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Textual Criticism Good Morning Good to Be Back Thank You for Hospitality Textual Criticism Good morning Good to be back Thank you for hospitality and for being here. Slide 2 The Challenge Barth Ehrman is currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ehrman is a leading New Testament scholar, having written and edited over twenty-five books, including three college textbooks. He has also achieved acclaim at the popular level, authoring four New York Times bestsellers. Ehrman's work focuses on textual criticism of the New Testament, the Historical Jesus, and the evolution of early Christianity. In his book, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, Bart Ehrman, writes this about the New Testament, Not only do we not have the originals, we don't have the first copies of the originals. We don't even have copies of the copies of the originals, or copies of the copies of the copies of the originals. What we have are copies made later—much later. In most instances, they are copies made many centuries later. And these copies all differ from one another, in many thousands of places. As we will see later in this book, these copies differ from one another in so many places that we don't even know how many differences there are. Possibly it is easiest to put it in comparative terms: there are more differences among our manuscripts than there are words in the New Testament.1 Slide 3 The Challenge Please open your Bible and read from the Gospel of Luke, chapter 22 with me. We’ll read verse 41-45. 41 And He withdrew from them about a stone’s throw, and He knelt down and began to pray, 42 saying, “Father, if You are willing, remove this cup from Me; yet not My will, but Yours be done.” 43 Now an angel from heaven appeared to Him, strengthening Him. 44 And being in agony He was praying very fervently; and His sweat became like drops of blood, falling down upon the ground. 45 When He rose from prayer, He came to the disciples and found them sleeping from sorrow, Slide 4 The Challenge Please raise your hand if there is a footnote concerning verse 43-44 in your Bible, please raise your hand if there is no such footnote in your Bible. The footnote in the NIV says “Some early manuscripts do not have verses 43 and 44.” 1 Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 2005), 10-11. Slide 3 The Challenge Now think about the following statement: “The Bible is the inerrant, unchanging word of God .” And ask yourself whether you should believe this in light of Erhman’s quote and the footnote (which is one of very many) in your Bible. (Wait) If you’ve never considered the meaning and implication of these types of footnotes in your Bible before, you should begin to do so now. Who made the decisions about what is included in these verses and on what basis? Why do they call your attention to differences in manuscripts by means of footnotes? Should there be differences in manuscripts of the Bible? Are Barth Ehrman’s assertions corrects, and if so, what does that say about the integrity of our Scripture? And ultimately, should you trust, as final authority in life and faith the book that you have in front of you? If you do not know about, or understand, the discipline of Textual Criticism as it pertains to the Bible, and if these questions are causing you some discomfort right now, it will be my privilege to introduce this topic to you in the next hour. If you are familiar with this topic and you can answer Ehrman and explain the footnotes you are welcome to go to sleep at this point or to go and drink some coffee, I will take no offence! Slide 6 Definition This morning’s session will focus on textual criticism. Due to restrictions of time it cannot be anything more than a brief introduction and I am sure that it will seem like an overload of information. Right at the outset, I would like to encourage you to supplement and test what I say with other books or lectures on this discipline. I will mention some resources at the end of the presentation. Textual Criticism is “The science and art that seeks to determine the most reliable wording of a text.” -Science: governed by rules -Art: rules cannot be rigidly applied in every situation Again, it is the study of any written composition of which the original is survived by copies that contain variants (differences) in the text. As pertaining to the Bible then, Slide 7 Definition Biblical Textual Criticism is the study of the original wording of the Bible or more specifically the attempt to discover, as nearly as possible, what is the original text of Scripture as written by the original authors. Textual criticism must not be confused with Higher Criticism, which is concerned with the literary and historical background of a text and asks questions about the date of composition, authorship, and audience of a text. It is also not Palaeography, that is, the study of a document as a physical artefact (its size, colour format etc.) which can be done without ever looking at the actual text. It is the examination of the text found in manuscripts of the Bible in order to try and determine the wording of the original documents. Slide 8 Importance Textual criticism precedes any other study of Scripture. Before you can know what the Bible teaches and how it applies to your life, you need to have the actual text, that is, the words that make up its content , in front of you. Every teacher of the Bible (and I would argue any serious student of it as well) should at the very least understand the process of textual criticism and ideally be able to practice it as well. It is foundational to all biblical studies. “Interpretation, teaching and preaching cannot be done until textual criticism has done it’s work”2 Slide 9 Manuscripts Barth Ehrman is correct. We do not have the original documents, or the more technical term, the “autographs” of the books of the Bible. We do not have the Pentateuch scroll that was placed next to the ark (Deut 31:24-26). We do not have the pieces of papyrus on which Luke wrote his Gospel and the book of Acts. We do not have the parchments on which the dictations of Paul were written by scribes for the very first time(Rom 16:22). We only have handwritten copies of copies of these documents. These are called manuscripts. That we do not have the originals should not be surprising for a number of reasons: Ancient writing materials did not last. Papyrus becomes brittle and disintegrates, ink made from natural colouring fades. Documents were not seen as Scripture first and foremost, especially in the early church. Paul’s epistles, for example, are letters to the church, they were meant to be circulated and read which meant that they had to be used and not just preserved. 2 David Alan Black, New Testament Textual Criticism: A Concise Guide (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999), 12 The New Testament was written during turbulent times of persecution and dispersion for Christians, these are by no means ideal circumstances for the preservation of first century documents. Even though the Jews were meticulous in their recording and copying of the Old Testament, the plundering and destruction of many of their sacred places throughout history meant that many manuscripts were lost over the course of time. Some would argue that the absence of biblical autographs points to God’s providence. Consider for a moment the power struggles, possibility of corruption, and temptation of veneration that would result from any one person or group’s ownership of the original documents. We do not have the autographs, what we do have are many, handwritten copies or manuscripts of the 66 books of the Bible. The Greek manuscripts of the New Testament number close to 6000 alone. The oldest manuscripts of the Old Testament are part of the Dead Sea scrolls and predate Christ by 250 years. New manuscripts are still being uncovered today and so the number of witnesses keeps growing. Let’s now take a brief look at some of the most important manuscripts of the Bible. These are the tools of the textual critic’s trade, the clues, if you will, which he uses to discover the content of the now extinct autographs. Most of the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. Some early parts were perhaps penned in a paleo-Hebrew script and there are some parts that were originally written in Aramaic (e.g. parts of Daniel). Slide 10 The oldest copies of Biblical text are found on silver amulets dating from the mid 7th century B.C. They contain part of Num. 6:22-27. They are written in a paleo Hebrew script. Slide 11 Until 1947, the oldest, extant Hebrew manuscript of any significant portion of the Old Testament was from the 9th century A.D., that is very late, considering that the Old Testament canon was completed by at least A.D.100. This is no longer the case though thanks to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls-A shepherd boy in the area of Qumran beside the Dead Sea discovered some ancient documents in a cave.
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