SCHEDULE TWO OF THE 2008 CONSTITUTION AVENUES FOR REFORM AND DECENTRALIZATION AND STEPS TOWARDS A FEDERAL SYSTEM Tinzar Htun Mael Raynaud 3 Tinzar Htun is a freelance researcher specializing in natural resource management and decentralization. She is a consultant to the World Bank on Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) implementation support in Myanmar. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences (Sustainable Development) from Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University in Japan. Mael Raynaud is an independent analyst with 15 years of experience researching the politics, economy, society, conflict and humanitarian issues of Myanmar. 2018 © Copyright by Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung Ltd., Myanmar ISBN 978-99971-0-475-5 Edited by Geoffrey George Goddard and Katharina Münster Publisher: Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung Ltd. Myanmar Representative Office Yangon, Myanmar
[email protected] www.kas.de/myanmar/en/ All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying or recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily represent those of the Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung Ltd., Myanmar. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 7 Glossary 8 Executive Summary 11 Research Methodology and Focus 17 1. Introduction 19 1.1 Background 19 1.2 A Short Political History of Myanmar 25 2. Local Parliaments and the 2008 Constitution 29 2.1 Parliaments under the 2008 Constitution 29 2.2 Overview of the Second Sub-National Parliaments (2016-2021) 30 2.3 Overview of Schedule One, Schedule Two and Schedule Five 35 2.4 Constraints under Schedule Two 36 2.5 Constitutional Tribunal 38 3.