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Sola Scriptura LEWIS W CONCORDIA THEOLOGICAL MONTHLY John Theodore Mueller - A Tribute RICHARD R. CAEMM:ERER Faith Triumphant- Echoes from the Epistle to the Hebrew .. PAUL M. BRETSCHER Luther's Sola Scriptura LEWIS W. SPITZ The Conquest of Canaan According to Joshua and Judges WALTER R. ROEHRS Homiletic~ Theological Observer Book Review Tnde, for Volume XXX) OL. XXXI Dcce1nber 1960 No. 12 Luther's Sola Scriptura By LEWIS W. SPITZ, SR. F. IFTY gulden (about $470) to make from the Bible read and sometimes took I Martin a doctor of theology was his turn in reading a chapter at table. doubtless one of Elector Frederick's wisest Upon entering the cloister in 1505 he re­ investments - much wiser than the gen­ ceived his own Latin Bible, a copy bound erous amount he spent for his prodigious in red leather, which he eagerly read from collection of sacred relics. The payment day to day. When he was transferred to of this fee guaranteed his Electoral Grace Wittenberg in 1508, he was obliged to a tremendous benefit to his beloved Uni­ leave his copy in the cloister in Erfun, but versity of Wittenberg. To obtain this sum found other copies in Wittenberg, which of money for the promotion of his brilliant as an Augustinian he was obliged to use friar, Vicar John Staupitz had to assure daily. Thus he was prepared for his task the Elector that Luther would fill the chair as a Baccalattreus BiblicltsJ which he as­ of lectura in Biblia of the theological sumed in 1509.1 But all of this was merely faculty for the remainder of his life. Fred­ preliminary; his life's task as an expositor erick had every reason to congratulate him­ of Scripture began with his promotion to self on his investment as he beheld the the chair of lectura in Biblia. enrollment at the university increase with It would have been strange indeed if students coming to Wittenberg from far the Occamist emphasis on the authority of and near in order to hear the lectures of Scripture had left no mark on Luther at the new doctor. Tired of the dry husks of the University of Erfurt. But Luther be­ scholasticism, they turned eagerly to feast came more submissive to Biblical authority on the Bread of Life served by Luther in than Occam, who subordinated the au­ his lectures on the Bible. For Luther his thority of Scripture to that of the church. promotion later proved to be a source of Luther rejected such ecclesiastical restric­ comfort. By accepting the doctorate he tions. His study of church history con­ had pledged himself to remain faithful to vinced him that councils and popes had the Scriptures under all circumstances. No erred. Replying to the Dialogue Concern­ human authority could move him to relent. ing the Powers of the Pope, prepared by Luther's road from a dual authority, Silvester Prierias in 1518, Luther insisted Scripture and tradition, to the sole au­ that only the Holy Scriptures were with­ thority of Scripture was a long one. out error. Cajetan at Augsburg and Eck Already at the age of 14 he purchased a at Leipzig compelled him to take his stand postil, probably containing 500 Biblical firmly on the Bible. There he stood before pericopes. At the same time, or shortly Emperor and Diet. He could not do other­ after entering the University of Erfurt, he wise. His heroic words still thrill the saw a complete Latin Bible. In the hearts of God's people: "Unless I am con- "Georgenburse" at Erfurt, a hospice for 1 M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures (Colum- students, in 1501, he daily heard a chapter bus: The Wartburg Press, 1944), pp. 7, So 740 LUTHER'S SOLA SCRIPTURA 741 vinced by the testimonies of the Holy canon.4 According to Harnack, Luther was Scriptures or evirlpnr rp~<f)n [ratione evi­ involved in a flagrant contradiction, for dente} 2 (for I believe neither in the pope while Luther, he says, criticized Scripture nor councils alone, since it has been estab­ itself, he certainly, on the other hand, set lished that they have often erred and con­ up the letter as the Word of God, insofar tradicted themselves), I am bound by the as he adopted without test the Rabbinic­ Scriptures adduced by me, and my con­ Catholic idea of the verbal inspiration of science has been taken captive by the Holy Scripture.5 Word of God, and I am neither able nor Wilhelm Walther, professor of theology willing to recant, since it is neither safe in Rostock, came to the defense of Luther nor right to act against conscience. God against the criticism of Harnack and of help me. Amen." 3 others. In a scholarly essay, based on Lu­ In his heroic declaration Luther used ther's own writings, entitled "Der Glaube both terms - "Scriptures" and "Word of an das Wort Gottes," he insisted that God." For him the Scriptures were the Luther in his evaluation of Scripture never Word of God, though hevvell knew that admitted any error in the divine 'Ylord. "Word of God" is a broader tern1 than Therefore he challenged Lutherans and "Scriptures." He knew that not all of others: "Back to Luther!" 6 Others, like God's words were recorded in writing. He Karl Thimme,7 have been persuaded by also knew that Christ is the Word. Critics a few isolated expressions of Luther that of Luther, like Adolf Harnack, deplore the Reformer, despite his profound rev­ erence for Scripture, did not regard it as the fact that Luther placed Scripture and inerrant in all its parts. In weighing these the Word of God on the same level. contradictory opinions one must keep in Harnack complains that besides adhering mind that Scripture was for Luther the to the Word of God there was for Luther written Word of the infallible God. an adherence to the outward authority of Commenting on 1 Cor. 15: 3-7, Luther the written Word, though, he adds, this exalts the written Word. He had his was occasionally disregarded by him in his troubles with the enthusiasts, who prefaces to Holy Scripture and elsewhere despised Scripture and public preaching as well. Equating Word of God and Holy and looked for other, private revelations Scripture is for Harnack a remnant of instead. He says: "Observe how he [Paul} Roman Catholicism which, he holds, has again extols and exalts Scripture and the had disastrous results for Protestantism. witness of the written Word by using and Harnack laments that the requirement of ascertaining the pure sense of Holy Scrip­ 4 History 0/ Dogma (London: Williams ture was simply deprived of its force by & Norgate, 1899), VII, 246 f. 5 Ibid., p.235. regarding Scripture as the verbally inspired 6 Das Erbe der Reformation im Kamp/e der Gegenwart. Erstes Heft (Leipzig: A. Dei­ 2 For Luther's concept of reason see Bern­ chert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Nachf. [Georg hard Lohse, Ratio und Fides (Gottingen: Van­ Bohme], 1903). derhoeck & Ruprecht, 1958). 7 Karl Thimme, [llthers Stellung Zttr Heili­ 3 W 7, 838. "W" and "W-T" refer to the gen Schri/t (Giitersloh: Druck und Verlag von Weimar edition of Luther's Works. C. Bertelsmann, 1903). 742 LUTHER'S SOLA SCRIPTURA repeating the phrase 'according to the rather than to that of Scripture.H This Scriptures' in this manner. There you distinction is stated clearly by Luther in hear St. Paul adducing Scripture as his these words: "Let the Holy Spirit Himself strongest witness and pointing out that read this Book to His own if He desires there is nothing stable to support our doc­ to be understood. For it does not write trine and faith except the material or about men or about making a living, as all written Word, put down in letters and the other books do, but about the fact that preached verbally by him and others; for God's Son was obedient to His Father for it is clearly stated here: 'Scripture, us and fulfilled His wilL Whoever does Scripture' " 8 not need this wisdom should let this Book Luther's sola Scriptura implies the lie; it does not benefit him anyway. It divine authority, efficacy, perfection or teaches another and eternal life, of which sufficiency, and perspicuity of Holy Scrip­ reason knows nothing and is able to com­ ture, but above all Christ as the center prehend nothing." 12 More specifically, of it alL For Luther there is no sola Scrip­ the reader should find the Cross of Christ tura without solus Christus. Werner Elert in the Bible.13 shows that for Luther the divine properties Luther's emphasis on Christ and the of Scripture are based on the fact that for Cross explains his comparative evaluation him the Bible is Christocentric.9 of the various books of the Bible. A book Luther's appeal to the sole authority of of the Bible is precious to him to the Scripture at the Diet of Worms demon­ degree that it exalts Christ Crucified. This strates how far he had advanced from the is another way of saying that he evaluates a book in the light of sola fide and sola medieval position of Scripture and tra­ gratia. Accordingly James troubled him dition.10 Even his ratione evidente does most, but he would not burden the con­ not conflict with his complete reliance on science of others with his private opinion the authority of Scripture, for Luther is of this book. In placing Hebrews, James, here referring to the usus rationis minis­ Jude, and Revelation at the end of the terialis.
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