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The Architect Stanisław Zawadzki in Rome Reality

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The Architect Stanisław Zawadzki in Rome Reality scem, gdzie Zawadzki nawi =za kontakty, które pro- Potocki) oraz przyjació i wspó pracowników (Hugo centowa y pó `niej w ca ym jego byciu zawodowym Ko = taj, Franciszek Smuglewicz). A rzymskie Ho- w Rzeczypospolitej, tworz =c kr =g najwa bniejszych spicjum Vw. Stanis awa mia o w tym wszystkim zleceniodawców (Stanis aw Poniatowski, Ignacy swój istotny udzia . Ryszard M =czy Lski, prof. dr hab. Katedra Historii Sztuki i Kultury Uniwersytet Miko aja Kopernika w Toruniu THE ARCHITECT STANIS AW ZAWADZKI IN ROME REALITY – FASCINATION – BENEFITS RYSZARD M <CZY KSKI A few years ago, when preparing an article the Lanckoro Lski Foundation, I was [ nally able entitled Rzymskie sukcesy architekta Stanis awa to access the manuscripts which were of interest Zawadzkiego [The Roman Successes of the to me 4. This article is the outcome of my research Architect Stanis aw Zawadzki] which dealt with into the archives, supplemented with a more general his education at the Accademia di San Luca, his re \ ection on the in \ uence Rome had on the later winning an architectural competition established career of the architect Stanis aw Zawadzki. by Pope Clement XII, and his entering the ranks of Despite the wide range of subjects covered in academicians of merit ( di merito ), I was unable to his classic publication dating from the 1930s titled make use of the archives in St. Stanis aw’s Hospice aycie polskie w Rzymie w XVIII wieku [Polish Life in in Rome 1. This collection – given the Hospice’s Rome in the 18th century], Maciej Loret only brie \ y importance as the one-time hub of all Polish life and mentions Zawadzki: “Several Polish architects matters connected with Poland in Rome – was used studied in Rome during the reign of Stanis aw by Mieczys aw G Bbarowicz and Maciej Loret before August. In 1769, Stanis aw Zawadzki came to Rome the war; however after the war it remained virtually with other artists thanks to his receiving support inaccessible to lay scholars, and was used only from Mycielski, the Starosta of Lubiatów. In 1771 sporadically by members of the clergy 2. Although he was awarded second prize (in second class) in the the archives were amassed under one roof, they were competition for the design of the façade of the church disordered and had to await better times when they of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. After completing would be looked after with due professional care. In the Academy, Zawadzki returned to Poland where 2009 a major project was initiated by the Ponti [ cal he became a much sought-after architect. He was University of John Paul II in Kraków, [ nanced by appointed professor of the Cadet Corps and enjoyed the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. The the support of Stanis aw August, and designed a project’s aim was to organize, catalogue, conserve large number of buildings and interiors. He was also, and make accessible all of the Hospice’s archival with time, appointed full member of the Accademia resources 3. So in 2011, thanks to a scholarship from di San Luca” 5. When reviewing the archives in Rome 1 R. M =czy Lski, Rzymskie sukcesy architekta Stanis awa Zawadz- 3 Information on this topic covering the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 kiego , “Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki” [Architectural can be found on the University’s website: http://upjp2.edu.pl. and Town Planning Quarterly], XLVII, 2002, fasc. 4, pp. 370f. 4 I would like to thank Dr. Józef Skrabski who was involved in 2 M. G Bbarowicz, O artystach polskich w Rymie (Polacy this project for his help in facilitating my obtaining access to the – uczniowie Akademii Vw. ukasza w XVIII wieku) , “Przegl =d archives when making enquiries at St. Stanis aw’s Hospice in Warszawski”, V, 1925, fasc. 48, pp. 169f; M. Loret, Gli artisti Rome. Polacchi a Roma nel Settecento , Milano 1929, passim ; M. 5 M. Loret, aycie polskie w Rzymie w XVIII wieku , Roma [1930], p. Machejek, 400 lat Ko Vcio a i Hospicjum Vw. Stanis awa w Rzymie , 300. This publication was an expanded version of the earlier-quoted Rome 1978, passim . paper which he delivered in Italian. It is also contains information that is similarly worded: id., Gli artisti Polacchi... , p. 34. 79 and comparing them with other surviving sources, it written by Jakub Lanhaus of the Equestrian Order appears that despite the text’s brevity, quite a few of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in Gniezno, errors had crept in largely due to the written records who was in Rome to resolve a dispute between the being misinterpreted 6. Order and the Chapter. Lanhaus described meeting The archives of St. Stanis aw’s Hospice can only Stanis aw Zawadzki who was then still unknown 10 . partially satisfy the researcher’s curiosity because The young man told him that “he had come to Rome they do not provide answers to all the questions that to improve his skills in painting and architecture”, could be asked (such as the actual dates on which and also showed him a letter of recommendation Zawadzki left Rome during his two consecutive dated 31 October 1768 from Bonawentura Christ, stays there). However, they do allow many details the parish priest of St. John’s in Gniezno 11 . to be established and also bring to light and explain This date should be treated as immediately the relationship between many seemingly unrelated preceding Zawadzki’s departure from Poland, so facts. he must have travelled in the autumn/winter season – not the best time of year for such a journey which The Reality of Rome lasted through November and December 1768 up until March 1769. He probably took the shortest In 1768 Stanis aw Zawadzki, who already had and most usual route through Wroc aw, Olomouc, some experience in the [ eld of architecture – most Vienna, Venice, Padua, Bologna, Florence and then probably under the eye of Ephraim Schröger on to Rome 12 . In 1768, Bart omiej Pstroko Lski, – decided to go to Rome to acquire theoretical Canon of Gniezno, travelled to the Eternal City and practical knowledge at the Accademia di San along the very same route. Pstroko Lski, who kept a Luca, which would later allow him to join the diary, had a predilection for recording the minutest ranks of architect–designers and be much more of details in his day to day life thus we know that his than a mere craftsman 7. Zawadzki was then 25 journey took a little over a month, and cost a total years old. According to written sources, he made of 100 red z oties 13 . Stanis aw Zawadzki’s arrival in the decision on the “advice” of his uncle, Micha Rome can be traced to the [ rst day of spring – 21 Mateusz Kosmowski, abbot of the Monastery of the March 1769 – when an entry was made in the books Canons Regular of St. Augustine in Trzemeszno 8. of St. Stanis aw’s Hospice Pellegrini dal 1763 Kosmowski had a fascination for buildings, as can al 1774 (Fig. 1) 14 . In accordance with the statute, be seen by his wide-ranging sponsorship activities in new arrivals were entitled to live in the Hospice that town 9. This information can be found in a diary and “receive pecuniary aid for 15 days amounting 6 Factual materials concerning Stanis aw Zawadzki’s contacts Jacobi Lanhaus Canonici Ordinis Custodum SS. Sepulchri. with the Accademia di San Luca can be found in the article: R. Anno Domini 1768 , vol. 1, 2. Broad information on the contents M=czy Lski, Rzymskie sukcesy ..., pp. 370f. Therefore I will not of the [ rst volume of this manuscript was once published by: be discussing this issue herein. S. Karwowski, Itinerarium bo bogrobca gnie `nie Lskiego ks. 7 On the beginnings of Zawadzki’s professional education: R. Jakuba Lanhausa z roku 1768 , Pozna L 1890, passim . The great M=czy Lski, Nieznane aspekty biogra [ i architekta Stanis awa signi [ cance of the second volume of Lanhaus’s notes – which Zawadzkiego , “Rocznik Warszawski”, XXXIII, 2005, pp. 44f. was until recently believed lost – can be seen in: A. Sajkowski, 8 For further information see, among others: E. Gierczy Lski, Woskie przygody Polaków. Wiek XVI-XVIII , Warsaw 1973, pp. Kosmowski Micha Mateusz , [in:] Polski s ownik biogra [ czny , 130f. vol. 14, Wroc aw 1968–1969, pp. 239f; id. Mecenas w infule. Ks 11 BKG, MS ref. no. BK Ms. 227, vol. 2, p. 331. biskup Micha Ko Vciesza-Kosmowski , “Nasza Przesz oV4 ”, XIV, 12 More on this subject can be found in: M. Loret, aycie 1961, pp. 161f. polskie... , p. 175. It is unlikely that Zawadzki went to Loreto, 9 This not only encompassed the main church monastery complex like some of the other pilgrims, because he was in Rome for but also the school-seminary building, the hospital and the newly- academic reasons and not devotional ones. built New Town district: P. Bana V, Osiemnastowieczny ko Vció 13 B. Pstroko Lski, Pami Btniki ksi Bdza ... kanonika katedralnego kanoników regularnych w Trzemesznie , “Biuletyn Historii gnie `nie Lskiego , publ. E. Raczy Lski, Wroc aw 1844, pp. 69f. He Sztuki”, XXVIII, 1966, nos. 3/4, pp. 396f; Katalog zabytków left Gniezno on 20 April and arrived in Rome on 26 May, where sztuki w Polsce , vol. XI, Dawne województwo bydgoskie , ed. he stayed at St. Stanis aw’s Hospice. Extensive use was made of T. Chrzanowski, M. Kornecki, fasc. 10, Mogilno, Strzelno, the information contained in Pstroko Lski’s diary by: M. Loret, Trzemeszno i okolice , written by Z. Bia owicz-Krygierowa, aycie polskie... , pp. 243f. Warszawa 1982, pp. 93f and 107f.
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