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The Flaxville Gravel and ·Its Relation to Other Terrace Gravels of the Northern Great Plains

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The Flaxville Gravel and ·Its Relation to Other Terrace Gravels of the Northern Great Plains DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary . -UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Professional Paper 108-J THE FLAXVILLE GRAVEL AND ·ITS RELATION TO OTHER TERRACE GRAVELS OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS BY ARTHUR J. COLLIER AND W. T. THOM, JR. Published January 26,1918 Shorter contributions to general geology, 1917 ( Paates 179-184 ) WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 i, '!· CONTENTS. Page. Introduction ............... ~ ... ~ ........... , ........... .......... ~ ......................... ~ .... -.----- 179 Flaxville gravel ......................................................................· .. ............ ·.... 179 Late Pliocene or early Pleistocene gravel. ..................................... ..... .. .................• - 182 Late Pleistocene and Recent erosion and deposition ........................ ..... ............ ~ ............ 182 Oligocene beds in Cypress Hilla .................... .' ................. ........................ .......... 183 Summary ....•......................... ················· · ·· · ·········.···············"···················· 183 ILLUSTRA 'fl ONS. Page. PLATE LXII. Map of northeastern Montana and adjacent parts of Canada, showing the distribution of erosion levels and gravel horizons................................................................ 180 J,XIII. A, Surface of the Flaxville plateau, northeastern Montana; B, Outcrop of cemented Flaxville gravel in escarpment ·of plateau northwest of Opheim, Mont.; C; Escarpment of the Flaxville plateau, northeastern Montana, showing outcrops of cemented sand and the thickness of the Flaxville gravel .................. ~ ..........· .........•.................................. 182 LXIV. A, Cemented gravel-interstratified with cemented sand 9 miles northeast of Scobey, Mont.; B, Cross-bedding of Flaxville gravel 5 miles west of West Fork post office, Mont................. 182 LXV. A, Railway cut west of Flaxville, Mont.; B, Escarpment surrounding the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene bench in Milk River valley, Mont.; C, Vandalia dam, Mi.lk River, Mont., showing the escarpment surrounding the late Pliocene or-early Pleistocene bench............ 183 FIGURE 27. Diagrammatic section showing the relative altitudes of the four erosion levels represented in north­ eastern Montana and the adjacent part of Canada.............................................. 184 II THE FLAXVILLE GRAVEL AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER TERRACE GRAVELS OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS. By ARTHUR J. CoLLIER and W. T. THoM, Jr. INTRODUCTION• 1 FLAXVILLE GRAVEL. In Nebraska and South Dakota there are The Flaxville gravel, named from the town widespread deposits of · gravel and other· of Flaxville, on the Scobey branch of the Great material, largely surficial and generally unin­ Northern Railway, was deposited in Miocene durated, known as the White River, Arikaree, or early· Pliocene time. The history of · its Ogalalla, and other formations, 2 which range discovery is as follows: in age from Oligocene to Pleistocene. West of During the field seasons of 1915 and 1916, these deposits, on the flanks of the Rocky in the course of an investigation of the lignite Mountains, are several high piateaus covered resources.of northeastern Montana, the writers with gravel, whose age, though not known, is found some "extensive plateaus that are so generally regarded as Pleistocene. At some deeply buried beneath a cap of gravel and places the position of this gravel indicates its kindred materials as to make the location of continuity with the Tertiary formations farther lignite outcrops impossible. This gravel has east, but their equivalency has not been proved. been described by several writers under the It is the purpose of this paper to outline the names ''glacial overwash, '' ''quartzite gravel,'' e'vidence obtained by. the writers in 1915 and etc. Bauer 4 had recognized the possible sig­ 1916 regarding the age of the gravel found on nificance of this terrane and had provisionally two high terraces in the northern part of the referred it to 'the Oligocene of the Cypress Great Plains ·and t.o show its relation to a Hills.5 still higher gravel, known to be of White On the third day in the field the senior River age, discovered by Canadian geologists writer inquired of Atle Taerum, the proprietor some years ago. Messrs. R. F. Baker, E. T. of the store at Avondale, whether in digging Conant, and H. R. Bennett were enthusiastic his well he had seen any signs of lignite. coworkers in collecting this evidence, and to .Being answered in the negative, the writer them much of the credit is due. made a personal examination of the well and The area described, as shown in Plate LXII, found on the dump some fragments of bone extends along the south side of the interna­ said to have been found in sand at a depth of tional boundary from Redstone, about 30 30 or 40 feet. From this beginning as close miles west of the Montana-North Dakota line, an inspection as the circumstances would w~stward to the west side of Boundary Plateau/ permit was made of wells and other natural a distance of 175 miles. It continues north­ and artificial exposures of the gravel by mem­ westward from the plateau far enough to take bers of the Geological Survey party. In many in the whole of the Cypress Hills, where Cana­ places fragments of fossil bones had been dian geologists have discovered deposits of found but not preserved, as their significance ·White River (Oligocene) age. was not appreciated. D. H. Linton, Hagen Hayenga (postmaster at West Fork), L. T. 1 An abstract of this paper has been published by the Washington Academy of Science. Greenup, Martin Presnell,. Warren Redfield, 2 Osborn, H. F., Cenozoic mamJl!,al horizons of western North America: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 361, p. 65, fig. 10, 1909. 4 Bauer, c." M., Lignite in the vicinity of Plentywood and Scobey, s The name Boundary Plateau was used by McConnell to designate Sheridan County, Mont.: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 541, p. 301, 1912. the northern extension of what is called Cherry Ridge on the American ~ Cope, E. D., Species from the Oligocene or lower Miocene beds of the side. It is retained in this paper for convenience. Cypress Hills: Canada Geol. Survey Contr. Canadian Paleontology, 1891. 103977°-18 179 180 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS T:O GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1917. J. A. Stewart, Herman Forbregd, and Prof. F. 22. Near center ofT. 35 N. , R. 41 E.: L. 0. Swenson contributed specin1ens . Neohipparion sp. As a result of · the search, fragments of F. 23. Sec. 12, T. 35 N., R. 41 E., J. A. Stewart's well: Protohippid. foE?sil bones have been collected from 25 widely F. 26. Sec. 32, T. 36 N., R. 49 E.: distributed localities. · These fragments were Protohippid (end of metapodial, ftagment of lower submitted to Dr. J. W. Gidley, of the United molar). States National Museum, who identified them F. 27. C.ut of Great Northern Railway a mile west of as representing various forms of the three-toed Flaxville station: ?Teleoceras sp. or ?Aphelops (toe bone and frag­ horse (protohippid, Protohippus; Neohipparion, ments). and Merychippus), horned gopher (myla­ ?Procamelus sp. (tooth and toe-bone fragments). gaulid), rabbit (Lepus), rhinoceros (Teleoceras), Protohippid, probably Neohipparion sp. (fragment oreodont (Merycodus), camel (ProcameZ.us, of lower jaw containing teeth, three parts of teeth, camelid, and Gamelops), saber-tooth tiger . astragalus, and fragments). F; 28. Just south of quarter corner between sees. 28 and (machaerodont), doglike animal (amphicyonid), 29, T. 35 N., R. 50 E.: . and fish. His full report follows: · Protohippus sp. (fragments of teeth). F.l. SE. ! .sec. 26, T. 34 N., R. 42 E., Atle Taerum's Carnivore (?amphicyonid) (fragment of left maxil­ well at Avondale: lary containing fangs and alveoli). Protoh:i,ppid (astragalus). F. 29. T. 35 N., R. 50 E., first cut of Great Northern F. 2. Near north side of SW.! sec. 27, T. 34 N., R. 42 E., Railway west of Flaxville. excavation on land of D. H. Linton, Avondale: Neohippar,ion ?affine or n. sp. (upper molar and lower Protohippid (distal end ofradius). molar possibly belonging to same speciei>). ?Mylagaulid (proximal half of humerus). Neohipparion sp. (lower molar). Lagomorph cf. ?Lepus (fragment of maxillary and Procamelus sp. (fragmentary foot bones and teeth). toe bone). ?Camelops sp. (large tooth, last right lower molar, F. 4. 300 feet southwest of northwest corner sec. 5, T. 35 wrapped in mud ball). Apparently Pleistocene N., R. 45 E. species. Protohi ppid (astragalus). Machaerodont, genus and species nqt determined ?Procamel'us sp. (phalanx). (metapodial). F. 5. SW. l NW. l s.ec. 24, T. 34 N., R. 44 E., Hagen Fish, not determined (lower jaw). Hayenga's well: . F. 31. Sec. 33, T. 36 N., R. 50 E., 2 miles north of Flax- ville: · Neohipparion sp. (part of upper cheek tooth). Procamelus sp. (distal end of meta podia!). Camelid cf. Procamelus sp. (portion of posterior F. 6. Near West Fork post office, T. 34 N ., R. 44 E.: molar or left lower jaw). ? Neohipparion sp. (upper cheek tooth of left side). F. 33. In railroad cut a mile west of Flaxville: F. 7. NW; t SW. t sec. 25, T. 34 N., R. 44 E.: Protohippid (fragm.ents of jaw, toe, and limb bones). Protohippid (fragments). Artiodactyl, probably Merycodus (single phalanx). F. 11. NE.l sec. 31, T. 36 N ., R. 45 E. , "from gravel and F. 34. Cut of Gre~t Northern Railway a mile west of Flax­ sand resting on top of Fort Union bluff." ville: Protohippid cf. Neohipparion ~p. (astragalus, portion Mylagaulid cf. Ceratagaulus sp.
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