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La Question Des Déchets Dans Les Communautés Inuites Du Groenland

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La Question Des Déchets Dans Les Communautés Inuites Du Groenland UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LA QUESTION DES DÉCHETS DANS LES COMMUNAUTÉS !NUITES DU NORD­ DU-QUÉBEC : ANALYSE ET RÉFLEXIONS MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE AU PROGRAMME DE MAÎTRISE EN DESIGN DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT PAR AUDRY SANSCHAGRIN AVRIL 2016 --------- --- ------ UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522- Rév.0?-2011) . Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et no'n commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire. » REMERCIEMENTS La réalisation de cette étude n'aurait pas été possible sans l'appui et le soutien de plusieurs personnes. Sans pouvoir les nommer toutes, bien que certaines se reconnaîtront sans doute, plusieurs doivent être mentionnées. Je tiens d'abord à remercier mes directeurs de recherche, M. Réjean Legault et M. Patrick Evans, sans qui ce mémoire n'aurait pas été possible. Ils ont su me guider et faire évoluer mes réflexions. Ils m'ont transmis leur passion pour la recherche et les acquis résultant de ma collaboration avec eux sont multiples, tant sur le plan scolaire et professionnel que sur le plan personnel. Je tiens aussi à remercier M. Koen de Winter, qui m'a appuyée dès le départ et qui a toujours su m'encourager et me donner confiance. Un merci tout spécial à Marie-Ève Poulin pour ses relectures multiples et sa grande patience. Maintes personnes ont marqué mon parcours lors de la rédaction. Que ce soit à Kuujjuaq ou à Montréal, des gens incroyables ont pris part, de façon plus ou moins étroite, à cette aventure parfois tumultueuse. Parmi eux se trouvent les étudiants de la première cohorte de la maîtrise en design de l'environnement qui ont rendu cette expérience inoubliable; un merci particulier à Christine Dalle Vedove, collègue de rédaction et amie. Finalement, un merci tout spécial à mes proches, ma famille et mes amis pour leur appui constant et leur soutien moral tout au long de ce travail. Merci à tous ceux qui ont participé de près ou de loin au processus intellectuel ou émotif entourant cette recherche. Le parcours n'aura pas été sans embûches, mais votre confiance et vos encouragements m'auront donné l'énergie nécessaire pour arriver à la ligne d'arrivée. Merci. TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MA Tl ÈRES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii LISTE DES FIGURES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES -----------------------------------------------------x RÉSUMÉ ET MOTS-CLÉS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xii ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii 1NTR 0 DU CTI 0 N ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 CHAPITRE 1 PR 0 BLÉ MA Tl QUE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.1 LES 1NUITS ET LEUR TER RITO 1RE ----------------------------------------------------------------------7 1.2 LA NOTION DE DÉCHET -------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 1.3 LES /NUITS ET LA QUESTION DES DÉCHETS ------------------------------------------------------22 1.4 LE TRAITEMENT DES DÉCHETS CHEZ LES /NUITS DU NUNAVIK ET D'AILLEURS ---------26 1.4.1 Le plan de gestion des matières résiduelles au Nunavik-------------------------------- 28 1.4.2 Le traitement des déchets dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest -----------------------40 1.4. 3 La question des dé chets au Nu n av ut--------------------------------------------------------- 43 1.4.4 La question des déchets au Groen la nd ------------------------------------------------------ 48 CHAPITREZ CADRE THÉORIQUE, MÉTHODOLOGIE ET STRATÉGIE D'ANALYSE---------------------------------54 2.1 QUESTION, HYPOTHÈSE ET OBJECTIFS DE RECHERCHE ---------------------------------------55 2 .1 .1 Que st ion de re cherche -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 2 .1. 2 Hypothèse de re che re he ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 2 .1. 3 0 bje ct ifs de recherche--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 2. 2 CADRE THÉ 0 RJQ U E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 2. 2.1 Le reste ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 2.2. 2 A ba nd on volontaire et a ba nd on involontaire---------------------------------------------- 59 2.3 LE CYCLE DE VIE DES PRODUITS AU NUNAVIK --------------------------------------------------- 62 iv 2. 4 L'ÉTUDE DE CAS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 2 .4.1 Limites de l' étude de cas------------------------------------------------------------------------ 71 2. 5 M ÉTH 0 DOL OG 1E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 2. 6 STRA TÉG 1E D'ANALYSE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 CHAPITRE 3 DESCRIPTION ET ANALYSE DE l'ÉTUDE DE CAS : KUUJJUAQ----------------------------------------75 3.1 L'ÉCHELLE TER R /TOR /ALE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 3 .1.1 Les déchets et le territoire---------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 6 3.2 L'ÉCHELLE CO MM U NA UTAl RE----------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 3. 2.1 Le vi liage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 3. 2. 2 L'es pa ce privé et l'es pa ce pub 1ic -------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6 3.2.3 Les espaces de rencontre du village---------------------------------------------------------- 99 3. 2.4 L'équipement pub 1ic --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 3.2.5 Le mode de consommation au Nunavik--------------------------------------------------- 103 3. 2. 6 Les collectes de déchets----------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 3.3 L'ÉCHELLE DOM EST/QUE---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117 3. 3.1 L'habitation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 117 3. 3. 2 Les déchets et l'habitat------------------------------------------------------------------------ 125 3.3.3 Exemples d'initiatives de réutilisation des déchets------------------------------------- 126 3. 4 SYNTHÈSE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 8 3.4 .1 À l' éch elie te rrito ria le -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 8 3 .4.2 À l' éche lie com mu na ut a ire------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 3 .4. 3 À l' é che lie domestique ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 130 CHAPITRE 4 ÉTUDE DE PRÉCÉDENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 4.1 ÉTUDE DE PRÉCÉDENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 4.1.1 L'incinérateur « piste de ski»- Amager Resource Centre (près de Copenhague), par Bja rke 1nge ls ( B1 G ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 2 4.1.2 ÉCORÉNO ET RENOVATOR RESOURCE INC. : DEUX CENTRES DE RÉCUPÉRATION DE MATÉRIAUX DE CONSTRUCTION (MONTRÉAL ET HALIFAX) --------------------------------- 137 v 4 .1.3 LE CENTRE DE REVALORISATION ÉNERG ÉTIQUE DE ROSKILDE AU DANEMARK ( 2 014) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141 4 .1.4 LE MAGASIN DE RÉEMPLOI PHASE 2 DE LA MRC DE MANICOUAGAN ------------- 144 4. 2 5 YNTH ÈS E--------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 7 CHAPITRE 5 RÉFLEXIONS ET PISTES DE SOLUTIONS POUR LA DIMINUTION DES DÉCHETS À KUUJJUAQ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 5.1 RÉFLEX10 N5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 5 .1.1 Les pistes de so 1ut ion -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151 C0 N CL U S1 0 N --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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