Venous and Lymphatic Vessels. ANATOM.UA PART 1
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Rectum & Anal Canal
Rectum & Anal canal Dr Brijendra Singh Prof & Head Anatomy AIIMS Rishikesh 27/04/2019 EMBRYOLOGICAL basis – Nerve Supply of GUT •Origin: Foregut (endoderm) •Nerve supply: (Autonomic): Sympathetic Greater Splanchnic T5-T9 + Vagus – Coeliac trunk T12 •Origin: Midgut (endoderm) •Nerve supply: (Autonomic): Sympathetic Lesser Splanchnic T10 T11 + Vagus – Sup Mesenteric artery L1 •Origin: Hindgut (endoderm) •Nerve supply: (Autonomic): Sympathetic Least Splanchnic T12 L1 + Hypogastric S2S3S4 – Inferior Mesenteric Artery L3 •Origin :lower 1/3 of anal canal – ectoderm •Nerve Supply: Somatic (inferior rectal Nerves) Rectum •Straight – quadrupeds •Curved anteriorly – puborectalis levator ani •Part of large intestine – continuation of sigmoid colon , but lacks Mesentery , taeniae coli , sacculations & haustrations & appendices epiploicae. •Starts – S3 anorectal junction – ant to tip of coccyx – apex of prostate •12 cms – 5 inches - transverse slit •Ampulla – lower part Development •Mucosa above Houstons 3rd valve endoderm pre allantoic part of hind gut. •Mucosa below Houstons 3rd valve upto anal valves – endoderm from dorsal part of endodermal cloaca. •Musculature of rectum is derived from splanchnic mesoderm surrounding cloaca. •Proctodeum the surface ectoderm – muco- cutaneous junction. •Anal membrane disappears – and rectum communicates outside through anal canal. Location & peritoneal relations of Rectum S3 1 inch infront of coccyx Rectum • Beginning: continuation of sigmoid colon at S3. • Termination: continues as anal canal, • one inch below -
Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Variant Adrenal Venous Anatomy in 546 Laparoscopic Adrenalectomies Anouk Scholten, MD; Robin M. Cisco, MD; Menno R. Vriens, MD, PhD; Wen T. Shen, MD; Quan-Yang Duh, MD Importance: Knowing the types and frequency of ad- Results: Variant venous anatomy was encountered in renal vein variants would help surgeons identify and con- 70 of 546 adrenalectomies (13%). Variants included no trol the adrenal vein during laparoscopic adrenalec- main adrenal vein identifiable (n=18), 1 main adrenal tomy. vein with additional small veins (n=11), 2 adrenal veins (n=20), more than 2 adrenal veins (n=14), and vari- Objectives: To establish the surgical anatomy of the main ants of the adrenal vein drainage to the inferior vena cava vein and its variants for laparoscopic adrenalectomy and and hepatic vein or of the inferior phrenic vein (n=7). to analyze the relationship between variant adrenal ve- Variants occurred more often on the right side than on nous anatomy and tumor size, pathologic diagnosis, and the left side (42 of 250 glands [17%] vs 28 of 296 glands operative outcomes. [9%], respectively; P=.02). Patients with variant anatomy compared with those with normal anatomy had larger Design, Setting, and Patients: In a retrospective re- tumors (mean, 5.1 vs 3.3 cm, respectively; PϽ.001), more view of patients at a tertiary referral hospital, 506 patients pheochromocytomas (24 of 70 [35%] vs 100 of 476 [21%], underwent 546 consecutive laparoscopic adrenalecto- respectively; P=.02), and more estimated blood loss mies between April 22, 1993, and October 21, 2011. Pa- (mean, 134 vs 67 mL, respectively; P=.01). -
Anatomy of the Large Blood Vessels-Veins
Anatomy of the large blood vessels-Veins Cardiovascular Block - Lecture 4 Color index: !"#$%&'(& !( "')*+, ,)-.*, $()/ Don’t forget to check the Editing File !( 0*"')*+, ,)-.*, $()/ 1$ ($&*, 23&%' -(0$%"'&-$(4 *3#)'('&-$( Objectives: ● Define veins, and understand the general principles of venous system. ● Describe the superior & inferior Vena Cava and their tributaries. ● List major veins and their tributaries in the body. ● Describe the Portal Vein. ● Describe the Portocaval Anastomosis Veins ◇ Veins are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart. ◇ All veins carry deoxygenated blood. with the exception of the pulmonary veins(to the left atrium) and umbilical vein(umbilical vein during fetal development). Vein can be classified in two ways based on Location Circulation ◇ Superficial veins: close to the surface of the body ◇ Veins of the systemic circulation: NO corresponding arteries Superior and Inferior vena cava with their tributaries ◇ Deep veins: found deeper in the body ◇ Veins of the portal circulation: With corresponding arteries Portal vein Superior Vena Cava ◇Formed by the union of the right and left Brachiocephalic veins. ◇Brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of internal jugular and subclavian veins. Drains venous blood from : ◇ Head & neck ◇ Thoracic wall ◇ Upper limbs It Passes downward and enter the right atrium. Receives azygos vein on its posterior aspect just before it enters the heart. Veins of Head & Neck Superficial veins Deep vein External jugular vein Anterior Jugular Vein Internal Jugular Vein Begins just behind the angle of mandible It begins in the upper part of the neck by - It descends in the neck along with the by union of posterior auricular vein the union of the submental veins. -
Vessels and Circulation
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OUTLINE 23.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 684 23.1a Blood Vessel Tunics 684 23.1b Arteries 685 23.1c Capillaries 688 23 23.1d Veins 689 23.2 Blood Pressure 691 23.3 Systemic Circulation 692 Vessels and 23.3a General Arterial Flow Out of the Heart 693 23.3b General Venous Return to the Heart 693 23.3c Blood Flow Through the Head and Neck 693 23.3d Blood Flow Through the Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 697 23.3e Blood Flow Through the Thoracic Organs 700 Circulation 23.3f Blood Flow Through the Gastrointestinal Tract 701 23.3g Blood Flow Through the Posterior Abdominal Organs, Pelvis, and Perineum 705 23.3h Blood Flow Through the Upper Limb 705 23.3i Blood Flow Through the Lower Limb 709 23.4 Pulmonary Circulation 712 23.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 714 23.6 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 715 23.7 Blood Vessel Development 716 23.7a Artery Development 716 23.7b Vein Development 717 23.7c Comparison of Fetal and Postnatal Circulation 718 MODULE 9: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM mck78097_ch23_683-723.indd 683 2/14/11 4:31 PM 684 Chapter Twenty-Three Vessels and Circulation lood vessels are analogous to highways—they are an efficient larger as they merge and come closer to the heart. The site where B mode of transport for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hor- two or more arteries (or two or more veins) converge to supply the mones, and waste products to and from body tissues. The heart is same body region is called an anastomosis (ă-nas ′tō -mō′ sis; pl., the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels. -
Aberrant Inferior Suprarenal Vessels Crossing Posterior Pararenal Space: a Case Report
Maryna Kornieieva et al., IJCR, 2019 4:86 Case Report IJCR (2019) 4:86 International Journal of Case Reports (ISSN:2572-8776) Aberrant inferior suprarenal vessels crossing posterior pararenal space: a case report Maryna Kornieieva, Andrew Vierra, Abdul Razzaq American University of Caribbean School of Medicine, Lowlands, Sint Maarten ABSTRACT During routine educational dissection of a cadaver (63-year-old, *Correspondence to Author: male, USA), an atypical course of the left inferior suprarenal ves- Maryna Kornieieva sels via the posterior pararenal space was discovered. American University of Caribbean Detailed analysis of the abdominal vascular pattern showed that School of Medicine, Lowlands, Sint the atypical inferior suprarenal artery represented a terminal Maarten branch of the left inferior phrenic artery. The last one branched off from the very beginning of the left renal artery, ascended between the fibers of the left crus of the diaphragm, then ran How to cite this article: laterally giving off muscular branches and, finally, descended Maryna Kornieieva, Andrew Vierra, along the costal part of the diaphragm to the left posterior para- Abdul Razzaq. Aberrant inferior renal space. The terminal branch of the inferior phrenic artery suprarenal vessels crossing poste- pierced the retrorenal fascia and entered the perirenal space rior pararenal space: a case report. as an atypical left inferior suprarenal artery. It ran upward and International Journal of Case Re- medially crossing the anterior surface of the kidney to reach and ports, 2019 4:86 supply the lower pole of the left suprarenal gland. The left inferior phrenic vein accompanied the artery taking a similar course. It received numerous tributaries passing via the posterior parare- nal space, drained the inferior suprarenal vein, and opened into the left renal vein. -
Cat Dissection
Cat Dissection Muscular Labs Tibialis anterior External oblique Pectroalis minor Sartorius Gastrocnemius Pectoralis major Levator scapula External oblique Trapezius Gastrocnemius Semitendinosis Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Sartorius Gluteal muscles Biceps femoris Deltoid Trapezius Deltoid Lumbodorsal fascia Sternohyoid Sternomastoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Rectus abdominis Transverse abdominis External oblique External oblique (reflected) Internal oblique Lumbodorsal Deltoid fascia Latissimus dorsi Trapezius Trapezius Trapezius Deltoid Levator scapula Deltoid Trapezius Trapezius Trapezius Latissimus dorsi Flexor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Extensor carpi ulnaris Triceps brachii Extensor carpi radialis longus Triceps brachii Deltoid Deltoid Deltoid Trapezius Sartorius Adductor longus Adductor femoris Semimembranosus Vastus Tensor fasciae latae medialis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Flexor digitorum longus Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Extensor digitorum longus Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis muscles Brachioradiallis Triceps (lateral and long heads) Brachioradialis Biceps brachii Triceps (medial head) Trapezius Deltoid Deltoid Levator scapula Trapezius Deltoid Trapezius Latissimus dorsi External oblique (right side cut and reflected) Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Internal oblique Pectoralis -
Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and Main Principals Of
Yagenich L.V., Kirillova I.I., Siritsa Ye.A. Latin and main principals of anatomical, pharmaceutical and clinical terminology (Student's book) Simferopol, 2017 Contents No. Topics Page 1. UNIT I. Latin language history. Phonetics. Alphabet. Vowels and consonants classification. Diphthongs. Digraphs. Letter combinations. 4-13 Syllable shortness and longitude. Stress rules. 2. UNIT II. Grammatical noun categories, declension characteristics, noun 14-25 dictionary forms, determination of the noun stems, nominative and genitive cases and their significance in terms formation. I-st noun declension. 3. UNIT III. Adjectives and its grammatical categories. Classes of adjectives. Adjective entries in dictionaries. Adjectives of the I-st group. Gender 26-36 endings, stem-determining. 4. UNIT IV. Adjectives of the 2-nd group. Morphological characteristics of two- and multi-word anatomical terms. Syntax of two- and multi-word 37-49 anatomical terms. Nouns of the 2nd declension 5. UNIT V. General characteristic of the nouns of the 3rd declension. Parisyllabic and imparisyllabic nouns. Types of stems of the nouns of the 50-58 3rd declension and their peculiarities. 3rd declension nouns in combination with agreed and non-agreed attributes 6. UNIT VI. Peculiarities of 3rd declension nouns of masculine, feminine and neuter genders. Muscle names referring to their functions. Exceptions to the 59-71 gender rule of 3rd declension nouns for all three genders 7. UNIT VII. 1st, 2nd and 3rd declension nouns in combination with II class adjectives. Present Participle and its declension. Anatomical terms 72-81 consisting of nouns and participles 8. UNIT VIII. Nouns of the 4th and 5th declensions and their combination with 82-89 adjectives 9. -
Anatomy and Physiology in Relation to Compression of the Upper Limb and Thorax
Clinical REVIEW anatomy and physiology in relation to compression of the upper limb and thorax Colin Carati, Bren Gannon, Neil Piller An understanding of arterial, venous and lymphatic flow in the upper body in normal limbs and those at risk of, or with lymphoedema will greatly improve patient outcomes. However, there is much we do not know in this area, including the effects of compression upon lymphatic flow and drainage. Imaging and measuring capabilities are improving in this respect, but are often expensive and time-consuming. This, coupled with the unknown effects of individual, diurnal and seasonal variances on compression efficacy, means that future research should focus upon ways to monitor the pressure delivered by a garment, and its effects upon the fluids we are trying to control. More is known about the possible This paper will describe the vascular Key words effects of compression on the anatomy of the upper limb and axilla, pathophysiology of lymphoedema when and will outline current understanding of Anatomy used on the lower limbs (Partsch and normal and abnormal lymph drainage. It Physiology Junger, 2006). While some of these will also explain the mechanism of action Lymphatics principles can be applied to guide the use of compression garments and will detail Compression of compression on the upper body, it is the effects of compression on fluid important that the practitioner is movement. knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the upper limb, axilla and Vascular drainage of the upper limb thorax, and of the anatomical and vascular It is helpful to have an understanding of Little evidence exists to support the differences that exist between the upper the vascular drainage of the upper limb, use of compression garments in the and lower limb, so that the effects of these since the lymphatic drainage follows a treatment of lymphoedema, particularly differences can be considered when using similar course (Figure 1). -
Lymph and Lymphatic Vessels
Cardiovascular System LYMPH AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS Venous system Arterial system Large veins Heart (capacitance vessels) Elastic arteries Large (conducting lymphatic vessels) vessels Lymph node Muscular arteries (distributing Lymphatic vessels) system Small veins (capacitance Arteriovenous vessels) anastomosis Lymphatic Sinusoid capillary Arterioles (resistance vessels) Postcapillary Terminal arteriole venule Metarteriole Thoroughfare Capillaries Precapillary sphincter channel (exchange vessels) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 19.2 Regional Internal jugular vein lymph nodes: Cervical nodes Entrance of right lymphatic duct into vein Entrance of thoracic duct into vein Axillary nodes Thoracic duct Cisterna chyli Aorta Inguinal nodes Lymphatic collecting vessels Drained by the right lymphatic duct Drained by the thoracic duct (a) General distribution of lymphatic collecting vessels and regional lymph nodes. Figure 20.2a Lymphatic System Outflow of fluid slightly exceeds return Consists of three parts 1. A network of lymphatic vessels carrying lymph 1. Transports fluid back to CV system 2. Lymph nodes 1. Filter the fluid within the vessels 3. Lymphoid organs 1. Participate in disease prevention Lymphatic System Functions 1. Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood 2. Disease surveillance 3. Lipid transport from intestine via lacteals Venous system Arterial system Heart Lymphatic system: Lymph duct Lymph trunk Lymph node Lymphatic collecting vessels, with valves Tissue fluid Blood Lymphatic capillaries Tissue cell capillary Blood Lymphatic capillaries capillaries (a) Structural relationship between a capillary bed of the blood vascular system and lymphatic capillaries. Filaments anchored to connective tissue Endothelial cell Flaplike minivalve Fibroblast in loose connective tissue (b) Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended tubes in which adjacent endothelial cells overlap each other, forming flaplike minivalves. -
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer-Aspects on Indications and Limitations
From the Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY IN BREAST CANCER-ASPECTS ON INDICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS Linda Holmstrand Zetterlund Stockholm 2017 Front page illustration: Reproduced with permission from IntraMedical Imaging LLC. All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by E-Print AB 2017. © Linda Zetterlund, 2017 ISBN 978-91-7676-576-0 Institutionen för klinisk forskning och utbildning Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer – Aspects on indications and limitations AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som för avläggande av medicine doktorsexamen vid Karolinska Institutet offentligen försvaras i Aulan, Södersjukhuset. Fredagen den 21 april, kl 09.00 av Linda Holmstrand Zetterlund Huvudhandledare: Fakultetsopponent: MD PhD Fuat Celebioglu Ellen Schlichting, MD, PhD Karolinska Institutet Oslo Universitet Institutionen för klinisk forskning Institutt for klinisk medisin, Medicinsk fakultet och utbildning Bihandledare: Betygsnämnd: Professor Rimma Axelsson Docent Signe Borgquist Karolinska Institutet Lunds Universitet Institutionen för klinisk vetenskap, Institutionen för kliniska vetenskaper, intervention och teknik Avdelningen för onkologi och patologi Docent Jana de Boniface Karolinska Institutet Docent Jan Zedenius Institutionen för molekylär medicin Karolinska Institutet och kirurgi Institutionen för molekylär medicin och kirurgi Professor Jan Frisell Karolinska Institutet -
Anatomy of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Anatomy of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Marlene M. Corton, MD KEYWORDS Pelvic floor Levator ani muscles Pelvic connective tissue Ureter Retropubic space Prevesical space NORMAL PELVIC ORGAN SUPPORT The main support of the uterus and vagina is provided by the interaction between the levator ani (LA) muscles (Fig. 1) and the connective tissue that attaches the cervix and vagina to the pelvic walls (Fig. 2).1 The relative contribution of the connective tissue and levator ani muscles to the normal support anatomy has been the subject of controversy for more than a century.2–5 Consequently, many inconsistencies in termi- nology are found in the literature describing pelvic floor muscles and connective tissue. The information presented in this article is based on a current review of the literature. LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE SUPPORT The LA muscles are the most important muscles in the pelvic floor and represent a crit- ical component of pelvic organ support (see Fig. 1). The normal levators maintain a constant state of contraction, thus providing an active floor that supports the weight of the abdominopelvic contents against the forces of intra-abdominal pressure.6 This action is thought to prevent constant or excessive strain on the pelvic ‘‘ligaments’’ and ‘‘fascia’’ (Fig. 3A). The normal resting contraction of the levators is maintained by the action of type I (slow twitch) fibers, which predominate in this muscle.7 This baseline activity of the levators keeps the urogenital hiatus (UGH) closed and draws the distal parts of the urethra, vagina, and rectum toward the pubic bones. Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers allow for reflex muscle contraction elicited by sudden increases in abdominal pressure (Fig. -
SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–Łacinsłownik Anatomiczny (Angielsko-Łacińsko-Polski)´ SKO–POLSKI)
ANATOMY WORDS (ENGLISH–LATIN–POLISH) SŁOWNIK ANATOMICZNY (ANGIELSKO–ŁACINSłownik anatomiczny (angielsko-łacińsko-polski)´ SKO–POLSKI) English – Je˛zyk angielski Latin – Łacina Polish – Je˛zyk polski Arteries – Te˛tnice accessory obturator artery arteria obturatoria accessoria tętnica zasłonowa dodatkowa acetabular branch ramus acetabularis gałąź panewkowa anterior basal segmental artery arteria segmentalis basalis anterior pulmonis tętnica segmentowa podstawna przednia (dextri et sinistri) płuca (prawego i lewego) anterior cecal artery arteria caecalis anterior tętnica kątnicza przednia anterior cerebral artery arteria cerebri anterior tętnica przednia mózgu anterior choroidal artery arteria choroidea anterior tętnica naczyniówkowa przednia anterior ciliary arteries arteriae ciliares anteriores tętnice rzęskowe przednie anterior circumflex humeral artery arteria circumflexa humeri anterior tętnica okalająca ramię przednia anterior communicating artery arteria communicans anterior tętnica łącząca przednia anterior conjunctival artery arteria conjunctivalis anterior tętnica spojówkowa przednia anterior ethmoidal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior tętnica sitowa przednia anterior inferior cerebellar artery arteria anterior inferior cerebelli tętnica dolna przednia móżdżku anterior interosseous artery arteria interossea anterior tętnica międzykostna przednia anterior labial branches of deep external rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae gałęzie wargowe przednie tętnicy sromowej pudendal artery externae profundae zewnętrznej głębokiej