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Gränslös Extremism

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Gränslös Extremism 1 2 Centrum för asymmetriska hot- och terrorismstudier (CATS) är en nationell centrumbildning inom Försvarshögskolan med uppgift att både utveckla och sprida forskningsbaserad kunskap om asymmetriska hot kopplat till samhällets säkerhet. Denna studie har genomförts på uppdrag av Center mot våldsbejakande extremism (CVE) vid Brottsförebyggande rådet (Brå). Arbetet med studien har skett med stöd från Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI). © Författarna och Försvarshögskolan 2021. ISBN 978-91-88975-11-9 Omslag, illustration: Freepik (Freepik.com) 3 Förord Försvarshögskolan fick i december 2019 i uppdrag av Center mot våldsbejakande extremism (CVE) vid Brottsförebyggande rådet (Brå) att genomföra en studie om transnationella kopplingar till svenska extremistmiljöer. Detta innefattade att belysa kopplingar från utländska statliga och icke-statliga aktörer till samtliga av de tre svenska extremistmiljöerna – ideologiskt, operationellt samt finansiellt. Genom ett explicit fokus på de svenska extremistmiljöernas transnationella kopplingar belyser studien ett i hög grad outforskat område, vars perspektiv är nödvändigt för att förstå extremistmiljöernas förmåga, modus och utveckling. Studien undersöker dels hur de transnationella kopplingarna tar sig i uttryck, samt dels hur dessa skiljer sig åt mellan de olika extremistmiljöerna. Därtill diskuteras även implikationer för extremistmiljöerna som sådana samt för det svenska samhället. Studiens slutsatser leder också till viktiga och tänkvärda förslag om nya kunskapsbehov samt motåtgärder. Stockholm, den 1 september 2021 Lars Nicander (PD) Chef Centrum för Asymmetriska hot- och terrorismstudier (CATS) 4 Sammanfattning Forskning avseende de svenska extremistmiljöernas transnationella kopplingar är i dagsläget begränsad, då en stor del av den forskning som finns främst tenderar att fokusera på den nationella kontexten. Denna studie är den första i en svensk kontext som tar ett samlat grepp om de svenska extremistmiljöernas – den radikalislamistiska, den radikalnationalistiska samt den autonoma miljöns – transnationella kopplingar. Genom ett tjugotal exemplifierande fall belyser och beskriver studien de tre svenska extremistmiljöernas ideologiska-, operationella-, och finansiella transnationella kopplingar till utländska statliga samt icke-statliga aktörer. Med transnationell koppling avses direktkontakt mellan två eller fler fysiska aktörer, varav minst en av dessa befinner sig i Sverige samt minst en i utlandet. Detta innebär dock inte att kontakten i sig behöver ske fysiskt, utan en sådan interaktion kan även ske digitalt. En ideologisk koppling avser ideologiskt inflytande eller utbyte. En operationell koppling syftar på samverkan av mer konkret karaktär, som exempelvis gemensamt deltagande i olika former av aktioner, tillhandahållande av militär träning och information, samt utformandet av gemensamma strategier. Finansiella kopplingar definieras som en aktörs tillhandahållande, insamling eller överföring av finansiella resurser till en annan aktör. Studien påvisar att de transnationella kopplingarna till respektive svensk extremistmiljö har en avgörande roll för miljöernas förmåga, modus och utveckling. Dessa kopplingars betydelse kommer sannolikt att fortsätta öka. De transnationella kopplingarna är av både fysisk och digital karaktär, där den digitala aspekten får allt större betydelse inom samtliga tre miljöer. De digitala verktygen har dels en instrumentell funktion, genom exempelvis direktkommunikation med terrorgrupper i samband med förberedelser av terrorattentat, samt dels en socialiserande funktion. Avseende det sistnämnda fungerar digitala forum och nätverk som ett sätt att skapa en gemenskap där individer ges möjligheten att träffa andra likasinnade, inspireras ideologiskt, samt kollektivt utveckla miljöernas riktning. Olika former av fysiska transnationella kopplingar utgör en viktig aspekt inom samtliga miljöer, men kombineras ofta med en digital dimension. Fysiska arenor styrs i hög grad av internationell händelseutveckling, vilket exempelvis är tydligt med resande till konflikten i Syrien och Irak samt konflikten i Ukraina. Den radikalislamistiska miljön är i grunden en transnationell miljö som har utvecklats i symbios med händelser i omvärlden. Särskilt framträdande inom denna miljö är direktkommunikation med terrorgrupper, resande för att ansluta sig till terrorgrupper, deltagande i utländska träningsläger, samt attentatsplanering i samverkan med utländska aktörer. Därtill utmärker sig även den radikalislamistiska miljön avseende omfattningen av finansiering från utländska aktörer. Det finns även finansiella flöden från Sverige till likasinnade miljöer utomlands. Den radikalnationalistiska miljön har en tydligare nationell och nordisk dimension. De transnationella kopplingarna är dock påtagliga och har ökat i takt med globaliseringen och digitaliseringen. Traditionella organisationstillhörigheter spelar i allt större utsträckning mindre roll och istället förenas aktörerna främst kring ett övergripande ideologiskt ramverk, där den främsta interaktionen sker online. Det finns dock även tydliga fysiska transnationella kopplingar, främst illustrerat av Nordiska motståndsrörelsen (NMR). 5 Likt den radikalnationalistiska miljön binds den autonoma miljön samman av ett övergripande ideologiskt ramverk som skapar en transnationell ideologisk gemenskap. Detta manifesteras bland annat genom gemensamt deltagande i olika former av aktioner, insamlingskampanjer, samt etableringen av transnationella nätverk – som exempelvis det nyetablerade nordiska nätverket Autonomous Revolutionary Nordic Alliance (ARNA). De svenska extremistmiljöernas transnationella kopplingar påverkar både miljöerna som sådana, samt i förlängningen även det svenska samhället. Kopplingarna riskerar att verka förmågehöjande för miljöerna i samtliga avseenden. Detta i form av allt från ökade taktiska och praktiska kunskaper, ideologisk inspiration, samt finansiering. Därtill kan kopplingarna bidra till rekrytering och radikalisering, och därmed stärka tillväxten i samtliga extremistmiljöer. Studien visar på att de transnationella kopplingarnas betydelse för de svenska extremistmiljöerna inte nog kan understrykas och att det finns ett behov av ytterligare forskning på området. Därtill lämnar studien ett antal rekommendationer som kan bidra till att utforma motåtgärder i syfte att stävja de transnationella kopplingarna, och därmed extremistmiljöerna som sådana. Svenska myndigheter har exempelvis ytterst begränsad insyn i finansiella flöden och hur dessa bland annat påverkar radikalislamistiska miljöer inom och utanför Sverige. Bristerna omfattar allt från insyn avseende verkliga företrädare för registrerade organisationer till kvalitativ tillsyn för att granska redovisande underlag. Insyn behöver förstärkas samt kompletteras med en tydlig nationell funktion för att bedöma hur det påverkar säkerhetsutvecklingen. 6 Innehållsförteckning Förord ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Sammanfattning ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Kapitel 1. Introduktion ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Inledning .............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Syfte och frågeställningar .................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Teoretiska och begreppsmässiga utgångspunkter ........................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Moghadams typologi för terroraktörers samarbete .................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Ideologiska, operationella och finansiella kopplingar.............................................................. 12 1.3.3 Extremism och våldsbejakande extremism som begrepp ........................................................ 13 1.3.4 Den radikalislamistiska miljön .................................................................................................. 13 1.3.5 Den radikalnationalistiska miljön ............................................................................................. 16 1.3.6 Den autonoma miljön ................................................................................................................ 18 1.4 Litteraturöversikt ............................................................................................................................... 21 1.4.1 Den radikalislamistiska miljöns transnationella kopplingar .................................................. 22 1.4.2 Den radikalnationalistiska miljöns transnationella kopplingar ............................................. 23 1.4.3 Den autonoma miljöns transnationella kopplingar ................................................................ 25 Kapitel 2. Metodologiska överväganden ......................................................................................... 27 2.1 Inledning ............................................................................................................................................ 27 2.2 Exemplifierande fall .........................................................................................................................
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