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What Happened in Cyprus?
What Happened in Cyprus? Alexander Michaelides1 Imperial College Business School, University of Cyprus, CEPR, CFS and NETSPAR 15 March 2014 Abstract This is a case study of how a country nearly reached bankruptcy in March 2013, within five years from entering the Eurozone. The magnitude of the requested assistance is extremely large relative to GDP (100%) and studying this event provides useful lessons for avoiding such crises in the future. The crisis resulted from a worsening European economic environment (especially in Greece), bad choices with regards to public finances, weak corporate governance within the local banking sector, inadequate and/or difficult regulation of cross-border banking, worsening competitiveness, and bad political decisions at the European and, especially, the local (Cypriot) level. Local politics, reflected in short term political calculations and/or inadequate understanding of the magnitude of the crisis, delayed corrective action for 18 months until election time, making a bad situation almost impossible to deal with. Overconfidence can be one behavioural explanation for why local politicians ignored the dramatic costs of inaction. 1 Imperial College London Business School, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ: [email protected]. I would like to thank Dimitris Georgiou for excellent research assistance, three anonymous referees and the editor (Nicola Fuchs-Schundeln) for very useful comments. I served as a non- executive member of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Cyprus between May 28th 2013 and November 28th 2013. The analysis and opinions herein are not necessarily shared by the Central Bank of Cyprus or the Eurosystem more broadly. -
Zimra Rates of Exchange for Customs Purposes for the Period 08 to 14 July
ZIMRA RATES OF EXCHANGE FOR CUSTOMS PURPOSES FOR THE PERIOD 08 TO 14 JULY 2021 USD BASE CURRENCY - USD DOLLAR CURRENCY CODE CROSS RATE ZIMRA RATE CURRENCY CODE CROSS RATE ZIMRA RATE ANGOLA KWANZA AOA 650.4178 0.0015 MALAYSIAN RINGGIT MYR 4.1598 0.2404 ARGENTINE PESO ARS 95.9150 0.0104 MAURITIAN RUPEE MUR 42.8000 0.0234 AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR AUD 1.3329 0.7503 MOROCCAN DIRHAM MAD 8.9490 0.1117 AUSTRIA EUR 0.8454 1.1829 MOZAMBICAN METICAL MZN 63.9250 0.0156 BAHRAINI DINAR BHD 0.3760 2.6596 NAMIBIAN DOLLAR NAD 14.3346 0.0698 BELGIUM EUR 0.8454 1.1829 NETHERLANDS EUR 0.8454 1.1829 BOTSWANA PULA BWP 10.9709 0.0912 NEW ZEALAND DOLLAR NZD 1.4232 0.7027 BRAZILIAN REAL BRL 5.1970 0.1924 NIGERIAN NAIRA NGN 410.9200 0.0024 BRITISH POUND GBP 0.7241 1.3810 NORTH KOREAN WON KPW 900.0228 0.0011 BURUNDIAN FRANC BIF 1983.5620 0.0005 NORWEGIAN KRONER NOK 8.7064 0.1149 CANADIAN DOLLAR CAD 1.2459 0.8026 OMANI RIAL OMR 0.3845 2.6008 CHINESE RENMINBI YUAN CNY 6.4690 0.1546 PAKISTANI RUPEE PKR 158.3558 0.0063 CUBAN PESO CUP 24.0957 0.0415 POLISH ZLOTY PLN 3.8154 0.2621 CYPRIOT POUND EUR 0.8454 1.1829 PORTUGAL EUR 0.8454 1.1829 CZECH KORUNA CZK 21.6920 0.0461 QATARI RIYAL QAR 3.6400 0.2747 DANISH KRONER DKK 6.2866 0.1591 RUSSIAN RUBLE RUB 74.2305 0.0135 EGYPTIAN POUND EGP 15.6900 0.0637 RWANDAN FRANC RWF 1001.5019 0.0010 ETHOPIAN BIRR ETB 43.9164 0.0228 SAUDI ARABIAN RIYAL SAR 3.7500 0.2667 EURO EUR 0.8454 1.1829 SINGAPORE DOLLAR SGD 1.3478 0.7419 FINLAND EUR 0.8454 1.1829 SPAIN EUR 0.8454 1.1829 FRANCE EUR 0.8454 1.1829 SOUTH AFRICAN RAND ZAR 14.3346 0.0698 GERMANY -
Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic -
Determinants of Bilateral Trade Between China and Yemen: Evidence from Var Model
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom Vol. V, Issue 5, May 2017 http://ijecm.co.uk/ ISSN 2348 0386 DETERMINANTS OF BILATERAL TRADE BETWEEN CHINA AND YEMEN: EVIDENCE FROM VAR MODEL Abdullah A. S. Mudhish College of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, China [email protected] Zhang Ya Bin The Dean, College of Economics and Trade, Hunan University, China Abstract This study investigates determinants of bilateral trade between China and Yemen providing empirical assessment of the extent to which economic fundamentals impact and influence the volume of trade between the two countries with a focus on the impact of GDP growth on exports and imports. Applying the Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, this study estimates the effect magnitude of economic growth both in China and Yemen on their bilateral trade in addition to the analysis of the impact of other control variables included in the study. The results of the Vector Auto regression VAR model imply that China real GDP positively impacts Yemen exports to China while Yemen real GDP is a determinant of Yemen imports from China. While real bilateral exchange rate has ambiguous impact on exports and imports, the real oil price negatively impact trade between the two countries. Keywords: China, Yemen, Exports, Imports, Trade, Vector Autoregression, GDP, Exchange rates, Oil price INTRODUCTION China witnessed huge economic growth and expansion during the last two decades and it has become the world’s second largest economy, and after its accession to World Trade Organization WTO in 2001, China has become the world’s largest exporter according to most recent trade statistics. -
TYR July 2021 En.Pdf
Summer Edition, The JULY 2021 Yemen Review THE VIEW FROM SANA’A The Yemen Review The Yemen Review Launched in June 2016, The Yemen Review – formerly known as Yemen at the UN – is a monthly publication produced by the Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies. It aims to identify and assess current diplomatic, economic, political, military, security, humanitarian and human rights developments related to Yemen. In producing The Yemen Review, Sana’a Center staff throughout Yemen and around the world gather information, conduct research, hold private meetings with local, regional, and international stakeholders, and analyze the domestic and international context surrounding developments in and regarding Yemen. This monthly series is designed to provide readers with a contextualized insight into the country’s most important ongoing issues. COVER PHOTO: Mosques in the Old City of Sana’a, March 22, 2020 // Sana’a Center photo EDITOR’S NOTE: The following is the abridged summer edition of The Yemen Review, which brings readers the essential political, military and economic updates for July. The Review’s regular coverage, including a full roster of features and commentaries, will resume for next month’s issue. The Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies is an independent think-tank that seeks to foster change through knowledge production with a focus on Yemen and the surrounding region. The Center’s publications and programs, offered in both Arabic and English, cover political, social, economic and security related developments, aiming to impact policy -
Information Guide Economic and Monetary Union
Information Guide Economic and Monetary Union A guide to the European Union’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), with hyperlinks to sources of information within European Sources Online and on external websites Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 Background .......................................................................................................... 2 Legal basis ........................................................................................................... 2 Historical development of EMU ................................................................................ 4 EMU - Stage One ................................................................................................... 6 EMU - Stage Two ................................................................................................... 6 EMU - Stage Three: The euro .................................................................................. 6 Enlargement and future prospects ........................................................................... 9 Practical preparations ............................................................................................11 Global economic crisis ...........................................................................................12 Information sources in the ESO database ................................................................19 Further information sources on the internet .............................................................19 -
Accession to EMU - Lessons to Learn for Romania
Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 69(2)/2012 Print ISSN 1843-5254; Electronic ISSN 1843-5394 Accession to EMU - Lessons to Learn for Romania Roxana BADIRCEA1) 1) Faculty of Economic and Business Administration, University of Craiova, A.I.Cuza, no.13; [email protected]. Abstract. Among the countries that became UE members in 2004, five of them, namely: Cyprus, Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia and Estonia also adopted Euro. The paper analyses the way these states accomplished the convergence criteria in order to emphasize the difficulties they encountered and how they solved all these problems, lessons to learn for Romania in the EMU integration process. Keywords: EMU, accession, convergence criteria, inflation, budget deficit, long-term interest rates, gross public debt INTRODUCTION After their accession to the EU in 2004, the new ten member states intensified their efforts to enter the Exchange Rate Mechanism II – regarded as a “waiting room” of the euro area that offers at best little value-added and may even entail certain risks (Backé, P. et all., 2004). During this time, the economic, financial and institutional differences between those countries and those belonging to the euro area were significant, and consequently, the efforts to achieve the convergence increased, but many times, implying high costs. The fundamental characteristic of the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004, compared to the twelve states, already part of the Economic and Monetary Union, was the high difference between the levels of development measured through the GDP/capita. In addition to the fact that certain sectors of the economy of these countries had not gotten completely past the transition process to the market economy, there was the danger that once the convergence process had accelerated, the level of volatility of the economic growth would increase. -
Understanding of the Financial Crisis in Cyprus, Its Effects and the Post Crisis Strategy
Understanding of the Financial Crisis in Cyprus, Its Effects and the Post Crisis Strategy Master Thesis For the Degree of Politics & Economics of Contemporary Eastern and South-eastern Europe By Eirini Kouloudi Under the Guidance of Professor Fwtios Siokis Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies. Submitted to: University of Macedonia October, 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that this very thesis is a work of my own and all the references used while gathering of relevant data have been properly indicated. I am well aware that a false declaration may have serious consequences. Date: ---------------------------------------- (Signature) Cypriot Financial Crisis Page 1 Abstract This paper focuses on Cypriot economy with a special emphasis on the effects and aftermath of the financial crisis that it has gone through. An overview of the island’s economy and its key elements will help to get the thorough understanding of what had gone behind the screen. Cypriot banking system in general and the situation around the globe that helped shape the crisis will form part of the project. Situation around Europe, Admittance into EU and ultimately Euro played an equally important part in the financial crisis history of the country. Banking operations and especially the expansion program devised by the biggest banks will be criticised. Early symptoms and Cypriot entry into the financial difficulty will be highlighted along with all the other factors that contributed to the ultimate demise of the huge banking empire. The crisis period will form a part of the paper with all the relevant factors be considered. European Union’s part and other unfortunate events will be analysed throughout in the later area of this paper. -
The Effect of the Pricing Policy of the Cypriot Banks Upon Accession to the Euro Area As at 31/12/2007
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Middlesex University Research Repository The Effect of the Pricing Policy of the Cypriot Banks Upon Accession to the Euro Area as at 31/12/2007 Marios Soupashis DPROF 2010 The Effect of the Pricing Policy of the Cypriot Banks Upon Accession to the Euro Area as at 31/12/2007 A project submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Professional Studies Marios Soupashis National Center for Work Based Learning Partnerships Middlesex University May 2010 MAY 2010 2 Declaration I hereby declare that this research project has been conducted by myself. Except where reference is made in the text of the research project, this research project contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a research project by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the research project. This work is a record written by myself. This research project has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in the any other tertiary institution. Some of the results obtained in this research project have been presented as follows: meeting, report content and newspaper article publication. Marios Soupashis MAY 2010 3 Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I want to thank the Bank of Cyprus Group and especially Mr. -
DOWNLOAD IPC Yemen Acute Malnutrition 2020Jan2021mar
IPC ACUTE MALNUTRITION ANALYSIS YEMEN JANUARY 2020 – MARCH 2021 ACUTE MALNUTRITION HITS RECORD LEVELS IN YEMEN WITH A DEVASTATING TOLL ON CHILDREN Issued in February 2021 UNDER FIVE YEMEN Acute Malnutrition Situation January - JulyIPC ACUTE 2020 MALNUTRIITON ANALYSIS KEY FIGURES JANUARY - DECEMBER 2021 Current Analysis Period | January - July 2020 Number of Severe Acute Saudi Arabia Oman Malnutrition (SAM) cases 395,195 * 2,254,663 Sa’ada Lowland Sa’ada Highla nd Hadhramaut Valleys & Deser t Number of Moderate * Al Maharah Al Jawf ** ** ** Acute Malnutrition Am**ran Hajjah* *Lowland Number of cases of Hajjah Highlan d ** (MAM) cases 1,859, 468 Sana**’a City Marib* Rural Al M*ahwit* Highla nd Marib City children aged 0-59 Al Mahwit Lowland Sana’a Temp**erate Highland ** Sa*na*’a Dr y Highland Sana’a D**r y Highland Hadhramaut Coastal Al Hudaydah Lowla nd** months acutely Shabwa h ** * Raymah East Dhamar ** ** ** Red Sea West Dhama r Arabian Se a malnourished 1,155,653 ** Al Ba**yda Al Hudaydah HighlandWes**t Ibb East** Ibb ** Al D**hale’e Abyan H**ighland Cases of pregnant and Lahj Highland Taizz** City Taizz Highland ** Abyan** Lowland Socotra Taizz Lowland** ** IN NEED OF TREATMENT lactating women acutely ** Eritre a Lahj L**owland Aden Gulf of Aden Ethiopia ** malnourished Djibouti The boundaries and names shown and the designations used Map Symbol Map Boundaries by the United Nations. A1 paper size 1:1,750,000 1 - Acceptable Urban settlement classifcation International Boundary rs ne Governorate Boundary Data Sources: t 2 - Alert Various including FSLA, Cluster reports, FAO-FSTS market r IDPs/other settlements a Country Boundary monitoring data, mVAM and other reports. -
Justice in Transition in Yemen a Mapping of Local Justice Functioning in Ten Governorates
[PEACEW RKS [ JUSTICE IN TRANSITION IN YEMEN A MAPPING OF LOCAL JUSTICE FUNCTIONING IN TEN GOVERNORATES Erica Gaston with Nadwa al-Dawsari ABOUT THE REPORT This research is part of a three-year United States Institute of Peace (USIP) project that explores how Yemen’s rule of law and local justice and security issues have been affected in the post-Arab Spring transition period. A complement to other analytical and thematic pieces, this large-scale mapping provides data on factors influencing justice provision in half of Yemen’s governorates. Its goal is to support more responsive programming and justice sector reform. Field research was managed by Partners- Yemen, an affiliate of Partners for Democratic Change. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Erica Gaston is a human rights lawyer at USIP special- izing in human rights and justice issues in conflict and postconflict environments. Nadwa al-Dawsari is an expert in Yemeni tribal conflicts and civil society development with Partners for Democratic Change. Cover photo: Citizens observe an implementation case proceeding in a Sanaa city primary court. Photo by Erica Gaston. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No. 99. First published 2014. ISBN: 978-1-60127-230-0 © 2014 by the United States Institute of Peace CONTENTS PEACEWORKS • SEPTEMBER 2014 • NO. 99 [The overall political .. -
FAO Country Name ISO Currency Code* Currency Name*
FAO Country Name ISO Currency Code* Currency Name* Afghanistan AFA Afghani Albania ALL Lek Algeria DZD Algerian Dinar Amer Samoa USD US Dollar Andorra ADP Andorran Peseta Angola AON New Kwanza Anguilla XCD East Caribbean Dollar Antigua Barb XCD East Caribbean Dollar Argentina ARS Argentine Peso Armenia AMD Armeniam Dram Aruba AWG Aruban Guilder Australia AUD Australian Dollar Austria ATS Schilling Azerbaijan AZM Azerbaijanian Manat Bahamas BSD Bahamian Dollar Bahrain BHD Bahraini Dinar Bangladesh BDT Taka Barbados BBD Barbados Dollar Belarus BYB Belarussian Ruble Belgium BEF Belgian Franc Belize BZD Belize Dollar Benin XOF CFA Franc Bermuda BMD Bermudian Dollar Bhutan BTN Ngultrum Bolivia BOB Boliviano Botswana BWP Pula Br Ind Oc Tr USD US Dollar Br Virgin Is USD US Dollar Brazil BRL Brazilian Real Brunei Darsm BND Brunei Dollar Bulgaria BGN New Lev Burkina Faso XOF CFA Franc Burundi BIF Burundi Franc Côte dIvoire XOF CFA Franc Cambodia KHR Riel Cameroon XAF CFA Franc Canada CAD Canadian Dollar Cape Verde CVE Cape Verde Escudo Cayman Is KYD Cayman Islands Dollar Cent Afr Rep XAF CFA Franc Chad XAF CFA Franc Channel Is GBP Pound Sterling Chile CLP Chilean Peso China CNY Yuan Renminbi China, Macao MOP Pataca China,H.Kong HKD Hong Kong Dollar China,Taiwan TWD New Taiwan Dollar Christmas Is AUD Australian Dollar Cocos Is AUD Australian Dollar Colombia COP Colombian Peso Comoros KMF Comoro Franc FAO Country Name ISO Currency Code* Currency Name* Congo Dem R CDF Franc Congolais Congo Rep XAF CFA Franc Cook Is NZD New Zealand Dollar Costa Rica