south to Semaphore weed control areas (3 of 3).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 7. Largs Bay weed control areas (1 of 2).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 8. Largs Bay weed control areas (2 of 2).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 9. Taperoo weed control areas.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 10. Osborne weed control areas.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 11. North Haven weed control areas.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5.2 Erosion

5.2.1 Cooroyba Court

Sand drift at Cooroyba Court has been an ongoing problem for an extended period of time. Numerous drift fence techniques have been installed over the years with varying effects. Sand build has extended westward toward the ocean, expanding the dune system with vegetation colonizing this expanded area (Figure 12 and Figure 13). The establishment of native vegetation has helped to capture drifting sand towards the seaward side. However the continued erosion caused by storm surges against the adjacent rock wall of Cooroyba Court, hasn’t allowed this area to be become vegetated. Figure 12 and Figure 13 shows photos from 2011 and 2017 that demonstrate this.

Figure 12. Sand drift problem at Cooroyba Court. (Top 2011, bottom 2017).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 13. Sand drift problem at Cooroyba Court. (Left 2009, Right 2017).

5.2.2 Gulf Point Drive

The southern seaward side of Gulf Point Drive experiences sand drifts from the access track to the beach (Figure 14). The area adjacent to the rock wall has been planted with native vegetation to help stabilise this area with varying affect. This area requires continued monitoring and management actions to counter any future movement of sand in this area. The Port Adelaide Enfield Council will seek advice from state government authorities on coastal sand movement as required.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 14. Erosion at Gulf Point Drive.

5.2.3 Beach access paths

Over the life of the previous management plant period (2012-2017), a considerable amount of effort has been undertaken into consolidating paths through the establishment of drift fence netting and closing off paths, not deemed necessary. Several paths (not currently fenced) have erosion concerns due to pedestrians walking off the path into the dune system as well as overgrown vegetation. These paths should be formalized through pruning and fencing (Figure 15).

North Haven has been identified as having the most number of informal tracks present (Figure 16). This should be reviewed and addressed where possible. Appendix 3 details the locations of tracks within the LeFevre Peninsula Dune System, existing fencing, pruning requirements and further recommendations.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 15. Beach access track (Semaphore).

Figure 16. Informal track North Haven.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5.2.4 Erosion areas in Semaphore South

At Semaphore South, the dunes have experience high levels of erosion due to the Bower Road breakwater and the access path at the end of Bower Road.

At the southern end of Semaphore south (across from Bower Road), access to the beach is widened by the presence of a large volume of sand. This area should be monitored to ensure that sand doesn’t keep getting eroded and blown over the pedestrian track and into the adjacent carpark.

Figure 17. Sand dumping at Semaphore South Dunes.

North of the Bower Road breakwater there is a major issue with erosion in the already small dune system. During the period of the last management plan (2012-2017), there has been progressive erosion of the Semaphore South Dune System, located north of the Bower Road breakwater. Ongoing monitoring and management of this area is required to prevent this section of the dunes from being eroded away altogether. Sand dumping has been undertaken in an attempt to delay the erosion, (Figure 17). As this sand is moveable, when strong winds occur it is blown over any remaining vegetation cover. Possible rock bunting/stabilization needs to be explored, to reduce further erosion along this section of the beach. Several access paths within this area have been eroded considerably with sand now drifting onto the grassed areas adjacent to the dunes (Figure 18). PAE have funding in the 2017/18 budget to fund a break wall to address this. This is considered a high priority issue.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 18. Sand drift at Semaphore South.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5.3 Public safety

Public safety within the project area is paramount in the overall management of the area. It is essential for councils and other statutory authorities to minimise safety issues in public areas within their jurisdiction.

A fundamental requirement for a safe environment within the project area includes safe walking trails with minimal tripping hazards and direct line of sight along the walking trails and into adjacent vegetation. Revegetation within 3 m of walking trails should consist of understorey and grass species only.

There is an issue with people congestion in front of the Palais Hotel. During the summer and busy months large numbers of people frequent this area, Signs are present to ask bike riders and other mobile persons to walk through this section however this would not always occur. An alternate walking trail bypassing this area through the dunes is currently being proposed by the PAE council, this may go some way in alleviating public safety concerns in this area.

5.4 Stormwater drainage

Numerous stormwater outlets drain into the dune system in LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System These areas contain various weed species that need to be continuously monitored with follow up weed control so that the weeds do not spread through the rest of the dune system.

An area of particular concern is the stormwater drain located in the Palais northern carpark. Acacia longifolia present within this area (Figure 19), has benefited from the additional water resources and although a native species has spread well beyond native distribution levels for the dunes system.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 19. Acacia longifolia at the northern carpark Palais Hotel.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

5.5 Introduced fauna

Introduced fauna such as foxes, rabbits and cats are a large threat to native biodiversity in the dune system. They can also affect the success of revegetation programs, namely rabbits. Introduced fauna should be monitored where possible.

5.6 Disability access

The coastal path that stretches along the dunes system provides people with mobility issues a level of visual interaction with the coastal scenery. Several viewing areas have been constructed along the path but access to the beach is currently limited. A recent initiative has seen rubber matting installed during warmer months along a path north of the Palais allowing wheelchair access to the beach. Further research regarding the success of the mobility access to the beach should be undertaken to gauge the success. The volatile and changing nature of the fore dunes is a major hindrance in terms of creating permanent mobility structures to the beach due to damage from storms.

5.7 Seaweed

Seaweed buildup is primarily a natural occurrences along metropolitan beaches. It helps to create and adds organic matter to dune systems. It also provides habitat for shore birds. In areas of large concentrations it can be an issue due to smell and the aesthetic appearance of the beaches.

5.8 Landscape Maintenance requirements

The LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System has an extensive high use walkway system ranging from concrete and timber boardwalks, to sand access tracks. This walkway system requires regular inspection and maintenance works to identify and action any hazards as part of public safety obligations.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

6 ACTION PLAN

6.1 Weed Control

Control of invasive weed species is an ongoing problem for the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Invasive weed species identified for control throughout the management period (2017-2022) have been assigned a weed threat category level and allocated a control technique detailed in Table 7. Continued review of weeds present and their populations, needs to occur during the life of the management plan. This will ensure threats are identified and actions undertaken as they arise.

Significant control of the primary weed species - Trachyandra divaricata (Dune onion weed) has occurred throughout the previous management plan period (2012-2017). The large infestation found at Osborne has been reduced significantly from very high to moderate density. Throughout the remaining dunes the population is still dispersed throughout but the overall number of individual plants has been significantly reduced. Given the likely large amount of seed still viable within the dune system, this species will continue to germinate. Control actions need to remain in place to consolidate and continue recent gains.

The control of Trachyandra divaricata (Dune onion weed) requires all areas of the dune system to be traversed from North Haven to Semaphore South to ensure all populations are treated (Figure 20). This should include searching amongst established bushes where possible, for hard to find populations. Primary control period is when the plants start to send up inflorescence from July to September. Any mature seed heads should be removed bagged and disposed of appropriately to reduce seed dispersal.

Additional species that have been controlled throughout the previous management plan period (2012- 2017) include Caltrop, African Boxthorn, Bridal Creeper, Acacia cyclops and Euphorbia paralias. One individual plant of the highly invasive species Coolatai, was identified in a drainage line at Largs Bay during 2017. This individual was removed and bagged, continued monitoring of this location should occur to ensure this species does not become established within the dune system.

Weed control techniques outlined in Table 7 are a preliminary guide only. Weed control within the project area should be undertaken following the Hierarchy of Management by qualified weed control contractors using best practice techniques. Appendix 1 details weed control methodology.

Table 7. Weed species for control – Hierarchy of Management. Weed Threat Control technique Species Name Common Name Category Trachyandra divaricata Dune onion weed Very High Head removal/ spray Hand removal if seed present, spray Tribulus terrestris Caltrop High if in juvenile form Hand pull (juveniles) , Cut and Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn High swab, frill & fill, spray Gazania spp. Gazania High Spray

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Weed Threat Control technique Species Name Common Name Category Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper High Spray Hand removal if seed present, spray Hyparrhenia hirta Coolatai High if no seed present Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Acacia cyclops Western Coastal Wattle Medium feasible Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Acacia saligna Golden Wreath Wattle Medium feasible Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Medium Spray Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Medium Leptospermum laevigatum Coast Tea-tree feasible Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Medium Phoenix canariensis Canary Island Palm feasible Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Medium Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey-myrtle feasible Cut and swab, drill & fill – remove if Medium Casuarina glauca Swamp oak feasible

Figure 20. Trachyandra divaricata (Dune onion weed).

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

6.2 Revegetation

Revegetation works within the project area aims to improve biodiversity, restore existing habitats, provide additional habitat for native fauna species and reinstate representative samples of the pre-European vegetation communities, through the reintroduction of plant species once common to the region. Significant revegetation has occurred within the dunes since 2004 with many areas now forming stable ecological communities with adequately represented mid to upper storey canopy layers. Further diversity enhancement of the dune system can occur through revegetation of species largely comprising smaller mid and understorey species such as shrubs, grasses, herbs, forbs and groundcovers.

Revegetation should occur over the five management areas from Semaphore to North Haven over the five year period this management plan will extend. It is recommended that 18,000 plants be planted per year within the five management areas from 2018-2022. Planting numbers per area below are a guide only, the distribution of planting within the system should be done by suitably qualified personnel who can identify primary planning locations and suitable numbers based on species selection and availability.

Table 8 outlines suitable species that can be used for revegetation with the dune system. This list is not exhaustive and consultation should be undertaken each year between council representatives, planting contractor and nursery supplier to comprise suitable species selection and numbers.

Semaphore 3,000 plants

Largs Bay 5,000 plants

Taperoo 2,000 plants

Osborne 6,000 plants

North Haven 2,000 plants

Table 8. Revegetation species suitable for the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

Species Common name

Acacia ligulata Umbrella Bush Adriana quadripartita Coast Bitter-bush Atriplex cinerea Coast Saltbush Atriplex paludosa ssp. Marsh Saltbush Austrodanthonia caespitosa Common Wallaby-grass Carpobrotus rossii Native Pigface Dianella brevicaulis Short-stem Flax-lily Ficinia nodosa Knobby Club-rush Kennedia prostrata Scarlet Runner Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge Lotus australis Austral Trefoil Muehlenbeckia gunnii Coastal Climbing Lignum

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Species Common name

Myoporum insulare Native Juniper Nitria billaredariei Nitre Bush Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Pelargonium australe Austral Stork's-bill Poa poiformis var. poiformis Coast Tussock-grass Rhagodia candolleana ssp. Sea-berry Saltbush Ptilotus sp. Senecio lautus Variable Groundsel Scaevola crassifolia Cushion Fanflower Spinifex hirsutus Rolling Spinifex Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Threlkeldia diffusa Coast Bonefruit Wahlenbergia sp. Bluebell

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

6.3 Erosion Mitigation

6.3.1 Cooroyba Court

Cooroyba Court requires ongoing monitoring to evaluate the success of the drift net fencing. It is anticipated that the gradual expansion of the vegetation westward, will help stabilise the sand in this area and minimize further drift. Management actions need to remain in place along with regular monitoring and research into best practice techniques.

6.3.2 Gulf Point Drive

Gulf Point Drive requires continued monitoring and management actions to counter any future movement of sand in this area. The Port Adelaide Enfield Council will seek advice form state government authorities on coastal sand movement as required.

6.3.3 Beach access paths

Closure of some of the tracks/walkways leading to the beach will help control fragmentation of the dune system. It is recommended that five tracks in the North Haven be closed if possible to reduce erosion and edge effects. Tracks that are closed should be revegetated. It is also recommended that a number of remaining tracks that are unfenced be fenced in a similar way to that shown in Figure 21 to ensure people remain on the track and do not walk through the dune system. Fencing should be undertaken to three quarters the length of the path. Fencing of the fore dune section should not be undertaken as it changes with the varying tides. Using treated pine posts is recommended, as they will last longer than untreated pine posts that will continue to rot and will end up needing to be replaced.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Figure 21. An example of fenced paths leading to the beach.

6.3.4 Erosion areas in Semaphore South

The semaphore south erosion (blow out area) should be continually monitored to ensure sand does not encroach into the neighbouring carpark and cause safety concerns with the bike path that runs adjacent to it.

The erosion of the sand dunes within the Semaphore South area is a direct consequence of the Bower Road breakwater construction in 2007. The dunes have receded approximately 30 m in some areas, and are now just a 5 m strip in some locations. Sand carting and dumping is now required in this area, to protect against winter storms. The loss of the dune structure within this area is of major concern requiring significant, urgent action. In light of this, a revetment wall or similar solution should be implemented to stabilize this area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

6.4 Public safety mitigation

 Regularly conduct maintenance audits on walking trails to make sure tripping hazards are minimised and encroaching vegetation is trimmed and removed – (Refer 6.7 Landscape Maintenance Requirements for actions).

 Revegetation within 3 m of walking trails should consist of understorey and grass species only,

such as Dianella brevicaulis, Kennedia prostrate, Austrodanthonia caespitosa, and Pelargonium australe.

 Vegetation encroaching over the rock wall next to bike path, needs to be trimmed and removed.  Department of Planning, transport and infrastructure (DPTI) maintains access to the Semaphore jetty, and clears sand around and underneath the jetty, to enable them to maintain the safety of the structure of the jetty.

 Contractors are maintaining and collecting rubbish from on and around the bike track from the Palais to the tram shed more frequently due to it being a high use area.

Due to the amount of people using the path around the Palais Hotel (including bicycles and walkers) in the busy periods there is often congestion. A possible solution is to build a bypass boardwalk around the Palais Beach House, through the dunes. The viewing boardwalk would include a viewing platform. The Boardwalk and platform would be accessible for the disabled and for prams.

6.5 Stormwater discharge mitigation

Stormwater discharge areas within the dune system should be monitored for weeds. Areas around stormwater discharge areas need to be maintained regularly (clear of rubbish and weeds blocking area). More frequent maintenance is required, such as brush cutting down vegetation to allow better flow of stormwater. Trash bags should be cleaned out to ensure better flow and no pile up of plant litter and rubbish. Rubbish racks should be cleared after each rainfall event.

The area of Acacia longifolia located adjacent the Palais northern carpark should be systematically reduced over a two year period. This area should be replanted with more suitable mid to low storey species.

6.6 Seaweed

Retaining seaweed on beaches is recommended as it plays an important role in the ecology of the coastal waters, both in stabilizing sand and in providing a source of food, once on the foreshore due to being rich in insect pupae and small crustaceans.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

6.7 Landscape Maintenance requirements

Regular maintenance on the LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune Walkway System is required to ensure public safety concerns are identified and actioned. The following actions are required:

 Fortnightly visits for dune walkways SS7, SS8, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, LB7, LB8, LB9 & LB10;

 Monthly visits for all dune walkways;  Monthly Visits to Share Path between Largs North and Taperoo;  Regular cutting back of vegetation encroaching on dune walkways;  Provided an annual works program for site;  Provide a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) on all days staff are on site; and  Report any vandalism on site to PAE Council.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Table 9. Action Plan and approximate budget for Semaphore management area.

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Year 1

Undertake weed control as per hierarchy When actively growing - Species Weed control of management Table 7. dependant

Trachyandra control- Removing heads All areas July -September $31,000 and spraying

All areas Boxthorn control When actively growing $3,500

All areas Caltrop control December - January $3,500

Additional herbaceous weed species - All areas Gazania, Bridal Creeper, Coolatai, Sea When actively growing $9,000 Spurge

Additional woody weed species - Western Coastal Wattle, Golden Wreath All areas Spring, Autumn $9,000 Wattle, Coastal Tea-tree, Canary Island Palm, Showy Honey-myrtle, Swamp Oak

Plant supply -Plants supplied by the City Revegetation of Pt Adelaide Enfield. Tubestock planting - 18000 plants. All areas Includes preparation, labour and June / July $32,400 watering. There are several areas of concern that have been highlighted within the Erosion mitigation LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Monitoring and maintenance through the Cooroyba Court construction of drift fencing and/or As required TBC further revegetation

Gulf Point Drive Monitoring and maintenance through As required TBC drift fencing and/or further revegetation

Refer to recommendations in Appendix As soon as possible. Timing will depend Beach access tracks TBC 3 – track survey. on funding- stagger fencing over 5 years

Bower Road beach access – monitor Erosion areas in Dune north of Bower Road breakwater – Design of revetment wall within 2017/18 $50,000 Semaphore South design revetment wall Stormwater discharge As required – during weed control All areas Monitor for weed outbreaks TBC mitigation operations

Palais carpark Staged removal of Acacia longifolia Year 1 of 2 year removal plan $15,000 Public Safety Mitigation / Landscape vegetation clearance and footpath safety All areas As per council requirements TBC maintenance maintenance requirements

Design and construct dune walking track Palais walking track 2017/18 TBC around Palais

Access tracks for the Investigate further options to access the Disability access disabled beach (as per the mating trial near the Summer TBC Palais at Semaphore) Year 2

Undertake weed control as per hierarchy When actively growing - Species Weed control of management Table 7. dependant

Trachyandra control- Removing heads All areas July -September $31,000 and spraying

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

All areas Boxthorn control When actively growing $3,500 All areas Caltrop control December - January $3,500 Additional herbaceous weed species - All areas Gazania, Bridal Creeper, Coolatai, Sea When actively growing $9,000 Spurge

Additional woody weed species - Western Coastal Wattle, Golden Wreath All areas Spring, Autumn $9,000 Wattle, Coastal Tea-tree, Canary Island Palm, Showy Honey-myrtle, Swamp Oak

Gulf Point Drive Monitoring and maintenance through As required TBC drift fencing and/or further revegetation

Refer to recommendations in Appendix As soon as possible. Timing will depend Beach access tracks TBC 3– track survey. on funding- stagger fencing over 5 years

Bower Road beach access – monitor Erosion areas in Dune north of Bower Road breakwater – Construction of revetment wall TBC Semaphore South revetment wall

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Stormwater discharge As required – during weed control All areas Monitor for weed outbreaks TBC mitigation operations

Palais carpark Staged removal of Acacia longifolia 2nd year of 2 year removal plan $15,000

Public Safety Mitigation / Landscape vegetation clearance and footpath safety All areas As per council requirements TBC maintenance maintenance requirements

Construct dune walking track around Palais walking track 2018/19 TBC Palais

Access tracks for the Investigate further options to access the Disability access disabled beach (as per the mating trial near the Summer TBC Palais at Semaphore) Year 3

Undertake weed control as per hierarchy When actively growing - Species Weed control of management Table 7. dependant

Trachyandra control- Removing heads All areas July -September $31,000 and spraying All areas Boxthorn control When actively growing $3,500 All areas Caltrop control December - January $3,500 Additional herbaceous weed species - All areas Gazania, Bridal Creeper, Coolatai, Sea When actively growing $9,000 Spurge Additional woody weed species - Western Coastal Wattle, Golden Wreath All areas Spring, Autumn $9,000 Wattle, Coastal Tea-tree, Canary Island Palm, Showy Honey-myrtle, Swamp Oak

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Plant supply -Plants supplied by the City Revegetation of Pt Adelaide Enfield.

Tubestock planting - 18000 plants. All areas Includes preparation, labour and June / July $32,400 watering. There are several areas of concern that have been highlighted within the Erosion mitigation LeFevre Peninsula Coastal Dune System. Monitoring and maintenance through the Cooroyba Court construction of drift fencing and/or As required TBC further revegetation

Gulf Point Drive Monitoring and maintenance through As required TBC drift fencing and/or further revegetation

Refer to recommendations in Appendix As soon as possible. Timing will depend Beach access tracks TBC 3 – track survey. on funding- stagger fencing over 5 years

Bower Road beach access – monitor Erosion areas in Construction of revetment wall 2019/20, if Dune north of Bower Road breakwater – TBC Semaphore South not already completed revetment wall

Stormwater discharge As required – during weed control All areas Monitor for weed outbreaks TBC mitigation operations Public Safety Mitigation / Landscape vegetation clearance and footpath safety All areas As per council requirements TBC maintenance maintenance requirements Access tracks for the Investigate further options to access the Disability access disabled beach (as per the mating trial near the Summer TBC Palais at Semaphore) Year 4

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Undertake weed control as per hierarchy When actively growing - Species Weed control of management Table 7. dependant

Plant supply -Plants supplied by the City Revegetation of Pt Adelaide Enfield.

Gulf Point Drive Monitoring and maintenance through As required TBC drift fencing and/or further revegetation

Refer to recommendations in Appendix As soon as possible. Timing will depend Beach access tracks TBC 3 – track survey. on funding- stagger fencing over 5 years

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Bower Road beach access – monitor Erosion areas in Dune north of Bower Road breakwater – Monitor revetment wall TBC Semaphore South monitor revetment wall

Stormwater discharge As required – during weed control All areas Monitor for weed outbreaks TBC mitigation operations Public Safety Mitigation / Landscape vegetation clearance and footpath safety All areas As per council requirements TBC maintenance maintenance requirements Investigate further options to access the Access tracks for the Disability access beach (as per the mating trial near the Summer TBC disabled Palais at Semaphore) Year 5

Undertake weed control as per hierarchy When actively growing - Species Weed control of management Table 7. dependant

Plant supply -Plants supplied by the City Revegetation of Pt Adelaide Enfield.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Activity Zone Actions Timing Cost details

Gulf Point Drive Monitoring and maintenance through As required TBC drift fencing and/or further revegetation

Refer to recommendations in Appendix As soon as possible. Timing will depend Beach access tracks TBC 3 – track survey. on funding- stagger fencing over 5 years

Bower Road beach access – monitor Erosion areas in Dune north of Bower Road breakwater – Monitor revetment wall TBC Semaphore South monitor revetment wall

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bureau of Meteorology (2012). Daily Weather Observations, South Australia http://www.bom.gov.au

Caton B, Fotheringham D, Lock C, Royal M, Sandercock R and Taylor R (2007) Southern Fleurieu Coastal Action Plan and Conservation Priority Study. Prepared for Adelaide and Mount Lofty NRM Board, Alexandrina Council, City of Victor Harbor, District Council of Yankalilla, Goolwa to Wellington Local Action Plan and Department for Environment and Heritage.

Cordingley, S. P. and Petherick, C. E. (2006), Vegetation Management Plan Semaphore Park Coastal Reserve, SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program, Adelaide.

EBS Ecology (2016) City of Port Adelaide Enfield Bushland Condition Monitoring Summary 2016. Report to City of Port Adelaide Enfield, EBS Ecology, Adelaide.

Heard, L. and Channon, B. (1997) Guide to a Native Vegetation Survey (Agricultural Region) using the Biological Survey of South Australia Methodology. South Australian Government. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023013.shtml http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities.html

Kraehenbuehl, D. (1996) Pre-European Vegetation of Adelaide: A survey from the Gawler River to Hallett Cove. Nature Conservation Society of South Australia Inc, Adelaide.

NRM Board (2009) Pest Prioritisation Management Actions guidelines

Morcombe M. (2000) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Steve Parish Publishing, Archerfield.

NCSSA (2005) Bushland Condition Monitoring Manual: Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, Volume 1 -3. The Nature Conservation Society of South Australia

NCSSA (2006) Bushland Condition Monitoring Manual: Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, Coastal Vegetation Communities of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges. The Nature Conservation Society of South Australia

State of Environment Report, June 2007. City of Port Adelaide Enfield. PDF

The Nature Conservation Society of South Australia Inc. (2006). Coastal Vegetation Communities of the Southern Mt Lofty Ranges, Bushland Condition Monitoring Manual: Southern Mount Lofty Ranges. Adelaide, South Australia.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

8 APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Weed control methodology.

There are a variety of weed control methods that can be utilised to effectively control different weed species. Weed control methods include cutting and swabbing, stump injection, drilling and filling, spot spraying and hand pulling. The way to carry out each method effectively and safely is detailed below:

Cut and Swab

 Cut off all stems as low as possible using a chainsaw or pruning saw, secateurs or long-handled loppers. The cut must be horizontal so that the herbicide rests on the cut area while being absorbed, rather than running down the side of the stem;

 Stumps will be left in the ground so as to not disturb the soil and to help retain the soil in place i.e. reduce the likelihood of soil erosion;

 Remove all stems from the stump, so that no active (or green) branches/shoots remain, no matter how small they are;

 Liberally swab all cut surfaces immediately with the herbicide mixture. This must be done preferably within half a minute, or immediately if possible. The cut surface cannot be allowed to dry out, otherwise the herbicide will be much less effective. Use a paintbrush, swabber or squeeze bottle (laboratory) to apply the herbicide mixture. Add a dye to the herbicide mixture that will help indicate where swabbing has already been done;

 The tissues that take up and move the poison are immediately under the bark layer, so concentrate on applying the poison around the outer rim of the stump;

 Follow up work may be required. If the stumps re-sprout which can be common with some species, then cut and swab or spray the new regrowth with the herbicide;

 The most effective time of the year to cut and swab plants is when they are actively growing, which varies between species.

Drill and Fill

 Drill a steeply angled hole into the plant's cambium layer (where sap flows just beneath the bark layer) with a cordless drill, using a 10mm drill bit;

 The holes should be as close to the base of the plant as possible, and it is essential for the hole to be steeply angled into the cambium otherwise the herbicide will not be absorbed into the sap flow;

 Immediately after the hole has been drilled, it should be filled with herbicide. Syringes (without the needle) or squeeze bottles can be used to administer the herbicide into the hole;

 Holes are drilled every 2.5-5cm until the base of the plant has been circled;

 Follow up work may be required. If the plant re-sprouts which can be common with some species, then the process needs to be repeated.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Frilling

 For large and medium sized trees and shrubs with a large stump or lignotuber the following “Frilling” method is recommended. It can be used in conjunction with the cut and swab method or the drill and fill method to get a higher dose of herbicide into the plant, and to get a more thorough application of herbicide;

 After the plant has been cut and swabbed, make regular extra cuts into the remaining stump and any exposed roots with a hammer and chisel to expose the sapwood. Immediately fill chisel marks with the herbicide mixture in the squeeze bottle. This provides more surface area for the herbicide to penetrate, and ensures a good dose of herbicide. This method, used in conjunction with either the cut and swab method or drill and fill method, should provide a much better kill rate when compared to the cut and swab method or drill and fill method by themselves.

Spraying

 The most effective time of the year to spray is when the plant is actively growing;

 Look for native plants and cover with plastic bags or sheeting while spraying. If there are too many native plants amongst the weeds then this method should not be used;

 Always read the label on the herbicide container, follow the instructions and wear protective clothing. Dilute the mixture as recommended. Add a dye to the herbicide mixture that will help to indicate where spraying has already been done;

 If spraying near creeks or other water bodies, care needs to be taken due to the aquatic environment. Herbicides can have a negative effect on aquatic fauna such as frogs. It is preferable to use other more accurate methods such as cut and swab and drill and fill along creek lines;

 Surfactants can also be used when spraying plants such as Bridal Creeper which have a waxy leaf surface. A surfactant can be added to the herbicide mix which will increase the uptake of the poison through the waxy leaf surface. Surfactants should not be used on or near plants growing in water as they are suspected of affecting frogs;

 Where weeds have narrow vertical leaves, spraying might result in herbicide running off or drifting onto non-target plants. In this situation, wipe on the herbicide mixture with a weed wand, sponge or wick applicator;

 To increase the effectiveness of the herbicide whilst spraying large tussocks of grass, the grass can be slashed and then left to re-grow for several weeks. The regrowth can then be sprayed.

Mechanical Removal

 Some weed species can be removed using machinery. This can either be done on a broad scale where there is a high level of soil disturbance (e.g. using an excavator) or on a smaller scale using equipment such as ‘tree poppers’.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

 A tree popper is a practical tool which allows the easy removal of small woody weeds. It comes in three sizes and is relatively easy to use. A small jaw is placed around the stem of the plant to be removed, the handle is then pulled down so that pressure is placed on the base plate and the plant. The plant is then levered out of the ground with minimal soil disturbance.

 Up to medium size (2-3m tall) woody weeds can be removed utilising this tool. The tree popper should be utilised when the soil is moist as it will be easier to use and less damage will be caused to the surrounding environment.

Hand Pulling / Chipping

 Hand pulling of smaller plants is easiest in the wetter months of the year when the soil is soft and the seedlings are much easier to pull out;

 Seedlings: take hold of the plant at ground level and pull. If you pull at any point higher on the stem it may break and the plant will then require swabbing with herbicide;

 Small woody plants: Take hold of the stem at ground level and gently rock the plant back and forth until it comes away cleanly;

 For species that have a bulb, such as Sparaxis or watsonia, a screw driver can be used to gently lift the bulb out of the ground;

 If possible place either feet or fingers on either side of the plant when pulling out. This helps to keep the soil in place and avoids unnecessary disturbance of the soil.

 To chip plants out, use a mattock to remove plants from the ground. Minimise soil disturbance whilst undertaking this activity but ensure that the entire plant and where possible, all of the roots are removed. A number of plants can re-shoot from roots left in the ground. Ensure that any disturbed soil is replaced and patted down.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Appendix 2. Vegetation associations across the five management areas.

Vegetation Associations within the Semaphore Management area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Vegetation Associations within the Largs Bay Management area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Vegetation Associations within the Taperoo Management area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Vegetation Associations within the Osborne Management area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Vegetation Associations within the North Haven Management area.

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Appendix 3. Locations of tracks within the LeFevre Peninsula Dune System.

Sort Track Suburb WP Easting Northing Fencing Vegetation comment Comment Recommendation order description 1 NH1 North Haven 154 269347 6148145 None No pruning required None

Informal 2 North Haven 155 269473 6147989 - - Informal track Close informal track track Small section of informal 3 NH2 North Haven 156 269514 6147947 None No pruning required track diverts of NH2 to the Close informal track North West 4 NH4 North Haven 157 269589 6147886 None No pruning required None

Informal 5 North Haven 158 269728 6147753 - - Informal track Close informal track track Informal 6 North Haven 159 269746 6147725 - - Informal track Close informal track track 7 NH5 North Haven 160 269791 6147642 None No pruning required None

Informal 8 North Haven 161 269881 6147514 - - Informal track Close informal track track Existing fence 9 NH6 North Haven 162 269925 6147430 No pruning required None occurs Existing fence 10 NH7 North Haven 163 269937 6147276 No pruning required None occurs 11 O2 Osborne 164 270508 6146521 None No pruning required None

Existing fence occurs on 12 O4 Osborne 165 270451 6146201 No pruning required None southern side of track Existing fence occurs on 13 T1 Taperoo 166 270518 6145953 No pruning required None southern side of track Replace sign, sign reads 14 Sign Taperoo 167 270518 6145877 Replace sign "Coastal rehab vegetation" 15 T2 Taperoo 168 270515 6145795 None No pruning required None

Monitor vegetation encroaching on 16 T3 Taperoo 169 270506 6145611 None Pruning may be required in the next 5 track

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Sort Track Suburb WP Easting Northing Fencing Vegetation comment Comment Recommendation order description years 17 Sign Taperoo 170 270506 6145568 Old sign, requires replacing Replace sign

Existing fence Pruning may be Monitor vegetation encroaching on 18 T4 Taperoo 171 270501 6145430 occurs, no required in the next 5 track erosion mesh years Existing fence Pruning may be Monitor vegetation encroaching on 19 T5 Taperoo 172 270501 6145238 occurs, no required in the next 5 track erosion mesh years Existing fence Pruning may be Monitor vegetation encroaching on 20 T6 Taperoo 173 270500 6145079 occurs, no required in the next 5 track erosion mesh years Existing fence Pruning may be Monitor vegetation encroaching on 21 T7 Taperoo 174 270477 6144932 occurs, no required in the next 5 track erosion mesh years Existing fence between road 22 LN1 Largs North 175 270451 6144751 No pruning required None and board walk Existing fence Pruning may be between road Monitor vegetation encroaching on 23 LN2 Largs North 176 270439 6144594 required in the next 5 and board track years walk 24 LN3 Largs North 177 270432 6144497 None No pruning required None

Existing fence Pruning may be between road Monitor vegetation encroaching on 25 LN4 Largs North 178 270405 6144304 required in the next 5 and board track years walk 26 LN5 Largs North 179 270375 6144204 None No pruning required None

Pruning may be Existing fence Board walk requires regular Monitor vegetation encroaching on 27 Boardwalk Largs North 180 270385 6144149 required in the next 5 occurs pruning track years 28 LN6 Largs North 181 270375 6144113 None No pruning required None

Pruning may be Existing fence Monitor vegetation encroaching on 29 LB0 Largs Bay 182 270345 6144001 required in the next 5 occurs track years

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Sort Track Suburb WP Easting Northing Fencing Vegetation comment Comment Recommendation order description 30 LB1 Largs Bay 183 270306 6143928 None No pruning required None

31 LB2 Largs Bay 184 270260 6143849 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

32 LB3 Largs Bay 185 270249 6143827 None No pruning required None

33 LB4 Largs Bay 186 270198 6143724 None No pruning required None

34 LB6 Largs Bay 187 270162 6143665 None No pruning required None

Existing fence 35 LB7 Largs Bay 188 270136 6143622 on south side No pruning required None of track Pruning may be Some possible pruning is Monitor vegetation encroaching on 36 LB8 Largs Bay 189 270105 6143532 None required in the next 5 required at the entrance of track years the track Existing fence 37 LB9 Largs Bay 190 270084 6143471 on south side No pruning required None of track 38 LB10 Largs Bay 191 270068 6143465 None No pruning required None

Existing fence on north side 39 LB11 Largs Bay 192 270036 6143358 No pruning required Upgrade fencing of track, no erosion mesh 40 LB12 Largs Bay 193 270004 6143280 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

Existing fence 41 LB13 Largs Bay 194 269972 6143182 on south side No pruning required Install fencing to define track of track Pruning may be Some possible pruning is 42 LB14 Largs Bay 195 269937 6143086 None required in the next 5 required at the entrance of Install fencing to define track years the track 43 LB15 Largs Bay 196 269894 6142984 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

44 LB16 Largs Bay 197 269847 6142878 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

45 LB17 Largs Bay 198 269819 6142787 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

46 LB18 Largs Bay 199 269801 6142743 None No pruning required Install fencing to define track

Existing fence 47 S1 Semaphore 200 269768 6142631 No pruning required None occurs 48 S2 Semaphore 201 269727 6142522 Existing fence No pruning required None

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Sort Track Suburb WP Easting Northing Fencing Vegetation comment Comment Recommendation order description occurs Pruning may be Existing fence Monitor vegetation encroaching on 49 S3 Semaphore 202 269706 6142462 required in the next 5 occurs track years Existing fence 50 S4 Semaphore 203 269686 6142411 No pruning required None occurs Existing fence Regular pruning Monitor vegetation encroaching on 51 S5 Semaphore 204 269668 6142367 occurs required track Existing fence Regular pruning Monitor vegetation encroaching on 52 S7 Semaphore 205 269615 6142258 occurs required track Replace 53 Semaphore 206 269586 6142185 Replace sign sign Pruning may be Existing fence Acacia longifolia needs Monitor vegetation encroaching on 54 S7 Semaphore 153 269617 6142255 required in the next 5 occurs pruning track years Pruning may be Acacia longifolia and Monitor vegetation encroaching on 55 S8 Semaphore 152 269538 6142092 None required in the next 5 Myoporum insular needs track, install fencing to define track years pruning Existing fence 56 S9 Semaphore 151 269524 6142029 No pruning required None occurs Pruning may be Acacia longifolia and Existing fence Monitor vegetation encroaching on 57 S11 Semaphore 150 269504 6141980 required in the next 5 Myoporum insular needs occurs track years pruning Pruning may be Install fencing to define track, 58 S12 Semaphore 149 269481 6141802 None required in the next 5 monitor vegetation encroaching on years track Existing track Pruning may be Acacia longifolia close to Monitor vegetation encroaching on on south side 59 S13 Semaphore 148 269465 6141712 required in the next 5 track, Slumping at track track, monitor slumping at track of track, poor years entrance entrance condition Pruning may be Acacia longifolia close to Monitor vegetation encroaching on 60 S14 Semaphore 147 269451 6141648 None required in the next 5 track, Slumping at track track, monitor slumping at track years entrance entrance Sand build up at track Monitor sand build up at track 61 S15 Semaphore 146 269433 6141567 None No pruning required entrance entrance

Coastal Management Plan (2017-2022) – City of Port Adelaide Enfield

Sort Track Suburb WP Easting Northing Fencing Vegetation comment Comment Recommendation order description Sand built and slumping up Monitor sand build up and 62 S16 Semaphore 145 269412 6141490 None No pruning required at track entrance slumping at track entrance Semaphore Sand built and slumping up Monitor sand build up and 63 SS1 144 269389 6141373 None No pruning required South at track entrance slumping at track entrance Semaphore Sand built and slumping up Monitor sand build up and 64 SS2 143 269382 6141320 None No pruning required South at track entrance slumping at track entrance Semaphore Sand built and slumping up Monitor sand build up and 65 SS3 142 269368 6141271 None No pruning required South at track entrance slumping at track entrance Semaphore Sand build up at track Monitor sand build up at track 66 SS4 141 269350 6141167 None No pruning required South entrance entrance Semaphore Sand build up at track Monitor sand build up at track 67 SS6 140 269323 6141056 None No pruning required South entrance entrance Semaphore Sand build up at track Monitor sand build up at track 68 SS7 139 269305 6140930 None No pruning required South entrance entrance Semaphore Sand build up at track Monitor sand build up at track 69 SS8 138 269293 6140863 None No pruning required South entrance entrance Vehicle Semaphore Olearia axillaris may Monitor vegetation encroaching on 70 access 137 269297 6140714 None South need pruning track point

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