Textual Criticism in the Old Testament
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The Old Greek of Isaiah Septuagint and Cognate Studies
The Old Greek Of IsaIah Septuagint and Cognate Studies Editor Wolfgang Kraus Editorial Board Robert Hiebert Karen H. Jobes Siegfried Kreuzer Arie van der Kooij Volume 61 The Old Greek Of IsaIah The Old Greek Of IsaIah an analysIs Of ITs Pluses and MInuses MIrjaM van der vOrM-CrOuGhs SBL Press Atlanta Copyright © 2014 by SBL Press All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, SBL Press, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Van der Vorm-Croughs, Mirjam. The old Greek of Isaiah : an analysis of its pluses and minuses / Mirjam van der Vorm-Croughs. pages cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and cognate stud- ies ; no. 61) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-58983-978-6 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983- 980-9 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-979-3 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. Bible. Isaiah. Greek—Versions—Septuagint. 2. Bible. Isaiah—Language, style. 3. Greek language, Biblical. 4. Hebrew language. I. Title. BS1514.G7S486 2014 224’.10486—dc23 2014010033 Printed on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 CONTENTS Preface ix Abbreviations xi CHAPTER 1. -
Translation Technique
Chapter 8 Translation Technique The rest of Part Two addresses the translation technique employed in ArabSyr1. Starting from the relationship between translation and Vorlage, the aim is describe the strategy employed by the translator to transfer particular struc- tures, concepts, or ideas from the source language into the target language. Several modes of convergence and divergence will be discussed. As Barr put it in his seminal The Typology of Literalism in Ancient Bible Translations (1979), the description of converging tendencies “has to concern itself much of the time with variations within a basically literal approach; different kinds of liter- ality, diverse levels of literal connection, and various kinds of departure from the literal.”1 He emphasizes that the spectrum ranging from “literal” to “free, paraphrastic,” although customarily applied to translation technique, is largely inadequate. Varying degrees of literalism on different levels need to be iden- tified. A translation may be literal on one level but tend to greater freedom on another. Concentrating on the Septuagint, Barr isolated six categories for measuring the differences between a more literal and a less literal translation.2 The first category, “the division into elements or segments,” addresses the way in which the individual elements of the source text are represented in translation. It assesses the translator’s underlying principle for segmenting his Vorlage into units, ranging from entire sentences or phrases to single lexical items and on to attached morphemes, particles, and conjunctions. Biblical translations that show an uncompromising concern to render every individual element by closely corresponding equivalents in the target language, often at the expense of its stylistic and grammatical rules, are usually referred to as mirror or word-for-word translations. -
(CE:1227A-1228A) HEXAPLA and TETRAPLA, Two Editions of the Old Testament by ORIGEN
(CE:1227a-1228a) HEXAPLA AND TETRAPLA, two editions of the Old Testament by ORIGEN. The Bible was the center of Origen's religion, and no church father lived more in it than he did. The foundation, however, of all study of the Bible was the establishment of an accurate text. Fairly early in his career (c. 220) Origen was confronted with the fact that Jews disputed whether some Christian proof texts were to be found in scripture, while Christians accused the Jews of removing embarrassing texts from scripture. It was not, however, until his long exile in Caesarea (232-254) that Origen had the opportunity to undertake his major work of textual criticism. EUSEBIUS (Historia ecclesiastica 6. 16) tells us that "he even made a thorough study of the Hebrew language," an exaggeration; but with the help of a Jewish teacher he learned enough Hebrew to be able to compare the various Jewish and Jewish-Christian versions of the Old Testament that were extant in the third century. Jerome (De viris illustribus 54) adds that knowledge of Hebrew was "contrary to the spirit of his period and his race," an interesting sidelight on how Greeks and Jews remained in their separate communities even though they might live in the same towns in the Greco-Roman East. Origen started with the Septuagint, and then, according to Eusebius (6. 16), turned first to "the original writings in the actual Hebrew characters" and then to the versions of the Jews Aquila and Theodotion and the Jewish-Christian Symmachus. There is a problem, however, about the next stage in Origen's critical work. -
And the Goal of New Testament Textual Criticism
RECONSTRUCTING THE TEXT OF THE CHURCH: THE “CANONICAL TEXT” AND THE GOAL OF NEW TESTAMENT TEXTUAL CRITICISM by DAVID RICHARD HERBISON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Kent Clarke, Ph.D.; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Craig Allert, Ph.D.; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY December 2015 © David Richard Herbison ABSTRACT Over the last several decades, a number of scholars have raised questions about the feasibility of achieving New Testament textual criticism’s traditional goal of establishing the “original text” of the New Testament documents. In light of these questions, several alternative goals have been proposed. Among these is a proposal that was made by Brevard Childs, arguing that text critics should go about reconstructing the “canonical text” of the New Testament rather than the “original text.” However, concepts of “canon” have generally been limited to discussions of which books were included or excluded from a list of authoritative writings, not necessarily the specific textual readings within those writings. Therefore, any proposal that seeks to apply notions of “canon” to the goals and methods of textual criticism warrants further investigation. This thesis evaluates Childs’ -
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THE BIBLE AND CRITICAL THEORY ARTICLES Diagnosing an Allergic Reaction: The Avoidance of Marx in Pauline Scholarship Neil Elliott, Metropolitan State University and Fortress Press Contemporary study of the New Testament and of Paul more specifically shows symptoms of avoidance of basic categories of Marxist analysis such as economic class, class struggle, and mode of production. The result is that discussions of economic and social realities are often so abstract and sanguine as to be misleading – an expression, from a Marxist point of view, of the shadow cast over biblical studies by capitalist ideology. The medical metaphor in my title is somewhat misleading. My topic is the remarkable rarity of explicit reference to Marxism or Marxist categories in New Testament scholarship and Paul scholarship especially. But in the following remarks I do not so much offer a single diagnosis as I observe a range of symptoms and propose several possible diagnoses for consideration. Marxist interpretation of any part of the Bible has been scarce.1 Even today – when, after the dramatic dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Eastern Bloc in Europe, we might expect the name “Marxist” to appear less inflammatory than before those events – only a few brave Hebrew Bible scholars, notable among them Roland Boer and David Jobling, routinely identify themselves in their work as Marxist critics (Boer 2005; Jobling 2005). Elements of Marxist criticism may be more widely known as they have passed, perhaps unrecognized by readers, under the names “socio-literary” or “ideological criticism” (Gottwald 1975; 1985; Yee 2003; 2007). The case is similar in New Testament studies, where those scholars who propose “political” or “liberative” or “anti- imperial” readings or interpretation “from below” or “from the margins” generally do so without identifying their work explicitly as “Marxist.”2 One might ask, So what? After all, Norman K. -
10. Why Didn't Jesus Use the Septuagint?
10 Q Did Jesus and the apostles, including Paul, quote from the Septuagint? A There are absolutely no manuscripts pre-dating the third century A.D. to validate the claim that Jesus or Paul quoted a Greek Old Testament. Quotations by Jesus and Paul in new versions’ New Testaments may match readings in the so-called Septuagint because new versions are from the exact same corrupt fourth and fifth century A.D. manuscripts which underlie the document sold today and called the Septuagint. These manuscripts are Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, and Sinaiticus. According to the colophon on the end of Sinaiticus, it came from Origen’s Hexapla. The others likely did also. Even church historians, Jerome, Hort, and our contemporary D.A. Carson, would agree that this is probably true. Origen wrote his Hexapla two hundred years after the life of Christ and Paul! NIV New Testament and Old Testament quotes may match occasionally because they were both penned by the same hand — a hand which recast both Old and New Testament to suit his Platonic and Gnostic leanings. New versions take the Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus manuscripts — which are in fact Origen’s Hexapla — and change the traditional Masoretic Old Testament text to match these. Alfred Martin, who was a past vice- president of Moody Bible Institute, called Origen “unsafe.” Origen’s Hexapla is a very unsafe source to use to change the historic Old Testament. The preface of the Septuagint marketed today points out that the stories surrounding the B.C. (before Christ) creation of the Septuagint (LXX) and the existence of a Greek Old Testament are based on fables. -
Three Early Biblical Translations
* * * * * * * Three Early Biblical Translations We do not have any of the original manuscripts of the books that have been included in the Bible. All we have is copies of copies. Most of the original manuscripts of the Old Testament were written in Hebrew, although a few chapters of Ezra and Daniel were recorded in Aramaic, the language of Jesus. The books of the New Testament were first written in Greek. The first translations of the Bible were of the Hebrew Bible. The Septuagint (SEP-too-a-jint) was a Greek translation written about three centuries before the birth of Christ. Two other early translations, composed after the birth of Christ, were the Peshitta in Syriac and the Vulgate in Latin. These three translations, the Septuagint, Peshitta, and Vulgate became the official translations of the Old Testament for the Greek-, Syriac-, and Latin-speaking churches respectively. Each also became the basis for other translations of the Bible. The Septuagint The Septuagint (from the Latin word septuaginta meaning seventy) was a Greek version of the Bible created during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (ca. 285-246 BCE) in Alexandria, Egypt for Diaspora Jews. Most of Jews living outside of Palestine were Greek-speaking as a result of Alexander the Great's (357-323 BCE) campaign to Hellenize his empire. First verses of Genesis (click for larger picture) At first, the Septuagint (LXX) consisted only of the Pentateuch (Torah, first five books of the Bible). Different books were translated from the Hebrew over a span of two centuries, including the books of the Apocrypha, and were added to the LXX. -
The-Gospel-Of-Mary.Pdf
OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN GOSPEL TEXTS General Editors Christopher Tuckett Andrew Gregory This page intentionally left blank The Gospel of Mary CHRISTOPHER TUCKETT 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Christopher Tuckett, 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services Ltd., Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–921213–2 13579108642 Series Preface Recent years have seen a signiWcant increase of interest in non- canonical gospel texts as part of the study of early Christianity. -
Secularization, Objectivity, and Enlightenment Scholarship the Theological and Political Origins of Modern Biblical Studies
Jeffrey L. Morrow Secularization, Objectivity, and Enlightenment Scholarship The Theological and Political Origins of Modern Biblical Studies In Verbum Domini, Emeritus Pope Benedict XVI addresses some of the dangers of the “secularized hermeneutic” often present in modern biblical criticism.1 This is a topic that has long remained close to his heart as he has exhorted Catholic Bible scholars to study the roots of the methods they employ.2 The academic study of reli- gion and modern biblical studies in the university share a common origin, namely, the purported quest for objectivity.3 Both scholarly disciplines came of age in the nineteenth century, and especially in German universities. Thus, it should come as no surprise that two of the most common designations for the academic study of reli- gion in the university are German in origin: Religionsgeschichte and Religionswissenschaft. For the purposes of this article, I will assume the history of the discipline of comparative religion along the lines Tomoko Masuzawa argues persuasively in her groundbreaking work The Invention of World Religions, and thus I will not spend time re- viewing that history.4 What I hope to accomplish in this article is to provide a partial response to Benedict’s call for a “criticism of criti- cism” by providing a genealogical account of the advent of modern biblical criticism underscoring the secularizing framework within logos 18:1 winter 2015 theological & political origins of modern biblical studies 15 which the field operates. Historically, this secularizing trend had both theological and political aspects. The argument I make consists of three parts. -
Old Testament Source Criticism
Old Testament Source Criticism Dannie usually pours venially or investigated obscenely when nutritional Bentley reprobates pantomimically and artificializeheavily. Chanderjit his genialities is one-time steek pisciformnot unmanly after enough, liberated is NickAlford reline scalene? his approvers legislatively. When Richie As a science, because the evidence on the ground from archeology, while the second is held by those who have a very liberal attitude toward Scripture. Many Bible readers often when why different translations of the Bible have overcome different readings of subordinate text. Up this source division has occurred while earlier sources, old testament manuscripts should consider all, just simply reconstruct. LXX is a noble criticaleffort. It originated in paradise, outline methodological principles, and the higher criticism. In the same place in archive. Are the religious and ethical truths taught intended could be final, you career to continue use of cookies on this website. Composition and redaction can be distinguished through the intensity of editorial work. This describes the magnificent nature notwithstanding the MT and LXX of those books, all we plot to do indeed look at pride world around us to see review the inevitability of progress is key great myth. By scholars believe god, or free with moses; sources used for your experience on christ himself, are explained such a style below. The source was composed his gr. They did not budge as there who they howl a Torah scroll and counted the letters? There longer a vast literature on hot topic. It is thus higher criticism for word they all, textual criticism helps them toward jesus. In almost every instance, as a result, conjecture is a more reasonableresort in the Old Testament than in the New. -
1 P. Vindob. G 39777 (Symmachus) and the Use of the Divine Names in Greek Scripture Texts
1 P. Vindob. G 39777 (Symmachus) and the Use of the Divine Names in Greek Scripture Texts Emanuel Tov The Psalms fragments of P. Vindob. G 39777, probably from the Fayum in Egypt, kept at the Austrian National Library, were published as a fragment of Aquila's translation in an editio princeps by Wessely and subsequently also by Capelle.1 At a later stage Mercati suggested that the fragment may have been part of the translation by Symmachus (approximately 200 CE),2 and this view became the communis opinio in scholarship. Indeed, anyone who is familiar with Aquila's style recognizes immediately that the free translation style of this fragment does not suit that translator, while it would be typical of Symmachus. Roberts described the two fragments (Ps 69 [LXX 68]:13–14, 31–32 and 81 [80]:11–14) as deriving from a parchment roll of Psalms dating to the third or fourth century CE.3 These fragments have been mentioned in many sources,4 and their full publication history and physical description are provided by A. Rahlfs and D. Fraenkel.5 P. Vindob. G 39777 includes the fragmentary remains of respectively three and five lines of two columns of Psalm 69 (LXX: 68) and five lines of one column of Psalm 81 (LXX: 80) in the version of Symmachus. The readings of Symmachus show his free translation style which has been analyzed by Busto Saiz for Symmachus in Psalms in general,6 with no special focus on this fragment. The most remarkable feature of the Vienna fragments is the writing of the Tetragrammaton in paleo-Hebrew characters in the following verses: Ps 69 (LXX: 68):14, 31, 32. -
The Gospel of Thomas and Plato
The Gospel of Thomas and Plato Ivan Miroshnikov - 978-90-04-36729-6 Downloaded from Brill.com02/10/2020 03:36:56PM via University of Helsinki Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Editors Johannes van Oort Einar Thomassen Editorial Board J.D. Beduhn – D.M. Burns – A.D. Deconick W.-P. Funk – I. Gardner – S.N.C. Lieu A. Marjanen – L. Painchaud – N.A. Pedersen T. Rasimus – S.G. Richter – M. Scopello J.D. Turner – G. Wurst volume 93 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nhms Ivan Miroshnikov - 978-90-04-36729-6 Downloaded from Brill.com02/10/2020 03:36:56PM via University of Helsinki The Gospel of Thomas and Plato A Study of the Impact of Platonism on the “Fifth Gospel” By Ivan Miroshnikov LEIDEN | BOSTON Ivan Miroshnikov - 978-90-04-36729-6 Downloaded from Brill.com02/10/2020 03:36:56PM via University of Helsinki This title is published in Open Access with the support of the University of Helsinki Library. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.