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Coastal Heritage Magazine – Fall 2016 Issue

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Coastal Heritage Magazine – Fall 2016 Issue COASTAL HERITAGE VOLUME 29, NUMBER 4 FALL 2016 Communities Under Water Lessons Learned from Extreme FloodsFALL 2016 • 1 3 COMMUNITIES UNDER WATER: LESSONS LEARNED FROM EXTREME FLOODS Inundations in 2015 and 2016 drove home the message: Building coastal resilience is critical and requires changes. Coastal Science Serving South Carolina 12 Coastal Heritage is a quarterly publication FLOOD INSURANCE of the S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, a science- Because “we all live in a flood plain.” based state agency supporting research, education, and outreach to conserve coastal resources and enhance economic opportunity 13 for the people of South Carolina. Comments regarding this or future issues of STORM SURGE Coastal Heritage are welcomed at “Powerful is an understatement.” [email protected]. Subscriptions are free upon request by contacting: 14 S.C. Sea Grant Consortium 287 Meeting Street NEWS AND NOTES Charleston, S.C. 29401 • Consortium receives $1.33 million for Sea Grant activities phone: (843) 953-2078 • Consortium teaches climate change concepts to educators [email protected] • Flood information gap prompts water monitoring data portal Executive Director M. Richard DeVoe 16 Director of Communications EBBS AND FLOWS Susan Ferris Hill • American Meteorological Society Meeting Editor • Coastal GeoTools Joey Holleman • Aquatic Sciences Meeting Art Director Pam Hesse Pam Hesse Graphic Design Board of Directors The Consortium’s Board of Directors is composed of the chief executive officers of its member institutions: Col. Alvin A. Taylor, Chair Director, S.C. Department of Natural Resources Dr. James P. Clements President, Clemson University Dr. David A. DeCenzo President, Coastal Carolina University Glenn F. McConnell President, College of Charleston Dr. David J. Cole President, Medical University of South Carolina ON THE COVER: James E. Clark Milton Green compares the October 2015 and October 2016 flood heights in his President, S.C. State University yard in North Charleston’s Pepperhill subdivision. The October 2015 flooding Lt. General John W. Rosa was higher, but Hurricane Matthew still did major damage to his house. President, The Citadel PHOTO/GRACE BEAHM Dr. Harris Pastides COPYRIGHT © 2016 by the South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium. All rights reserved. President, University of South Carolina 2 • COASTAL HERITAGE RISING CONCERN. The October 2015 flood inundated many coastal communities, including Aiken Street on the Charleston peninsula, and taught many lessons. PHOTO/GRACE BEAHM Communities Under Water Lessons Learned from Extreme Floods by Joey Holleman rom narrow neighborhood ditches ordinary meteorological and hydro- centuries. The laws of probability don’t Fto major rivers, nearly every logical events are growing more work that way. Instead, the term refers waterway in wide swaths of South common. The amount of precipitation to a 0.2 percent chance of one of those Carolina swelled to extreme levels in the most powerful storms in the events occurring during any year. during and after a record-breaking Southeast increased by 27 percent While South Carolina didn’t get rainfall in early October 2015. “It’s from 1958 through 2012, according to 500-year floods in back-to-back years never flooded like that around here” a report from the National Science in exactly the same location, Matthew seemed like the new state motto. The and Technology Council. The phe- pushed the Little Pee Dee River to tendency might have been to view the nomena, coined “rain bombs,” make 500-year levels at Galivants Ferry in resulting flood and its $2 billion in scientific sense: Global temperatures 2016, which is about 50 miles from damages as a once-in-a-lifetime have been on the rise, and warmer air where the Black River hit 500-year disaster and not let it remarkably holds more water vapor than cooler air. levels in Kingstree in 2015. change the way we work, live, play, Those skeptical of statistics and studies Both of those points stress the and plan. need only pay attention to news need for all of us to learn from our Then Hurricane Matthew reports. Before the end of October flooding experiences. Using that churned up the coast in October 2016, 2015, the South Carolina flood had knowledge to prepare people, homes, dumping slightly less rainfall but faded in national memory behind two and infrastructure to better handle the enough to cause another major flood- deadly floods a week apart in Texas. next major flood builds community ing event in coastal South Carolina. Additional record-breaking deluges hit resilience. The new motto this time could have Arkansas, West Virginia, Maryland, “It amazes me that people haven’t been: “Not again!” In the extreme and Louisiana before Matthew gave thought more about resilience,” says northeast corner of the state, Matthew South Carolina another thorough Gerald Galloway, a University of flooding was even worse than in drenching. Maryland engineering professor whose October 2015, thus driving home And secondly, 500-year floods, a research focuses on flood resilience and two points. misunderstood term based on statistics, mitigation. Galloway made that com- First, these types of extra - don’t happen just once every five ment at a February 2016 symposium FALL 2016 • 3 Carolina. The first round of rain had little to do with Joaquin, but moisture in the outer bands of the hurricane likely fed into later rounds, says Ron Morales, warning coordination meteo- rologist with the National Weather Service (NWS) in Charleston. NWS forecast models recognized the flood potential early, warning on October 1 that Charleston should expect more than 10 inches of rain over the next four days. “Everyone was worried about Joaquin,” Morales says. “We were trying to get people to stop looking at Joaquin and look at this rain forecast.” Heavy rain started in Charleston on the afternoon of October 1. Then it stopped late on October 2. Hope Mizzell, state climatologist with the S.C. Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR), heard from skeptics when the first blast of rain ended. She begged them not to take the forecast lightly. “With each forecast, it became more clear somewhere was going to get it,” Mizzell says. “You didn’t know precisely where the maximum amount FIREHOSE EFFECT. Hurricane Joaquin remained off the South Carolina coast in October 2015, but it set up in just the right spot to funnel moisture from a land-based would fall, but you knew there was a low pressure system, which drenched South Carolina with over two feet of rain in some high likelihood it would happen some- areas. where. After it slowed down, I told PHOTO/NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION people who were contacting me, ‘Do not even think this is over!’ ” organized by the Charleston Resilience OCTOBER 2015: ATMOSPHERIC It wasn’t. The atmospheric Network (CRN), a relatively new FLOOD RECIPE fire hose opened full throttle over group of public and private stakehold- Charleston during late afternoon ers, including the S.C. Sea Grant South Carolina was bone dry in October 3, pushing into the central Consortium. The CRN was formed early August 2015, with crops dying in part of the state and the northern to help communities prepare for and fields and many waterways running coast overnight. By the time skies deal with events such as the October at 10 percent of their normal flow. cleared on October 5, one-third of 2015 floods. Farmers and gardeners welcomed a the area’s average annual precipitation According to the Federal couple of quenching rains in August had been crammed into four days in Emergency Management Agency and September, but the state’s streams coastal and inland communities from (FEMA), flooding accounts for 85 still were very low. Then in early Charleston north to Myrtle Beach. percent of all disaster declarations in October, while most people were One site in Mount Pleasant registered the United States. Flooding caused paying attention to strengthening 26.88 inches. Four-day totals included $260 billion in damages from 1980 Hurricane Joaquin in the Atlantic, 24.75 inches in Williamsburg County, through 2013. Improved community a separate low-pressure system stalled 23.74 inches in Horry County, and resilience won’t stop flooding, but it over southern Georgia. 22.02 inches in Berkeley County. could reduce the impact. The land-based low plopped down Flood records were set on the “Resilience is where it’s at,” in an ideal location for its counter- Black River at Kingstree, Black Creek Galloway says. “What are we doing to clockwise rotation to pull moist air up near Quinby in Florence County, make us better the next time around? from the tropics. When that saturated and on Gills Creek, Smith Branch, We can’t afford $6 billion in flood air lifted over the low’s stalled frontal and Pen Branch in Columbia. It’s losses in this country every year.” boundary, rain poured down on South impossible to accurately determine 4 • COASTAL HERITAGE the peak at Gills Creek. The deluge Kiawah Island, was shut down for days. impacted by the rising waters now say washed away the gauge. Further inland, portions of I-95 also they fanatically check weather fore- The force of flowing water buckled had to be closed. casts. Mizzell hopes that is another roads and tested the strength of dams. The rising water didn’t play favor- lesson learned from October 2015: Pay The official tallies from a state infra- ites, enveloping high-end mansions attention to forecasts and don’t assume structure damage report: 541 roads and and mobile home parks. State officials you are safe. 221 bridges closed; 52 state-regulated say 33,100 homes had more than a foot “It had been so long since we had dams and another 191 smaller dams of water in them at some point during experienced a flood,” Mizzell says.
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