Bewaree Country Reports Europe Part 2

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BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Dr. Michael Scharp (ed. 2008): Energy Services – European Country Reports. Berlin: IZT

Funded by EACI

Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010 Disclaimer: The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Contact

Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH Dr. Michael Scharp Schopenhauerstraße 26 14129 Berlin [email protected] Tel. 030-80 30 88 14

Berlin, May 2008

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1 Content

1 Content ...... 2

2 Introduction ...... 3

3 Energy Services in Italy (4) ...... 5

4 Energy Services in Latvia (3) ...... 17

5 Energy Services in Lithuania (3) ...... 27

6 Energy Services in Luxembourg (1) ...... 40

7 Energy Services in Malta (4) ...... 49

8 Energy Services in the Netherlands (2) ...... 55

9 Energy Services in Poland (1) ...... 78

10 Energy Services in Portugal (4) ...... 93

11 Energy Services in Romania (2) ...... 103

12 Energy Services in Slovakia (3) ...... 113

13 Energy Services in Slovenia (3) ...... 129

14 Energy Services in Spain (4) ...... 142

15 Energy Services in Sweden (2) ...... 159

16 Energy Services in the UK (1) ...... 175

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2 Introduction

This report presents the result of the second work package1 of BewareE project “Inventory and Best Practice”. The BewareE project aims at stimulating a change in residents‟ attitudes as well as at enhancing the implementation of “energy services” in cooperation with housing organizations and companies, drawing on “good practice examples” from EU and national projects. Thus, the main purpose of this project is to provide residents –owners as well as tenants- in Europe with access to energy services with information on options for taking full advantage of the technical potential of modern buildings. The work package has consisted of developing an inventory of more than 100 examples of energy services from all over Europe, through an analysis of EU projects, national and local projects of housing organizations and other stakeholders. Around 35 services have been selected as Best Practices after rating all services. These good examples will be analysed with regard to their transferability and adaptation to the national frameworks of Germany, France, The Netherlands and Spain in order to disseminate the appropriate best practices for each country in cooperation with housing associations and similar stakeholders. A report about energy, housing and energy services has been developed for each European country. Thus, each document consists of:  A short description about energy situation in every UE country: sector energy consumption, renewable energy situation, etc.  Information about energy consumption of households and its evolution.  Housing market trends and social housing in each country  A description about energy services situation in the analysed country.  Finally, every country report includes a description of the selected energy services, some of which are classified as best practices (BP). The information for each report has been gathered from different sources that are mentioned as “references”. The methodology for identifying examples of Best Practices includes the following work steps:  Screening European projects on energy services for household / housing organizations (web- and literature analysis)  Contacting European and national project partners from previous European or national projects to gather information on possible Best Practices and projects (with a type of pinball research “Do you know an energy service or do you know someone, who …”).  Expert interviews with European housing associations (such as UEPC or CECODHAS) to develop interview partners in the European countries as well as identify Best Practices.  Expert interviews with project leaders of EU projects on related topics. Telephone interviews with national housing or energy associations in the selected European countries to gain information on possible Best Practices and providers.  Telephone interviews with four to five possible providers of energy services.

1 According the rules of the EACI is the first work package the management of the BewareE project. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 228.doc Page 4 of 185

As a result of this first stage 138 services were identified. Then, an assessment was made in order to distinguish services with a high service component from services which are intrinsically linked to other actions like building measures, producing energy or scientific research. The first type of services were classified as Service Inventory (including the Best Practices), the last ones have been named “Further Services”, FS. This distribution leads to 92 really energy services and 46 services with less service component (FS). Secondly, the SI identified services have been described in a simple SWOT-form regarding  residents acceptance  potential market size  energy reduction potential [%]  initial costs [€ per service unit or per household/year]  initial cost for the service (€/service unit) and  development stage The average of the SWOT-rating of the service inventory is 7.8. The minimum value for Best Practices has been set above 8.0. This quantitative valuation showed 29 Best Practice services. Thirdly, every services in the Service Inventory have been checked to identify qualitative aspects to upgrade it to Best Practice. The main considered qualitative criteria are “being unique”, “energy reduction potential with low investments” and “applicable for countries with less energy services”. Seven more services were identified as Best Practice as a result of this second revision. Finally, 36 services have been identified as “Best Practices”. In the end, the services have been clustered into catogiers. We have used the following categories: Table 1: Categories of services. Services categorization of SI Further services categorization (Best Practice included) (less service compound, FS)  Campaign  Energy efficient buildings  Consulting for the housing sector  Energy production  Empowerment  Energy research  Energy information  Exhibitions and events  Energy monitoring  Face to face advice  Financing and consultation  Low cost incentives  Training forums  Web tools.

Source: Own table.

Following steps are the transferability analysis to adapt Best Practices to the national frameworks of Germany, France, The Netherlands and Spain and Best Practice dissemination in cooperation with housing associations and similar stakeholders.

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3 Energy Services in Italy (4) Project: Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Velte, Daniela; Martin, Ana (2008a)*: Services in Italy Working Paper D21b. Donostia – San Sebastián: Inasmet-Tecnalia Special thanks to: Nicola Labanca, Ph.D., eERG, end-use Efficiency Research Group, Gruppo di ricerca sull'efficienza negli usi finali dell'energia, Dipartimento di Energetica, Politecnico di Milano

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

INASMET-Tecnalia Daniela Velte Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2 Parque Tecnológico E-20009 Donostia – San Sebastián [email protected] Tel. 0034 943 00 37 00

San Sebastián, August 2008

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3.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services in Italy

3.1.1 Energy in Italy Final energy consumption in Italy has been steadily increasing since 1990. In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Italy was 1,532,501,040 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 23% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 11% and the industry 29%. Figure 1: Final energy consumption per sector in Italy (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The energy supply for households is dominated gas followed by oil. Domestic production just covers 18% of the total gas supply and 7% of the oil supply (IEA, 2003), thus, Italy is highly dependant on energy imports. The power supply structure is dominated by gas power stations that supply 40% of electricity production, followed by oil (27%), coal (16%) and hydro (12%) (IAE 2003) Electricity prices for households have been relatively stable form 1995 to 2006. However, according to the European Commission, average household prices are the highest among all Member States (about 43% above European averages). Furthermore, gas prices are generally higher than the European average. Thus, in 2006, the average household gas price was about 4% above the European averages. In terms of renewable energy, Italy mainly counts on not yet fully exploited hydropower, fully tapped geothermal energy for electricity production and wind energy, the use of which has increased in recent years. Solar and waste, however, are not yet widely exploited in Italy.

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Table 2: Renewable Energy: Capacity and Output at End-2005. Installed capacity 2005 Annual output 2005 Solar 34 000 kWp 31 000 MWh Wind 1639 MW 2 343 GWh Wood electricity generating capacity 389 400 kW 42 070 TJ Wood direct use from combustion 106 925 TJ Source: World Energy Council, “2007 Survey of Energy Resources”.

3.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Energy use by households in Italy is linked to very high levels of CO2 emissions – the country value is four times as high as in Portugal and almost twice as high in Spain. This can be explained by the fuel mix used in the power sector, where renewables make up for only about 20% and nuclear is not being used, so that the country has to draw heavily on coal-fired plants for baseload generation. Italy is furthermore a heavy importer of electricity and, as such, is vulnerable to grid interruptions. Table 3: Energy Efficiency Indicators and CO2 Emissions for Italian Household. Energy Efficiency/CO2 Indicators Units 1980 1990 2000 2005 Energy intensity of households (to koe/$95p 0,165 0,034 0,020 0,025 private consumption) (at ppp) Average electricity consumption of kWh/cap 670 930 1059 1192 households per capita Average electricity consumption per kWh/hh 2062 2666 2750 3146 household Average electricity consumption of kWh/hh 2062 2666 2750 3146 electrified households Households consumption for electrical kWh/hh 1496 1981 2119 n.a. appliances and lighting CO2 intensity of households (to private kCO2/$95p n.a. 0,071 0,038 0,046 consumption) (at ppp) CO2 emissions of residential sector per tCO2/hh n.a. 2,59 2,27 2,55 household Source: World Energy Council / ADEME / Enerdata. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/energy_efficiency_policies_around_the_world_review_and_evaluatio n/1230.asp.

3.1.3 Housing in Italy There are 23.6 million households in Italy, with an average size of 2.5 members. The medium price for a dwelling stood at 1,264 € per square meter at the beginning of the decade, but apartments in the larger cities such as Rome, Milan and Firenze are more than twice as expensive. The proportion of

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households that own their dwelling varies between 60 and 75% in the larger cities. The data on social housing offered by Eurostat is very limited: the percentage stands at 7.6% in Bologna. Private renting accounts for approximately 30%, according to data from Ancona. Moreover, as a Eurostat study from 2004 indicates, in a comparison of 31 major European cities, Italian cities belong to the midfield with regard to the difficulty of finding housing opportunities that are pricely appropriate::2 On a scale from 0 (indicating extreme difficulty) to 100 (extreme simplicity) Napoli, Torino and Roma scored 19, 16 and 12 points respectively. The main actor in social housing in Italy is Federcasa, a national association of 100 provincial and 7 local administrations, whose members manage about 800.000 dwellings in the country. Federcasa is active in research activities, which it carries out in cooperation with the European Cecodhas.

3.1.4 Energy Services in Italy The most outstanding feature of the Italian sector is the relevance that energy service companies or ESCOs have gained after the government introduced in 2005 the “White Certificate Scheme”, which obliges the national electricity and gas providers to either implement energy efficiency measures or buy the certificates, thus generating funds that can be used by the energy service companies to carry out their activities. The quantitative objectives pursued by the scheme for the improvement of energy efficiency are expressed in primary energy units (Mtoe) to be saved in comparison with the business as usual scenario for each year in the period 2002-20063. These objectives are presented in the following table. Table 4: Savings Objectives to Be Achieved Through the White Certificate Scheime. Electricity Natural Gas Year Objective (Mtoe) Objective for year (Mtoe) Year Objective (Mtoe) Objective for year (Mtoe) 2005 0.1 0.1 2005 0.1 0.1 2006 0.2 0.1 2006 0.2 0.1 2007 0.4 0.2 2007 0.4 0.2 2008 0.8 0.4 2008 0.7 0.3 2009 1.6 0.8 2009 1.3 0.6 Source: Autorità per l‟energia elettrica e il gas (2007).

The energy savings obtained thanks to this legislation amounted to 191.949 toe in 2006 for electricity distributors and 119.800 toe for gas distributors4. Approximately two thirds of all energy measures carried out in 2005 were realized by one of the 134 Escos that operate in the country. In 2006, this percentage increased to 72%:

2 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE-AG-06-001/EN/KE-AG-06-001-EN.PDF 3 Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory, “ITALIAN ROADMAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ETAP” http://ec.europa.eu/environment/etap/pdfs/roadmaps/italy_en.pdf 4 Autorità per l‟energia elettrica e il gas (2007), “Secondo Rapporto annuale sul meccanismo dei titoli di efficienza energetica. Situazione al 31 maggio 2007.” 31 ottobre 2007 BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 228.doc Page 9 of 185

Table 5: Energy Efficiency Measures Under the White Certificate Scheme 2007. Type of actor Percentage of certicates Electricity distributors – obliged 6,1% Gas distributors – obliged 9,4% Distributors w/o obligations 12,2% Escos 72,3% Total 100% Source: Autorità per l‟energia elettrica e il gas (2007).

The essential condition for setting up this scheme consists in the possibility of verifying the obtained savings through metering. In this context, it has been very useful that Enel, the main electricity company in Italy, was the first in Europe to equip households with smart meters in the 1990s. The service examples for Italy demonstrate the important market effects of White Certificates, since they facilitate the entry of Escos, both in the field of energy efficiency and in the promotion of renewable energy. National legislation has furthermore promoted the introduction of energy advice elements in the boiler inspection service, which seems to be a promising way of channelling information to households with little additional cost.

3.1.5 References World Energy Council (2008). Energy Efficiency Policies around the World - Review_and_Evaluation World Energy Council. (2007). Survey of World Energy Resources Paolo Bertoldi and Atanasio Bogdan (2007). Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union - Status report 2006-. JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainabil- ity Eurostat (2008). Urban Audit Indicators, 2003-2006 Eurostat (2004). Perception Survey European Commission. (2006). Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities – Unit E.1. Eurostat – Unit F.3. The social situation in the European Union 2005- 2006 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE-AG-06-001/EN/KE-AG-06- 001-EN.PDF Guy Vekemans “Boiler inspection in the EU: achievements and challenges for the future” Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito). INFORSE-Europe to the EU and Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. (2006). Study of the Introduction of Renewable Energy in the EU. SErENADE partnership (2007). Energy Advice in Europe 2007 Marcelo Antinucci (2005). Suggestion of a boiler inspection scheme based on the Italian experience. Paper distributed at the Bratislava meeting of the EPBD Concerted Action. APAT and ZSW on behalf of the EuroWhiteCert Team (2007). ESCOs in the Italian and UK energy efficiency schemes. EuroWhiteCert. European Commission, Intelligent Energy Programme Lisa Sentimenti (2005). RES activities and potentials in Modena mountainous areas. AESS – Modena Antonio Capozza (2005). White Certificates. The case of Italy. CESI, T&D Networks Ufficio Stampa WWF Italia (2007). Cuanto vale l‟efficienza. La Campagna GenerazioneClima per un milione di condomini efficienti. Generazione Clima Autorità per l‟energia eletrica e il gas. (2006). Primo Rapporto annuale sul meccanismo dei titoli di efficienza energetica. Situazione al 31 maggio Claudio G. Ferrari (2008). ESCO and Energy Efficiency: an oppotunity for Economic Development. ESCO Italia Spa.

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Arch. Venanzio Gizzi, Directore Generale Federcasa (2008). Circolare N. 55/2008. 2008: Anno dell‟Efficienza energetica di Federcasa. Avvio operativo campagna Generazione Clima WWF/Federcasa/Escoitalia. Federcasa. Mirjam Harmelink and Monique Voogt (2007). White Certificate Schemes in Europe. Ecofys Energy and Climate Strategies

3.2 Energy Service in Italy – Examples

3.2.1 Face to face advice – Boiler inspectors [IT - ID 094 - BP] Short description According to Law 10/91 article 31, Italian municipalities with more than 40,000 inhabitants in their territory and provincial administrations in the remaining national territory have to submit all boilers to inspection at least once every two years. The relevance to this study is the opportunity for energy advice that this presents and has been made obligatory through an amendment in the regulation. During the check, the boiler inspector is obliged to:  Verify the state of maintenance of all installed boilers and guarantee a minimum energy efficiency standard for each boiler.  Verify the presence of automatic temperature regulation and safety equipment.  Check that the boiler complies with legal requirements for heating equipment.  Inform the final users about energy savings, safety rules and the achievement of a good comfort level. Market The estimated number of boilers to be inspected is 11 million: 9.5 million boilers with a capacity smaller than <35 kW and 1.5 million boilers with capacity >35 kW. The selection of equipment to be checked is made at random. The cost for an inspection depends on boiler power (form €50 for P<35kW to €200 for P>350 kW). The selected user receives an official letter from the competent Administration, in which he is invited to contact boiler inspector and arrange an appointment. Added value There are indications that the boiler inspection programme has increased the citizens‟ awareness of the need to maintain boilers properly. For example, in the Province of Como the number of checked plants with correct maintenance increases every year. During winter 2005-2006 83% of plants were within the law. The cost of inspections is claimed to be very high. There are several parameters influencing the public costs (meaning the cost for the local authorities together with the one for the citizens): the number of performed inspections per year (or advices/year), the time and corresponding cost per inspection or advice, the corresponding number of inspectors/Advisors and the administrative costs. The typical time duration of a boiler inspection is one hour, including time for displacement. The average prices applied by local administrations range form 53 to 125 Euros per inspection according to the boiler size. Part of this cost is for system management (20-30%) and part for the inspector (70- 80%). In order to avoid a direct cost for final users who have regularly maintained their boiler, the costs for the sample inspections of correctly registered systems are covered by a small (5-6 Euros) fee applied to the regular maintenance report delivered to the local administration by the home owner or the caretaker. The final users who do not register the boiler maintenance reports have to pay the full cost of inspection plus a fee (10 to 25 Euros fee, according to Municipal regulations).

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Stage of development and implementation The control of boilers was first introduced for pollution prevention in 1966, but a comprehensive definition of the boiler inspection was clarified by the law on energy saving in 1991, and further specified in periodically updated implementing Decrees at national (1993 and 1999) and regional level (2002). The national regulation assigns the responsibility for boiler inspection to local administrations, defines periodicity of inspections and offers the reporting format. The specific organisation is left to the regions and to the single local administrations. Background experience of boiler inspection in Italy is being used to develop boiler inspection schemes in other countries. Important drivers and barriers The costs of the services are high due to the number of inspectors needed and other administrative expenses. It is important to share direct cost of the service between users and Public Administrations and to balance ideal and feasible number of inspections. Another key success factor is to guarantee inspectors‟ professionalism and independence. In order to become a boiler inspector in Italy it is necessary to attend a course organised by ENEA, which consists of about 64 hours of lessons (theory and practice). The participants must have a degree or high school diploma in technical subjects. Contact Institution / company Gruppo di ricerca sull'efficienza negli usi finali dell'energia Dipartimento di Energetica Politecnico di Milano Country / postal code / city 20133 Milano, Italy Address Piazza Leonardo da Vinci n. 32 Website Contact person Nicola Labanca, Ph.D. email-address [email protected] Telephone Tel: +39-02-23993927

3.2.2 Exhibitions and events – Sunday events for promoting thermal solar systems [IT - ID 097 - SI] Short description ANEA (the Napoli Agency for Energy and the Environment) organises SunDay in Napoli. (SunDay is an agreed Sunday, close to the summer solstice, designed to raise awareness about renewable energy through locally organised events held throughout Europe. ISES-Europe co-ordinates the SunDay event at the same time in many European countries. ANEA (the Napoli Agency for Energy and the Environment) organises the SunDay event in the city. Solar collector distributors, environmental associations (amongst others WWF and Greenpeace) and local and national research centres participate in the event, presenting their products and technologies. During this event, the ANEA conducts a survey, by means of direct interviews of citizens, to ascertain the level of public knowledge on renewable energy sources. ANEA compares the result of each year with previous surveys. This event is one of the awareness actions that ANEA organized to promote the utilisation of thermal solar systems and thus, to make a contribution in order to achieve the Kyoto Protocol objectives. Market The penetration of solar thermal energy in southern Italian towns and cities is still weak. The main obstacles are non technological: first, general public and technicians have little knowledge about this technology; second, the price of this technology is still high compared with the average income of a

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southern Italian household. Many people remain unaware of renewable energy and its full potential and that is why educational and communicational actions about benefits of renewable energies (such as solar) and clean energy sources are necessary. On the other side, the increased cost of traditional energies over the past few years (electricity and natural gas) and government subsidies have made solar thermal systems economically profitable. Former low cost of energy and its non-rational use have caused in Napoli, as well as in Italy, severe air, marine and noise pollution. Therefore, the City of Napoli is supporting actions to limit environmental pollution and to promote the use of renewable energies Added value Initial results must be evaluated taking into account the level of knowledge and awareness of RES in Napoli before the implementation of ANEA projects. Before the SunDay events started only some academic researchers were interested in RES. After the two first years of activity, the results obtained were promising, and the number of people and technicians who seed information on solar technologies increases day by day. The small network created by local distributors is working and there are many projects related to RES have been launched mainly by ANEA and the Municipality of Napoli. Stage of development and implementation The campaign is being held every year since 1999. This case study was prepared by Energie-Cités in co-operation with ANEA. It received funding from the Altener Programme of DGXVII of the European Commission. Important drivers and barriers This service is especially effective when little awareness about energy efficiency and renewables exists. It may be considered as a first step for further added value services. Contact Institution / company ANEA – Agenzia Napoletana e Ambiente Country / postal code / city ITALY – 80132 Napoli Address Via Roma, 317 Website http://www.anea.eu/ Contact person Mr. Michele MACALUSO email-address [email protected] Telephone Tel: +34 912015473

3.2.3 Energy monitoring - Nation-wide installation of smart meters and services [IT - ID 120 - SI] Short description Enel SpA, the largest power company in Italy deployed smart meters over its 27 million customers. These meters communicate over low voltage power line using standards-based power line technology from Echelon Corporation to Echelon data concentrators at which point they communicate via IP to Enel‟s enterprise servers. The system provides a wide range of advanced features, including the ability to remotely turn power on or off to a customer, read usage information from a meter, detect a service outage, detect the unauthorized use of electricity, change the maximum amount of electricity that a customer can demand at any time; and remotely change the meters billing plan from credit to prepay as well as from flat-rate to multi-tariff.

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Market Over a 5 year period beginning in 2000 and ending in 2005 Enel deployed smart meters to its entire customer base (27 million households). Other countries that have started to implement smart meters are Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Ireland, Turkey, United States, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Added value Enel has estimated the cost of the project at approximately 2.1 billion Euros and the savings they are receiving in operation of 500 million Euros per year, a 4 year payback and a testament to the power of next-generation advanced metering systems. Stage of development and implementation Implementation process ended in 2005 so the service is fully functioning. Important drivers and barriers Smart meters were implemented when Enel had the monopoly for household electricity supply. That allowed a fully deployment over all residential sector in Italy.. The cost of the project is very high although the company had a 4 year payback. Contact Institution / company Enel SpA Country / postal code / city ITALIA Rome, 00198 Address Viale Regina Margherita 137 Website http://www.enel.it Contact person Corporate Communication - Relazioni con i media email-address [email protected] Telephone 39-06-83051

3.2.4 Consulting for the housing sector – "One million energy-efficient homes" [IT - ID 122 - BP] Short description Generazione Clima is a global awareness campaign promoted by WWF with the main objective of reaching a 30% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. One of the most important lines of this WWF campaign is to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings. According to WWF, the technology exists, people are disposed and there is legal support, since from July 1, 2009 on every apartment which is sold needs to have an energy efficiency certificate. Within this framework, WWF has signed an agreement with Federcasa (Italian Federation for Social Housing) and EscoItalia, an energy service company, in order to promote energy efficiency through specific activities during 2008. The agreement foresees to carry out the following activities:  Planning, design and implementation of efficiency measures in buildings. They have developed two specific actions: a) Preparation of a first sample of energy-efficient apartments in Italy to be monitored and promoted within the WWF “Generazione Clima” campaign. b) Integration of proved efficiency measures in new constructions with support from Federcasa and ENEA.  Distribution of an “energy savings kit” to tenants. The kit contains several small appliances to save electricity (such as energy efficient light bulbs) and water.

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Market The challenge of this WWF initiated campaign is to reach one million efficient apartments by 2020. That means to integrate proved efficiency measures (heating systems and building isolation) in one million Italian apartments. The first steps to achieve this final goal are several awareness campaigns within the country as well as demonstration projects of energy-efficient apartments, through collaboration of different agents (NGOs, Public Administration, construction companies, energy companies, etc.) Added value If the “one million efficient apartments” challenge is achieved, WWF has estimated a 40% fulfilment of the Kyoto objectives for Italy. The savings for an average Italian family should reach 45-50% of their heating expenses. Stage of development and implementation The agreement was signed in 2007 but the project has started in this year (2008). Important drivers and barriers WWF has identified several financing, cultural and legislative barriers for the entire “Generazione clima” campaign. Thus, in order to achieve the final goal, they foresee several actions to increase citizens‟ awareness. Another key point is collaboration between the most relevant agents as NGO, local and regional administrations, the Ministry for Environment, energy companies, construction companies, related associations, etc. The roles of the partners in the specific agreement between WWF, Federcasa and Escoitalia are divided as follows:  Awareness campaign management: WWF  Efficiency measures in apartments: Escoitalia and Federcasa Contact Institution / company WWF Country / postal code / city Italy Address Via Po, 25/c, 00198 Roma Website http://www.wwf.it Contact person Matteo Leonardi email-address [email protected] Telephone 00 39 06 84497375

3.3 Further Services

3.3.1 Campaign – Promoting solar thermal systems [IT - ID 100 - FS]

PALERMO AMG launched a Dissemination Campaign to promote Solar Thermal Systems for Hot Water Production with Gas Back-up. The campaign aims to encourage the replacement of electric water heaters by combined solar-methane systems for the production of hot water and. The campaign was divided in 3 actions. The most relevant one was directed toward families living on the upper floors of buildings or in detached houses that still use electric heaters to produce hot water. They received from AMG: a list of certified installers, assistance to benefit from a tax credit, assessment for special credit conditions and information on other solar energy uses in households. AMG installed solar systems in 100 households and gave them a 50 Euro grant. Compared with electric heaters, each solar-gas system installed avoids the emission of 1 ton/year of CO2 in the atmosphere and results in financial savings of

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up to 500 Euro per year. The pay back period is less than four years, taking into account the tax reduction and other benefits.

3.3.2 Financing and consultation – Funding program for boilers and solar collectors [IT - ID 095 - FS] The funding program for high efficiency boilers and solar thermal plants installation was held in Modena Province. This action is included on an Action Plan for Energy and Sustainable Development (PAESS) approved in July 2002 by Province of Modena, developed as a part of a wider Local Agenda 21 “Implementation Plan” of the Administration. The action was preceded by an intensive consultative phase, in order to create a partnership of stakeholders adhering to the initiative in a motivated way. The PAESS made subsidies available for the substitution of two classes of old and inefficient boilers and for the installation of solar-thermal application in households. Results for 4 star boilers: the public contribution corresponding to the approved applications is about 590,000 euro. The overall time scale of saving can be estimated in 10 years, giving an overall energy saving of 3,340 toe. Inspite of doubling the initial funds for the programme, the number of applications exceeded the available budget. Results for Solar Thermal plants: € 210,000 were dedicated and almost 200 applications were presented

3.3.3 Energy production – Installation of pellets plant and heat supply service [IT - ID 096 - FS] Amga Energia srl of San Muro Pascoli, in the province of Cesena, is an energy service company (ESCO) that operates in various sectors: lighting service, checking and maintenance of systems, heat supply and biomass use for production, and use of pellets. The heat supply service consists in an in- depth analysis of the property, designing, installation of the required elements and management of biomass heating plants to ensure energy savings during the payback period. The savings in energy costs is used to pay back the capital investment of the project over a five- to twenty-year period. If the project does not provide returns on the investment, the Company is responsible to pay the difference.

3.3.4 Campaign - Promoting combined-gas solar systems [IT - ID 098 - FS] Combined-gas solar systems diffusion campaign organized in Sicily, Palermo The campaign, addressed to families and communities, is intended to inform users on natural gas back-up solar thermal systems and support them, even financially, in the legal and technical aspects related to the systems installation. A training course for technicians is also provided.

3.3.5 Campaign – Promoting renewable energy sources in schools [IT - ID 099 - FS] RESIS – Renewable Energy Sources in Schools is an awareness campaign for students hold in Salerno, Italy. By inviting local schools to put theory into practice, AGEAS reinforced Italian students‟ knowledge of renewable energy sources and increased their enthusiasm for energy saving. A collection of teaching materials were put onto CD-ROM and disseminated to secondary and high school classes in the Salerno region. Having absorbed the theoretical aspects of renewable energy, seven schools then participated in a project to build a prototype based on a renewable energy source. This was based on the „bottega‟ (little working laboratory) concept, through which the students had hands-on experience of materials testing, technical design, electronics, product evaluation and calculations.

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3.3.6 Campaign – Life's style and energy for schools [IT - ID 101 - FS] Sinergicamente - Life's Style and Energy: Which Ways for Sustainability? is a school awareness campaign held in Rimini, Italy. In 2005, the Municipality of Rimini joined the European Display® Campaign and labelled 20 public buildings. In 2007, in cooperation with three educational centres, a project was launched that will continue Display® labelling and extend it to all primary schools (37 buildings). A mascot named Watty helps pupils to monitor electricity, heating and water consumption: In every school an energy team has been set up in order to survey bad use of energy, water losses, daily lighting, etc. After six months, the energy teams prepared a report which was sent to the municipal energy manager who, in turn, study the particular cases and proposed best solutions to be implemented. At the end of the year, each energy team received a prize financed by energy savings or the sale of white certificates (amounting to a total €4,000/year). Display® posters are placed every year at the entrance or hall of the school.

3.3.7 Energy efficient buildings – Construction of a low energy consumption buildings [IT - ID 102 - FS] Construction of a semi-detached demonstration building with very low energy consumption (three litres of fuel per year and m²) in Rome, in order to: Promote the use of high level of energy efficiency systems by builders and designers; Test the Urban Policy Actions in the Sustainable Energy field implemented by the Municipality of Rome; Raise awareness among citizens in undertaking energy saving actions and the use of renewable energy sources in residential buildings by the organisation of Solar Houses Exhibition

3.3.8 Campaign – Sustainable energy for schools [IT - ID 103 - FS] The involvement of schools in sustainable energy management was obtained operating jointly on the improvement of the building energy performance, on user behavior and on the development of didactic projects. The approach was based on performance contracting to an external company the energy rehabilitation and management of all buildings of the local administration, mainly schools. The user behavior was addressed by a Voluntary Agreement between schools and Administration, where the money saved through energy saving is allocated 50% to the schools. The Energy Agency supports didactic projects promoted by the teachers, with financial help from the local administrations. Environmental benefits are estimated as 2,200 tons of avoided CO2 emissions and the achieved behavioral changes are demonstrated by the pupils‟ and students‟ attitude towards energy savings. All energy agencies can manage similar experiences, if the local administrations show interest in school energy efficient management. AESS - Agenzia per l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Sostenibile di Modena

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4 Energy Services in Latvia (3) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Thomas, Yoann, Huber, Andreas (2008): Service Inventory Latvia Working Paper D21 d LV Karlsruhe, Germany: European Institute for Energy Research.

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

EIFER Andreas Huber

Emmy-Noether Str. 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe [email protected] Tel. 0049-(0)721 6105 - 1421

Karlsruhe, August 2008

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 18 of 185

4.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

4.1.1 Energy in Latvia In 2004, total final energy consumption in Latvia amounted to 3.9 Mtoe, causing around 7.3 Mtons of

CO2 emissions. Historically, the total consumption steadily decreased from 1990 to 2000 which is due to the economic recession in the early 90ies and the modernisation of industries. However, in recent years economic upturn with growth rates of up to 10.2% (2005; Eurostat (2008a)): came along with increasing energy consumption (cf. Figure 2). Figure 2: Evolution of final energy consumption in Latvia between 1990 and 2004.

Own illustration; source: Eurostat. (2008b): Energie und Umwelt. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571447&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Latvia was 49,266,000 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 35% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 15% and the industry 18%.

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Figure 3: Final energy consumption per sector in Latvia (2006)

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

In 2004, the primary energy supply was 4.6 Mtoe, representing 1986 kgoe per capita. In comparison, the average EU-27 value was of 3689 kgoe/capita. Latvia is one of Europe‟s “best pupils” with regard to the use of renewable energy sources. “Green” sources provided most of the energy needed (36%; c.f Figure 4), with oil (30%) and gas (29%) completing a very diverse mix of energy supply. Large scale hydro-energy forms the backbone of Latvia‟s renewable energy generation, while the huge potential of wood (47.7% of Latvia‟s surface is covered by forests) and onshore wind energy remains nearly unused (European Commission 2007b; Dena 2007). Figure 4: Primary energy supply in Latvia in 2004.

Source: European Commission (2007a); http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/mix/mix_lv_en.pdf.

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With regard to energy effiicieny one can state that primary energy intensity decreased between 1992 and 2005 by 56%, being of 0.19 koe/$95p in 2005. However, this value is still well above the EU25 average of 0.166 koe/$95p and reveals that there is still much room for improvement for Latvia‟s energy efficiency.

4.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households With 37% in 2004, the share of households in final energy consumption is still very high compared to EU average and points to a persisting urgent need of refurbishment of the existing housing stock as well as of the construction of new energy efficient buildings (Cf. Figure 5). The transport sector consumed around 25% of 2004 final energy, while industries and commerce accounted for 19% each (European Commission 2007a). Figure 5: Share of households in final energy consumption in several countries.

Own illustration; source: Eurostat. (2008b): Energie und Umwelt. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571447&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

4.1.3 Housing in Latvia There are only limited data available on the housing situation in Latvia. Most of the information dates from 2004. Interviews revealed that the construction market has developed dynamically since then and recent data indicate a construction boom in Latvia, too (Latvijas statistika 2008). This means that one has to bear in mind that the data presented here have to be interpreted cautiously. In 2004, the housing stock comprised around 967 thousand dwellings, 687 Thousand of them being part of multi-family buildings and 280 thousand representing a one family building (Ministry of Infrastructure of Ita- ly/Federcasa 2006:58). Approximately one third of all dwellings are located in Riga (Jurjans 2001: 1). Latvia‟s share of people living in owned dwellings was 77% in 2004, which is low compared to other former socialist countries, but clearly higher than in the old EU member states (c.f Table 6). After the political system change formerly state owned flats were given to people (voucher system), which is resulting in a very complicated ownership structure today and complicates refurbishment measures (c.f service N° 2).With a proportion of only 1% social housing is negligible. In no other EU member state

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 21 of 185 there is a similarly low share of this housing type. Thus the differences between the highest ranking member state, the Netherlands (34%), and Latvia are tremendous, but there is also a significant gap to other former socialist countries such as Estonia, Slovakia (both 4%) and Slovenia (6%). Table 6: Housing in selected European countries (2004). Proportion of households Proportion of households Proportion of social rental living in owned dwellings living in rented housing dwellings

Belgium 68 31 7 France 57 40 17 Estonia 96 4 4 Germany 45 55 6 Latvia 77 19 1 Italy 73 19 5 Netherlands 56 44 34 Slovakia 85 5 4 Slovenia 84 9 6 United Kingdom 69 31 20

Own table; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 64, 66).

Concerning the quality of housing, it is striking that Latvia displays the lowest average useful floor area per dwelling of all EU 25 countries. Compared to the Luxembourgian residents, Latvians have to be content with less than half of their western counterparts‟ average dwelling surface (c.f Figure 6 Average useful floor areas in selected European countries.). Those findings are confirmed by data on the average number of rooms per flat (however those figures date from 2001). While people from the western European countries usually lived in four to five room homes, most Latvians had to settle for only one or two rooms per house in 2001 (Jurjans 2001: 2). Figure 6 Average useful floor areas in selected European countries.

Own figure; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 52).

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Indeed, there seems to be a great need of constructing new spacious dwellings (and it seems to be gradually satisfied in the course of the new construction boom). According to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa data (2006: 55), Latvia‟s housing stock is one of the most outdated in Europe. Only 0.7% of all existing buildings were constructed after 2000, and only 3.7% in the period from 1990 to 2000 (c.f Figure 7). The lion‟s share of Latvia‟s housing stock was constructed in the socialist period and is energetically absolutely inefficient.

Figure 7: Age distribution of housing stock in selected countries.

Own figure; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 55).

4.1.4 Energy Services in Latvia Energy services seem still to be underdeveloped in Latvia. The country‟s only energy agency (Riga Energy Agency) was only funded in 2007 and is about to build up structures and enlarge its activities. Confirming this impression, the researchers of the SErENADE project even claim that “in principle there is no public energy advice in Latvia” (SErENADE 2007: 77). According to one of the interviewed Latvian experts this is due to the slow progress of national policies in the fields of RES and energy efficiency. He regretted that national legislation had been lagging behind for a long time, in particular the transposition of relevant EU legislation5. Similarly, in a 2007 country report about Latvia, the German National Energy Agency criticizes that the Latvian government had failed in implementing an incentive system for spreading wind and solar energy as well as hydropower (DENA 2007: 26). If existing, subsidies are mostly provided by European Structural Funds. Thus it is not surprising that one of the two services presented in this report is organised by the Baltic Environ- mental Forum, an external supranational organisation. This service tries to respond to a huge knowledge gap in Latvia concerning energy efficient building technologies. After many years of slow development, the construction market has recently speeded up and there has been an enormous

5 As an example he cited the EPBD that was only implemented in 2008 in Latvia.

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 23 of 185 construction boom in Latvia (Latvijas statistika 2008), but new buildings have not been erected according to modern energy efficiency standards. Moreover, there are only a few private energy (service) companies. State owned Latvenergo Company dominates the Latvian electricity and heat supply market and impedes the rise of strong competitors (Dena 2007: 8, 27). Consequently, this report‟s second service example is offered by Latvenergo Company.

4.1.5 References Deutsche Energieagentur (2007): Länderprofil Lettland. Eurostat (2008a): Economy and Finance. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571447&_dad=portal&_s chema=PORTAL; accessed on 2008/08/28 Eurostat (2008b): Umwelt und Energie. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571447&_dad=portal&_s chema=PORTAL; accessed on 2008/08/28 European Commission (2007a), Latvia Energy Mix Fact Sheet. European Commission (2007b), Latvia Renewable Energy Mix Fact Sheet. Jurjans, Aivars, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of Latvia (2001): Address at the Third European Ministerial Conference on Sustainable Housing in Genva , 27th and 28th of June, 2002. Latvias statistika (2008): Completed residential buildings by quarter: http://www.csb.lv/csp/content/?cat=2162; accessed on 2008/08/28 Ministry of Insfrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006): Housing Statistics of the European Union. SErENADE (Sharing Expertise in Energy Advise Across Europe) network (2007): Energy Advise in Europe. World Energy Council (2008): Latvia Energy Efficiency/ CO2 Indicators. http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/slovenia.pdf; accessed on 2008/08/27.

4.2 Energy Services in in Latvia – Examples

4.2.1 Exhibitions and events – Exhibition of household appliances [LV - ID 071 - SI] Short description Soviet electrical household appliances were not very energy efficient. Therefore the Energy Efficiency Centre (EEC), a department of Latvenergo Energy Company, invites interested citizens to visit a permanent exhibition of energy efficient household appliances such as washing machines, dish washers, refrigerators and electrical heating equipments. Those products are provided by partnering companies. EEC makes sure that it always exhibits the most energy efficient products. People can inform about the products and get advices on the functioning. Residents can also see how employees are testing technical appliances. Furthermore the EEC does lectures about energy efficiency and safe use of electrical appliances, individual consultations as well as seminars with partnering companies.

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Market The service is conceived for all interested citizens, thus to 100% of all households. In average EEC is consulting every year the around 0.3 % of all citizens. Added value In most of the cases up to 10% of the energy consumption of households can be saved. Consultations, lectures and seminars are completely for free. Thus for the residents the exhibition is a very time and moneysaving and practical possibility to inform on energy efficient appliances whereas for the company the exhibition is a good way of image building. Stage of development and implementation The service is fully implemented. Important drivers and barriers There are no important drivers and barriers. Contact Institution / company Latvenergo Energy Company/ Energy Efficiency Centre Country / postal code / city Riga, LV-1230, Latvia Address Pulkveņa Brieņa iela12 Website http://www.latvenergo.lv/portal/page?_pageid=80,291426&_dad=portal&_s chema=PORTAL Contact person Mr. Andris Spidans Email-address [email protected] Telephone (+371) 67728567; 00371-28356246

4.2.2 Training forums – Seminars for constructing energy-efficient buildings [LV - ID 129 - BP] Short description From the background of a construction boom in all three Baltic countries the Baltic Environmental Forum, Riga Energy Agency and Auraplan architects (Hamburg/Germany) are carrying out a comprehensive two years project that aims at fostering energy efficient buildings in the Baltic countries. This project shall mark the initial point of a series of projects that target at the question of energy efficiency/consumption of buildings. A wide scope of action fields was defined, most importantly the following:  After an in-depth research on construction standards in the Baltic States and on best practice examples from climatically comparable regions in Western and Northern Europe, a two days seminar was organised, addressing local actors in Baltic municipalities. Experts from western European countries presented the state of the art in energy efficient building technology in their countries and pointed out important errors that should be avoided for the construction of new residential buildings in the Baltic countries. The seminar was attended by approximately 60 representatives of energy agencies, municipalities and municipal services e.g. for heat supply. As a part of the seminar, the participants also took part in two exercises. In one exercise they decided on best practice options appearing most suitable to the Baltic States, in the other one they discussed retrofitting measures of two selected examples. A second seminar is planned in autumn and this seminar shall focus on consumer issues. (c.f point 3)

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 Based on experience from Germany and Western Europe an adaptation concept for best-practice for energy efficient building technology in the Baltic States shall be developed. Thus this activity can be considered as a capacity building project for multipliers, aiming at increasing the stakeholders‟ knowledge and awareness. The project team will identify knowledge gaps and subsequently introduce good examples and required expertise.  It can be assumed that construction related stakeholders are lacking accurate knowledge on certain aspects of energy efficiency in buildings. Therefore the project also aims at exploring the real knowledge gaps among construction experts (architects, engineers, craftsmen, and other related stakeholders) and at developing an appropriate training concept to fill these gaps. Therefore the existing study programmes in architecture and engineering are currently assessed in interviews with university lecturers. Based on the findings a training concept shall be developed.  Development of a strategy to influence consumer patterns: The development of a strategy that shall raise people‟s awareness for possible energy savings and thus tackle the slowly changing consumer behaviour. The project partners will analyse economic background data from the national statistical offices and then organise a seminar (planned in autumn 2008) to discuss strategies on how to change consumer behaviour. Market The project targets stakeholders in the building sector that are concerned, i.e. architects, craftsmen, politicians, local municipality and municipal services, and – indirectly - also private persons willing to build new homes. As there is still a strong need for refurbishment of the existing building stock and a need for new buildings the seminars are potentially interesting for a large part of Baltic stakeholders in the construction sector. In addition, since new houses are usually constructed without concern for energy efficiency a large part of the population can be considered as an indirect important target group. Furthermore if tenants and flat owners of multi-storey family houses are taken into account as well, an even bigger share of the population can be seen as potential target group. However, the project is primarily focused on new buildings. Added value It is hard to gather precise data on the effects of the measures as it is unclear how many buildings are/have been erected according to the best practice coming from western European countries. However, a typical multi-storey, non-refurbished building in the Baltic States will have a primary energy demand of approx. 170 kWh/m2*year. This value is most likely lower for new houses. The project aims at promoting measures achieve low energy standards of buildings (60-80 kWh/m2*year). Passive house technology (15 kWh/m2*year) was introduced; as so far there is no passive house in the Baltic States. Given these facts, one can reasonably claim that buildings implementing the suggested energy efficiency measures would save around 30-50% of energy (assuming a demand of a 120-150 kWh in new residential buildings). So far, approximately 60 stakeholders were introduced to energy efficiency principles and measures. Seminar participation was free of charge. Additionally, by adopting a comprehensive approach of individual energy consumption the project also promotes sound urban planning. Thus mobility emissions from energy efficient but peripheral homes are taken into account. Stage of development and implementation The project is planned as a first step of a series of projects dealing with energy efficiency in buildings and construction issues. It therefore has a very broad scope covering many research fields. Follow-up projects will deal with more specific measures. Thus the current project can be considered a pilot.

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Important drivers and barriers Knowledge and awareness gaps: Having experienced the Soviet system until 1991, people in the Baltic States have been considering energy as an indefinite good, always and everywhere available at whatever amount, provided by the political regime. Until recently, this attitude was not seriously challenged. Most Latvians, Lithuanians and Estonians still don‟t reflect their energy consumption. In this context it is a serious problem that energy is either included in the rent or paid on the basis of a flat rate, which is independent from the actual consumption. Average individual energy consumption is steadily increasing and consumers are not aware of it, as their energy bills don‟t reflect their behaviour. Consequently, the motivation to save energy and the awareness was and still is low. Lack of qualifications: The knowledge on low energy building technology is still low, therefore a lot of awareness raising work has still to be done. There is a lack of knowledge among professional architects and engineers and skilled workers, which means that work is often carried out by unskilled workers without education on energy efficiency issues. Furthermore legislation some professionals don‟t understand legislative provisions. Ownership structure: Talking about refurbishment, the ownership structure complicates any action. After the political system change formerly state owned flats were given to people (voucher system). However this does not apply to the current project, as it is focussing on newly constructed houses. Legal barriers: National legislation, especially the transposition of relevant EU legislatives was lagging behind. For instance, in Latvia the EPBD was only implemented in 2008. Drivers: However, from the background of rising energy prices and the dependency on energy imports attention on energy efficiency has been increasing. There is a growing interest in solutions, e.g. the seminar on energy efficiency (see above) was originally designed for 40 participants, but finally this number was significantly exceeded. Contact Institution / company Baltic Environmental Forum Deutschland e.V. Country / postal code / city 20259 Hamburg Germany Address Osterstraße 58 Website http://www.bef-de.org/ Contact person Matthias Grätz Email-address [email protected] Telephone +49 40 53307076

Further Information The agenda and the presentations are available online: http://www.befgroup.net/general- office/events/energy-efficiency-best-practice-workshop

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5 Energy Services in Lithuania (3) BewareE Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Girard, Sébastien; Huber, Andreas; Thomas, Yoann (2008): Energy services in Lithuania Working Paper D21d LT Karlsruhe: European Institute for Energy Research

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

EIfER Andreas Huber

Emmy-Noether Str. 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe [email protected] Tel. 0049-(0)721 6105 - 1421

Karlsruhe, August 2008

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 28 of 185

5.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

5.1.1 Energy in Lithuania The final energy consumption in Lithuania has considerably decreased since the early 1990‟s, particularly between 1991 (10.2 Mtoe) and 1995 (4.5 Mtoe). Although the consumption decreased in all sectors, Figure 8 below shows that commerce as well as industry underwent a stronger decrease. The economic recession in the early 1990‟s consequently seems to be a decisive factor. The decreasing consumption of private households is partly due to the population decline that has occurred since 1992. Figure 8: Evolution of final energy consumption in Lithuania per sector (1990 till 2006).

Source: DG TREN (2008). An analysis of the development of final energy consumption per energy carrier (c.f Figure 9) shows that the consumption of oil held most of the decrease. Figure 9: Evolution of final energy consumption in Lithuania per carrier (1990 and 2006).

Source: DG TREN (2008).

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The total final consumption kept slowly decreasing until 2000. Then it initiated a quite symmetric growth: the level reached in 2006 is quite similar to the consumption in 1994. In 2006, 4.7 Mtoe final energy were consumed, including 15% of electricity. Transports (32%) and the residential sector (30%) are responsible for a large share of the final energy consumption as shown in Figure 8 below. The share due to private households is one of the largest in Europe. Indeed, the average in the EU-27 is worth 26% whereas industry consumes about 28% of the final energy consumption (22% in Lithuania). In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Lithuania was 55,365,600 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 30% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 13% and the industry 22%. Figure 10: Final energy consumption per sector in Lithuania (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The primary energy supply amounted 9.2 Mtoe, mostly provided by oil (33%), gas (29%) and nuclear energy (26%). The import dependency is higher than in the rest of Europe (64% vs. 54% in the average EU6-27). Figure 11: Primary energy supply per source in Lithuania in 2006.

Source: DG TREN (2008).

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5.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households As shown in Figure 9, the energy supply from renewable sources (RES) has constantly increased since 1990, passing from 2.0% to 9.3% in 16 years. Nowadays, the share of RES is higher than in the average EU-27 (7.1% in 2006). Most of the RES is provided by biomass (95%) and hydro (4%). The share of RES in the electric production is quite low (3.6% in 2006 vs. 14.5% in the EU-27) and mostly provided by hydro power (91% in 2006). Biomass plants and wind farms started contributing to electricity generation in the early 2000‟s, providing the remaining 9% of renewable sources for electricity production in 2006.

15.1 Mt of CO2 were emitted in 2006, representing 2,663 kgoe per capita which is 28% lower than in the average EU-27. Nevertheless the CO2 emissions per capita have steadily increased since 2000 (+25% between 2000 and 2006). The CO2 intensity is much lower in Lithuania than in the average EU-27 (1.79 t CO2/toe vs. 2.50 t CO2/toe). However, this indicator has significantly increased during the last few years too (+20% between 2003 and 2006). In all, a long-term improvement can nonetheless be observed through the following list of environmental indicators. Table 7: Energy efficiency and environmental indicators in Lithuania, 1980-2005. Unit 1980 1992 2000 2005 Primary energy intensity (at ppp) koe/$95p n.a. 0.376 0.258 0.215 Primary energy intensity excluding traditional fuels koe/$95p n.a. 0.367 0.236 0.197 (ppp) Primary energy intensity adjusted to EU structure koe/$95p n.a. 0.289 0.177 0.146 (ppp) Final energy intensity (at ppp) koe/$95p n.a. 0.221 0.135 0.113 Final energy intensity at 1995 GDP structure (ppp) koe/$95p n.a. 0.220 0.134 0.113 Final energy intensity adjusted to EU economic koe/$95p n.a. 0.205 0.127 0.106 structure (ppp) CO2 intensity (at ppp) kCO2/$95p n.a. 0.684 0.402 0.330 CO2 emissions per capita tCO2/cap n.a. 5.37 3.20 3.83 Sorce and notes: WEC (2008). http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/lithuania.pdf. Access: July 2008. US$95 United States Dollar (1995 value); koe = kilogram of oil equivalent; hh = household; ppp = purchasing power parity.

Several important problems are associated with heating of housing in Lithuania. Residential heating is heavily dependent on fossil fuel. Subsidies from the State budget to maintain the residential heat price at a below-cost level declined in recent years, but are often still substantial. Yet the environmental indicators specifically related to the residential sector show that the energy intensity in this sector has decreased in spite of the increasing electricity consumption due to a higher diffusion of electric home appliances in private households.

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 31 of 185

Table 8: Energy efficiency in households and CO2 emissions for the Czech Republic.

Energy efficiency and CO2 indicators Unit 1980 1992 2000 2005 Energy intensity of households (to private consump- koe/$95p n.a. 0.086 0.068 0.052 tion) (at ppp) Average electricity consumption of households per kWh/cap n.a. 485 505 607 capita Average electricity consumption per household kWh/hh n.a. 1,222 1,305 1,556 CO2 intensity of households (to private consumption) kCO2/$95p n.a. 0.071 0.028 0.024 (at ppp) CO2 emissions of residential sector per household t CO2/hh n.a. 0.92 0.41 0.47 Sorce and notes: WEC (2008). http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/lithuania.pdf. Access: July 2008. US$95 United States Dollar (1995 value); koe = kilogram of oil equivalent; hh = household; ppp = purchasing power parity.

5.1.3 Housing in Lithuania In 2004 there were around 1346 Thousands households in Lithuania (Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa 2006: 32), with 64% of them located in urban areas and 36% of them in rural areas. According to an interviewed person of LDHA, around 66% of all Lithuanian reside in multi-apartment buildings. Almost all Lithuanians own the flats they are living in: Only 3% of all dwellings are rented by their residents (c.f Table 9). Table 9: Housing in selected European countries (2004). Proportion of households Proportion of households Proportion of social living in owned dwellings living in rented housing rental dwellings Belgium 68 31 7 France 57 40 17 Estonia 96 4 4 Germany 45 55 6 Lithuania 976 3 17 Italy 73 19 5 Netherlands 56 44 34 Slovakia 85 5 4 Slovenia 84 9 6 United Kingdom 69 31 20

Own table; sources: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 64, 66); Statistical Department of the Republic of Lithuania (2007); Statistical Department of the Republic of Lithuania (2008).

Thus, Lithuania is a typical Eastern and Central European EU member state with a strongly polarised distribution of the housing stock towards private ownership. In contrast, western European countries tend to have a more balanced proportion of households living in owned dwellings and households living in rented dwellings. According to the expert cited above there was not paid sufficient attention paid to the establishment of an institutional and legal system for the maintenance and exploitation of

6 Year 2007; due to lack of data, the proportions for Lithuania are calculated as shares of the total useful floor space. The actual share of dwellings might be slightly different. 7 Year 2008; due to lack of data, the proportion is calculated as the number of people having right to social housing related to the total population (48,149 persons/ 3,366,200 persons = 0,014). The actual share might be slightly different.

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 32 of 185 buildings. Only 20% of the total number of apartment buildings are managed and maintained by a home owners association, which complicates any refurbishment project. Another typical feature of the post socialist countries is the low importance of social housing. Again Lithuania appears as an ideal type country in this respect, with a social housing share of approxima- tively 1% of the total housing stock only. In comparison, exemplary old EU member states display a social housing share ranging from 17% (France) to 34% (the Netherlands). Coming to the quality of housing, available data show that Lithuanians are disadvantaged compared to most of European populations. For instance, with an average of 60.6 m² of useful floor area Lithuani- ans have less than half of the average space of wealthy Luxembourgers at their disposal (c.f Figure 12). Only Latvians, Slovakians and Estonians have to content with a living space which is similarly low. Figure 12: Average useful floor area.

Own figure; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 52).

Figure 13 shows that the Lithuanian dwelling stock is among the most outdated. More than two thirds of all buildings were constructed during the Soviet period, when oil and gas were considered to be almost indefinite and, consequently, buildings were not constructed according to energy efficiency requirements. However, the figure has to be interpreted with caution, as it does not include data from the most recent period. Interviews revealed that there has been a construction boom in all Baltic countries which certainly has impacted on the housing situation in Lithuania. Indeed, statistics show a steady increase of the total number of useful floor since 2003 (rising from 79.4 million m² to 82.1 million m²; Statistical Department of the Republic of Lithuania 2007). Yet, according to one of the interviewees “the total need of investment for the modernization of all apartment houses reaches more than 5 billion EUR while in 2007 there were allocated only 4 million EUR from State Budget”. This statement confirms that there is still a lot to be done.

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 33 of 185

Figure 13: Age distribution of housing stock in selected countries.

Own figure; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 55).

5.1.4 Energy Services in Lithuania The interviews led in Lithuania indicate that awareness rising is today not one of the country‟s central preoccupations. As an expert of the Lithuanian Energy Institute (who was involved in the EU ISEES project) puts it, before all behaviour related action there is an urgent need to renovate the existing building stock: “Most residential buildings in Lithuania, which were constructed according to the old soviet building standards, are of quite low quality and need substantial renovation, mainly related to improvement of building's insulation and refurbishment of heat supply system inside buildings. Renovation process is gaining some acceleration in Lithuania, but still is rather slow, which is because it is very expensive for most tenants living in such type of buildings. Any improvement related to the change of user behaviour will become more significant after renovation process only.” Due to this fact it was not easy to find energy services addressed to tenants themselves. Rather there are some capacity building measures that are designed to help housing owners and associations to plan refurbishment projects. Two of those examples are the services provided by the Lithuanian District Heating Association and the Housing and Urban Development Agency. The Housing Agency in Lithuania gives advice on building renovation and provides support to municipalities, building administration, maintenance companies and homeowners associations for the implementation of the “Renovation of Multi-family Apartment Houses Programme”. In addition, there are some more organisations impacting on the field of energy services (SErE- NADE 2007: 78). The State Enterprise Energy Agency of Lithuania (ENA) is engaged in activities related to the development and implementation of the National Energy Strategy, in the preparation of programmes for efficient energy consumption, and the organization of their practical implementation. Furthermore, the Agency consults and informs final energy consumers about energy saving measures and methods of implementation. At the regional level there are two further Energy Agencies, based in Visaginas (Litenvizas Agency) and in Kaunas (KREA), which are also active in the field of awareness

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 34 of 185 rising. One of them, KREA, provides one of the services included in the service inventory of this report (service n° 4). Finally, there are a few companies in Lithuania providing similar services to end users on a commercial basis. In the service inventory of this report, Kauno Energija‟s service (comparative energy bills) represents the private sector.

5.1.5 References DG TREN (2008): Energy and transport: Figures and main facts – Statistical pocketbook 2007. European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DG TREN): Brussels. Online: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/2007_en.htm. Access: June 2008. Housing and Urban Development Agency (2008): Self presentation. Ministry of Insfrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006): Housing Statistics of the European Union. Online: http://www.federcasa.it/news/housing_statistics/Report_housing_statistics_2005_2006.pdf. Access: July 2008. Statistical Department of the Republic of Lithuania (2007): Stock of dwellings; http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1434. Access: August 2008 Statistical Department of the Republic of Lithuania (2008): Breakdown of persons (families) having right to social housing by list length at end of the year; http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1435. Access: August 2008 SErENADE (Sharing Expertise in Energy Advise Across Europe) network (2007): Energy Advise in Europe. WEC (2008): Energy efficiency policies around the world: review and evaluation. World Energy Council: London. Online: http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/lithuania.pdf. Access: May 2008.

5.2 Energy services in Lithuania – Examples

5.2.1 Training forums – Training and seminars for housing owners and associations [LT - ID 073 - SI] Short description Most of the multifamily buildings in Lithuania are in poor condition, are lacking a proper management, have inefficient heating systems and engineering equipment, bad quality windows, roofs and seals between the panels. No surprise that 57 % of Lithuanians households say not to be satisfied with their houses. Therefore the Lithuanian Ministry for Environment and the Ministry of Finance launched the national modernisation programme for multi- family (dwelling) buildings refurbishment, which provides grants of up to 50% of investment projects costs. Support is provided only for energy efficient refurbishment measures. Housing and Urban Development Agency (further HUDA) supports the Ministry for the implementation of the programme. On a regular basis, the Agency organises seminars for home owners associations and participates in the meetings with residents. The agency provides training on technical and

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 35 of 185 financial aspects of energy efficient housing refurbishment. Furthermore, from 2005-2008 HUDA has also organized trainings for municipalities‟ employees in charge of housing maintenance planning and energy efficiency. This project was funded by European Union Social Fund. Housing and Urban Development Agency (further HUDA) is a State funded institution, established by the Lithuanian Ministry for Environment. There are ten regional branches in Lithuania, which allow for a personalised consultancy to Lithuanian residents. The Housing and Urban Development Agency:  prepares and implements programs foreseen by the Lithuanian Housing Strategy and provides administration of the "Modernization of Multi-Family Buildings" Program;  provides counselling on legal, technical, financial, organizational and other issues related to housing and urban planning;  implements public information programs;  organizes training and education in the areas of management, accounting, house administration and planning;  prepares housing maintenance and exploitation programs and projects seeking to encourage the establishment of Home Owners Associations;  prepares proposals on draft laws and other legal acts regulating  prepares and implements investment programs and investment projects for residential houses, social- public buildings;  cooperates with municipalities concerning formulation and implementation of the housing policy;  analyses housing problems and provide proposals regarding housing to decision making and local government institutions. Market The Program started in the end of 2005. So far 253 projects have been implemented, whereas 48 are being implemented now (agreements with the contractors are already signed) and another 363 are approved. The Program is addressed to multifamily buildings only. There are 38000 multi family buildings in Lithuania (around 800000 apartments.). In average 2, 5 residents live in one apartment. Thus altogether around 2.000.000 of residents can apply for the support, which is around 70% of population. Added value The Program has the objective to save 24% of final energy consumption. It is expected to incite the refurbishment of 70% of all multifamily buildings built until 1993. Energy savings would be around 1.700 GWh annually, respectively 55 millions €. The annual reduction of CO2 emissions would be of 365,500 tons. Energy savings for the buildings that have so far been renovated range between 30 and 60%. Extra support for low income families is provided. For instance, residents of multifamily buildings must normally provide their own financial contribution for the start up of the energy efficient refurbishment project, but this part is supported for low-income families. Stage of development and implementation The Energy Efficiency Pilot Project was started in 1996 in Lithuania. It was initiated by the World Bank. It was a very successful project, considering that over 700 multi family buildings were refurbished. Due to the success the Lithuanian Government initiated the National Program in 2005.

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Important drivers and barriers Residents Activity is very important. Many things depend on an educated and active president of the home owner association in question. It is very hard to convince all residents of the multi family building to participate in the refurbishment projects. Some home owners do not accept that they are home owners not only of their apartment, but that they are also responsible for the whole building. Money often affects the success, e.g. with elderly people who are not comfortable taking loans for the refurbishment project. Furthermore there is sometimes a lack of awareness about the whole participation approach in the process. Yet in Lithuania over 50% of owners agreed to realise refurbishment measures. Contact Institution / company Housing and Urban Development Agency Country / postal code / city LT-03500 Vilnius Address Ńvitrigailos str. 7 / A. Vivulskio str. 16 Website http://www.bkagentura.lt/index.php?-1814718438 Contact person Ms. A Dulkyte Email-address [email protected] Telephone +370 5 262985

5.2.2 Training forums – Awareness-raising action on refurbishment [LT - ID 072 - SI] Short description Lithuania is one of the most energy wasting countries: Due to inefficient heat energy use in outdated apartment houses there are wasted around 0.5 billion LTL per year. 96.6% of all Lithuanian block flats were built till 1992 and nearly all of them are in desperate need of renovation. The average annual heat consumption in these houses is 165 kWh/m2, while in lately erected houses it is only 108 kWh/m2. Today about 90 % of multi-family apartment houses are depreciated and need to be renovated. According to the calculations and monitoring survey, up to 50 % of heat energy consumption can be potentially reduced in those apartment houses. All in all, only around 20 apartment buildings in the whole country have been completely renovated according to the newest technical standards. Against this background LDHA issues written information material, published also on the website, and organises on a regular basis conferences as well as seminars for member companies, housing owners, energy consultancies, municipality personnel and university staff etc. Those events aim at informing participants on the energy saving potential of renovation measures, on the legal framework and on available public funding of refurbishment projects.

One of the most important events was held on 14th of September 2007 in Vilnius, when Lithuanian District Heating Association in conjunction with European Federation of Intelligent Energy Efficiency Services (EFIEES) organized the first Energy Efficiency Forum. The item of this event was directed towards the most important Lithuanian DH sector„s problem – demand side management. Which actions to improve Energy Efficiency in buildings? There were over 160 participants (145 from Lithuania and 15 from foreign countries), amongst them high-level speakers form EU Parliament, EU Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBRD, IEA, member companies and local authorities. The forum material was widely disseminated. About 4 mass media companies visited the forum. The conference pushed debates that resulted in amending the Law on Heat at the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuanian (parliament) on 19 November, 2007.

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The Lithuanian District Heating Association (LDHA) is a voluntary public organization. LDHA represents the interests and rights of the Lithuanian District Heat utilities, organisations and others associated energy structures in the DH sector. Amongst other activities LDHA also assumes a very important awareness raising work on the urgent need of residential building refurbishment in Lithuania. Market The information campaign is addressed to all groups that are concerned of housing refurbishment projects: housing owners, energy providers, energy consultancies, municipality personnel and university staff. The aim is to reach all organisations dealing with residential buildings. In all, since 2002, 25 conferences and seminars have been organised, reaching around 500 interested people. Added value The seminars/conferences organized by LDHA not only informed about refurbishment benefits and state funding but also gave impact on improving the dialogue between DH companies, consumers, governmental and municipal institutions. This will have a positive impact on the DH sector development in the future. Stage of development and implementation The service was successfully organised and can thus be considered as mature. Important drivers and barriers Barriers: From 2005 there has been implemented National Multi-family Apartment Houses Moderni- zation Programme (Programme). The total need of investment for modernization of all apartment houses in Lithuania reaches more than 5 billion EUR while in 2007 there were allocated only 4 million EUR from State Budget. Taking into account that the overall reconstruction of one apartment house costs about 0,6 million EUR the amount of State support is very restricted. However, in March, 2008 there were made new corrections. Furthermore, the majority of the Lithuanian population, i.e. 66% reside in multi-apartment buildings constructed between 1961 and 1990. No sufficient attention was paid to the establishment of an institutional and legal system for its maintenance and exploitation, for this reason housing maintenance problems exist. Only 20% of the total number of apartment buildings are managed and maintained by the housing owners who establish home owners associations. When establishing home owners associations, the owners often lack initiative, as well as information and organisational-technical support by the public and local government institutions. Home owners associations usually are not able to ensure appropriate maintenance of common ownership in the multi-apartment buildings and they can contract maintenance companies operating on the market, however, shortage of companies providing good quality services is noticed.

Drivers: Publications and press-release at local magazines and newspapers made a positive contribution towards a society understanding building renovation benefits. LDHA publishes about 10-12 press release per year.

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Contact Institution / company Lithuanian District Heating Association Country / postal code / city LT−03204 Vilnius Address Naugarduko st. 55a Website http://www.lsta.lt/en/index Contact person Vytautas Stasiūnas (president) Email-address [email protected] Telephone 00370-5-2356041

5.2.3 Energy information – Kauno Energija’s comparative energy bills [LT - ID 134 - BP] Short description Energy Company Kauno energija issues detailed comparative energy bills on heating and hot water to clients in multi-storey buildings in order to alert them in case of an above average energy consumption. The bills provide both, data on the actual energy consumption of the client household and the expected energy consumption that is calculated as a function of the square meters of the client‟s flat and the measured overall consumption of all flats in the buildings. Thus residents are able to compare their own consumption to the expected consumption and are given important incentives to pay more attention to their energy-related behaviour. Market The service addresses residents in multi-storey buildings but one could imagine that it also could be adapted to other markets. The residence acceptance is very elevated. Added value It can be assumed that those energy bills give important incentives to tenants if their consumption is above average. The bills are a very transparent way of revealing high energy losses. Stage of development and implementation The service is running regularly. Important drivers and barriers The service is simple to implement and does not entail any inconveniences for clients nor for the company Contact Institution / company Kauno regioninė energetikos agentūra Country / postal code / city LT-44403 Kaunas Address Breslaujos 3B-202 Website http://www.krea.lt/ Contact person Dr. Feliksas Zinevičius Email-address [email protected] Telephone Phone: +370 37 491036/ +370 37 491043

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5.2.4 Training forums – Seminars on reducing heat and electricity consumption [LT - ID 135 - SI] Short description In autumn 2007 and in spring 2008 Kaunas Regional Energy Agency (KREA) organized 10 seminars for single house owners or flat owners of multi family houses living in Panemune community (Kaunas city). In those seminars people‟s awareness on their energy consumption was raised and they were given recommendations on how to reduce their expenses for heating and electricity. Residents decided themselves what kind of actions they wanted to adopt, while KREA supported them for the implementation with technical advice and information on bank loans. In October 2008, KREA will evaluate the achieved energy savings in the households. All in all around 105 residents participate in the project. The activity is carried out in the frames of IEE project “Energy-Conscious Households in ACTION”. Market The service is currently offered to around 105 residents. It could easily be applied to other target groups. Residence acceptance is very elevated. Added value The evaluation of the project will be done in October 2008. Depending on the measures realised by the residents the energy reduction effect will vary. Stage of development and implementation The service is still in a testing period and will be evaluated in October 2008 Important drivers and barriers Left aside funding of measures, there are none. Contact Institution / company Kauno regioninė energetikos agentūra Country / postal code / city LT-44403 Kaunas Address Breslaujos 3B-202 Website http://www.krea.lt/ Contact person Dr. Feliksas Zinevičius Email-address [email protected] Telephone Phone: +370 37 491036/ +370 37 491043

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6 Energy Services in Luxembourg (1) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Scharp, Michael, van der Land, Victoria (2008): Service inventory of Luxembourg. Working Paper D21b Luxembourg. Berlin: Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH.

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH Dr. Michael Scharp Schopenhauerstraße 26 14129 Berlin [email protected] Tel. 030-80 30 88 14

Berlin, August 2008

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6.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

6.1.1 Energy in Luxembourg In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Luxembourg was 51,576,810 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 14% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 2% and the industry 23%. Traffic consumes 60%. Figure 14: Final energy consumption per different sector Luxembourg (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The following table lists the final consumption of energy in Luxembourg by products and by classes of consumers. Table 10: Final consumption of energy in Luxembourg. 1995 2004 2005 in 1000 tep1 2005/1995 2005/04 in % By product Coal 383 96 83 -78.3 -13.5 Blast furnace gas 65 _ _ _ Petroleum 1,736 2,960 3,095 78.3 4.6 Natural gas 571 769 754 32.0 -2.0 Electricity 431 547 530 23.0 -3.1 Cogeneration (CHP) 14 47 47 235.7 0.0 Wood 15 15 16 6.7 6.7 By class of consumer Transport 1,278 2,621 2,768 116.6 5.6 Industry 1,329 1,076 1,029 -22.6 -4.4 Others 608 737 728 19.7 -1.2 Total 3,215 4,434 4,525 40.7 2.1 Source and notes: Statec Luxembourg (2007): Luxembourg in figures. www.statistiques.public.lu; 1) tep = ton petroleum equivalent.

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From 1995 to 2005 decreased especially the consumption of coal from383,000 tep to 83,000 tep. At the same time the consumption of petroleum increased between 1995 to 2005 from 1,736,000 tep to 3,095,000 tep. The transport sector increased its energy consumption slightly about 5.6% from 1995 to 2005 while the industry sector and others decreased the consumption about 4.4% and 1.2%. Luxembourg implemented its National Plan for Sustainable Development (NPSD) with the objective to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of renewable resources. The aim of the NPSD is to reduce the energy intensity, i.e. the gross energy consumption per unit of GDP, by 20 % between 1993 and 2010. This objective has already been achieved. But this result is due mainly to growth in GDP which was higher than that of the gross consumption of energy defined by the total energy needs of the country (energy importation and energy produced on national soil). Energy consumption fell between 1990 and 1995 from 3.56 MTPE (millions of tonnes petroleum equivalent) to 3.22 MTPE. From 1995, onwards the trend was reversed. In 2001, 3.82 MPTE were consumed in Luxembourg, or an increase of over 15 % compared with 1995. It was the increase in demand from transport, over 90 % between 1990 and 2000, which was responsible for this change. On the other hand, demand from industry fell by 45 % during the same period, due mainly to the fall in coal imports resulting from the replacement of the cast iron-steel process by the electric-arc process in the steel industry. In the energy field, the NPSD also set objectives of covering 45 % of the consumption of the national electricity grid from national production by 2005 and doubling the share of renewable energy and co-generation by 2010. In 2000, renewable energy represented 3.9 % of final electricity consumption of the national grid, of which 80 % came from hydroelectric stations and 16.5 % came from wind power. The share of cogeneration was 5.6 % of this consumption during the same year (Statec Luxembourg (2003): Econom- ic and social portrait of Luxembourg.).

6.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Households are responsible for less than 16% of the energy consumption in Luxembourg. The development of the energy efficiency can be described with the data of the World Energy Council which measures the energy intensity of households. The indicator belongs to the purchasing power parities rates (“ppp” in short) of households.8 The intensities are measured at constant prices and exchange rates ($95p). It uses primary energy in equivalents of kilogramme of oil (koe). Therefore, the indicator is very similar to the commonly used indicator “primary energy consumption per GDP”. The intensity of energy consumption of households decreased in Luxembourg from 0.117 koe/$95p in 1980 to 0.071 koe/$95p in 2005, while the overall consumption of energy for households has increased with fluctuations. The average electricity consumption of households per capita increased significantly between 1980 and 1990 from 1,274 kWh/cap to 1,702 kWh/cap. In the period from 1990 to 2000 it decreased slightly to 1,587 kWh/cap but increased again 1,790 kWh/cap in 2005. An analogical trend shows the average electricity consumption per households. In the period from 1990 to 2005 the consumption decreased first from 4,815 kWh/hh in 1990 to 4,100 kWh/hh in 2000 and rose

8 GDP and value added data for all regions are converted at purchasing power parities to reflect differences in general price levels. Using purchasing power parities rates (“ppp” in short) instead of exchange rates increases the value of GDP in regions with a low cost of living, and therefore decreases their energy intensities. Energy intensities at purchasing power parities are more relevant as they relate the energy consumption to the real level of economic activity. The use of purchasing power parities greatly improves the comparability of energy intensities between regions with different levels of economic development, as it narrows the gap between regions, compared to the use of exchange rates. The intensities are measured at constant prices and exchange rates, therefore, the use of purchasing power parities changes the magnitude of the indicators but does not affect the trends (World Energy Council 2007:14). BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 43 of 185

again to 4,607 in 2005. The CO2 emissions of the residential sector shows similar fluctuation. The emissions decreased from 9.58 tCO2/hh in 1990 to 8.47 tCO2/hh in 2000 and slightly increased to 8.68 tCO2/hh in 2005. Thus, the CO2 emissions per household in Luxembourg a relatively high compared to other European countries. However, the CO2 intensity of households decreased form 0.206 tCO2/$95p in 1990 to 0.161 tCO2/$95p in 2005. Table 11: Household energy efficiency and CO2 emissions for Luxembourg. Energy Efficiency/CO2 Indicators in Luxem- Units 1980 1990 2000 2005 bourg Energy intensity of households (to private koe/$95p 0.117 0.082 0.073 0.071 consumption) (at ppp) Average electricity consumption of households kWh/cap 1,274 1,702 1,587 1,790 per capita Average electricity consumption per household kWh/hh n.a. 4,815 4,100 4,607 CO2 intensity of households (to private tCO2/$95p n.a. 0.206 0.173 0.161 consumption) (at ppp) CO2 emissions of residential sector per tCO2/hh n.a. 9.58 8.47 8.68 household Source and notes: World Energy Council / ADEME / Enerdata. US$95 United States Dollar (1995 value), koe = kilogram of oil equivalent, hh = household, ppp = purchasing power parity.

6.1.3 Housing in Luxembourg The number of private households in Luxembourg almost double form 95,000 households in 1960 to 171,800 in 2001. Furthermore, the number of inhabited buildings rose from 71,600 buildings in 1960 to 119,400 in 2001.

Table 12: Households and inhabited buildings in Luxembourg in 1000. 1960 1970 1991 2001 Private households 95.0 108.5 144.7 171.8 Inhabited buildings 71.6 80.9 105.8 119.4 Source: Statec Luxembourg (2007): Luxembourg in figures. www.statistiques.public.lu.

The total number of buildings increased form 108,498 buildings in 1970 to 171,953 buildings in 2001. The following table shows that the percentage proprietary increased from 56% in 1970 to 67% in 2001. While the percentage of buildings classified as non-proprietary constantly decreased between 1970 and 2001. In the City of Luxembourg the proportion of proprietary is different to the rest of the country. The percentage of proprietary in the City of Luxembourg was only 36% in 1970 and increased to 46% in 2001.

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Table 13: Private households by type of inhabitation (property/ non-property) from 1970-2001. Census of Census of Census of Census of 31.12.1970 31.03.1981 01.03.1991 15.02.2001 Communities All Luxem- All Luxem- All Luxem- All Luxem- communities bourg-City communities bourg-City communities bourg-City communities bourg-City Total 108,498 27,640 128,281 32,072 144,686 33,525 171,953 35,127 Proprietary 60,663 9,827 75,921 11,570 93,129 13,577 114,509 14,887 Non-proprietary 47,835 17,813 50,482 19,001 47,810 17,127 50,882 16,020 No indication ------6,562 4,220 Percentage of 56% 36% 59% 36% 64% 40% 67% 42% proprietary Percentage of 44% 64% 39% 59% 33% 51% 30% 46% non-proprietary Source: Own table based on: Statistique du Luxembourg (2001): Recensement de la population. Maisons et logements, http://www.statistiques.public.lu/.

The following table shows that most households used central heating and fuel oil was the most commonly fuel used for the heating followed by gas and electricity in 2001. Just nine households used solar energy for central heating and for other types of heating only ten households used solar energy. All in all 19 households used solar energy and over 2,000 households used biomass (wood) for heating, while over 6,450 households used electricity for heating in 2001 which is equivalent to 4% of all households. Households with other types of heating apart from central heating used predominantly electricity followed by wood, gas and fuel oil. Table 14: Private households* by type of heating and mainly used fuels in relation to type of inhabitation (property in 2001.) Mode Considered Central Fuel oil Natural Electricity Wood Solar Other No households heating gas, energy fuels indication and liquefied individuals gas Specification Households in total 161,530 156,284 77,579 69,560 4,687 750 9 530 3,169 Households living in 111,197 107,629 54,465 47,840 3,122 540 6 174 1,482 privately owned dwellings Other households 50,333 48,655 23,114 21,720 1,565 210 3 356 1,687 Occupants in total 409,990 396,564 201,848 172,374 10,873 2,342 24 1,469 7,634 Occupants of privately 298,607 289,609 150,678 125,204 7,465 1,693 12 514 4,043 owned dwellings Occupants of other 111,383 106,955 51,170 47,170 3,408 649 12 955 3,591 dwellings Source and notes: Statistique du Luxembourg (2001): Recensement de la population. Maisons et logements, http://www.statistiques.public.lu/. *Applies to average types of dwellings.

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Table 15: Private households* by type of heating and mainly used fuels in relation to type of inhabitation (non-property in 2001). Mode Considered Other Fuel oil Natural Electricity Wood Solar Other No households types of gas, energy fuels indication and heating liquefied individuals gas Specification Households in total 161,530 5,246 920 986 1,772 1,301 10 175 82 Households living in 111,197 3,568 595 632 1,289 892 6 97 57 privately owned dwellings Other households 50,333 1,678 325 354 483 409 4 78 25 Occupants in total 409,990 13,426 2,464 2,324 4,352 3,566 24 498 198 Occupants of privately 298,607 8,998 1,492 1,517 3,201 2,359 14 275 140 owned dwellings Occupants of other 111,383 4,428 972 807 1,151 1,207 10 223 58 dwellings Source and notes: Statistique du Luxembourg (2001): Recensement de la population. Maisons et logements, http://www.statistiques.public.lu/. *Applies to average types of dwellings.

6.1.4 Energy Services in Luxembourg Research on energy services in Luxembourg showed, that the main energy service providers are the Agence de l‟Energie du Luxembourg (AEL) and the ASBL Reidener Energieatelier. Apart from these agencies only small energy advice institutions exist, and some communities have their own energy adviser. Many of the services provided in Luxembourg are free of charge, for instance the ASBL Reidener Energieagentur is community based and provides free consultancy to the citizens of 16 communities. The AEL, as the biggest agency in Luxemburg provides energy services to individuals, communities and companies and offers a broad variety of services from consultancy over trainings to the operation of the energy park Remeschen. The energy park Remeschen is a centre for demonstration and continuing education. The agencies stated that there is a high demand and acceptance for their consultancy service. The demand increased particularly since the government implemented support programmes for retrofitting and heat insulation which require the attendance of consultancy and a report from an energy agency. However, the interviews with experts of these agencies stated that the current human resources seem not to be sufficient to fulfill the high demand for energy advice. Although, there are some free energy service on Luxembourg no energy service was found in the housing sector.

6.1.5 References SErENADE (2007): Energy advice in Europe 2007. A review of current practice in advice on sustainable energy in the countries of the European Union. A report by the SErENADE partnership. Statistique du Luxembourg (2001): Recensement de la population. Maisons et logements, http://www.statistiques.public.lu/. Statec Luxembourg (2007): Luxembourg in figures. www.statistiques.public.lu. Statec Luxembourg (2003): Economic and social portrait of Luxembourg.

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World Energy Council (2007): http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/energy_efficiency_policies_around_the_world_revie w_and_evaluation/1230.asp.

6.2 Energy Services in Luxembourg – Examples

6.2.1 Exhibitions and events – Exhibition on renewables and energy saving [LUX - ID 109 - SI] Short description The Energy Park Remerschen is a Centre of demonstration and continuing education for renewable energies where the Agence de l‟Energie provides information about energy saving, energy efficiency measures as well as the implementation of renewable energy. The visitor centre is a low-energy building, whose energy demand is exclusively fulfilled by the locally available energy resources - solar energy and geothermal power. A guided tour is offered for visitors to provide an insight into innovative energy technologies. In addition, an exhibition in the visitor centre and a movie offers further information about efficient use of energy and renewable energies to the visitors. Furthermore, it is possible to visit the wind energy plant in the energy park which has an rated output of 600 kW. The generated electric power is supplied in the power grid with a yearly energy production of approximately 900,000 kWh. In addition the SEO hydroelectric power plant at the Moselle can be visited on enquiry. Responsible partner for the energy park are the Ministry of Economy, Cegedel S.A., RWE Energie A.G., and the Société électrique de l‟Our S.A. who authorized the Agence de l‟Energie with the operation of the park. The visitor centre is operated by the Agence de l‟Energie and its energy concept was defined in cooperation with the other partners. Market The service is open for all people in Luxembourg and for visitors from abroad. Added value The goal of raising awareness of rational use of energy is reached if compared on the number of annual participants or mediahits. The question is, weather raising of the topics changes peoples actions. But all at all the exhibition give all interested people needful information how to save energy and how to use renewables. Stage of development and implementation The service has been introduced a few years ago and it is still running. Important drivers and barriers The most important barriere are the high investment costs for the energy exhibition inclusive the building. Such a project could be done only on a national (small countries) or regional level.

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Contact institution / company Agence de l‟Energie du Luxembourg (AEL) country / postal code / city L-1249 Luxembourg Address 4-6, rue du Fort Bourbon Website www.ael.lu Contact person Eric Greisch email-address [email protected] Telephone +352-406564

6.2.2 Face to face advice – Consultancy on energy efficiency [LUX - ID 111 - SI] Short description The Reidener Energieatelier is a community based non profit organization that advises citizens to save energy and use renewable energy. The organisation is financed by the 16 communities and the Ministry of the Environment (both pay approx. 50%). The two employees at Reidener Energiatelier advise citizen in energy-questions and provide a free consulting either in the office or if necessary at the customers home. The organisation provides its free services to 16 communities, including 20,000 inhabitants. Main purpose is to increase the proportion of renewable energies and to save energy in the canton Reiden. Themes range from tips to save energy in every-day life to consulting for citizen concerning heating and insulation of new houses or while refurbishing houses, help in demanding financial aids from the Ministry of the Environment, advises for economic domestic machines (freezers, deep-freezers, washing-machines, etc.), and low energy lighting as well as they provide help with solar energy (thermic and photovoltaic). Every year about 120 household utilise the provided services, thereof 40 use the energy consultancy in the office, 40 households are visited by the experts for a direct consultancy related to their houses and 40 consultancies occur over the phone. Market The service is open for all people in the region interested in energy efficiency, but information material could be achieved by all. In addition, the Reidener Energieatelier pays households an amount between 38€ and 60€ if they change their old appliances for more energy efficient appliances on behalf of the community. In a year between 300 and 400 appliances have been changed in the communities. Added value Costs for energy account for the greatest part of operating costs. Energy consultancies can assist customers to reduce the costs for heating and electricity by changing behaviour related to energy and/or by using energy saving bulbs and energy efficient electric appliances. Stage of development and implementation The service has been introduced a few years ago and it is still running. Important drivers and barriers The consultancies that are mandatory for get a subsidy from the government, for instance for retrofitting or heat insulation have to be charged to avoid a competition with other energy agencies. Out of the idea of a nonprofit organisation the commercial company “Energiepark Reiden S.A.” was set up. The company mainly accomplishes projects about renewable energies and provides consulting for communes. The Energiepark S.A. aims to implement and finance renewable energy systems and offers planning, operating and selling of photovoltaic systems.

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Contact institution / company Reidener Energieatelier asbl country / postal code / city L-8510 Redange-sur-Attert Address 33, Grand-Rue Website Contact person Daniel Grommes email-address [email protected] Telephone +352 26 62 08 01

6.3 Further Services

6.3.1 Web tools – Web-info about solar energy [LUX - ID 110 - FS] Short description The project “Solarinfo” is in the first instance an internet platform launched by the Agence de l‟Energie du Luxembourg (AEL) and CRP Henri Tudor to provide information about solar energy. The platform gives an overview about upcoming events in Luxembourg and other European countries and contains useful links related to this topic. Furthermore, technological details of photovoltaic systems are illustrated as well as different designs. The webpage gives useful advises, presents advantages and counters prejudices related to PV systems. However, it is not just an information platform but the responsible institutes offer as well information activities such as the “Solarinfo Day” in June 2008. The Solarinfo Day includes several presentations about technological options for solar energy use as well as about current support programmes. Further presentations inform about the future chances of photovoltaic and solar thermal energy in Luxembourg as well as on energy consultancy. In addition to the presentations, visitors can get information and consultancy from exhibiting companies of photovoltaic and solar heating energy. About ten exhibiting companies will present their products and services and respond to questions. Contact institution / company Agence de l‟Energie du Luxembourg (AEL) country / postal code / city L-1249 Luxembourg Address 4-6, rue du Fort Bourbon Website www.ael.lu Contact person email-address [email protected] Telephone +352-406564 institution / company CRP Henri Tudor country / postal code / city L-4002 Esch-sur-Alzette Address 66, rue de Luxembourg, BP 144 Website www.solarinfo.lu Contact person Eric Greisch email-address [email protected] Telephone +352-545580600

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7 Energy Services in Malta (4) Project: Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Martin, Ana; Velte, Daniela (2008a): Services in Malta Working Paper D21b. Donostia – San Sebastián: Inasmet-Tecnalia

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

INASMET-Tecnalia Daniela Velte Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2 Parque Tecnológico E-20009 Donostia – San Sebastián [email protected] Tel. 0034 943 00 37 00

San Sebastián, August 2008

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7.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

7.1.1 Energy in Malta Malta is the smallest EU country in terms of both population and area. Malta has no domestic production of energy sources and depends totally on oil imports. Oil is the only type of energy used for electricity generation. In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Malta was 5,606,940 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 17% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 12% and the industry 10%. Traffic is the main consumer, accounting for 61%. Figure 15: Final energy consumption per sector in Malta (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The market for renewable energy sources in Malta is still at an early stage, and at present, penetration is minimal, with some development of solar energy and biofuels. Malta´s solar energy output, to go into some detail, accounted for ca 0,01 GWh per year from 2001, the year of its start, to 2004 (c.f. European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/ legislation/share_res_eu_en.htm). Malta is endowed with good potentials for increased use of solar energy, for heating as well as for electricity and cooling. It also has potentials for wind power: but the development is limited by little available land and difficult circumstances for offshore installations with deep seas surrounding the islands. Further, it has biomass energy potential and a potential for wave energy. (European Commis- sion, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/share_res_eu_en.htm ). Towards the EU obligation, Malta has a national target of generating 5% of its electricity from renewable energy to be reached by 2010 (compared with less than 0.1% in 2003). Support for renewable energy on Malta consists of:  A fixed feed-in tariff of 46.6 EUR/MWh for PV installations below 3.7 kWp  A reduction in value-added tax on solar systems from the normal 15% to 5% A framework for measures to further support RES is currently being examined.

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On the other hand, several barriers have inhibited the development of renewable energy. The barriers can be grouped into a number of categories:  Little knowledge of the new technologies and low awareness of the benefits of changing to renewable energies. This is a general issue for introduction of new technologies.  Lack of energy policy with priorities for renewable energy  Passive to negative attitude form the Maltese power company  Very limited support for renewable energy.

7.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Electricity prices for households have increased significantly since 2004, reaching a level that is 84% of the European average (2006), compared to 43.9% of the EU-15 average in 1995. Final energy consumption in Malta grew by 37% between 1990 and 2004. According to Odyssee (“Energy Efficiency Profile: Malta, June 2007), between 2000 and 2004, the total energy efficiency of households increased by 9%. The energy demand for cooling is showing a significant increase due to higher sales of air conditioning units. However, since 2000 there was a notable shift from electric space heating to the use of portable gas heaters and the same can be said of cooking, substituting electrical ovens by gas cookers. The latest policy efforts in energy conservation are focused in energy consumption in buildings. With effect from January 2007, the main initiatives include a new stringent energy requirement in the Building Regulations. This will eventually lead to a harmonised energy certificate for all buildings by 2009 (effective mandatory date under EU legislation). A standard national calculation software tool is being designed in conformity with EU methodology for energy certification of buildings at design and auditing stages. Household appliances are now subject to an improved energy labelling scheme, enhanced inspection of boilers and ventilation systems. The public sector is also increasing efforts in energy savings and green procurement.

7.1.3 Housing in Malta There are 192,314 households in Malta, with an average size of 2.5 inhabitants. Home ownership increased from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. On the other hand, 20.7% of dwellings were rented, compared to 28.3% in 1995. The average rent paid by households stands at € 720 per year, ranging from € 360 for unfurnished dwellings to € 2, 735 for furnished dwellings. Most of the occupied dwellings in Malta are deemed satisfactory in terms of their physical structure, maintenance and amenities. In 2005, the majority of the dwellings (55.9%) were perceived to be well preserved. However, the condition varied by district. In fact, whereas 63.3% of all dwellings in the Northern district were perceived to be well-preserved, only 48.0 per cent of all dwellings in the Southern Harbour district were perceived to be in the same state of preservation. In the last few years, real state sale prices have become relatively more expensive compared to the basic income of the average household. It is clear from the following figure, that after 2002, the prices of the tree basic types of Maltese properties (flats, “maisonettes” and terraced houses) increased much more than the average income. During the years between 1983 and 2002, the average flat was worth almost the average yearly income. However, this ratio increased thereafter up to 9.6 times by 2006. Similarly, up to 2002 (except for 1994), the average maisonette cost nearly seven times the average

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 52 of 185 yearly income. Once more this ratio increased up to 11.3 times by 2006. Finally, terraced houses, up to 2001, cost almost eleven times the average income. Again, this ratio increased up to 17.2 by 2006. Figure 16: House Prices to Income Ratios in Malta.

Sources: Proposals To Increase Housing Affordability In Malta. Professor Joseph Falzon. Department of Banking & Finance. University of Malta. 8th October 2007.

A similar picture emerges when one analyses the maximum amount that a married couple could borrow from the banks to purchase a flat or a maisonette. Prices in recent years have increased much more than the maximum mortgage for couples. The Housing Authority is a government body with the following mission statement: “Decent housing strengthens communities and provides a better setting in which to raise our children.”  Home ownership is at the forefront of the Housing Authority policy objectives. Through its initiatives, the Housing Authority aims to promote and encourages home ownership amongst people with lower and middle income. The “Shared Ownership” initiative was introduced in Au- gust 2005 after a successful pilot project. Now all units sold are offered on a shared ownership basis. Under this initiative, applicants have the opportunity to buy the share of the property that they can afford based on their real income. Shared ownership is one model, which can help lower income families and single people to fulfil their aspirations to become home owners. The Hous- ing Authority has recently launched its third issue of sale of 331 units under Shared Ownership basis.  The Housing Authority helps to increase the housing stock for rent through urban renewal projects and new developments. Rent subsidies are given to ensure decent housing for the most vulnerable.  The Housing Authority has a legal obligation to improve housing conditions in Malta. Housing conditions can be improved through grants for adaptation and repair works for private and public buildings, for owners and tenants. The „Care and Repair Service‟ offers further help to those who cannot manage repair works by themselves.  General accessibility aspects are included in the building programmes, grants for adaptation works are given to persons with disability and elevators are installed in government-owned buildings where a person with a disability resides.

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 To contribute to energy saving and increase environmental awareness, the Housing Authority has now started to include energy saving features like double-glazing windows, window and door louvers, roof insulation, and solar water heaters in all its future building projects.

7.1.4 Energy Services in Malta According to “Energy Advice in Europe 2007” report, in Malta there are various activities of relevance to energy information and advice but they are not structured as a cohesive programme. The providers are: Malta Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Association (MEEREA). This is a local energy agency, established in 2001 as an association. The organisation is financed through membership fees, donations, sponsorship, revenues government and corporate support, and fees for services to other parties. MEEREA has the following objectives:  Promote discussion on energy related issues among energy actors, including consumers and energy decision makers in Malta  Support the organisation of training courses for energy actors and energy decision makers in Malta  Promote the implementation of dissemination (marketing, promotion) activities  Promote sustainable energy policies that emphasize energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in Malta  Facilitate information exchange among energy related actors  Strengthen cooperation between Maltese energy actors and those in the Mediterranean countries and EU member states. Enemalta, the Maltese Public Utility offers an energy information service to its clients, with interesting developments towards advice provision. The Institute for Energy Technology (IET). Located at University of Malta, the IET arranges for technicians seminars and training courses on new available technologies in the energy field. Finally, as it is mentioned before, the Housing Authority has now started including energy saving features in its building projects. This body has also launched a pilot energy saving project as an example of good practise.

7.1.5 References Cecodhas (2008). Promoting Access to Decent Houses for All. http://www.cecodhas.org/ Enerdata (2008). Online www.enerdata.fr. Access: June 2008 European Commission. (2006). Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities – Unit E.1. Eurostat – Unit F.3. The social situation in the European Union 2005- 2006 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE-AG-06-001/EN/KE-AG-06- 001-EN.PDF Eurostat (2004). Perception Survey Eurostat (2008). Urban Audit Indicators, 2003-2006 INFORSE-Europe to the EU and Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. (2006). Study of the Introduction of Renewable Energy in the EU. Malta Housing Authority (2008). Online: www.housingauthority.com.mt Access: June 2008 Marisa Micallef (2008). Housing Conditions in Malta. Times of Malta. Housing Authority National Statistics Office, Malta. Census 2005, Volume 2: Dwellings. Online: http://www.nso.gov.mt/ Access: June 2008 BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 54 of 185

Odyssee (2006). “Energy Efficiency Profile: Malta”. Paolo Bertoldi and Atanasio Bogdan (2007). Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union - Status report 2006-. JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainabil- ity Professor Joseph Falzon (2007). Proposals to Increase Housing Affordability in Malta. Report prepared for the Building Industry Consultative Council. Department of Banking & Finance. University of Malta. Rev. Dr. Carmel Tabone O.P. (2001). Social Housing now and in the future. Ministry for the Family & Social Solidarity World Energy Council (2007). Survey of World Energy Resources World Energy Council (2008). Energy Efficiency Policies around the World - Review_and_Evaluation

7.2 Energy Service in Malta - Examples

7.2.1 Web tools – Information service to Enemalta clients [M - ID 121 - SI] Short description Enemalta, the Maltese Public Utility, launched one initiative aimed to improved customers service and to contribute to the energy efficiency awareness of its clients. Clients can subscribe to a mailing list, and receive a weekly SMS or email with simple tips on how to save on their electricity bills. Enemalta also offers an energy information service to its clients. Thus, on Enemalta‟s website, the visitor will find a section called "energy conservation", with information about energy saving at home, and a downloadable book called "How to use electricity - A simple guide for the safe and efficient use of electricity”. It gives information about three main topics: photovoltaics, energy consumption and energy efficiency. Enemalta also has a SMS notification systems related to planned electricity suspensions. This service enables the general public to be notified by SMS once any planned power suspensions are going to be effected in the queried areas. Contact Institution / company Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA) Country / postal code / city Malta Address St Francis Ravelin, Floriana, FRN1230 Sir Luigi Camilleri Street Victoria VCT 2700, Gozo Website http://www.mepa.org.mt/ Contact person Mr Antoine Zahra email-address '[email protected]' Telephone 2290 1592 Further Information http://www.enemalta.com.mt/page.asp?p=961&l=1

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8 Energy Services in the Netherlands (2) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Cornelissen, Ralf, Kortman, Jaap (2008): Service inventory of the Netherlands. Working Paper D21c the Netherlands. Amsterdam: IVAM

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

IVAM consultancy and research for sustainability Jaap Kortman Plantage Muidergracht 14 1018 TV Amsterdam [email protected] Tel. +31 (0) 20 525 5911

Amsterdam, August 2008

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8.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

8.1.1 Energy in the Netherlands In 2008 the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs presented an Energy Vision for the Netherlands. The Netherlands always had significant gas stocks and they had also some oil fields. The coming decades the Dutch gas production will decrease and gas imports will increase. Already from the mid-90s, the production of gas from small fields is no longer significant. The last decade is the Dutch field both on- and offshore are increasingly saturated greater discoveries are hardly done more, the peak in the gas production is over and the gas reserves reduces in size (c.f Figure 17). Figure 17 Production profile Dutch gasfields.

Source: . Energierapport 2008, Ministerie van Economische Zaken

The strategy of the government to ensure that an energy supply area arises in the Netherlands that has a sustainable energy demand and can comply with the following three topics:  To make sure that the energy supply becomes cleaner and more efficient by stimulating energy

efficiency, the production of renewable energy and the capture and storage of emitted CO2;  Promote efficient energy markets where buyers of energy have a central role and where innovative energy production is stimulated at central and decentralized levels;  Ensuring a good and stable investment climate for all energy options by means of clear conditions and procedures and, where necessary extra stimulation. The Netherlands is a significant producer (and exporter) of natural gas and depends on energy imports for oil and hard coal exhibiting a lower than average EU import dependency. Electricity is generated mainly from gas and hard coal. The use of renewable energy sources for power generation has been increasing (c.f Table 16). Nuclear power is reconsidered as an option within climate change policies, and the lifetime of the single nuclear power plant has been extended, although there is a political ban on the instalment of extra nuclear power in the Netherlands. Energy consumption is fairly balanced between the various sectors, with transport and industry holding slightly higher shares. The total

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production of energy in the Netherlands was 61902 ktoe (2,592 PJ), also 159638 ktoe (6683 PJ) was imported and the Netherlands exported 121774 ktoe (5098 PJ) of energy in 2005. The total energy consumption in the Netherlands was 2560.56 PJ. In 2006 the domestic sector consumed about 16% of the energy in the Netherlands. Dutch households cause approximately 20-

25% of the greenhouse gas emission. The total emission is 51 Mton CO2-equivalents and is caused by the use of gas, electricity and fuels. Table 16: Production of sustainable energy in the Netherlands 1990 – 2006. Year Energy production (GWh) % of total energy consumption 1990 720 0.92 1995 1215 1.37 2000 2674 2.55 2001 2992 2.79 2002 3629 3.35 2003 3645 3.32 2004 4963 4.33 2005 7020 6.13 2006 7589 6.54 Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

8.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households In 2006, the total final energy consumption in the Netherlands was 596,294,550 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 20% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 15% and the industry 38%. Figure 18 Energy consumption per sector in the Netherlands (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

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Table 17: Final Energy consumption in the domestic sector in the Netherlands [ in Petajoule, 1015 Joule]. Origin 1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 Coal and coal 0.23 0.05% 0.20 0.05% 0.21 0.05% 0.20 0.05% 0.20 0.05% products Oil and 6.17 1.36% 3.65 0.84% 3.91 0.89% 3.79 0.89 3.69 Oil products Gas 360.81 79.31% 333.59 77.16% 330.74 75.43% 314.92 74.17% 301.47 73.22% Electricity 70.92 15.59% 78.51 18.16% 84.71 19.32% 87.24 20.55% 87.24 21.19% Heat, biomass & 16.81 3.69% 16.41 3.8% 18.92 4.31% 18.46 4.35% 19.15 4.65% incineration Fermentation - - Total 454.94 100 432.35 100 438.49 100 424.61 100 411.74 100 Source: Energy balance, the Netherlands, CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

Figure 19: Domestic energy use in the Netherlands [GJ per inhabitant per year).

Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

An average Dutch household uses 3,400 kWh electricity per year and about 1,650-m3 gas. The average gas and electricity consumption of an average Dutch household (2.3 persons, 2006) is presented in Table 18 and Table 19. The electricity consumption in households due to stand-by losses is approximately 400-550 kWh, which corresponds with 88-121 €/year. (www.milieucentraal.nl). Table 18: Gas consumption of Dutch household per domestic activity (2006). Activity Consumption (m3) Heating 1,204 Hot water 385 Cooking 63 Total 1,652 Source: www.milieucentraal.nl.

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Table 19: Electricity consumption of Dutch household per domestic activity (2006). Activity Consumption (KWh) Washing and drying 708 Cooling 590 Lighting 543 Heating and hot water 500 Diverse electric appliances 1,061 Total 3,402 Source: www.milieucentraal.nl.

Dutch households spent approximately 4- 5.5% of their income on heating and lighting in houses. This number increased in the last 5 years (source: CBS, 2007). The differences between house owners and tenants are presented in Table 20. The average income of Dutch households is 27.5 k€ for a single person household and 61.2 k€ for multi person households (2.9 persons) and 54.9 k€ for a couple without children. Table 20: The percentage of the income of household that is spent on heating & lighting of the houses and on transport. House owners Tenants Heating & lighting Transport Heating & lighting Transport 1992 4.1 14 5 13.2 1995 3.7 14.4 4.7 14 1998 3.8 15.3 4.6 13.8 2000 3.9 18 4.7 14.8 2003 4.4 17.6 4.8 15.2 2004 4.6 17.6 5.4 15.4 2005 5.3 17.3 5.9 16.2 Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

The average consumer prices for gas and electricity in the Netherlands are presented in Table 21. Table 21: Consumer prices for gas and electricity in the Netherlands [1996 – 2007]. year Gas < 500m3 Gas < 2000m3 Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity (€/1000 m3) (€/1000 m3) < 2000 kWh < 2000 kWh < 3000 kWh < 3000 kWh Single tariff double tariff Single tariff double tariff (€/1000 kWh) (€/1000 kWh) (€/1000 kWh) (€/1000 kWh) 1996 276 218 105 100 103 94 2000 290 278 130 124 128 120 2001 432 361 165 161 157 150 2002 451 387 168 167 159 155 2003 517 423 174 172 164 159 2004 558 436 182 181 170 167 2005 701 503 197 194 184 179 2006 760 555 209 207 196 192 2007 789 581 226 223 213 209 Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

A distinction of the electricity consumption in Dutch households, compared to other European countries is showed in Figure 20.

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Figure 20 Subdivision of energy consumption in residential buildings in select IEA countries.

Source: International Energy Agency “Energy Efficiency Requirements in Building Codes, Energy Efficiency Policies for New Buildings.

8.1.3 Housing in the Netherlands The number of dwellings in the Netherlands amounts to 6,912,405 (in 2006) in 1900 it was only about 1 million. The size of its population is 16,305,526 (2005) with about 7,09 million households, which makes an average household size of 2.27 persons. This is rather low in EU-perspective where only the Scandinavian countries and Germany have lower rates. Household size has dropped over the past so many years, as in most other EU-countries; in 1970, for example, average household size was still 3.51 and in 1980 2.97. Per 1,000 inhabitants there are 419 dwellings (2003) which number is rather modest compared to the other EU-countries where only Austria, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Poland have less. Housing production has been low as well, with only 3.7 new dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants, with only 6 other EU-countries scoring less.

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The largest percentage of households is the single person household: 34% (in 2002); such households have increased over time. 29% is a (marital) couple without children, and 30% is married with children, both household categories that have grown smaller percentage wise over time. Average GDP per capita in 2006 was estimated at € 28,600, which is well above the EU-average (excluding Bulgaria and Romania) of € 24,200 and makes the Netherlands the 6th richest country in the EU. Unemploy- ment is low: late 2006 the unemployment percentage was 5% of the employed population. A year earlier it was 6%. In Table 22 the amount of single person households and multi person households in the Netherlands is presented. Table 22: Amount of households in the Netherlands [1995-2006]. Year Total amount of households Single Person households Multi person households 1995 6,468,682 2,109,149 4,359,533 2000 6,801,008 2,272,219 4,528,789 2001 6,866,954 2,307,075 4,559,879 2002 6,934,263 2,344,903 4,589,360 2003 6,995,724 2,383,580 4,612,144 2004 7,049,280 2,423,950 4,625,330 2005 7,090,965 2,449,378 4,641,587 2006 7,146,088 2,502,084 4,644,004 Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

Table 23 shows a distinction in household size for the multi person households. Table 23: Composition of the multi person households in the Netherlands, by size and by composition [1995 – 2006]. Year Total By composition By size Without With Single 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons children children parent 1995 4,359,533 1,886,794 2,472,739 360,754 2,058,363 903,381 957,174 440,615 2000 4,528,789 2,062,123 2,466,666 384,317 2,242,256 897,408 943,509 445,616 2001 4,559,879 2,073,831 2,486,048 396,351 2,258,102 901,442 950,980 449,355 2002 4,589,360 2,082,747 2,506,613 411,691 2,275,136 903,225 959,431 451,568 2003 4,612,144 2,095,156 2,516,988 424,124 2,292,761 903,778 964,621 450,984 2004 4,625,330 2,099,479 2,525,851 433,972 2,302,372 904,913 969,062 448,983 2005 4,641,587 2,110,295 2,531,292 444,124 2,317,627 905,839 973,043 445,078 2006 4,644,004 2,114,857 2,529,147 452,370 2,328,134 902,872 973,351 439,647 Source: CBS – Statistics Netherlands, Voorburg/Heerlen 2007.

The progression of the average size of Dutch households is presented in Figure 21. It can be concluded that the average size of Dutch households is stabilising at 2.2 members.

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Figure 21 Average size of Dutch households [1950 – 2007].

Source: CBS – Statistic Netherlands.

In the nineteen-nineties housing policy aimed at concentrating developments within towns and cities – brown field development - or in areas adjacent to existing urbanized areas. This policy was part of national spatial planning policy. About 80 % of the housing stock dates from the period after 1945. The increase of the amount of dwellings in Netherlands is presented in Figure 22. Figure 22: Proportion of dwellings in the Netherlands 1945 - 2007.

Source: Ministry of Housing Spatial Planning and the Environment, 2008.

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In comparison with other countries this makes the Dutch housing stock rather young (c.f Figure 23). The quality of the vast majority of the dwellings – 92% - is rated as “good “ to “very good” and only 2% as “bad” (in 2000). Figure 23: Building types in the Netherlands 2006 in percentage.

Before 1945 1945 -1970 After 1970

22% 28% 50%

1 - 2 rooms 9% 100%

44% Rental houses

3 rooms 19% Number of independent 100% houses 100%

6.913.588 houses 4 rooms 34% 56% Private property

5+ rooms 38% 100%

71% 29%

Single family Multi family dwellings dwellings

Source: Figure made by IVAM, statistics from Ministerie van VROM, publicatie Cijfers over Wonen 2006.

In 2004 about 70% of the housing stock consists of one-family dwellings. The remaining 30% is multi-family stock (apartments) including about 6.7 % in high-rise buildings (that is: in buildings with more than 4 stores), mainly located in the larger towns and cities. 74% of all owner-occupied apartments are located in the western part of the Netherlands. This low percentage of high-rise is remarkable in comparison with many other countries in Europe. The number of apartments has grown substantially: by 45% between 1994 – 2002 to 490,000 apartments. Although homeownership represents the majority of the housing stock, the tenure structure in the Netherlands is characterized a large share with 43% (in 2006) of rental houses (54% house owners and 3% is unknown (CBS, 2006)). Even more characteristic for the Netherlands is the very large share of social rental houses, which now represent about 35% (or about 2.4 million dwellings) of the total stock, and 75% of the rental stock; no other country in the EU has such a high percentage of social rental dwellings. These are owned and managed mostly by housing associations. The rental stock is still largely regulated: today still 95% of the rental stock falls under a special regulatory framework. Private developers construct the majority of the new dwellings; followed by housing associations and private builders in that order.

8.1.4 Energy Services in the Netherlands Various bodies give advice to households, not coordinated together, such as energy companies, NGOs, local and regional government. The government subsidise advice particularly through: Milieu

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Centraal. This is a national information centre for advice on what consumers can do in daily life to save environment. This includes:  Energy saving  Transport  Waste reduction and separation  Gardening  Food MilieuCentraal is funded by national government (the department of environmental management, and department of economic affairs), but is independent. It was set up because there was a lot of confusion about what consumers could do in daily life, and a lot of discussion between NGOs and business about what was better for the environment. In order to provide information that is independent, MilieuCen- traal use a lot of different sources for information about an issue (reports from NGOs, companies, universities, research centres), and have their information checked by an independent commission of „wise people‟. The main provider of energy advice for SMEs is Energie Centrum, a non-commercial organisation, funded by the ministry of economic affairs. Their aim is to inform entrepreneurs about energy saving possibilities and to stimulate them to act on this. SenterNovem is the national energy agency for the Netherlands. SenterNovem manages the program „A local approach to climate policies‟ on behalf of the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Environment and Spatial Planning (MinVrom). This program aims to stimulate and facilitate municipalities and provinces to set up and execute their own climate policy. The funding budget for this programme is €35 million, and it subsidises projects for four years. There are six thematic fields in these climate policies: municipal buildings, housing, Industry, agriculture, transport and sustainable energy. All municipalities and provinces have the same goals in these fields, set by the national government. Each individual municipality sets up their own projects to reach these goals. SenterNovem guided the municipalities and provinces through the process of setting up policies and the eventual application. They play an important role in this, as they help municipalities in their process management and collect and distribute innovative projects. The entire program is monitored by a steering and evaluation committee, which consists of four ministries, MinVrom, the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MinEz), the Ministry of Traffic (MinV&W) and the Ministry of Agriculture (Min LNV). Compared to the research in other European countries there could be many energy services found in the Netherlands, which seem in addition very innovative. The listed services show that energy services related to energy consumption and their influences respectively are offered on all levels, especially governmental initiatives, participation projects and web tools were offered very often. Sometimes energy services are combined or used to face other problems like unemployment, low income households, etc. Government paid advice centres like SenterNovem and MilieuCentraal develops three of the nine described services in the Netherlands.

8.1.5 References Energierapport 2008, Ministerie van Economische Zaken; http://www.milieucentraal.nl International Energy Agency : Energy Efficiency Requirements in Building Codes, Energy Efficiency Policies for New Buildings.

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8.2 Energy services in the Netherlands – Examples

8.2.1 Empowerment – Training of students as energy ambassadors [NL - ID 034 - SI] Short description This project was targeted at the student populations in three Dutch cities, among which the city of Delft, The Netherlands. The city of Delft has a large student population because of the location of the Delft University of Technology. Studies show that students in The Netherlands have very energy unfriendly behaviour when compared with average citizens. While an average citizen uses 1,000 kWh, a student uses 1,600 kWh on yearly basis. Partly this is because of the way they live together; partly it could be caused by the life phase the students are in. This costs the student about € 50 a year (i.e. these are extra costs). To make students more aware of their behaviour and of the (financial) benefits of saving energy would have for them, the national association of student housing associations - Kences - took the initiative to set up a project which had this goal. In this project all students who live in houses of the participating associations were approached with the offer of getting free advice on how to save energy (and money). Other students who were hired and trained by the Delft Energy Agency gave these advices in workshops. The reason the DEA choose students as advisers in this project is because they stand close to the target group and are best suited to get the message across. An extra incentive for students to participate in the workshops is that at the end they could spend € 25 each on energy saving measures. Table 24: Key numbers about students in the Netherlands. Number of students at University in the Netherlands 587.000 Students with student grant: Living at home: 192.700 Non resident: 260.100 Source: http://www.kences.nl  facts & figures

Market This service was aimed at a specific population, the students and provided by the national association of student housing associations. Principally, it is possible to provide this service in every city with a respectable amount of student houses or with student housing associations. The service is transferable to other countries within the EU. Added value All the students in the city of Delft received a survey in which they were asked various questions concerning energy saving options and their own behaviour with regards to energy saving. This questionnaire served two functions: it gave the housing association interesting information regarding the behaviour of the students and it made students a priori aware of their behaviour towards energy. In phase 2 of the project an energy adviser that was trained by the Delft Energy Agency visited all the students. The adviser visited the students in the evening to maximise the change of meeting. In a small workshop, the students received a program, which was aimed at creating awareness of energy behaviour and giving good information on how to save energy in a positive way. At the end of the workshop all the students could select energy saving measures from a list. Each student could spend a budget of € 25. (The project results weren‟t online available and are requested at DEA). It was stated that students use more energy than an average citizen in the Netherlands. The energy consumption was

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for a student on yearly basis was 1,600 kWh and for an average citizen 1,000kWh. The total costs of the project in Delft are estimated at EURO 100,000 Stage of development and implementation The project finished in 2004. The project results weren‟t online available and are requested at DEA. Important drivers and barriers An essential driver for the project was that the DEA chose students as advisers in this project because they stand close to the target group and were thought to be the best suited to get the message across. An extra incentive for students to participate in the workshops is that at the end they could spend 25 EURO each on energy saving measures. Contact institution / company Delft Energy Agency country / postal code / city The Netherlands, Delft Address Mijnbouwplein 11 Website www.delftenergy.nl Contact person Roelof Uitbeijerse email-address [email protected] Telephone +31 15-2852861

8.2.2 Web tools – The Compass [NL - ID 035 - BP] Short description The Compass is a web-based tool to calculate the costs and the energy savings by taking energy saving measures in existing houses. SenterNovem, the energy agency of the National government of the Netherlands, services the programme. The web tool gives an advice how to save energy by taking active measures on isolation, thermal isolation glass etc. The tool calculates the amount of saved energy the amount of the investment to save energy and the return on investment for the measures. The service is available as a web-based advice and contains lot of background information on energy and energy saving measures. Market The service is developed for house owners and owners of buildings who want to know which energy saving measures can be applied in their houses and how much profit these measures gain and how much they cost. It is possible to estimate the current Energy Label for the house in the current state and it is also possible to choose a desired Energy Label. It is possible to make differences in the age of the houses (building period) as input in the programme. The service gives advise for major reforms of the building if necessary (e.g. floor isolation, isolation of the roof and walls, dual glazing, etc.). The program calculates the return on investment of the chosen measures for four options: lowest investment, lowest monthly energy costs, lowest monthly energy costs, lowest monthly costs in relation with the investment and the best results for energy saving. Also the consequences for the chosen measures for the Energy Performance Index, comfort and the Energy Label are calculated. Added value It is difficult to estimate the added value for this service because there is no follow up after the advice that is given through the web-tool. The costs of the selected measures and the achieved energy reduction by taking those measures are estimated for a house from the 30-ties. The above example: old

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dwellings (1930‟s), with poor facade and floor isolation, good isolated roof, High performance-boiler, double glazing and no PV-panels. The program calculates a C-Energy Label. The investments that have to be made to achieve an A-Label are presented in figure on the right. Stage of development and implementation The service is mature and is available for users. Important drivers and barriers The service is easy to handle and can be found quickly. A computer and Internet access is needed to use this service. The web-tool contains a lot of background information. The tool combines different labelling systems for houses. In the Netherlands house-owners who want to sell their house are obliged to have an Energy label for their house, so the buyer knows how energy friendly the house is. Because the tool makes a distinction between several types of houses it is easy to use for buyers. It is not clear how many house owners use the tool and implement the advise that is given by the tool. Secondly, it is unclear if the users implement the selected measures and if they choose the low cost measures or if they choose the maximum of possible measures. Contact Institution / company SenterNovem Country / postal code / city The Netherlands Address Website www.energiebesparingsverkenner.nl Contact person Email-address [email protected] Telephone +31 (0)30 23 93 533

Figure 24: Example of the web-tool. Calculation of the Energy Label and selection of the advices to apply how to go from Energy label C to A.

Source: Printscreen from the webtool located at www.energiebesparingsverkenner.nl

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Figure 25 Overview of the return on investment after implementation of the selected measures.

Source: Printscreen from the webtool located at www.energiebesparingsverkenner.nl

8.2.3 Face to face advice – Training for low income households: tailor-made energy use [NL - ID 036 - BP] Short description The project “Energie op Maat” (Tailor-made energy use) is developed by the Municipality of Dordrecht to give a tailor made energy advise to households with a low income. The aim is to raise their household disposable income by saving energy. The project started in the district Oud-Krispijn in Dordrecht and because of the success, it is disseminated over other districts in the city of Dordrecht. Energy consultants visit the participating households and together with the house owners they analyse the energy use and they propose measures to save energy. They used simple measures and means (weather-strips, energy saving lamps, foil behind the radiator etc.) to safe energy. The house owners are also advised about their own energy behaviour. They receive advise, how to save energy by behaviour change. In the district Oud-Krispijn 336 households participated in the project. The average energy saving was 11 tot 12% (gas and Electricity). The trained energy consultants were unemployed people who were registered at the Social Security Office of the Municipality. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 69 of 185

Market The service is addressing low-income households in the municipality of Dordrecht. One is considered a low-income households if the income of the household is less then: Table 25: Income of “low-income households2. Type of household Income Single household € 1,040 Single parent household € 1,335 (Marital) couple with(out) children € 1,485 (marital) couple (age 65+) € 1,555 Source: Own Table according the interview.

The service can be used for districts with high concentration of low-income households or areas with a high density of social housing. This service can easily be combined with services like the “Energy Box‟. In the Netherlands approximately 10% of all households is considered as la low-income household. Added value In the district Oud-Krispijn 336 households participated in the project. The average energy saving was 11-12% (gas and electricity) (approximately 132,000 kWh of electricity and 45,000 m3 gas on a yearly base). This was more than expected. It was expected that the households would save approximately € 10 a month, but after evaluation the project, the savings were even higher (€15 – €30 per household). The service was provided for free to the low-income households. The households received also small energy saving appliances for free, like energy saving light bulbs, draught strips etc. Stage of development and implementation The project started in 2007 as a pilot project in the district Oud-Krispijn. The municipality of Dordrecht considered the pilot successful and the concept of the project is expanded to other districts in the city of Dordrecht in 2008. A similar project started in 10 municipalities in the province of Drenthe in the Netherlands. Important drivers and barriers The most important driver are the rising energy costs. Therefore the municipalities decided to support low-income households for saving energy. Barries are not know. Contact Institution / company Gemeente Dordrecht Country / postal code / city The Netherlands, P.O. Box 8, 3300 AA Dordrecht Address Website http://cms.dordrecht.nl/ Contact person Frank Moesman Email-address [email protected] Telephone +31 (0)78 6398953

8.2.4 Web tools – Energy shops [NL - ID 039 - BP] Short description The aim of the energy supplier is to raise awareness among tenants for the possibilities to save energy. They have an integral approach with diversity in products:

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 Energy saving products;  Advise from energy consultants;  Information about the energy and money saving aspects of the supplied products, including the return on investment The energy supplier gives advise to tenants which products they can use in their houses to safe energy. They give lecture evenings about a certain energy saving product or service and they also have energy consultants who visit households to give advise about energy saving possibilities. Together with the tenant they analyse the energy consumption of the house and at the end the tenants get an overview with possibilities to save energy. They claim an energy reduction of approximately 25%. In the online shop they supply energy saving equipment (like a water saving shower, energy saving light bulbs etc.) and domestic appliances. Together with the products they provide a calculation about the return on investment and the savings (money and energy) on a yearly base by using these products. Market This energy supplier is a Dutch supplier with approximately 2,5 million customers (households and business) in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. The service is applicable to all households and housing companies in the Netherlands. People can visit the 9 energy shops, spread over the Nether- lands, or they can visit the online-shop via Internet. In the 9 shops they can also gather advise about energy saving products. Added value Energy saving potential if applied (per average household): The forecast of the energy savings for the service energy consultant is approximately 25% of the total amount of energy consumption of an average household. The forecast of the energy savings for the other supplied products lies between 0 - 1% of the total amount of energy consumption of a household. The financial investment per household (initial investments and running costs in Euro): initial € 79 for the energy consultant and afterwards the costs to remedy the noted deficiencies. Payback time for the small appliances varies between earlier than 1 year to several years. Stage of development and implementation The service has been implemented and is still running. Important drivers and barriers One of the drivers is that consumers easily can compore and buy energy saving appliances Contact institution / company NUON country / postal code / city The Netherlands, Address Website www.nuon.nl/energiewinkels Contact person email-address Telephone

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8.2.5 Campaign – Behavioural change of municipality employees [NL - ID 040 - SI] Short description The campaign on energy consumption in municipalities aims to raise the awareness of employees of the municipalities of the impact of their behaviour on energy consumption in the office, but also beyond. The campaign was developed by the Municipal Environment Department of the Eindhoven area “Milieudienst samenwerkingsverband regio Eindhoven (SRE)”. It was a communication campaign to save water, paper and energy in public building of the participating municipalities. The campaign aims to change the behaviour of the municipality officers at the office and at home. Eleven municipalities cooperated in this campaign. The Municipal Environment Department wrote a comprehensive and well designed manual with a practical description of how the campaign can be established. The manual also gives: guidelines to measure the results, concrete examples and campaign material etc.. The handbook contains a CD- ROM containing all relevant files like a roadmap, draft press release, texts for intranet / e-mail. Market In the Netherlands, about 893,000 people are working in the public sector (2006). In total (2007) there are 7.2 million people (2006) at work, which is about 50% of the population in the Netherlands. (Source: CBS - statistics). In 2006, 18.6% of the people who are working in the public sector were employed by a municipality (163,419 people). The service is in principal transferable to all municipalities in the Netherlands. Added value The outcome of the campaign is ambiguous. A direct result of the campaign is energy reduction by behaviour change at the office and the spin-off of the campaign is the achieved energy reduction in the home situation. The average energy reduction by behaviour change was estimated at 10%. Stage of development and implementation The handbook for the campaign Energy Use in Buildings was delivered to the 11 participating municipalities in the Eindhoven area in December 2006 and the campaign is still running. Important drivers and barriers One of the driver are the rising energy costs. As the city the consumption of energy has to pay, the cities are interested to recuce the energy consumption. Contact institution / company Milieudienst SRE country / postal code / city The Netherlands, 5615 PE Eindhoven, Address Keizer Karel V Singel 8 Website www.sre.nl Contact person Janne Cox email-address Telephone +31 (0)40 2594778

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8.2.6 Campaign – "Warm and comfortable living" [NL - ID 041 - SI] Short description "Warm and comfortable living" is a campaign taking place in selected districts of the city of Amers- foort. The Amersfoort municipality has many houses, which were built before 1985. Before this date little or no attention was given to the possibility of insulation and/or energy saving measures in building new houses. The campaign is targeted at owner-occupants of houses built before 1985, the year in which they started to pay attention to insulation and energy-saving technology. The Amers- foort municipality, EnergieBureau Amersfoort, the energy supplier to the province REMU and Planbuilding are working closely together. The aim is to encourage as many owner-occupants as possible to request an Energy-PerformanceAssessment (EPA), and then to ensure that the recommended energy-saving measures are actually implemented. In the process the end-user is alerted to the availability of attractive subsidies (REP). The campaign was organised in a district (around 2,500 houses) and was realised with the support of an intensive communications approach. The available media gave plenty of attention to the campaign. The media used were:  The cable TV information service for the Amersfoort municipality;  Local radio and TV broadcasters;  Free sheets published within the Amersfoort municipality;  An information stand in the Amersfoort city hall/community centres and other public spaces;  Direct mail with a registration card and EPA-brochure to owner-occupants in pre-selected districts of the Amersfoort municipality. The response could lead to:  A direct request to perform an EPA;  Or a request for an information pack;  Or registration for information meeting in the district. If no response is received, the owner-occupier involved was sent a reminder. If there was no response to this mailing then the owner-occupier involved was not approached again. Market In the Netherlands 56% of the houses on the housing market is privately owned. Approximately 70% of the houses in the Netherlands is build before 1985. The service can be transferred to other cities. Added value The campaign cost amounts € 50,583. It is not known what the energy saving potential of the applied service was. On basis of the taken measures after performing the EPA, the energy saving potential was estimated to be more than 10%. The project achieved a response of 736 house owners, which is 29% of the appealed households. There were 279 requests to perform an EPA and eventually 210 EPA were performed. Stage of development and implementation The service is mature and it is transferable to other cities/ counties.

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Important drivers and barriers Intensive communication with the target group was one of the most important success factors of the campaign. The campaign‟s success can be put down to this intensive approach. The following can be said to be positive elements of the campaign:  The good mutual cooperation;  Partly organising the campaign under the flag of the Amersfoort municipality contributed to the reliability of communication and information.  The availability of subsidy money to have an Energy Performance Assessment carried out. If the suggested measures are carried out the EPA costs nothing. (Free).  The availability of subsidies, Regular Energy Premium (REP) to take energy-saving measures and for white goods make a campaign more attractive to end-users. Success factors that contribute to the success of the campaign that can help the replication elsewhere in Europe are:  Campaign was adapted to the local circumstances;  Expert parties supported each other in the organisation and implementation of a campaign;  The availability of subsidy incentives which make participation in the campaign more attractive for the end-user;  A reliable communicator. An organisation with prestige, for example the municipal government;  Making use of existing media;  The scale of a campaign must not be too ambitious. This is the only way for the organiser to retain an overview;  District-oriented thinking and working. The main problem encountered is related to the planning of the measures to be implemented Contact institution / company EnergieBureau Amersfoort country / postal code / city The Netherlands, PO Box 92, 3800 AB Amersfoort Address Website www.energie-amersfoort.nl Contact person Mr. W. Mulckhuijse email-address [email protected] Telephone Tel: +31(0)33 4694740

8.2.7 Low cost incentives – Energy box for raising awareness on energy saving [NL - ID 042 - BP] Short description Raising awareness among tenants for the possibilities to save energy. And most of all, how they can achieve energy savings with relative easy and effective measures through the products offered in the Energy Box. Eventually this will result in lower energy costs and a higher living comfort, both attractive for tenants. During a renovation tenants are more susceptive for change. This is the best moment to try changing the behaviour of tenants. At that moment people are more likely to overcome their habits and develop different, more energy friendly behaviour. Therefore the building corporation decided to make people aware of energy issues during the renovation of their homes. Aim of the renovation is to make changes

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that increase the energy efficiency of houses. Gathered information gives more insight in the saving potential and encourages tenants to change behaviour. An average household in the Netherlands uses 3,402 kWh electricity of which15% is consumed for lighting. Replacing normal light bulbs for energy savings light bulbs results in a 50% reduction of the energy use for lighting. To stimulate tenants into saving energy, the building corporation developed a new service, the Energy Box! The Energy Box is filled with several energy savings products including energy saving light bulbs, stand-by killers, draught strips etc. Besides the technical changes in the house of the tenant, the Energy Box can try to induce tenants into changing their behaviour. The building corporation gives tenants the opportunity to save energy by handing out the Energy Box. Market The service is developed for tenants who agreed in having their houses renovated. The renovation is directed towards the improvement of energy efficiency in houses and of the living comfort for tenants. The Energy Box give tenants the possibility to improve these matters even further by using the products. Although the service is developed focusing on a special group of tenants, it is applicable for a larger part of the population. People who rent or own a house can utilize the products in the Energy Box. Therefore the potential market size is aimed at 90% of the total population living in the Netherlands. Because the Energy Box is a gift, tenants are enthusiastic about the service and acceptance is high. They realise the potential benefits it can give them, like lower energy costs. Most of the products don‟t imply a major behavioural change. For example the transfer from normal light bulbs to energy saving light bulbs is a one time effort people have to undertake. After that, energy saving is easy. Added value The forecast of the energy savings lies between the 0-1% of the total amount of energy consumption of an average household. The products in the Energy Box, complement the renovation. The renovation itself will result in high energy savings and the Energy Box much less. But it is expected that tenants will develop a higher awareness for energy issues. Raising awareness is the first step for behavioural changes. Eventually the Energy Box can have a larger effect by inducing environmental friendly behaviour.

Due to the provided service it results not only in energy savings but also in reduction of CO2 emission.

By using less energy, less CO2 will be produced. The expected reduction will not be tremendous but will be a step in the right direction. The costs of providing this service are relative low, between the € 10 and € 100 per household. The main costs of the Energy Box are the products in it. It is possible to set a limit of the expenses made, this will mean that less products are provided. If tenants have the option to choose the kind of products they are interested in, you can make sure that the products will be appreciated. Using this method you guarantee the quality of the service making quantity less important. The Energy Box has several benefits for tenants. It will result in energy savings, which means lower energy bills. It is expected that the products result in a higher comfort level for tenants. The indoor climate will improve and benefit from products like draught strips.

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Stage of development and implementation After a brainstorm session with several building corporations, the idea of the Energy Box started to develop. One building corporation decided that the Energy Box was and is the perfect complement for tenants involved in a renovation. The decision to expand their services and include the Energy Box in their service set was not a difficult one. At this moment the Energy Box has been provided to tenants, and is in a mature developing stage. Important drivers and barriers Rather small services take a lot of effort to develop and to introduce them into an organisation. Sustainability is not always the number one priority for an organisation. To keep organisations motivated, you have to keep them involved and committed. This costs time and energy. On the other hand, organisations do realise that these kind of services is what distinguish them from other organisations in a positive way. Contact institution / company Building corporation „Woonplaats‟ country / postal code / city The Netherlands, 7500AA Enschede Address Weth. Beversstraat 175, Enschede Website http://www.de-woonplaats.nl (only in Dutch) Contact person - email-address - Telephone +31 (0) 900-9678

8.2.8 Low cost incentives – Energy metering project “To measure is to know” [NL - ID 115 - BP] Short description The core of this project is the use of an energy meter (the Conrad Energy Check 3000), with which people can measure the energy consumption and actual energy cost of their electrical appliances, as they use them. This has a more direct impact on awareness of consumption through direct „feedback‟ of information, appliance by appliance than the electricity bill at the end of the quarter or year. The participants measure the energy use of approximately six appliances in their home. MilieuCentraal delivers the service in cooperation with an energy supplier. At the end of 2005 there were 4,000 meters in circulation in the Netherlands, loaned by MilieuCen- traal on the basis that each household can keep one for three weeks on condition that they pass it on to someone new. In this way 36,000 households have participated so far. An Internet survey with about 2,750 participants indicated that as a result of using the energy meter:  66% of participants have already made some energy saving measures and another 2% plan to do so;  These measures range form turning off a personal computer (instead of leaving it on stand-by) to replacing an old fridge with a new efficient one;  90% of participants said that the energy meter gave them more insight into their energy consumption;  With all energy savings taken into account, average savings per household were 250 kWh per year, 7% of average consumption in the Netherlands (3,350 kWh).

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The website of MilieuCentraal also provides extra information for the participants of the project: guidelines for the proper use of the energy meter, tools for calculation the saved money, practical tips from other participants and schemes to fill in the achieved results. Market This service is addressing every household in the Netherlands. The service makes no distinction between house-owners, tenants, etc. Added value

Between march 2005 and august 2007 the participants saved roughly 5,500 ton CO2 by participating the action „to measure is to know‟. The average saving per household was 7%, (250 kWh - electricity- of 3,350 kWh on a yearly base) which is an average saving of € 50 a year per household. A total of 36,000 households participated in the project during the last years. In 2005 MilieuCentraal performed an interview by telephone among 53 randomly chosen participants. 76% of the respondents stated that they became more aware of their energy use after using the meter and 57% of the respondents stated that they adjusted their behaviour. Stage of development and implementation The service is mature and still running Important drivers and barriers One of the advantages is that the households can borrow the energy meter from energy supplier and that they don‟t have to make costs to join a service. Espacially for low-income households, this is an opportunity to work with an appliance what is too expensive (± € 25) to buy for low-income households. Contact institution / company MilieuCentraal country / postal code / city The Netherlands, 3584 AA Utrecht Address Herculesplein 357 Website www.milieucentraal.nl www.lage-energierekening.nl Contact person Puk van Meegeren email-address Telephone

Figure 26 Energy meter used by MilieuCentraal, the Conrad Energy Check 3000.

Source: http://www.conrad.nl.

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8.2.9 Empowerment - Integral personal organizer for energy reduction [NL - ID 138 - SI] Hotel “Future” near Shiphol offers “Home Organizers” for households. The organizers organize the energy consumption of its client. The client have to hold the organizer next to his right ear and the organizer will connect the brain with the heating and electrical appliances. Every user will be empowered to monitor and to influence the energy consumption of the households in a building. Furthermore the connection with the energy net will provide solutions for artificial problems of energy consumption and resource depletion. One of these examples have been the campaign “Save a tree – kill a beaver” which have been very effective in theNetherlands. As the organizer analyzed the potential resource consumption of the hotel‟s pellets heating, it came to the conclusion that in 16 years there will be a problem of providing pellets. Immediately a virtual resident‟s debate started. The virtual residents considered several solutions like buying all pellets of the NL, planting new trees in Fireland or reducing the average room temperature to -15 degrees. But all in all they decided to start the campaign “Save a tree – kill a beaver”. The campaign led immediately to good results, as the parliament allowed to kill all tree beaver in the zoo. Therefore around 20 trees could be saved an the time for depletion of the pellet resources was extended two days. Contact institution / company Institute for Furures Studies and Technlogy Assessment country / postal code / city Germany, 14129 Berlin Address Schopenhauerstraße 26 Website www.izt.de/bewaree Contact person Dr. Michael Scharp email-address [email protected] Telephone 0049-(0)803088-14

8.3 Further Examples

8.3.1 Web tool - Instalment of PV-panels on housing [NL - ID 043 - FS] This service is delivered by MilieuCentraal and consists of a web-based calculator to calculate a tailor made advise for the consideration of installing PV-panels on houses. In 2008 the Dutch government started with a new round of subsidization of PV-panels “Stimulering Duurzame Energieproductie (SDE)”. The web-tool helps house-owners to decide if it is worthwhile to install PV-panels on their roofs. The tool gives an advise on different topics: is the roof suitable for PV-panels, what is the price of the panels and what is the estimated yield? The PV-panels are only subsidized if more than 601 watt-peak capacity is installed.

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9 Energy Services in Poland (1) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Scharp, Michael; Badecka, Iwona (2008): Service inventory of Poland. Working Paper D21b Poland. Berlin: Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH.

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH Dr. Michael Scharp Schopenhauerstraße 26 14129 Berlin [email protected] Tel. 030-80 30 88 14

Berlin, August 2008

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9.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

9.1.1 Energy in Poland Changes of final consumption structure in main sectors of economy (Figure 27) reflect the Polish directions of economy development. Restructuring of industry affected the reduction of energy consumption, which was also accompanied by energy saving measures in companies. The development of road transport and services influenced the increase of energy consumption of these sectors. The households experienced the activities obtained admittedly almost 20% reduction of its energy consumption during 1995-2004, but the energy used is much higher than in the other sectors (Central Statistical Office 2007a:13). The energy consumption in housing sector has a great influence on the energy balance of country and it‟s still in Poland over two times larger per entity of living space than in the other western European countries, which have a comparable climate. It means, that Polish people are not aware of the huge energy consumption they cause. For heating the buildings they need more energy power than the whole industry and transport sector. Figure 27: Final energy consumption per sector in Poland (1995 and 2005).

Source: Central Statistical Office 2007a:13.

In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Poland was 705,700,260 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 32% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 10% and the industry 29%.

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Figure 28: Final energy consumption by sector in Poland (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The basic energy resources in Poland are black and brown coal. According to data of the Central Statistical Office, 73% energy power is received from the coal in order to satisfy energy needs in households. The use of energy from energy resources in this sector is much lower, natural gas (14%), renewable energy sources (9%), and crude oil (4%, Rockwool Polska 2006:4, cf. Figure 29). In housing almost 28% of the complete energy consumption is achieved directly from the coal burning. Their share is much higher than in the whole economy (19%). Figure 29 Structure of primary energy consumption in the housing sector in Poland in 2005.

Source: Rockwool Polska 2006:4.

9.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households The costs of energy are constantly growing with regard to more difficult access to energy resources and its increasing demand. The prices of energy and flues in housing were growing twice and sometimes three times in the years 1990-2005. A prognostic analysis shows that they will continue to BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 81 of 185

increase (Figure 30). The share of energy cost in the housing budget in Poland is over twice higher than in the EU-countries. It grises from the ill-being of the polish society, which still influences on the lower average of work efficiency and lower competitiveness of polish products on the world market. Figure 30 Change of electricity prices for the households and industry.

Source: Central Statistical Office 2007a:15.

In housing sector in Poland two main energy types are used such as electrical energy and heating. There are 11 million apartments with a living space of more than 700 millions m2, therein about 7.4 millions flats in the cities and 3.6 millions in the villages. Therefore, 5.5 millions apartments in the cities and 2.5 millions flats in the countries are equipped with a central-heating installation. About 230 millions m2 of living spaces are supplied with heat from the district heating systems. For heating and diffuse housing and partly urban there are several heat sources adapted such as central heating kettles, ceramic stoves, metal stoves and cooking stoves too. The published analyses suggest that the energy standard of the buildings depends on the age of the building. The approximate range of values rate of heating requirement in the buildings illustrates Table 26. Table 26: Rate of heating requirement depending of old of buildings. Old of buildings Rate of heating requirement (kWh/m2) >1966 240-350 1967-1985 240-280 1985-1992 160-200 1993-1997 120-160 1998< 90-120 Source: Popiołek (n.d.).

While the demand for of heat-protection is gradually tighting, the energy used for heating in Poland is still very high. It is caused by the following (Popiołek n.d.):  Wanted isolation parameters of outside partition (of walls and roofs), as windows and doors were low, especially acceptable values of rate of heat-penetration “U” were high. Excessive heat-losses bring about the numerous thermal-bridges.

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 Shape of body buildings and their location are often disadvantageous from the point of view of minimizing heat losses, as no attention has been paid in the last couple of years to building process.  Energy efficiency of heat source isn‟t in many cases very low and it‟s related to individual heat sources, as incorporated and district boiler houses runn on the basis of the old type of boiler rooms.  In the transmission net of inside systems of the buildings there are large energy losses on the way to heating appliances (insufficient isolation).  In many heating systems of multi-family buildings there aren‟t computer-analysed setting heat supplies.  The users don‟t often have any possibility and motivation to save energy. Figure 31 presents values of energy consumption per year for the heating in Poland, in different periods of time, and the buildings actually constructed in Germany and Sweden. A demand for heat to warm buildings in Poland ranges from 90 -120 kWh/m2 for the new buildings and over 240 kWh/m2 for the houses constructed before 1985. During the considerable decreasing of unit rates, new built buildings in Poland are still using twice more energy than some other western European countries. This comparison bears witness to the great possibility and need of change within the discussed field. There is a general need to provide activities aimed at the reduction of energy consumption and costs of new buildings as well as already existed heating buildings. While Poland has got high energy saving potential possible to receive, the use of energy efficiency for heating is still very low. It is very important, because Poland‟s environment is very polluted, as where over 60% of residential areas are still warmed with the black coal. Figure 31 Average yearly energy consumption for heating [kWh/m2] in the housing depending on the house age.

Source: „KAPE S.A.(n.d.) and Popiołek (n.d.).

The heat water preparing is the second need propos value of energy using. The energy share for the preparing heat water in Poland is similar to the values of other counties. Up to 60%, apartments get the network heat water, while 10% of flats electrical and gas terms are used, and in the rest 30% (mainly

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in village) heat water is used on the basis of tiled stove heated black coal. The use of heat water in the average householder has undergone considerable modification in the last years. In year 1990 to 76.5 m3/person yearly while in the 2005 it was only 38.2 m3. The reduction of heat water consumption is caused first of all general using water meter (Popiołek n.D.). The prices of water vary considerably. In most flats people have to pay approximately above 0,67 €/m3 for cold water and extra above 4,11 €/m3 for hot water. It means, the four-person-family spend monthly 57,84 - 86,78 € on water. A paying according to the rate of lump sums, it is necessary to pay above 101,21 € in the same family (Central Statistical Office 2007b). Many householders use general utilized water save fittings to in wash bowls and showers in order to reduce water usage. Decreasing of heat water consumption means not only to reduce the bills for its usage but also to reduce the value heat needed to be prepare, which influences on the energy balance in the country. Electric energy production takes place mainly in the power plant heated energetic black coal and its usage is connected with the significant environment pollution (1 used kWh electric energy answers 1.2 kg CO2 emission). The national electric energy usage is 130.5 TWh whereof in housekeeping it‟s 22.8 TWh (17.5%). In the period of four years 2001-2004 the electric energy usage was growing up to 4.7% and in housing to 6.7% (Polish Foundation for Energy Efficienty 2006:2). A structure of energy usage shows a dynamic change of this using tendency (Figure 32). A diminishing share of energy used for heating and meals preparing is related to replacing low efficient coal stove to modern gas and electrical installations. A growth of share of electrical energy usage to feed appliances and lighting is associated with wealthier house equipments in the electrical apparatus (Central Statistical Office 2007a:24). Figure 32 Energy use in the housing sector.

Source: Central Statistical Office 2007a:24.

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Table 27: Changes in structure of energy consumption in households by end use. Items 1993 2002 Total 100.0 100.0 Heating 73.1 73.2 Water heating 14.9 15.1 Cooking 7.1 6.6 Lighting 1.6 2.3 Electrical appliances 3.3 4.5 Source: Central Statistical Office 2007a:24.

According to the statistic, a four-personal-family use yearly about 3,500 kWh. Most energy is allocated for lighting (34%), a fridge and a washing machine (16%), then less for an iron (11.5%), a television and a computer (8%), as well as a coffee machine and a kettle (5.5%) and least of all for a stereo Hi-Fi (1%). The average of energy usage for one receiver in housing is about 1,950 kWh and this can be reduced by doing something. Figure 33 Energy consumption per year in the housing.

Source: Gniazko demove n.d.

Polish people asked about means of energy saving advice mostly answer that this‟s generally of turn off the lights in the rooms, which aren‟t utilized. They advert to exchange energy economical light bulbing as well as windows and doors. Most of them also know about isolation of walls and roofs as a way to save energy. The market availability of a broad spectrum of domestic appliances with a high energy efficiency can be used as an indicator of a country´s “energy consciousness”.”Top Ten” performed a study on the market availability of domestic appliances in 17 EU countries (Top Ten Market Analysis 2007). This study shows that there are 115 variants of “A++” labelled cold appliances available on the European market overall. Austria and Germany lead the field with 61 respectively 60 variants. Poland did rather poorly with only four variants available on the market. If we take a look at the way the different energy classes are distributed in Poland, we see that 58% of all Polish refrigerators are labelled “A”

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while 36% are labelled “B”. (Bertoldi et al. 2006). Today, from the viewpoint of energy efficiency, the energy class “A” is perceived as standard.

9.1.3 Energy Services in Poland The Polish action in the area of energy services in housing sector isn‟t developed very well in comparison to some western European countries. Housing companies for social housing doesn‟t usually offer any kind of energy services, which would let to reduce the energy costs in the housing of tenants. The activity of residential administrators in the field of energy saving, concentrate generally on the improvement of technical and economical state of the buildings. Therefore, a lot of housing employers go in for a term-modernisation of their buildings or a refurbishment of heating systems. The other ways of reducing energy consumption are simply unknown by them. According to these facts, modernization activity in housing sector is stipulated by the directive 2002/91/EC of EU, which enables the owners of the buildings to access an energy certificate after entenning Poland to EU. That‟s how many employers of the building industry reacted to the new stipulation of energy policy. Within the framework of marketing activities they organize different types of education events and competitions in the field of energy saving in order to promote their products.9 Not only entrepreneurs in the field of buildings industry start to educate to society in energy usage. Some companies of the energy industry begin with it too, however, they construe a little percentage of energy employers of the whole energy industry10 who popularize an idea related to the reduction of energy consumption. The other employers of energy branch usually want to keep a present state and don‟t want any changes (Walki and Preda 2007). That‟s why, some energy providers and energy sellers co-operate with some government organisations11, educating the society in this field by organizing the different campaigns or by popularization of publications about possibilities of reduction of energy. For example they whisper their customers to rationally benefit from energy house appliances in order to reduce a height of current bills. The potential in the area of reducing energy consumption in housing seems to be great. Unfortunately, the practical start up of it meets a problem, because Polish policy in this field wasn‟t all the time regulated. The directives of Europe Commission provide new standards in using energy, car production, electrical appliances and building. Poland as member of EU is obliged to execute changes in favour of new policy. It means, that the future effects in the field of energy saving in housing depend generally on Polish government policies. The propositions of them can be absorred in two documents such as „Nowa Polityka Ekologiczna Państw” and „Założenia Polityki Energetycznej Polski do 2020 roku” (KAPE n.d.). Therefore, the POE ESCO set up off one‟s own bat reunion for the administrator buildings and manager of real estate in order to encourage them to the greater activities of energy saving.

9 Baumit - "Zobacz ciepło", Rockwool Polska – Akademia Oszczedzania Energii, Isover - "Energy Efficiency Best Of Awards 2007", Swisspor - "Przegroda termoizolacyjna przyszłości" http://www.swisspor.pl/_page_en/index.php 10 For example: RWE Stoen, Vattenfall Polska, Zakład Energetyczny Warszawa - Teren S.A., Koncern Energetycznego ENERGA S.A.

11 The Energy Regulatory Office or The National Agency of Energy.

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9.1.4 References Literature Central Statistical Office (2007a): Efektywność wykorzystania energii w latach 1995-2005, Warsaw. Central Statistical Office (2007b): Prices in the national economy in 2006. Warsaw. Energy Company ENERGIA S.A. (n.d.): Oszczędzanie energii. Online: www.energa.pl. Access: March 2008. Energy Company Łódź S.A. (n.d.): Jak efektywnie wykorzystać energię elektryczną, Online: www.zelt.lodz.pl. Access: March 2008. Energy Company Radomsko - Kieleckiego S.A. (n.d.): Racjonalne wykorzystanie energii elektrycznej w gospodarstwach domowych. Online: www.zeork.zeork.com.pl. Access: March 2008. Energy Company Warsaw (n.d.): Gniazdko domowe, Online: www.gniazdkodomowe.pl. Access: March 2008. Energy Company Warsaw (n.d.): Jak oszczędzać energię, Online: www.zewt.com.pl. Access: March 2008. Gniazko demove (n.d.): Płać mniej za prąd. Online: http://www.gniazdkodomowe.pl/index.php?strona=polecamy/oszczendz/art3. Access February 2008 KAPE: Jak zaoszczędzić energię w domu. Online: www.oszczedzaj-energie.pl. Access: March 2008. Polish Foundation for Energy Efficienty (2006): Oszacowanie potencjału zmniejszenia zużycia energii elektrycznej w gospodarstwach domowych w Polsce. Authors: Wojulewicz, Osicki, Pasierp. Katowice. Online: www.fewe.pl. Access: March 2008. Popiołek M. (n.d.): Zużycie energii w mieszkaniach. Online: www.termodom.pl/inne/komfort_cieplny/zuzycie_energii_w_budynkach. Access: March 2008. Rockwool Polska (2006): Polacy o oszczędzaniu energii. Online: www.rockwool.pl. Access: March 2008. RWE Stoen Polska (2007): Przewodnik domowy. Online: www.rwestoen.de. Access: November 2007. RWE Stoen Polska (2007): Zachowanie Polaków w zakresie oszczędzania energii. Online: www.rwestoen.pl Access: Walski, Jacek; Preda, Am (2007): Energetyczne mity, Date 06.08.2007. Online: http://energetyka.w.polsce.org/artykul-46-energetyka/. Access January 2008 WWF (n.d.): Poradnik jak oszczędzać energię w domu. Online: www.wwf.pl. Access: March 2008. KAPE (n.d.) Nowa Polityka Ekologiczna Państw. Online: www.kape.gov.pl/PL/index.phtml. Access February 2008. KAPE (n.d.): Założenia Polityki Energetycznej Polski do 2020 roku. Online: www.kape.gov.pl/PL/index.phtml. Access February 2008. Websites - Informations about Energy in Poland www.esco.krakow.pl, www.ecofys.pl , BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 87 of 185

www.kape.gov.pl, http://www.nape.pl , www.ure.gov.pl.

9.2 Energy Services in Poland - Examples

9.2.1 Campaign – Social campaign on energy saving by Rockwool Polska [PL - ID 001 - SI] Short description The Rockwool Polska together with Krajowa Agencja Poszanowania Energii (Polish National Energy Conservation Agency) has organised the social campaign “Szoste paliwo” towards the end of the year 2007. The campaign‟s primary target is to support education in the field of efficient use of electric power and to promote the idea of “sixth fuel”, which means energy saving by the use of thermo-seal in housing. The organizers wanted to pay attention to the fact, that the lifting standards of energy saving in housing will let to reduce an energy usage received from the traditional energy resources as well as renewable resources. One of the activities within the framework of the campaign was to prepare the report “Polish people about energy save”, which describes the knowledge state of Poles for energy saving especially in the buildings. The report was made on the basis of a public research undertaken by the analysis department TNS OBOP that is the Research Centre of Public Option Company and conducted in 2007 on a representative group of 1005 Polish inhabitants upwards the age of 15. The first part of report „Zarzadzanie energia” („energy management”) contains the comparative analysis of the answers of interweavers replying to the questions of energy winning and saving ways especially with consideration of housekeeping. The second part of the report “Trwale korzysci” (“sustainable benefits”) is a continued analysis of the answers for questions such as: Are Poles aware in full of positive and successful follows-up of energy saving? The project is financed only by the initiator of the program, The Rockwool Polska. Market While the Rockwool Polska offers products and warming systems serving an improvement of energy productivity, the campaign is directed to house owners, multi-family houses, which plan to carry out the insulation of buildings as well as to the construction companies providing the services in the field of warming buildings. Added value The required standards of energy saving are not unreasonable in Poland in comparison to other European countries, which have the same climate. Modernizing the average building according to factual regulations can save above 40-60% of used energy. The yearly costs for heating of not buildings warmed with black coal amount 26,4 -35,3 thousand € and with gas are 40,1-47,7 thousand €. The yearly costs for heating of warmed buildings with black coal come to 8,6-10 thousand € and with gas amount 12,7-14 thousand €. Using the solution of Rockwool Polska can save energy for heating of houses per year above 63,6 thousands kWh and above 3810 kWh during 60 years. Thereby, it constitutes a possibility to decrease

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black coal consumption per year to 7,29 thousand kilogramme and gas to 5,47 thousand m3. It allows to go down the CO2-reduction above 14,7 thousand kilogramme by the usage of coal black and 11,8 thousand kilogramme by the usage of gas. Results of the report acknowledged that it is still an ocean need of society education in the field of energy saving. There is a large difference between the knowledge of Poles to the point of energy reduction in the buildings and the honest facts, which describe the actual state of the buildings industry. The organizers of the project succeeded to interest the media in the society energy consumption issues and to encourage to promote as well as to shape a basis which effect is energy saving. Stage of development and implementation The social campaign “Szoste paliwo”, that is „the sixth fuel”, has been conducted with the final result evaluated in a published report accessible on the webpage of Rockwool Polska. Important drivers and barriers The Polish start to realise the high energy economy of houses and flats and at the same time they do not try to use all the possibilities in order to change it by the use of thermal isolation, good windows, ventilation and effective heating systems. For the high costs of heating they are open to blame the increasing price of fuel, which they have not any influence on and not the energy standard of their houses. Contact Institution Rockwool Polska sp. z o.o. Street and Number ul. Kwiatowa 14 Postcode and City 66-131 Cigacice / near Zielona Gora (Poland) Telefon +48 0 68 38 50 250 Website http://www.rockwool.pl Person Jowita Łasek (Ansprechpartner) e-mail: [email protected]

Figure 34: The logo of the campaign.

Source: Rockwool Polska (2006): Polacy o oszczędzaniu energii. Online: www.rockwool.pl. Access: March 2008.

9.2.2 Campaign – Campaign about energy awareness by RWE Stoen [PL - ID 002 - SI] Short description The RWE Stoen, an electricity supplier in the middle of Poland, has started the long-term social campaign “Energy Awareness” towards the end of last year. The campaign‟s aim is to support

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education in the field of efficient use of electric power and to promote the idea of saving energy. The program was primarily developed in order to meet the expectations of RWE Stoen customers. Other important reasons included: low level of knowledge in Polish society about the possibilities of more efficient usage of electric power and readiness to educate in this area, as well as actions taken by the RWE Group supporting the European power conservation policy. A basis of RWE Stoen‟s campaign are informative and advisory activities in the field of rational electric energy usage, which customers are households. Within the framework of campaign “Energy Awareness1” they can acquire “Prze- wodnik domowy” (RWE Stoen Household Guide) in all the RWE Customers Services Centers from October 2007. The guide contains comprehensive information about the usage of energy by each appliance and hands-on advice on decreasing energy consumption in households. The Household Guide is available online at www.swiadomaenergia.pl too. All information is also contained in the “Wiecej niz energia” (More than Energy) magazine enclosed with electricity bills for all RWE Stoen‟s customers. As a part of the campaign, the company makes it possible to use a “kalkulator zuzycia energi elektrycznej” (calculator for electric energy usage) and checking up previous knowledge about it with the assistance of a test “Sprawdzian energooszczednosci” (“How good are you in saving energy”). The calculator for electric energy usage lets the holder enquire, how much energy is used by them in their housekeeping, which equipments currently require most energy and how much it costs. The program will be implemented inside RWE Stoen as well through such actions as changing the employees‟ attitudes and undertaking low-cost investments (e.g. installation of movement light switches, change of old light bulbs, regular cleaning of lamp frames, adjusting air-conditioning to the working hours of its users). The Program is only financed by the campaign‟s organizer, RWE Stoen, whose essential share-holder is Krajowa Agencja Poszanowania Energii (Polish National Energy Conservation Agency). Market Energy Service is addressed to all groups of residents like: tenants, house owners, single and multi- family houses, which are the client of RWE Stoen. The activity of RWE Stoen focuses on Warsaw city and its vicinities; however the energy company is open to be in a team-work with other customers who are city dwellers from different regions of Poland, which can cause a potential increase in value of these services being used. The objective groups are not obliged to have any special equipment to use the service. They only must own a computer in order to be able to view their personal information about energy saving on the website of RWE Stoen and use a calculator for electric energy usage or have free time to visit the RWE Customers Services Centers. Added value RWE Stoen provides with electric energy over 850 thousand customers, whereof above 1% - 10% of them can probably be saved with this service. The householders use on average above 2000 kWh of electric energy per year and can save up to 80% of this energy by using the information coming from this service. Service of Energy Saving is unpaid to all groups of residents and is not necessarily a special purchase The „Energy Aweraness” campaign has excited a huge interest of society. The most valuable result of it was observed in the growth of visitors not only in the RWE Customers Services Canters but also on the company‟s website. In November 2007 there were 200 visitors on the websites and the number grew up to 40.000 visitors in December.

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Stage of development and implementation While the long-term social campaign “Energy Awareness” has been conducted for several months, as a service it is still in the pilot stage of development. RWE Stoen wants to popularise knowledge concerning energy saving in Polish society and plans to improve some new activities within the service framework in the future. Important drivers and barriers However, the obstacles in using the service can be caused by socio-cultural peculiarities. The Polish do not have certain habits referring to merit from the promoted types of energy saving, ecological environment and CO2-reduction, which manifests itself in the lack of interest in the campaign. Besides, some groups of customers of RWE Stoen can not use all services completely, e.g. the elderly. Some of them have never had a computer at home and ipso facto are not able to use it to check the website of RWE Stoen. Other customers may not have any possibility to visit the RWE Customers Services Centers because of health indisposition. Contact Institution RWE Stoen S.A Street and Number ul. Wybrzeże Kościuszkowskie 41 Postcode and City 00-347 Warszawa (Poland) Telefon +48 22 821-3111 Website http://www.rwestoen.pl/index.php?id=815 Person Magdalena Borek-Dwojak (Ansprechpartner)

Figure 35: The logo of the campaign.

Source: RWE Stoen Polska (2007): Przewodnik domowy. Online: www.rwestoen.de. Access: November 2007.

9.3 Further services

9.3.1 Consulting for the housing sector – Energy advisory by ESCO Ltd. [PL - ID 003 - FS] Short description Przedsiębiorstwo Oszczędzania Energii ESCO Sp. z o.o that is to say the Energy Saving Company ESCO Ltd. (POE ESCO) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Municipal District Heating Enterprise of Krakow (MPEC in Krakow). ESCO offers expert services in the field of power engineering and

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ensures its potential customers the energy saving and reduction of costs incurred in relation to energy utilization in many sectors like building industry, communal administration, etc. The POE ESCO realizes comprehensive services in the field of energy management based on performance contracts and provide savings guarantees. The wide operating range of the company, in the field of services of energy management concentrates mostly on the advancement of the technical states of buildings by the use of thermal modernisation, designing of sanitary system, thermo vision studies, energy audits, modernisation of lighting, etc. The part of offered services of energy management is consultancy and advisory services which activity includes a preparation of cards and applications for subsidies from EU funds and environmental protection funds, then feasibility studies as well as sharing specialist knowledge regarding energy management, what means a running training workshops for technical and administrative staff in the customers‟ facilities about energy management. According to this fact the personnel of buildings employers have possibility to attend in many seminars on the topic energy saving and get more information about it. The POE ESCO organizes opened and closed instructions placed an order. The Activity of POE ESCO – a private company - are mainly realized by being in the shape of projects under the ESCO formula. According to this fact the company commits itself to finance the whole project from its own resources or from external financial means, obtained by ESCO. At the beginning of the implementation project, the customers couldn‟t bear the expenses committed with the investment. When the project couldn‟t been conducted under the ESCO formula the company suggested the investment financing under the third formula which names “Third Party Financing”. It‟s of importance the POE ESCO to pay finance that means to implement the capital expenditure, and the clients pay off it by instalments during the specified time. During carrying of the projects POE ESCO uses mainly the credits proceeded from the World Bank and commercial banks. Market The work of POE ESCO looks more like a service than capital activity in which all operations are treated as means of providing real service/ savings of energy. With regard to the character of the activities conducted by POE ESCO, the service is mainly directed to multiple sectors of the public and private branch. Among them it distinguishes town councils, schools, academies, housing communities, housing co-operatives and some companies from the building industry. The interest in POE ESCO‟s offer grows slowly among groups represented by the housing building sector, which manifests itself in a considerable number of participants in many information conferences organized by them. At present it acknowledges that less than 10% of residents have accepted of this service and are willing to cooperate with POE ESCO. However, taking into account the close cooperation of POE ESCO with MPEC, that is Municipal District Heating Enterprise, which itself is the enterprise of an established standing, operating in the market almost 70% of the housing heat supply market in the region of Krakow and its vicinities, POE ESCO has got a chance to acquire some potential customers especially from the field of house construction. Added value In the last years POE ESCO has conducted several projects, the result of which is saved energy. Its energy services allow to lower considerably the costs of energy in relation to the primary values before updating. According to this fact, the favourable carrying out of the project results in behaviour changes and can reduce more than 30% of energy costs.

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The organizers of the project succeeded to interest the multiple sectors of the public and private branch in the society energy consumption issues and to encourage to promote as well as to shape a basis which effect is energy saving. Stage of development and implementation The consultancy service constitutes a component of POE ESCO‟s offer since the inception of the company and the stage of development of the service has got an idea type. Important drivers and barriers Not all types of energy services are characteristic for high demands. In fact, there is no greater interest in workshops for technical and administrative staff concerning the topic of energy services at present. There is no demand for such courses. Contact Institution Energy Saving Company ESCO Ltd. (POE ESCO)

Street and Number os. Handlowe 9 Postcode and City 31-936 Kraków (Poland) Telefon 0.12 64 65 370 Website http://www.esco.krakow.pl Person Magdalena Mikolajczyk

Figure 36: The logo of the company.

Source: www.esco.krakow.pl

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10 Energy Services in Portugal (4) Project: Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Martin, Ana, Velte, Daniela (2008a): Services in Portugal Working Paper D21b. Donostia – San Sebastian: Inasmet-Tecnalia

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

INASMET-Tecnalia Daniela Velte Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2 Parque Tecnológico E-20009 Donostia – San Sebastián [email protected] Tel. 0034 943 00 37 00

San Sebastián, August 2008

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10.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

10.1.1 Energy in Portugal In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Portugal was 217,474,200 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 17% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 912 and the industry 38%. Figure 37: Final energy consumption per sector in Portugal (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The significant increase in final energy consumption has resulted in high import dependency for Portugal, given that domestic production is limited to renewable energy sources. Electricity generation depends to a great rextent on hydro energy and hard coal also plays a significant role in the electricity mix. In terms of renewable energy, Portuguese RES-electricity market is dominated by hydro energy. In Portugal, biogas, PV and onshore wind have low penetration rates, but experience considerable growth.  Utilisation of Portugal‟s solar energy resource has, up to the present, been relatively low. The Government has now set goals for the development of renewable energy, including a target of 150 MWp for installed capacity of PV by 2010. Penetration of the market will be facilitated by a favourable feed-in tariff, as well as financial and fiscal incentives.  Biogas sector and onshore wind power sector are also increasing their production.

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Figure 38: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources by type (GWh).

Source: European Commission. http:/ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/share_res_eu_en.htm.

With regard to heating and cooling RES, biomass is the only renewable source with a sizable share of the market. While growth can be observed in the geothermal heat sector, the market share of solar thermal has shrunk between 1997 and 2004.  Solid biomass was ranked second highest as a source of renewable energy in 2004, but as in the case of hydro power, little growth was achieved.  Exploitation of geothermal resources for the production of electricity has been developed in the volcanic archipelago of the Azores. Thanks to the power grid connection of a second production unit on the Pico Vermelho site, production will increase over the next years. This production is subsidized by an average feed-in tariff in the region of 6c€/kWhh in 2006  Solar thermal energy as well as other energy sources are expected to increase thanks to supporting measures that Portugal has taken to stimulate the development of RES. Table 28: Production of Heat and Cold from Renewable Energy Sources. Penetration 1997 (ktoe) Penetration 2004 (ktoe) Av. Annual growth (%) Biomass heat 1 689 2 480 6% Solar thermal heat 11 6 -9% Geothermal heat incl. 1 9 37% heat pumps Source: European Commission. http:/ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/share_res_eu_en.htm.

10.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Household consumption in Portugal represented 17% of the total final energy consumption in 2005 (DGEG) and has increased steadily since 1980. Average electricity consumption per household in 2005 was almost 3 times higher than in 1980. This significant increase in final energy consumption has resulted in high import dependency for Portugal (83.6%), given that the domestic production potential is limited to renewable energy sources. Electricity prices for households have been relatively stable since 1995, but are above the EU averages. Currently, household prices are the fourth highest among Member States and around 24% above the European average. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 96 of 185

Table 29: Energy Efficiency Indicators and CO2 Emissions for Portuguese Household. Energy Efficiency/CO2 Indicators Units 1980 1990 2000 2005 Energy intensity of households (to koe/$95p 0,017 0,030 0,026 0,029 private consumption) (at ppp) Average electricity consumption of kWh/cap 335 598 983 1221 households per capita Average electricity consumption per kWh/hh 1253 2041 3016 3473 household Average electricity consumption of kWh/hh 1253 2041 3016 3473 electrified households Households consumption for electrical kWh/hh n.a. 1484 2337 n.a. appliances and lighting CO2 intensity of households (to private kCO2/$95p n.a. 0,022 0,019 0,022 consumption) (at ppp) CO2 emissions of residential sector per tCO2/hh n.a. 0,58 0,61 0,66 household Source: World Energy Council / ADEME / Enerdata. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/energy_efficiency_policies_around_the_world_review_and_evaluatio n/1230.asp.

Cold appliances (24%), heating (9%) and washing machines (9%) represent the highest percentages of household electricity consumption. Figure 39: Electricity consumption distribution per categories.

Source: Proyecto EcoFamilias 2008. Quercus and EDP.

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Figure 40: Savings distribution per different categories.

Source: Proyecto EcoFamilias 2008. Quercus and EDP.

The market availability of a broad spectrum of domestic appliances with a high energy efficiency can be used as an indicator of a country´s “energy consciousness”.”Top Ten” performed a study on the market availability of domestic appliances in 17 EU countries (Top Ten Market Analysis 2007). This study shows that there are 115 variants of “A++” labelled cold appliances available on the European market overall. Austria and Germany lead the field with 61 respectively 60 variants. The Portuguese market offers only four variants. If we take a look at the way the different energy classes are distributed in Portugal, we see that only 37% of Portuguese refrigerators are “A” label and a high 46% are “B” label. (Bertoldi et al. 2006). Today, from the viewpoint of energy efficiency, the energy class “A” is perceived as standard. On the other hand, if households implement energy efficiency measures, the highest savings can be obtained in entertaining equipments and illumination. In terms of energy-efficient appliances, the EcoFamilias project has shown that most of the appliances of Portuguese households were manufactured later than 1995, when energy-efficient label came into force. (86% of fridges, 72% of refrigerators 82% of washing machines and 94% of dryers). However, Portugal presents the second lowest share of sales of A class appliance after Spain in 2005.

10.1.3 Housing in Portugal There are 5.5 million households in Portugal, with an average size of 1.9 members. This is a low ratio since half of the Portuguese families own a second residence, as well as many Europeans, who choose to regularly spend their holidays in this Southern European country. Portugal has the highest rate of rural population in Western Europe, which means that roughly a third of the Portuguese families live in farms or properties outside urban areas. Urban population (68% of the total population) is concentrated mainly in 2 metropolitan areas, Lisbon and Porto (with a total of 3.8 million inhabitants), 42 medium –sized cities (with a total of 1.8 million inhabitants) and 208 towns and small urban centres (with a total of 1.6 million inhabitants). Over two thirds of all Portuguese property is owned by the resident. Currently, private rented dwellings represent 18% of the total Portuguese housing stock, and 75% of this corresponds to private renting (3% is social rental and 4% other). Renting a home is more BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 98 of 185 common in Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra and Aveiro, all of these cities having a large number of students and foreign residents. In 2006, it costed around 500 € to rent a one bedroom apartment in Lisbon, and 90.000 € to buy the same flat. As a Eurostat study from 2004 shows, compared to other European cities, it is very easy to find an appropriate home in the medium sized city Bragain in northwestern Portugal. With an index value of 44 (100 indicates extreme easiness in finding pricely appropriate housing, 0 extreme difficulty) it is rated 6th best of the 31 cities included in the survey. With a value of 18, the capital Lisbon, the second Portuguese city included in the survey, is placed in the midfield (Eurostat 2004). The market for social renting is not very well developed, representing only 3% of the total of dwellings built annually. Social Housing construction in Portugal is a competence of the municipalities, which can apply for state subsidies to build or to rehabilitate dwellings. Municipal housing is managed directly by municipalities or by municipal companies, which collect rents and provide maintenance as well as, in some cases, social support. It is estimated that municipalities provide around 70% of social dwellings. The other major providers are housing cooperatives, which currently provide about one third of the social housing stock. Voluntary associations are also involved in the management of some social dwellings, particularly for the homeless, but they are not building new social housing stock. Some of the main social housing organisations formed, in 2004, an umbrella organization named CECODHAS Portugal, whose members managed more than 75,000 dwellings in 2005. Partly due to the fact that state support is higher in the case of refurbishment of dwelling than for new construction, social housing construction has decreased in recent years, as providers increasingly concentrate their efforts on the renewal of the existing stock and the eradication of slums.

10.1.4 Energy Services in Portugal One of the main groups of providers of energy information and advice in Portugal are the local energy agencies, but this is no common national framework, and therefore services vary between agencies. The Portuguese agencies are associated in the national association RENAE (Rede Nacional das Agencies de Energia). This association circulates information and facilitates sharing of experience between the agencies, and represents them at national and European level. Other providers of information and energy services are energy companies. Most of the services aim at increasing citizens‟ awareness about energy efficiency. They offer information on energy saving to their customers through different initiatives. Some of these companies often collaborate with other organizations to promote initiatives such as eco-product development, awareness campaigns, diagnostics and advise projects, annual prizes for best ideas related to energy saving, etc. NGOs also provide information and develop awareness campaigns. They participate in energy efficiency projects with other organisations. They also do research in different fields, such as energy consumption or building insulation measures. Finally, Portuguese Government has promoted several initiatives to increase the production of renewable energies in Portugal. Thus, micro hydraulic, biomass or geothermal plants have been built in different regions of Portugal, some of which have had European Commission funding support.

10.1.5 References World Energy Council (2008) “Energy Efficiency Policies around the World - Re- view_and_Evaluation” World Energy Council. (2007) Survey of World Energy Resources”

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Paolo Bertoldi and Atanasio Bogdan (2007). Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union - Status report 2006-. JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainabil- ity Eurostat (2008). Urban Audit Indicators, 2003-2006 Eurostat (2004). Perception Survey SErENADE partnership “Energy Advice in Europe 2007” European Commission. (2006). Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities – Unit E.1. Eurostat – Unit F.3. The social situation in the European Union 2005- 2006 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE-AG-06-001/EN/KE-AG-06- 001-EN.PDF INFORSE-Europe to the EU and Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. (2006). Study of the Introduction of Renewable Energy in the EU. Francisco Ferreira, Ana Rita Antunes, Ana Filipa Alves, Rui Milagre, Sara Ramos, Aline Delgado, Patrícia Sá Santos (2007) “Programa EcoFamílias. Relatório Final” Ecocasa. Quercus - Associação Nacional de Conservação da Natureza. Francisco Ferreira, Ana Rita Antunes, Ana Filipa Alves, Sara Ramos, Ricardo Gomes, Carla Verdasca, Sara Campos, Ana Padrão Dias, Patrícia Sá Santos, Inês Pinto, Nuno Pereira, Filipa Carlos, Fernando Miguel Naves Sousa (2008). “Projecto EcoFamiílias. Relatório Final”. Quercus - Associação Nacional de Conservação da Natureza. ECO - EDP Cecodhas (2008). Promoting Access to Decent Houses for All. http://www.cecodhas.org/ Instituto Nacional de Estatística (2008). Online: http://www.ine.pt/. Access: June 2008 ADENE (Agencia para a Energia) & areac (Agencia regional energia e ambiente do centro) (2005) “Energias Renováveis em Meio Urbano EurObserv‟ER (2007) “Le Journal des Énergies Renouvelables” Enerdata (2008). Online www.enerdata.fr. Access: June 2008

10.2 Energy Service in Portugal

10.2.1 Empowerment– Evaluation of household energy use: EcoFamilias project [PT - ID 106 - BP] Short description Quercus NGO (Associaçao Nacional de Conservaçao da Natureza) and Eco EDP started a programme to study the consumption habits and energy needs of Portuguese families, from October 2005 to January 2007. The main objective was to get the families to make a more rational use of energy through individual and direct assessment in order to change behaviours without decreasing their level of comfort. The project has also an important objective of enhancing the multiplier effect of learning all over the country. The project has two differentiated phases:  In the first phase of the project, a diagnostics of energy demand in 30 families of Lisboa, Oeiras and Sintra was carried out over a period of 8 months. The energy consumption behaviour of the families was evaluated through direct measuring of appliances. Another performed action is temperature and humidity measurement in households. They also analysed the use of renewable energies and its influence in the energy bill.  The second phase of the project consisted in the design of concrete actions in order to change the habits that influence the energy use of the 30 families. The families were given advice for behavioural changes and for changing old appliances if possible and necessary.  “Eco-Familias Program 225” is taking place from 2007 to 2008. This Program has evaluated and advised 206 Portuguese families.

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Market The diagnostics was based on the energy consumption of 30 families (82 people). The programme has continued in 2007 and 2008 with the objective of extending the experience to a total of 206 families over 9 climate zones in the country. The project also aims at disseminating the results all around the country in order to make other families sensitive to the importance of energy saving. The main awareness actions have been: seminars and conferences, participation in media (radio and television). EDP is now launching a similar project in Spain through its Spanish branch (HC Energía). Added value The experiences of the first 30 families from Lisboa, Oeiras e Sintra have been evaluated, giving a detailed insight on the different energy uses in Portuguese families. The average saving potential of these families is estimated at 342 kWh per month, which is equivalent to 171 kg of CO2. (11.4 kWh per month and per household, which represents 3% of the monthly electricity consumption and is equivalent to 5.7 kg per month of CO2). The total savings of the 206 families is estimated at 71.634 kWh per year (10% of the total electricity consumption) which is equivalent to 34.456 kg of CO2. The study has shown that it is possible to get a significant reduction in energy consumption thanks to small behavioural changes. If every Portuguese household did so, it would be possible to achieve around a 1% reduction of emissions and would thus help to fulfil the conditions of Kyoto Protocol. Stage of development and implementation The “Programa EcoFamilias 30” (Phase I) was carried out from October 2005 to January 2007. “EcoFamilias Program 225” is taking place from 2007 to 2008. Important drivers and barriers Some of the reasons of energy saving recommendations acceptance are:  Voluntary inscription of participating families  Direct surveillance of families  Personalized advice for each family. Ecofamilias program is part of a wider Plan for Efficiency Promotion that is financed by “Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos (ERSE) (Governing Authority of Energy Services) Contact Institution / company Grupo EcoCasa - Energia e Alterações Climáticas Country / postal code / city 1250-217 Lisboa Address Rua de Santo António da Glória, n.º6-D Website www.ecocasa.org or www.topten.pt Contact person Ana Rita Antunes email-address [email protected] Telephone + 351 934794359

Further information http://www.quercus.pt/scid/webquercus/defaultArticleViewOne.asp?categoryID=567&articleID=2049 http://www.eco.edp.pt/pt/particulares/produtos_edp/myenergy/lista.aspx

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10.2.2 Web tools – The energy consumption simulation with Eco Simulador [PT - ID 105 - SI] Short description EDP – Energias de Portugal. Eco Simulador - a simulation tool in Eco EDP web site: ECO is an energy efficiency program of Portuguese electricity company EDP that aims at changing consumers‟ behaviour by awareness-raising The company offers two simulation tools on its web site: - An Eco Simulator that calculates the money a household pays energy consumption per day and per month for each electrical appliance (television, computer, freezer, washing machine, electric heating) - A Power and Consumption Simulator: a user-friendly program where consumers give details about their household electrical appliances and receive in return a report that shows the way in which the electricity consumption is produced, the associated CO2 emissions, the recommended minimum installed power capacity, and the suitability of contracting the “bi-horaria” fare (a reduce price fare of EDP). Market The service is mainly address to EDP clients but every person with Internet access can use this tool. The simulator serves more than 5 millions customers (EDP household contracts in Portugal). The service is free of charge to the participants. Since this service started, it has been consistently in the TOP 30 pages visited in edp.pt. In eco.edp.pt, it is in the TOP 10 pages visited by their clients (since July 07). It is also used by EDP Contact Center to help customers decide what to contract with EDP (tariffs and kWs). Added value The simulator delivers a complete set of data including costs, amount of energy per equipment and room, total monthly consumption and CO2 emissions. The savings vary depending on the measures for reducing energy consumption that are taken by each household. Previous example (EcoFamilias project) proves that taking efficiency measures allows an average saving potential estimated at 342 kWh per month, which is equivalent to 171 kg of CO2. This tool was developed internally, so after 5 years, EDP could not tell how much did it cost Stage of development and implementation The simulator has been working for 5 years now. It was created for the corporate site edp.pt, long before they started eco.edp.pt (2007). Important drivers and barriers The main drivers would be that the tool is easy to use and it gives a complete set of data including costs, amount of energy per equipment and room, total monthly consumption and CO2 emissions. The main barriers would be the time consuming for the user and the excess of information for the ordinary customer.

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Contact Institution / company EDP - Energias de Portugal, SA Country / postal code / city 1250-162 Lisboa Portugal Address Praça Marquês de Pombal, 12 Website http://www.eco.edp.pt/ Contact person João Martins da Silva, Mercado Eléctrico, Direcção de Marketing Corporativo email-address [email protected] Telephone tel: +351210021745 Further information http://www.eco.edp.pt/pt/particulares/simulador/lista.aspx http://www.eco.edp.pt/pt/particulares/produtos_edp/myenergy/lista.aspx

10.3 Further Services

10.3.1 Energy production – Biomass forest residues plant [PT - ID 104 - FS] If the share of renewable energy in Europe is to be increased by 12% by the year 2010, one has to consider an increase in the use of biomass, both for heat and electricity production. Some municipalities have followed the path opened by Scandinavian initiatives. Mortágua, for example, has developed a forest residues power station that is able to produce sufficient energy to meet the needs of a city of about 35,000 inhabitants.

10.3.2 Energy monitoring - Integrated software system for buildings [PT - ID 107 - FS] E-Monitor is the name of the winning project of “Ideias Luminosas 07” price organised by ECO EDP This Coimbra University student‟s project won the 2007 edition of “Ideas Luminosas 07” award for an integrated software system which controls and measures different energy uses in a building, including electricity, gas and water. The system alerts the users of the building when detecting anormalities in energy consumption.

10.3.3 Energy monitoring – Calculation of energy costs with Pulse Mete [PT - ID 119 - FS] Pulse Mete is the name of the 2nd winning project of “Ideias Luminosas 07” price organised by ECO EDP. This Coimbra University student‟s project won the second price of the 2007 edition of “Ideas Luminosas 07” award for Pulse Mete, an application that makes it possible to calculate the cost of energy consumption in one room, based on the measurement of voltage and current.

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11 Energy Services in Romania (2) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Cornelissen, Ralf, Tóth, Eszter(2008): Service inventory of Romania Working Paper D21c Romania Amsterdam: IVAM

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

IVAM consultancy and research for sustainability Jaap Kortman Plantage Muidergracht 14 1018 TV Amsterdam [email protected] Tel. +31 (0) 20 525 5911

Amsterdam, July 2008

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11.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

11.1.1 Energy in Romania Romania is one of those EU member states which is the least dependent on energy imports (National Institute of Statistics Romania 2005), only 29% of it energy supply was imported in 2006. 23% of its energy production results in solid fuels, 18 % in crude oil, 35% in gas, 17% in renewable energy and only 5% in nuclear power. Most of its imported energy resource consists of oil and gas. Massive structural changes in the industry have resulted in very substantial drops in consumption in the last few years. At the same time the industrial consumption registered in 2005 amounted to less than a quarter of the consumption in 1990. The energy sector in Romania has been hampered by the specific problems faced by many countries with economies in transition:  High energy intensity combined with low energy efficiency  High marginal cost of energy production  Low level of legislation, institutional and regulatory infrastructure leads to high transaction costs  Consistent energy price increases above the rate of inflation  High level of non-payment, especially from industrial users, but also from individual consumers because of the high share of energy costs in total household expenditure.  Poor record on energy conservation and compliance with environmental requirements  Stagnation of the economy, high inflation rate and disappointing level of foreign investments Communism left Romania with excessive industrial consumption of energy and overstaffed, inefficient energy production systems. The modernization of the energy sector was held up until the late 1990s by the continuation of state-owned monopolies, high levels of consumer subsidy, and resistance to privatisation of the coal, electricity and gas industries. Government measures to tackle these fundamental problems began in 1997, but have been slow and costly. The final energy consumption decreased sharply in the early 1990s, due to economic crisis and the changes in energy accounting methods. Since 1999 the consumption has stabilized and in 2006 reached 40.9 Mtoe. The segmenta- tion of the final energy consumption looks different then an average EU country‟s structure of energy consumption. (c.f Figure 41.) In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Romania was 289,789,650 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 32% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 10% and the industry (especially steel) 37%. Recently, in 2007 the Romanian government approved a long term Energy Strategy, building up on the National Energy Strategy which is aiming to reduce the consumption of the industry.

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Figure 41: Final Energy consumption in Romania, 2005.

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

11.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households The average energy consumption of a Romanian household equals with 400kWh/m2/year, whish is ten times bigger as the Swedish data. Calculating the energy consumption of a Romanian household per year (400kWh*75m2) is 30,000kWh, which is really high, but we need to take into consideration that the Romanian household size is one of the biggest in Europe (2.9 person per household). As it was mentioned earlier 57% of this total energy consumption is consumed by the heating needs, 32% is the hot water, 2.4% is the lighting and 8.6% is the electrical appliances consumption of the total energy need of households. Knowing about the high energy need of households in Romania it is worth to have a look on the energy prices they pay. During the communism the energy prices were far too much supported by the country, which resulted much lower energy prices than the real energy prices on the free market. Table 30: Electricity for households - average cost of one kWh, without taxes - in cents.

2004 2005 2006 2007 Change 2006-2007 (%) EU 27 10.13 10.68 11.72 9.7 EU 15 10.27 10.42 10.94 12.05 10.1 Romania n.a.12 6.55 7.92 8.55 8.0 Sorce and notes: Eurostat 2007. Based on the standard consumer Dc (3 500 kWh/year) on the 1st of January of each year, weighted by consumption.

There is still a considerable amount of difference between the average European energy prices and the Romanian price. The discrepancy between average price levels in the various countries is still much bigger than the difference in the energy prices. There is a bigger variation if we compare the energy prices with the tax level.

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Table 31: Electricity for households - average price of one kWh, all taxes included - in cents.

2004 2005 2006 2007 Change 2006-2007 (%) EU 27 13.36 13.97 15.28 9.4 EU 15 13.58 13.82 14.40 15.81 9.8 Romania n.a. 7.79 9.43 10.11 7.8 Source and notes: Eurostat 2007. Based on the standard consumer Dc (3 500 kWh/year) on the 1st of January of each year, weighted by consumption).

11.1.3 Housing in Romania In 2006 there were about 8.1 million dwellings in 4.8 million buildings in Romania, from which 62% was individual house and 38% building block flat. Most of the individual houses are in the rural areas, which represent the 45% of the population, accordingly more then half of the Romanian citizens live in urban areas, mostly in building blocks. 53% of the building stocks are older than 40 years, 37% are 20-40 years old and 10% is less than two years old. In Romania the inadequate housing has been a serious problem; since World War II. Romanian housing suffered from the 1940 earthquake, war damage, neglect, and inadequate repair and maintenance after the war. An increase in the urban population caused by industrialization and emphasis on capital construction exacerbated the problem. From a recent political and a historical perspective, there were two distinct stages leading to the current housing situation in Romania. The first was the policy of the former communist government, which considered housing as one of the main ways to achieve urban expansion and rapid industrialization. This policy commenced in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. It was the period that witnessed the dramatic growth of urban settlements through massive state-led housing programmes. Despite this large-scale activity, by 1990 the public sector‟s share of the housing stock in Romania had increased to only 32.7% - i.e. two thirds was still in private hands. The second stage occurred between 1990 and 1993, when the new post-communist government pursued a policy of mass privatisation of the State-owned housing stock. State-owned housing was offered to the sitting tenants at a price based on the age, structure, category and size of the dwelling. A 10% down payment was required, combined with a soft loan offered by the state to cover the remainder. Mass privatisation resulted in an increase in private housing from 67.3% in 1990 to over 90% in 1993. By the end of 1999, private sector stock had reached 94.6% of all housing in Romania. Due to the fact, that the citizens own most of the houses, the inhabitancies are relatively free to decide about their energy efficiency level. At the same time it is important to take into account that considerable percent of the population live in building blocks, accordingly for essential renovations and energy system changes the commitment of the full building block is necessary. The almost 20 years of transition in Romania have not brought about an improvement in average living conditions. Although the building stock is relatively recent, with half the buildings dating from 1945 to 1970, their general quality is low and deteriorating because of a lack of repair. The quality of rural homes is particularly poor. The average dwelling in Romania is too small, a significant number of householders (27%) live in very small houses of up to 50 square meters, while another equally proportion of people (23%) live in bigger swellings of over 100 meters. This indicates a certain polarization in terms of living space. There are also a relatively high proportion of multi-generational households, where children parents and grandparent live together. Due to the high percentage of unemployment (5.5% in 2005, at the same time 25% of the population was living below the poverty level) many young people cannot afford to live independently. The average household number is 2.92 persons, one of the highest in the EU (EU25 average is 2.46). The quality of the Romanian housing is

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significantly worse than in most European countries, 30 % of the households have problems with rotting windows, 29% have problems with damp and leaks while 40% of households have no indoor flushing toilet. Not only the overall economic problems have had a negative impact on housing, but Romanian buildings have big risk factor because of high earthquake danger and at the same time there have also been significant cases of flooding in recent years. A new social housing construction programme was initiated in 2000, with international financing. Another programme is aimed at completing the blocks of flats started by the Government before 1990 but never finished as the state subsequently withdrew from direct housing provision. And there is a programme for the consolidation of especially older buildings that do not meet earthquake safety standards. Another major positive step is that the central authorities have formulated general principles for a national housing policy and the appropriate guidelines to implement it. This work should be continued in consultation with the numerous organizations that actually build, finance, sell, let, manage, repair or maintain homes in Romania. Many of these organizations have mobilized themselves only recently and are ready to be accepted as social partners by the central authorities in the housing sector.

11.1.4 Energy Services in Romania Since Romania joined the European Union (1st of January 2007) the country shows significant development in energy efficiency improvements. There are several projects for the introduction of energy efficient heating and cooling systems in individual dwellings. There are new actions for supporting energy efficiency measures, like controlling actions at introduction on the market for air- conditioning and boilers for heating and hot water, consumption measurement for individual dwellings, promoting campaigns for RES and energy efficiency household appliances use. However the only energy agency in Romania providing some kind of free advice services to households is the energy agency of Brashov, where the first Energy Info Point in the country has been launched in October 2005. There are programmes of awareness and information activities, support and advice on policy matters for local and regional authorities, and paid consultancy services. These are provided by the national and regional energy agencies. All of these agencies are involved in: general dissemination and promotion of energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions, presentations at different events, participation in exhibitions, production of publications (brochures, leaflets). At the same time they contribute to regional and local energy policy formulation and arrange trainings, information and education of different target groups including consumers/domestic clients on energy efficiency and application of RES.  Brashov Energy Info Point By visiting this centre, citizens can obtain free information and advice on energy efficiency issues and simple actions that can be implemented for reducing consumption, as well as what kind of equipment is recommended in different situations. There are brochures, guides and a whole series of other useful materials available. The Energy Info Point is funded under the PHARE project, „Energy efficiency at local level‟, of which ABMEE was one of the beneficiaries. However the continuation of this service is not secured after PHARE contract expires and the experience to date indicates that the activity has not proven to be very successful.  ARCE – Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation The Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation was established in 1990, as the specialized body at national level in the field of energy efficiency, with legal, operational, organizational and financial

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autonomy, and funding from its own incomes and subsidies granted from the State budget. It works for the Ministries of Economy and Commerce, and Industry and Resources, and has a central body and twelve territorial branches. ARCE is involved in developing energy efficiency policy as a major component of long term energy policy and establishing a dialogue with energy consumers by ensuring free consultancy with regard to modern techniques of energy saving and by increasing knowledge and In the field of renewable ARCE is correlated with the National and Regional Agencies for Environ- mental Protection, with regard to monitoring large energy consumption areas and promoting favourable legislation for the use of renewable energy sources. According to the First National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2007-2010) Romania considers the development of energy efficiency as one of the most important challenge in order to catch up with more developed European countries in terms of economic performance. Due to this action plan, Romania created an institutional and legal framework in conformity with the EU acquits in order to promote energy efficiency, the coming year will show us the success of the result of this new cooperation. In accordance with the calculations of the plan the residential sector comes with the highest potential for energy conservation, 35 - 50% of the total (average 40%). Romania is in the starting stage of the implementation of real energy efficient services. The special situation of the housing stock, and a relatively weak economy demands for basic energy saving tools. As an essential first step most of the Romanian dwellings need new insulation systems, however this step need relatively big investment from the households. We were really glad to observe two successful Romanian projects; one of them is a financial service for blockhouse renovation and the other one is information campaign, which supported the cooperation between households in several building blocks in order to start insulation work. These two projects are important first steps toward a more energy efficient housing system in Romania.

11.1.5 References United Nations, Country profiles on the Housing sector: Romania, 2001. Online: http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/cph/countries/romania/CP%20RomaniaPubl.pdf Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation, June 2008. Online: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/pdf/ProceedingsLjubljana2008/13%20Rotaru.pdf Energy Advice in Europe 2007, SErENADE partnership. Online: http://www.energy- advice.org/IMG/pdf/Energy_advice_in_Europe_2007_report_final.pdf First European Quality of Life Survey: Quality of live in Bulgaria and Romania, 2006. Online: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2006/67/en/1/ef0667en.pdf

11.2 Energy Services in Romania - Examples

11.2.1 Exhibitions and events – Energy efficiency week [RO - ID 045 - SI] Short description The objective of the Energy Efficiency Week is to raise awareness and disseminate information on energy efficiency and to introduce the local and European initiatives in this field. Communicating about energy efficiency to households is a rather new concept in Romania. Even if energy efficiency seems easy to understand and sometimes it is over used in certain contexts, there is a lack of concrete actions at local level in Romania. The Brasov Energy Management and Environment Protection Agency (ABMEE) coordinated the project and their target audience were citizens, schools and

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universities, decision makers and actors in the energy efficiency field. There were three different activities (Display Campaign, the launch of the first Energy Info Point in Romania, the first Romanian BISE (Better Integration through Specific Exchanges) Forum) merged into a single large scale event that aimed at introducing and promoting energy efficiency measures and initiatives to various public categories in Brasov. Market The activity was targeted to both citizens and local and national authorities as well as other international actors in the field. Citizens were given useful information and advice on energy efficiency issues, as well as simple actions that can be implemented in order to reduce energy consumption. It is important to make difference between the merged events:  During the implementation of the Display Campaign there were 10 European Display system installed in Brasov. In the event there were 110 pupils from the 3 schools and high schools where successfully participated in several activates.  The Energy InfoPoint cannot be presented as a success story. The response of the public was not like it was expected and this result had several causes. One of them is that the municipality has another InfoPoint that is more visible, but does not cover the specifics of energy efficiency.  On the first Romanian BISE Forum 43 people attended, mainly representatives of Romanian municipalities with more than 100.000 inhabitants, delegates of the Association of Romanian Municipalities as well as representatives of national and international networks in the field The Energy Efficiency week is based on the European model and it does not represent a new activity. Added value There is no relevant data available concerning the energy efficiency impact of the event, the objective of that one-week was to raise awareness and disseminate information on energy efficiency. The total cost of the event has been 10.000 EUR. Trough the involvement of the partners (Brasov municipality, Energie Cites network in Romania, Energie Cites and UNDP Romania), 7.500 EUR was given as financial support for the action. Stage of development and implementation The event took place in 10th –14th of October 2005. This event can be easily replicated in every municipality as long as there is a commitment towards promoting the rational use of energy. The event was a pilot project; they plan to repeat. Important drivers and barriers  The European Display Campaign is aimed at encouraging local authorities to publicly display the energy and environmental performances of their public buildings using the same energy label that is used for household appliances This is an Energy Management System, which is a web based application for the creation of a database of energy and water consumption in Brasov. The pupils were resenting the Display Campaign`s objectives and they were told the simple measures by which they can contribute to a better classification next year. Each pupil received a small promo- tional gift, moreover, every institution received 6 digital thermometers for temperature monitoring in the key points of the building. As follow-up ABMEE will prepare a course module on the topic of energy efficiency to be implemented in those schools that are now part of the Display Campaign  The Energy Info Point citizens can find free of charge useful information and advice on energy efficiency issues, simple actions that can be implemented for reducing utilities consumption, what

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kind of equipment is recommended in different situations, etc. There are also brochures, guides and a whole series of other useful materials available.  BISE, or Better Integration through Specific Exchanges is addressed to municipalities of the New Member States, Candidate Countries and the Western Balkans. The main objective is to promote and support networking activities of municipalities in the field of energy efficiency. In this way, the sustainable energy gap between the Central and Eastern European Countries and the most advanced energy-efficient EU 15 countries is expecting to be reduced as quickly as possible. Dur- ing the 2 day event, participants tried to come forward with practical solutions for the problems the Eastern European countries encounter in their attempt of implementing energy efficiency projects, problems which are quite specific and different from the problems of the West European countries. Contact institution / company Agency of Brasov for the Management of energy and Environment country / postal code / city Romania, 500007 Brasov Address Nr.8, Eroilor Bdlv, room 12 Website www.abmee.ro Contact person Mrs. Camellia Rata email-address [email protected] Telephone ++40268-474-209

Further information Energy Efficiency Week ABMEE, Romania, Case Study 260, Manage Energy, 2006

11.2.2 Campaign – How to invest and cooperate to reach energy efficiency [RO - ID 046 - BP] Short description In the last few years the Romanian Government issued several national ordinances and decrees to encourage the energy efficiency investments in buildings. Harghita Energy Management Public Service decided to start an information campaign for the citizens explaining the financing support to get them to want to improve energy efficiency of their own residences. In this view, the Agency contacted the local authorities of Harghita County principal cities as well as the representative of the Association of building Owners and invited them to a presentation on energy efficiency, organized by the Harghita Agency staff. As a second step they contacted the Financial Administration of Harghita County in order to elaborate a “leaflet” with practical advices on how the citizens could recover the money they invested into the energy improvements. The aim of the project was: informing the general public on the possibilities of realizing energy efficiency investments in their own buildings, apartments, and homes through the government supported tax deductions. Within this effort, the Agency staff held presentations in the two largest cities of the county: Miercurea Ciuc (capital of Harghita County) and Odorheiu Secuiesc. In the rest of the localities, the Agency limited itself to a passive promotion through the dissemination of the leaflets with the relevant information. Market In this pilot project the agency aimed only the households in Harghita County, however later the scope was extended to the whole country. Those blockhouse residents were contacted by the dissemination project, which are living in houses where insulation works are needed. (Minimum 50% of dwellings needs refurbishment in Romania.) The main aim of the project is the thermal rehabilitation of the blockhouses. The project does not require any special equipment beside the reconstruction work. The

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Harghita Energy Agency has the major roll by coordination and distribution of information about financial possibilities and cooperation. So far the results show really high residence acceptance, however we do not have exact data concerning residence acceptance, but the project seams to be the best practice in Romania for cooperation of households on rehabilitation of blockhouses. Added value There is no exact measured saved energy level, at the same time there are some calculations available, according to that the energy efficiency varied between 20% and 50%, depending on the situation of the dwelling and the type of reconstruction. For the execution of works, in this case the amounts of money are deducted as follows: 34% state budget, 33% local councils, 33 % association of occupants. There is not much investment form the side of the Agency; they just simply used the car for travels (property of the Harghita County Council) while the local authorities provided the adequate conference space cost free. In fact, only the actual printing of the leaflets had to be prayed for: 250 euro in 3.000 exemplars. Stage of development and implementation The implementation of this program in Harghita County is a kind of opening way to make the association of lodgers realize the necessity of thermal rehabilitation of blocks of flats and an important reduction of the energy consumption. So far the insulation works started in 19 blockhouses, but the dissemination project is extended to other Counties. The project planning started in 2004 and the project will keep on running until 2013. Important drivers and barriers In Romania when a new ordinance appears, the Energy Agency makes a resume and notices the concerned groups. In this case, designated target groups were the local authorities and the Associations of Building Owners. The Agency staff first solicited the listing of all the Associations from the local authorities. To reach larger audience, the Agency organized several presentations in separate localities. The Agency staff then contacted the Financial Administration in order to obtain a precise financial formula (calculation), on just how much money could be refunded in case any given citizen was to invest into the energy efficiency, individually. With the higher buildings the difficulty lied in obtaining the citizen‟s trust, as the sum offered by the government had to be completed by a bank loan, and nobody wanted to put their apartments as collateral. The Agency also realized that the retired people, unfortunately, could not use the possibility of obtaining the refund on the basis of energy efficiency investments. After the relevant presentations, organized by the Harghita Agency, no less than 3 Association showed their interest to use these financial “loop holes”. However, as it turned out, the associations in question wanted to perform only a limited scale reforms without reforming the entire buildings. With regard to the leaflet‟s impact, more than 300 applications were presented for this refund on the basis of energy efficiency investments carried out by the private citizens in the residential housing. Thus, the agency considers the whole action to be a moderate success, especially in the view of the economic situation and the lack of the adequate financial support by the national government. In addition, the action also managed to raise the awareness level of the general public stressing the close link between the energy savings and the environment protection. Contact

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institution / company HARGHITA Energy Management Agency country / postal code / city Romania, 530140 Harghita Address Miercurea Ciuc, Piata Libertatii, no. 5, jud. Website In construction Contact person Robert Szép email-address [email protected] Telephone 0040-266-313060

Further information Case Study 211: Harghita Energy Management Public service, Romania, Manage energy

11.3 Further Examples

11.3.1 Energy efficient buildings – Implementation the European Building Directive [RO - ID 044 - FS]) The overall goal of this building project was the promotion of efficient and innovative building-related energy technologies, support for the market penetration of innovative tools and instruments, fostering the implementation of the up-coming European regulation concerning the energy performance of buildings, and increasing the level of information and know-how transfer throughout Europe. These actions were developed within 7 work packages. One of the focal points of the project was work package 1: Support of the implementation of EU regulation related to the efficient use of energy in the building sector. Related joint activities were developed by 15 partners, from 13 countries (8 partners from EU, 4 from the new member states, 2 from candidate countries, and one partner from Israel). In all the participating countries, successful events were organised for the support of the implementation of the new European Building Directive. In addition to workshops and other information events, there were also elaborated studies, surveys and reports on different aspects of the European legislation in the building sector. These activities provided a helpful overview of the current situation of the building sector. The results reveal the need to foster energy savings in buildings - firstly by introducing corresponding energy legislation, mainly related to the requirements of the EU Building Directive - and, in addition, by financial incentive and support programmes. Moreover, the dissemination and awareness raising activities for energy savings in the building sector are essential and should be boosted by all the concerned target groups.

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12 Energy Services in Slovakia (3) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Huber, Andreas; Skok, Joanna, Girard, Sébastien (2008): Service inventory of Slovakia Working Paper D21d Slovakia. Karlsruhe: European Institute for Energy Research

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

EIFER European Institute for Energy Research Joanna Skok Emmy-Noether-Straße 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe [email protected] Tel. +49 (0) 721 6105 1310

Karlsruhe, August 2008

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12.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services in Slovakia

12.1.1 Energy in Slovakia The energy mix of Slovakia shows a relative diversity since natural gas, nuclear energy, solid fuels and oil cover with similar shares about 95% of the total primary energy supply. Since 1990 the share of solid fuels has significantly declined. On the opposite the share of nuclear energy has increased by 44% at the same period. In 2004, the primary energy supply was 18.6 Mtoe/a i.e. 3,458 kgoe per capita and per year. This value is 6% lower than the average EU-27. The main primary energy sources were gas (29%), nuclear (24%), solid fuels (23%) and oil (19%) as shown on the following figure. Renew- able energy sources (RES) represented only 4% of the primary energy supply. Figure 42: Primary energy supply by sources in Slovakia, 2006 (%).

Source: DG TREN (2008).

Since 1993 the final energy consumption in Slovakia has remained fairly constant. In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Slovakia was 125,264,670 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 22% of the total energy consumption, while the services sector used 17% and the industry 43%.

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Figure 43: Final energy consumption by sector in Slovakia, (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The development of the final energy consumption by sector since 1990 is shown in Figure 44. The share of industry has dropped from 45% in 1990 to 36% in 2001. It has progressively increased during the following years. The final energy consumption figures show a revitalization of this sector from 2000. The share of commercial buildings and services sunk from 29% in 1990 to 18% in 2002 and has stagnated since then. On the other hand the share of residential sector increased from 15% to 28% between 1990 and 2001, it has slightly decreased since then. However, the consumption has kept fluctuating around 2 Mtoe/a since 1990. The share of the transport sector has steadily increased from 10% to 19% since 1990. Figure 44: Development of final energy consumption by sector in Slovakia, 1990-2006 (Mtoe/a).

Source: DG TREN (2008).

The figure below shows the development of final electricity consumption per energy carrier and per year in the Slovak Republic since 1990.

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Figure 45: Development of final energy consumption by carrier in the Slovak Republic, 1990- 2006 (Mtoe/a).

Source: DG TREN (2008).

In total, the final energy consumption has decreased from 14.8 Mtoe in 1990 to 10.3 Mtoe in 1994. It has remained quite constant since then. In 2006 it was worth 10.7 Mtoe. The dramatic decrease that took place in the early 1990‟s is mainly due a decreasing consumption of oil and solid fuels. The consumption of electricity has remained stable over the years with about 1.9 Mtoe per year. The gas consumption has oscillated between 3.6 and 4.6 Mtoe/a. Natural gas provides 35% of final energy today. Renewable energy sources in the Slovak Republic consist of biomass (55%) and hydro (44%). Biomass is mostly used to provide heat whereas hydro resources generate electricity. Their share in the total energy supply remains quite moderate (4.6% of primary energy, 6.8% of final energy in 2006) but because the hydro power is nonetheless well implanted, about 16% of the gross electricity consumption was produced from renewable sources in 2006. This percentage is higher than the average of EU-27 (14.5% of electricity generation from RES). Yet the development potential of RES in the Slovak Republic is large. Not only did the share of RES to the final energy consumption increase from 3.2% in 2000 to 6.8% in 2006, but also the Slovak Republic aims to produce as much as 31% of its electricity from RES by 2010 – 21% in the average EU-27 by this year. Biomass heat has shown a relatively high average growth over the last years. On the contrary solar thermal heat and geothermal heat still represent a marginal share of the energy supply. Regarding CO2 emissions, Enerdata provides the following key indicators to describe the situation in the Slovak Republic:

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Table 32: Energy efficiency and CO2 indicators for the Slovak Republic, 1980-2005. Unit 1980 1990 2000 2005 Primary energy intensity (at ppp) koe/$95p 0.447 0.388 0.323 0.267 Primary energy intensity excluding traditional fuels koe/$95p 0.443 0.385 0.315 0.261 (ppp) Primary energy intensity adjusted to EU structure koe/$95p 0.352 0.345 0.256 0.198 (ppp) Final energy intensity (at ppp) koe/$95p 0.296 0.276 0.192 0.152 Final energy intensity at 1995 GDP structure (ppp) koe/$95p 0.299 0.275 0.198 0.159 Final energy intensity adjusted to EU economic koe/$95p 0.261 0.246 0.183 0.143 structure (ppp) CO2 intensity (at ppp) kCO2/$95p n.a. 0.979 0.646 0.533 CO2 emissions per capita tCO2/cap n.a. 9.90 6.62 6.93 Source and notes: WEC (2008). US$95 United States Dollar (1995 value); koe = kilogram of oil equivalent; hh = household; ppp = purchasing power parity.

The following Figure 46 shows the development of CO2 emissions per capita (kg CO2/cap) as well as the development of CO2 intensity (t CO2/toe) since 1990. Both environmental indicators have considerably decreased. In 2006 the emissions per capita and the CO2 intensity were respectively 19% and 15%, even lower than in the average EU-27. Figure 46: Development of CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 intensity in the Slovak Republic, 1990-2006 (kg CO2/cap; t CO2/toe).

Source: DG TREN (2007).

12.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households The continental climate of Slovakia is characterized with cold and relatively dry winters one the one hand, warm and quite humid summers on the other hand. Due to the relief and the presence of mountains on the territory, the climate shows variations from one region to another. In average, the amount of annual heating degree days (HDD) in Slovakia is above the European average with about 3500 HDD. Like in most countries, large disparities regarding the residential sector can be observed between rural and urban areas. Whereas the share of urban population exceeds 80% in Western Europe, it barely reaches 60% in Slovakia, making it one of the most rural countries in the European Union. The BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 118 of 185

average statistics given in this report should consequently be handled with care as the disparities between regions may be quite high. Due to the rigorous climate, heat represents by far the most consuming energetic usage in the residential sector. 83.5% of the final energy consumption is dedicated to space heating and warm water heating, while 16.5% go to home appliances and lighting. Most of the final energy consumption in the residential sector is provided by natural gas as well as heat provided by district heating infrastructure (c.f Table 33). This type of heating system is indeed highly developed for multi-family buildings since about 85% of dwellings are supplied by district heating in such buildings. Table 33: Final consumption of residential sector by energy source in Slovakia, 1995-2003. Indicators residential sector 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total final consumption (Mtoe/a) 1.942 2.942 2.722 3.143 3.066 2.819 Electricity 0.430 0.488 0.466 0.449 0.422 0.433 Heat 0.355 0.370 0.388 0.868 0.786 0.683 Oil products 0.025 0.407 0.366 0.076 0.129 0.010 Gas 1.021 1.600 1.453 1.674 1.603 1.609 Coal 0.110 0.078 0.049 0.076 0.129 0.082 Combust. Renew. & waste 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 0.0004 0.0009 0.0015 Others ------Floor area (x 1,000 m²) 94,520 103,570 105,880 108,220 108,840 109,750 No. of dwellings (x 1,000 m²) 1,643 1,661 1,651 1,666 1,675 1,689 Residential use per dwelling (toe/dwelling) 1,182 1,771 1,649 1,887 1,831 1,670 Residential use per surface (toe/m²) 0.0205 0.0284 0.0257 0.0290 0.0282 0.0257 Source: PEEREA (2006).

Specifically for the residential sector, Enerdata provides a set of environmental indicators from 1980 to 2005 suggesting a progressive increase of the energy consumption until the late 1990‟s followed by a decrease since 2000. The CO2 intensity and emissions of households have steadily decreased since 1990. Table 34: Energy efficiency and CO2 emissions for Slovak households, 1980-2005. Energy efficiency and CO2 indicators Unit 1980 1990 2000 2005 Energy intensity of households (to private consump- koe/$95p 0.036 0.074 0.088 0.077 tion) (at ppp) Average electricity consumption of households per kWh/cap 479 696 1,006 891 capita Average electricity consumption per household kWh/hh n.a. 2,273 3,254 2,859 CO2 intensity of households (to private consump- kCO2/$95p n.a. 0.143 0.140 0.108 tion) (at ppp) CO2 emissions of residential sector per household t CO2/hh n.a. 2.62 2.47 2.28 Source and notes: WEC (2008). US$95 United States Dollar (1995 value); koe = kilogram of oil equivalent; hh = household; ppp = purchasing power parity.

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followed by 23% “B” class refrigerators. (Bertoldi et al. 2006). Today, from the viewpoint of energy efficiency, the energy class “A” is perceived as standard.

12.1.3 Housing in Slovakia The Slovak Republic has a population of 5.39 million (DG TREN 2008) which makes it one of the least populated countries in the EU-27. Even though the fertility rate was the lowest in the EU-27 in 2006 and the population is expected to initiate a decrease in the following years, the average number of persons per household is much higher than in the rest of Europe (3.2 vs. 2.5 in the average EU-27). The availability of dwellings is indeed quite low, especially in prosperous, urban areas which have experienced an intense migration from rural areas. Housing stock There are about 1.72 million dwellings in the Slovak Republic. The number of dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants has slowly increased during the last decades and reached 318 dwellings per 1,000 inhabitants in 2004. Nevertheless the availability of dwellings remains one of the lowest in the EU-27 where this indicator is worth about 450 inhabitants per 1,000 inhabitants. Paradoxically, population migration from rural to urban areas induces a rising housing vacancy in some areas. In average the vacancy rate is actually relatively high: 11.6% in 2001. The share of multi-family dwellings is quite high (51.5%) but lower than in most new member states (55.8% in average in 2004). However about 37.5% of these dwellings belong to high-rise buildings which is significantly more than the new member states (34.1%) and the EU-15 (14.3%). (Federcasa 2006) Figure 47 below shows the age distribution of the occupied stock in Slovakia. The share of dwellings built before 1945 is remarkably low since it barely reaches 10%. Most of the building stock (82%) was consequently built between 1946 and 1990. Figure 47: Age distribution of the occupied housing stock in Slovakia, 2006 (% dwelling stock).

Source: Federcasa (2006).

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On the basis of their thermal quality, five types of constructions can be distinguished (ECB 2006):  Brick masonry and brick-blocks buildings  One-course panels built between 1955 and 1983  Sandwich panels built between 1971 and 1983  Sandwich panels built between 1983 and 1998  Other 1983 constitutes a key date in the history of buildings thermal quality standards as a first update of the technology standards was introduced. Nevertheless the thermal quality of the building envelope remained quite low. Further updates occurred in 1993 and 1998. The European legislation has then become the reference to introduce new legislations. The figure below shows the historical impact of the legislations on the development of the U-values according to Slovak standards. Figure 48: Development of U-values according to Slovak standards for external walls, windows and roof (W/m².K).

Source: ECB (2006).

Most of the dwelling stock was built before 1990 and shows a poor condition regarding the building envelope, the roofs, the opening structures, the balconies as well as the heating system and distribution network. These weak points particularly concern multi-family buildings made of panels which classically represent 25% to 40% of the dwelling stock in Central and Eastern Europe. As a consequence, energy saving measures in Slovakia particularly focus on multi-family buildings constructed before 1970. However the putting in place of such measures is quite difficult as the responsibility for reparation and modernization of buildings rapidly shifted from the state to private owners as privatiza- tion took place in the last 15 years. Although half of the dwelling stock was rented or belonged to cooperatives in 1990, the share of owner-occupied dwellings reaches 85% nowadays. This reveals the dramatic changes that have taken place in the political system and the privatizations that have followed since 1990. In addition, new rental houses construction decreased. Rental housing in Slovakia was exclusively dedicated to social

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rental in 1990. Even though the share of social rental in the rented dwellings still reaches about 80% nowadays, this shift is an additional indicator of the break that occurred in the societal context. Home appliances Only 16% of the dwellings own electrical heaters and boilers. The electricity consumption of households is mostly due to the usage of home appliances. The consumption due to home appliances mainly depends on two parameters: the equipment rate of households13 and the energy efficiency of the appliances. For most appliances, the equipment rate in Slovak Republic is lower than in most European countries as shown below in Figure 49. Figure 49: Equipment rate of Slovak households for a selected set of home appliances, 2001 (% dwelling stock).

Source: SOSR (2005).

For some appliances like refrigerators, TV sets and washing-machines, a large share has a low energy efficiency because of their age. The progressive replacement of these old appliances by more efficient ones on the one hand and the increase of the equipment rate in households on the other hand should somehow compensate each other. However the main criterion for the choice of appliances for the Slovak population is still the price. Due to low public awareness, too little attention is paid to the operation costs and the environmental aspects. Yet the introduction of energy labelling has initiated the awareness raising in Slovakia. Comparing Slovakia to other European countries, the share of very energy efficient freezers sold in 2004 is remarkable and the share of energy wasting freezers quite low(Bertoldi et al. 2007a). Energy prices In 2006, the price level of final consumption by private households in Slovakia was as much as 42% lower than in the average EU-27. Nevertheless the prices were more than 55% lower in 2002. Prices

13 The equipment rate can indicate the average number of appliances per household or dwelling (e.g. 1.4 TV sets per household) or the number of households owning a given type of appliances (e.g. 97% households own a TV set). BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 122 of 185

have indeed shown a dramatic increase during the last years in Slovakia. Figure 50 below shows that the expenditure for housing, water and especially energy supply represent nowadays a higher share of the gross money consumption expenditure of households in the Slovak Republic than in the EU-27 (26% vs. 22%). Figure 50: Structure of gross money consumption expenditure of households in the Slovak Republic and in the EU-27, 2006 (%).

Source: SOSR (2008).

Energy prices have significantly increased for all categories of end-users. In 2006, Slovakia was the 3rd European country with the most expensive energy supply for households. The energy prices for households were then worth 0.36€/m3 for natural gas, 0.10€/kWh for electricity and 14€/GJ for heat (ECB 2006). In addition to technical measures (renovation of building, energy systems supply infrastructure, etc.) a particular support to cope with the lack of communication and the lack of awareness is required.

12.1.4 Energy Services in Slovakia Several institutions and companies support energy efficiency actions. One of the most active is the Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB), established in 1990 as a non-profit energy consultancy company. Through advising and information offer, it has been involved in many international projects since 1992. According to our experience by looking for information regarding energy service offer for households, we could notice, there is a relatively wide offer existing, concerning free of charge energy advices for households in regional energy agencies. However this offer hasn‟t been much known and often used up to now by households. The high level of development in information services concerning heating savings for households could be observed on the unique example of the Vrakuna neighbourhood campaign in the Czech Republic. The experiences of this campaign will be extended by network building for the further ten municipalities in the Slovakia. The scale of this dissemination is very promising.

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Table 35: Energy services in Slovakia, 2006. Number of ESCOs ~30 Type of ESCOs Local, but mainly joint ventures including MNC ESCO association No Size of the market Not defined Change in recent years Increasing, orientation changing Most popular technologies District heating, building renovation, public lighting Source and notes: Bertoldi et al.( 2007b). ESCOs: energy services companies (energy suppliers, energy consultancy offering besides energy supply, wide spectrum of energy services - e.g. energy performance contracting (EPC); MNC: multinational companies.

12.1.5 References Bertoldi et al. (2007a): Bertoldi, Paolo; Atanasiu, Bogdan: Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union - Status report 2006. European Commission Director- ate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES). Online: http://sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/pdf/EnEff%20Report%202006.pdf. Access: May 2008. Bertoldi et al. (2007b): Bertoldi, Paolo; Boza-Kiss, Benigna; Rezessy, Silvia: Latest Development of Energy Service Companies across Europe; An European ESCO Update. European Commission Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES). Online: http://www.energy.eu/publications/LBNA22927ENC_002.pdf. Access: May 2008. Cervenov (2005): Cervenov, Lubomra: Social Housing in Slovakia. The task and justness of the non- profit housing organizations; In: International Journal of Strategic Property Management. Onli- ne: http://www.allbusiness.com/specialty-businesses/non-profit-businesses/953775-1.html. Ac- cess: May 2008. DG TREN (2008): Energy and transport: Figures and main facts – Statistical pocketbook 2007. European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DG TREN): Brussels. Online: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/pocketbook/2007_en.htm. Access: June 2008. ECB (2006): Nagy, Juraj: Slovakia – Country background on social housing. InoFin Progress meeting, 22 & 23 June 2006, Prague. Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB): Bratislava. Online: http://www.join-inofin.eu/docs/Slovakia-SocialHousing.pdf. Access: July 2008. Federcasa (2006): Housing statistics in the European Union 2005/2006. Federcasa, Italian Housing Federation: Rome. Online: http://www.federcasa.it/news/housing_statistics/Report_housing_statistics_2005_2006.pdf. Ac- cess: July 2008. PEEREA (2006): Energy Charter Protocol on energy efficiency and related environmental aspects PEEREA – Slovak Republic – Regular review 2006. Energy Charter Secretariat: Brussels. On- line: http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/Energy_Efficiency_- _Slovakia_-_2006_-_ENG.pdf. Access: June 2008 SOSR (2001): Territorial-administrative division of the Slovak Republic as of May 26, 2001. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (SOSR): Bratislava. Online: http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/grafy/aj/01_a.pdf. Access: August 2008. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 124 of 185

SOSR (2005): Dwelling household equipment with durable goods – 2001, 1991. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (SOSR): Bratislava. Online: http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Sekcie/sek_600/Demografia/SODB/Tabulky/Tabulky_AJ_SODB/ tab32.pdf. Access: July 2008. SOSR (2008): Slovakia in the EU – Living conditions (2008). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (SOSR): Bratislava. Online: http://portal.statistics.sk/files/Odbory/odb_410/el_publikacie/SLOVENSKO-V-EU-2008.pdf. Access: August 2008. UNECE (1999): Country profiles on the housing sector – Slovakia. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): Geneva. Online: http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/cph/countries/slovakia/welcome.html. Access: June 2008. WEC (2008): Energy efficiency policies around the world: review and evaluation. World Energy Council: London. Online: http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/slovakia.pdf. Access: May 2008.

12.2 Energy Services in Slovakia - Examples

12.2.1 Campaign – The energy efficiency campaign Vrakuňa [SK - ID 052 - SI] Short description This information campaign Vrakuňa was started in 2004. It was designed and organized by the municipal building association “Spokojné bývanie” in the district Vrakuňa to make their own residents realise that both their expenditures and also the burden on the environment could be reduced by changing their habits and using more efficient technologies. This project contributed to identify energy inefficient public buildings such as schools, offices and other institutions in the district. The implementation of energy saving measures as well as improved supply of heat and hot water to the apartments in form of infrastructure modernization, management optimisation (contracting) were connected with information campaign by the residents (events, seminars, energy consulting actions, website with monitoring function, customer newspaper). As a result the energy consumption and energy expenses of the Vrakuňa district have been significantly reduced. In 2006 the Vrakuňa campaign joined the European DISPLAY campaign. The company “Spokojné bývanie” is in charge of over 4,200 individual flats (98 multi-residential buildings), both municipal and private, mainly in Vrakuňa, but also in other parts of the city, serving over 20,000 customers. The provider of the service building association “Spokojné bývanie” starts spreading his model in the framework of the European DISPLAY campaign. Currently, the building association “Spokojné bývanie” is responsible for contacts with ten other Slovakian cities on behalf of DISPLAY (DISPLAY 2008). Market Until now the market for this service is constituted of 20,000 residents - mainly in the district Vrakuňa. The reception of the information campaign by the residents was relatively good. More attention appealed however the restructuring and technical modernization of heating systems. The connection of these two action lines enabled to achieve significant energy savings by residents and other customers. The possible extension of the campaign to ten additional Slovakian cities demon- strates the growth potential of the market.

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Added value The information campaign Vrakuňa prompted residents to change their habits and supported awareness-raising awareness regarding energy savings. However it is difficult to distinguish the impact of behavioural changes from the effects of technical saving measures implemented at the same time. Stage of development and implementation The project has reached a mature level. Started in 2004, it has been continued in the framework of the European DISPLAY campaign since 2006. Important drivers and barriers This information campaign Vrakuňa was partly determined by the changes operated in the Slovakian legal framework which obligates big consumers to realise energy savings. The municipal building association “Spokojné bývanie” has played a major role. Its excellent personal management and its experience from other EU projetcts conferred it the leadership of the campaign. Contact Institution / company Spokojné bývanie, s.r.o. Country / postal code / city Slovakia/ 821 07 BRATISLAVA II - Vrakuňa Address Toplianska 5 Website http://www.spokojnebyvanie.sk/ Contact person Henrieta Peskovicova (marketing), Marek Hargas Email-address [email protected]; [email protected] Telephone +421 903 225 961; 02 - 40 20 91 11

Further information DISPLAY (2008): Database of the DISPLAY® Campaign. Online: http://www.display- campaign.org/rubrique494.html. Access: June 2008 SPOBY (2008): Spokojne Bywanie (ed.): Information newspaper for residents 1/2008. Online: http://www.spokojnebyvanie.sk/custom/dokumenty/info_magazin_01_2008.pdf. Access: June 2008

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Figure 51: Information newspaper for residents “Byvajme spokojne”.

Source: SPOBY (2008).

12.2.2 Energy information – ECB offer of individual energy advice [SK - ID 053 - SI] Short description Energetické centrum Bratislava - Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB) is sponsored by some national energy suppliers and some companies producing energy devices. Through its regional energy agencies implanted in the largest Slovakian cities, the Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB) offers individual, free- of-charge energy advice for households as well and information materials – mostly energy saving manuals and guidelines based on the results of the EU ISEES project in which the ECB was involved (ISEES 2008). Market This service addresses the general public, consumers and households, house owners but also municipalities. The service is financed by Slovakian energy suppliers and some companies producing energy devices. It is free of charge for private households.

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Added value The service contributes to the awareness-raising of households regarding their energy consumption and assists them to undertake energy savings. Stage of development and implementation The service has reached a mature level but its popularity among households is limited until now. Important drivers and barriers The information material for energy saving - manuals and guidelines - in Slovakian language based on the results of the EU ISEES project in which the ECB was involved, are not available online anymore as the EU ISEES projects ran out this year. The suggestion of the service for private households requires their own initiative. It seems probable that only the most motivated residents looking for advice and recommendations use this offer. Contact Institution / company Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB) Country / postal code / city 831 01 Bratislava 37 Address Ambrova 35, Website http://www.ecb.sk/ Contact person Vojtech Hollan Email-address [email protected] Telephone +421 2 593 000 91 Further information ECB (2008a): Internet portal of the regional Slovakian energy agencies. Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB): Bratislava. Online: http://www.usporyenergie.sk/index.php?id=13. Access: July 2008 ECB (2008b): User manual for households - bilingual resources from the EU ISEES project. Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB): Bratislava. Online: http://www.ecb.sk/ecb/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/documents/D22_User_Manual_SK.pdf; http://www.ecb.sk/isees/fileadmin/deliverables/2/D22_User%20Manual_EN.pdf. Access May 2008 ECB (2008c): Brochure; Working materials. Energy Centre Bratislava (ECB): Bratislava. Online: http://www.ecb.sk/ecb/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/documents/brochureCB.pdf. Access: May 2008 ISEES (2008): General guidelines for improving the "social dialogue" in social housing – ISEES Project in the framework of the “Intelligent Energy for Europe Programme”. Online: http://www.ecb.sk/isees/fileadmin/deliverables/2/D20_D25_Model%20refurbishments_SD%20 conclusions%20from%20ISEES.pdf. Access: May 2008 Table 36: Addresses of ECB Regional Energy Centres in Slovakia. Expozitúra Bratislava Servisné centrum Trnava Servisné centrum Nitra Grösslingova 77, Bratislava Frantińkánska 5, 917 01 Trnava Farská 6, 949 01 Nitra [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Servisné centrum Banská Bystrica Servisné centrum Ņilina Servisné centrum Końice Dolná 26, 974 01 Banská Bystrica Ņilinská univerzita, 1. mája 32 Alņbetina 7, 040 01 Końice [email protected] 010 26 Ņilina [email protected] [email protected] Source: ECB (2008a).

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Figure 52: User manual in Slovakian language (resources of the ISEES project).

Source: ECB (2008b).

Figure 53: ECB Brochure promoting energy savings in households.

Source: ECB (2008c).

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13 Energy Services in Slovenia (3) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Huber, Andreas (2008): Service Inventory Slovenia Working Paper D21 d SL Karlsruhe, Germany: European Institute for Energy Research.

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

EIFER Andreas Huber

Emmy-Noether Str. 11 D-76131 Karlsruhe [email protected] Tel. 0049-(0)721 6105 - 1421

Karlsruhe, August 2008

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13.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services in Slovenia

13.1.1 Energy in in Slovenia As in many Central and East European countries total final energy consumption in Slovenia has been significantly rising over the last few years, which can, to a large degree, be explained by the economic upturn in those countries and the growing per capita income. Since 1996, Slovenia‟s economy has been constantly rising, with growth rates ranging from 2.8 to 5.7% (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia 2008a). Figure 54: Total final energy consumption.

Own illustration; source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2008b). Concerning the energy consumption per sector there have been some major changes (c.f Figure 55). In 1990, industries accounted by far for the largest share of total energy consumption, but the tremendous changes that came along with the shift to a market economy led to a lower share of energy consumption of Slovenian economy. Since 1996, the share of industries related to total energy consumption increased again, being around 34% in 2005. The share of households has also been changing over the years, but most of the time its rate was of around 25%.

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Figure 55: Final energy consumption per sector: historical development.

Source: Own illustration based on Eurostat. (2008a): Energie und Umwelt.

In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Slovenia was 57,993,120 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 23% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 4% and the industry 35%. Figure 56: Final energy consumption per sector in Slovenia (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

Regarding energy supply, Slovenia relies on a diverse mix of energy sources (c.f Figure 57). With 36% (2007a) oil provides the lion‟s share of energy supply in Slovenia, followed by solid fuels (21%), gas (19%) and nuclear power (19%).

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Figure 57: Primary energy supply in Slovenia.

Source: European Commission (2007a).

Renewable energy sources produce 11% of the country‟s primary energy supply, with large and small scale hydro power being almost the only renewable energy source for electricity generation. For heating Slovenia draws to a growing extend on its huge wood potential (Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia 2008b) - 54% of Slovenia‟s surface is covered by forests (Perko 2004).

13.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households As the overall final energy consumption, households‟ final energy consumption has also been rising considerably since the early 90s, being 1183mtoe in 2005 compared to 850mtoe in 1990. However, considering the shares per sector, Slovenian households display a below average final energy consumption. They consumed less than 25% of the total amount of final energy in 2005, which is quite low compared to most of the former socialist countries and below the EU25 average consumption, too (c.f Figure 55). For instance, in 2005 French households accounted for around 28% of the country‟s total energy consumption.

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Figure 58: Share of household final energy consumption in comparison.

Own illustration; source: Eurostat (2008a): Energie und Umwelt.

Looking at household CO2-emissions, statistics show that Slovenia has experienced a considerable decrease after 1992, but recently the average per household emissions have been rising again up to level of around 2.25 tons CO2, which is slightly below the EU25 average but well above Lithuania, another former socialist country (c.f Figure 58). A considerable part of this increase can be attributed to an extended electricity consumption of households, increasing from around 1200Kwh per persons in 1992 up to almost 1600Kwh in 2005. Figure 59: Household CO2 emissions.

Own illustration; source: World Energy Council (2008): Slovenia Energy Efficiency/ CO2 Indicators. http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/slovenia.pdf.

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13.1.3 Housing in Slovenia Slovenia displays a very large share of persons living in owned dwellings (84%); only a small part of Slovenians lives in rented flats (9%). Social housing accounts only for around 6% of the housing stock in Slovenia. Comparing Slovenia to other European countries14, figures show that Slovenia is a typical post socialist country. The high share of households living in owned dwellings is also characteristic for Slovakia, Estonia or Latvia, whereas most of the EU15 countries (e.g. Germany, France, Belgium) are characterised by a more balanced proportion of rented and occupied dwellings. Concerning the proportion of social housing, Europe is less divided into East and West. The proportion of Slovenian households living in social housing is slightly higher than in other Central and East European countries such as Latvia and Slovakia, and similar to the ones of the western European countries Germany and Italy. However, the shares of social housing in France, the UK and the Netherlands are well above the Slovenian one. Table 37: Housing in selected European countries (2004). Proportion of households Proportion of households Proportion of social living in owned dwellings living in rented housing rental dwellings Belgium 68 31 7 France 57 40 17 Estonia 96 4 4 Germany 45 55 6 Latvia 77 19 1 Italy 73 19 5 Netherlands 56 44 34 Slovakia 85 5 4 Slovenia 84 9 6 United Kingdom 69 31 20

Own table; source: Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 64, 66).

With regard to building types, the high share of people living in a one dwelling house is remarkable (c.f Figure 60). Around 46% of all Slovenians live in this building type. This might be due to the country‟s lack of metropolitan areas. In deed even in the capital, Ljubljana, live only around 280.000 inhabitants.

14 Unfortunately, there are no data covering the whole EU.

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Figure 60 Residential building types.

Own figure; source: Eurostat (2008b): Allgemeine und Regionalstatistiken.

Finally, looking at average m² per dwellings, statistics confirm the relative wealth of Slovenia. Compared to other new EU member states (e.g. Slovakia: 56,1m²; Estonia: 60,2m²) the Slovenians‟ average living space (75,9m²) is quite elevated. While 50.9% of all Slovakian dwellings (2001) and 43.9% of all Estonian homes (2002) are smaller than 50m², this share is significantly lower in Slovenia (18.6%). However, the share of those small-sized dwellings is still lower in France (13.6%, 2002) and in Germany, 11.2% (2002). Table 38: Size of dwellings in selected countries. Estonia Slovenia (2001 Slovakia 2001 Germany 2002 France 2002 2002/2003 Average living space 75,9 56,1 89,7 89,7 60,2 (in m²) under 50m² ( %) 18.6 50.9 11.2 13.6 43.9 50m² to 74m² (%) 35.9 41.5 31.5 25.6 38.6 75m² to 99m² (%) 22.5 … 22.6 26.5 10.2 100m² to 149m² (%) 17.8 7.6 25.7 24.9 5.3 150m² and more (%) 5.1 … 9.1 9.5 1.6 Own table; sources: UNICE (2008): Households by number of persons and square metre (m2) of useful floor space: http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/2006docs/pubHA04.pdf; accessed on 2008/08/29; Ministry of Infrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006: 52).

13.1.4 Energy Services in Slovenia Given its surface and the size of its population, Slovenia has developed a comparably advanced structure of local and regional Energy Agencies. Four local and three regional energy agencies keep the public informed about renewable energies and energy efficiency in Slovenia. KSSENA energy agency‟s service on promoting low energy and passive houses is one example for the numerous activities of those agencies. However, the National Agency for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (AURE) was closed in 2005 and its activities were assigned to the Department for Energy

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Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. The ministry conceives policies in the fields of RUE and RES and is in charge of the funding for the most important energy advisory programme ENSVET. ENSVET is an important energy advisory network led by the Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK and consists of 75 licensed energy advisors. It aims at raising households‟ awareness on energy efficiency and renewable energies by multiple actions (SErENADE (2007): 99-100). In addition to this state-run programme, private companies are active players in the field of energy services. Several companies, e.g. Istrabenz, El Tec Mulej and Petrol are offering energy contracting services for municipalities and the residential sector. Thus the service inventory of Slovenia also contains one example coming from this action field.

13.1.5 References European Commission (2007a), Slovenia Energy Mix Fact Sheet. European Commission (2007b), Latvia Renewable Energy Mix Fact Sheet. Eurostat (2008a): Umwelt und Energie. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136239,0_45571447&_dad=portal&_s chema=PORTAL; accessed on 2008/08/27 Eurostat (2008b): Allgemeine und Regionalstatistiken. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=0,1136162,0_45572076&_dad=portal&_schema=P ORTA; accessed on 2008/08/27 Jeko-In (2006): EffCoBuild - Merjena poraba za leto 2006. http://www.jeko-in.si/index.php?i=179; accessed on 2008/08/27. Ministry of Insfrastructure of Italy/Federcasa (2006): Housing Statistics of the European Union. Perko, F. (2004): Gozd in gozdarstvo Slovenije. Ljubljana: Zveza gozdarskih druńtev Slovenije: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano RS: Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. SErENADE (Sharing Expertise in Energy Advise Across Europe) network (2007): Energy Advise in Europe. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2008a): Gross domestic product, main aggregates of national accounts and employment; 1995-2006. http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_ekonomsko_nacionalni_bdp1.asp; accessed on 2008/08/27 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2008b): Energy indicators, Slovenia, annually. http://www.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=1817902E&ti=Energy+indicators%2C+Sloven ia%2C+annually&path=../Database/Environment/18_energy/01_18179_balance_indicators/&la ng=1; accessed on 2008/08/27 UNICE (2008): Households by number of persons and square metre (m2) of useful floor space. http://www.unece.org/hlm/prgm/hsstat/2006docs/pubHA04.pdf; accessed on 2008/08/29 World Energy Council (2008): Slovenia Energy Efficiency/ CO2 Indicators. http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/slovenia.pdf; accessed on 2008/08/27.

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13.2 Energy Services in Slovenia - Examples

13.2.1 Consulting for the housing sector – JEKO-In company’s online benchmarking [SL - ID 057 - BP] Short description Low consensus level, lack of money, interest, and information make renovation projects in the Slovenian apartment building sector, and especially in the social housing sector, very difficult. From this background the public district heating company JEKO-IN and the municipality of Jesenice launched a number of activities to boost renovation. Most importantly it promoted building benchmarking and energy certificates. The general aim of these measures was to push building owners and managers to carry out energy efficiency renovation projects in the municipality and to use the available co-financing options.

The benchmarking website provides information on the energy consumption status and about achievable targets for 40 high consuming buildings in the town. Those data can be compared to the data of recent years as well as to almost 10 years old information. In addition, the “high consumers” are also compared to all 130 residential buildings in the municipality that are connected to the same district heating system. Furthermore, building owners and managers can get insight into energy performance certificates, various energy indicators as well as on recommended scenarios of building refurbishment. The data are presented graphically, using Google map tool, with ranking indications, for example, red colour – for a big potential, yellow colour – for an average condition, green colour – for good buildings, that were already been refurbished in recent years. Further information on energy use can be obtained by clicking on the selected building on the map. Thermographic pictures help to discover differing building heat losses as well. Market The service addresses flat owners in multi family houses and is designed for the existing building stock connected to district heating. It could be transferred to other municipalities. In order to implement the service, a website is necessary. Added value More than 10% of the household average consumption (around 20-80 kWH/m² y per household) can be merely saved by awareness rising on user behaviour and low cost measures. With regard to building renovation there is an even better potential: Renovation would help to reduce emissions by 8.4 mio ton/year CO2 in single family houses (2248 SFH and/or flats), 6.0 mio ton/years in apartment buildings (308 apartment buildings or 6342 flats) and 0.6 mio ton/year in the public building sector (14 public buildings).

The service elements - web site benchmarking with information for end-users about project definition and financing as well as promotion of RUE and RES measures - have an estimated pay back time of up to 3 years.

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Residents can get the comprehensive information about their building in one place together with the description of recommended measures and the estimation of investment. Thus the web site facilitates the renovation project formation. Stage of development and implementation The service is still a pilot project. Important drivers and barriers The active role of the utility was crucial for the initial phase: It presented the data to the building owners and actively promoted energy rehabilitation with the suggestion for financing. In contrast, the lack of interest in case of low income flat owners is a serious problem, since the latter have to approve the common investment in the technical improvement of the building. Better technologies – electronic heat billing and metering - would allow for more up-dated information on energy consumption on the internet. Contact Institution / company Building and Civil Engineering Institute ZRMK, d.o.o. Country / postal code / city 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Address Dimičeva 12 Website http://www.gi-zrmk.si/EUprojekti Contact person Marjana Sijanec Zavrl Email-address [email protected] Telephone + 386 01/280 8342

Figure 61: Presentation on Google Maps tool.

Source: http://www.jeko-in.si/index.php?i=179.

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13.2.2 Financing and consultation – Energy contracting for households [SL - ID 132 - SI] Short description Petrol, Slovenian Energy Company offers an energy contracting service to existing and new clients who live in the same building and are supplied with heat from a shared boiler house. By helping its clients to save energy and money in the long run, the company wants to build up a long term relationship with its clients. As part of the service, the company and its partners inform their clients also about behaviour related aspects of energy savings. In brochures it informs about aspects, such as the importance of ventilation behaviour, room heating by solar radiation, heating behaviour and the correlation with energy expenses. In detail, the service to the residents covers the following aspects:  determination of possible savings by renovating the common heating system  estimation of the investments required for the realisation of measures for the reduction of energy consumption, as well as the proper and optimal selection of equipment  calculation of the repayment period  realisation of measures for the reduction of energy consumption and financing. The technical measures comprise the replacement/renovation of the heating system. Optionally the company installs solar collectors, heat pumps and CHP systems.  maintenance and supervision  constant monitoring of energy (energy accountancy)  information on behavioural aspects of energy consumption in information leaflets The client then returns a part of the savings to the contractor in a specified contractual period for the realised investment and the management and maintenance of the new installations and devices. Market The service is offered to current clients or to new clients living in existing buildings and being supplied by the same heating system. Taking into account that a large part of the existing housing stock was constructed from 1975-1985 and that many heating systems are out-dated, a considerable part of households could be benefiting from the service. However, the market development is still slow. The service is also offered to municipalities for the refurbishment of swimming pools, hospitals, schools or other public buildings. Added value In average, households that have signed an energy saving contract with Petrol have saved up to 20% of CO2 emissions. One part of those savings is likely to be due to behavioural changes, e.g. reducing the average temperature in flats saves 6% of energy. The average pay-back time for the company is 5-7 years. The households pay energy prices that are above the real market price but usually below their pre-investment bills until the investments are paid back. Clients sign a 10 years contract and Petrol charges them around 220€ per year. Clients don‟t bear any risk to achieve the savings as the cost of investments is previewed and financed by the company. Stage of development and implementation The service is mature.

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Important drivers and barriers The mere fact that many of the existing boiler houses are out-dated favours the expansion of the service. However, as the service addresses households living in the same building and sharing the boiler house the necessary preconditions for its implementation are not trivial. Most importantly, a national law demands an agreement by more than 50% of households living in the same building in order to realise renovation measures. This precondition makes the realisation of the service complicated with buildings having more than 200 flats. Contact Institution / company Petrol d.d, Ljubljana, Sektor Energetika, Head of TPF service, Country / postal code / city 1527 Ljubljana, Slovenia Address Dunajska 50 Website http://www.petrol.si/en/index.php?sv_path=151,609 Contact person Miha Valentincic Email-address [email protected] Telephone +386(0)1 47 14 296

13.2.3 Training forums – Seminars on low energy houses [SL - ID 014 - SI] Short description In order to enhance the knowledge on low-energy and passive buildings and to stimulated their construction in Slovenia, several energy agencies and municipalities in Slovenia (amongst them KSSENA energy agency and the Municipality of Velenje) offered two seminars on low energy and passive houses. Two Austrian experts of the passive house technology presented the existing experiences from the neighbouring country to the audience and pointed out that the low energy/passive house technology is an important means to reduce energy costs and dependence from energy suppliers. Around 70-80 people attended the seminars; a part of the attendees (architects, constructors, spatial planners) is involved in designing and constructing passive and low-energy houses; another part collaborates with service providers to build passive and low-energy houses or renovate existing buildings, making them more energy efficient (local authorities and general public). In addition to the seminars, an excursion to Austria was organised to learn from the Austrian good practice. This included on site visits of existing passive houses in Austria. 60 persons participated in the two expert excursions. Finally, another 500 people received written information about the seminars. The project is carried out in the framework of the European Interreg AAA 2000-06 Programme for Slovenia and Austria Market As energy prices keep rising and low energy housing technology is developing, the market is expected to speed up. In the long term a large percentage of buildings are likely to be constructed according to low energy standards. Currently there is still a great need to raise the awareness among the residents and to disseminate the advantages of the passive house/low energy concept. The service addresses both the private and the public sector. Added value Compared to average residential building in Slovenia, the energy demand of passive houses and low energy houses are very low. The construction costs of passive houses are estimated to be about 10%

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 141 of 185 more than the average. Taking into account the ever rising energy prices, the pay back time continu- ously decreases; nowadays it is still over 5 years. Stage of development and implementation The promotion of low energy houses is a pioneering work. Important drivers and barriers The knowledge on passive house technology is still low, therefore, a lot of awareness raising work has still to be done. Furthermore, there is a huge lack of experts able to design and construct low–energy and passive houses. Contact Institution / company Zavod Energetska agencija za Savinjsko, Ńaleńko in Korońko Country / postal code / city SI-3320 Velenje Slovenija Address Korońka 37 A Website Contact person Dejan Ferlin (director) and Bońtjan Krajnc (energy manager) Email-address [email protected] and [email protected] Telephone +386 389 61 520/1

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14 Energy Services in Spain (4) Project: Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Velte, Daniela (2008a): Services in Spain Working Paper D21b. Donostia – San Sebastián: Inasmet-Tecnalia

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

INASMET-Tecnalia Daniela Velte Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 2 Parque Tecnológico E-20009 Donostia – San Sebastián [email protected] Tel. 0034 943 00 37 00

San Sebastián, August 2008

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14.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

14.1.1 Energy in Spain Final energy consumption in Spain has increased significantly since 1990 (66% according to the European Commission). The demand structure is dominated by transport and industry consumption. In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Spain was 1,133,610,660 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 15% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 8% and the industry 31%. Household is the third energy-consumption sector, with 15% share of the total final energy consumption in 2004. Energy import dependency of Spain is above the EU-27 average. A large percentage of imports consists of oil and gas, covering the 88% of total imported energy. Figure 62: Final energy consumption per sector in Spain (2006)

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

According to IAE data, 2003, Spain‟s power supply structure is dominated by coal power stations that supply 30% of its electricity, followed by nuclear (24%), hydro (16%) and gas (15%). Electricity generation has been increasing steadily over the past 10 years. The increased availability of natural gas through imports from Algeria has led to an increasing share of nautral gas in the electricity fuel mix. Furthermore, renewable sources participate in electricity generation with an increasing share. For its climate characteristics, Spain has a great potential for developing solar energy, including PV, solar-thermal and concentrated solar (planned capacity of 2000 MW15).

15 World Energy Council, “2007 Survey of World Energy Resources” BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 144 of 185

Table 39: Solar Energy: photovoltaic capacity and output at end-2005. Installed capacity (kWp) Annual output (MWh) Germany 1 429 000 Hungary 100 150 Italy 34 000 31 000 Latvia 3 3 Luxembourg 23 600 19 000 Netherlands 50 776 Norway 7 252 Portugal 2 280 3 000 Romania 90 65 Russian Federation N/A N/A Slovakia 60 10 Slovenia 216 Spain 51 900 57 000 Sweden 4 237 Switzerland 26 300 19 300 United Kingdom 10 900 8 000 Source and notes: World Energy Council, “2007 Survey of World Energy Resources”. The data shown above constitute a sample, reflecting the information available in particular countries: they should not be considered as complete, or necessarily representative of the situation in each region. For this reason, regional and global aggregates have not been computed. The data for France include French Overseas Departments (DOM).

However, the actual deployment of these technologies lacks behind when compared, for example, with the extensive use made of wind energy. Spain is the second largest country in the world in terms of installed wind capacity. Use of renewables in the residential sector is often hindered by the predomi- nance of private ownership in housing, especially in multi-dwelling buildings, since the installation of, for example, solar-thermal appliances requires a high level of consensus among the owners.

14.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Energy use by households in Spain is characterized by a very high level of electricity consumption, which has increased steadily since the 1980ies and surpasses that of other Southern Countries with similar climates, such as Portugal and Italy. The fact that Spanish households use less of this electricity for electrical appliances and lighting indicates that a large part of this consumption is dedicated to cooling and heating purposes. It is therefore important for energy services to promote greater efficiency in electricity use by households and more specifically, to curb the growing use of air- conditioning equipments in the country.

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Table 40: Energy Efficiency Indicators and CO2 Emissions for Spanish Household. Energy Efficiency/CO2 Indicators Units 1980 1990 2000 2005 Energy intensity of households (to private consumption) (at koe/$95p 0,017 0,024 0,024 0,026 ppp) Average electricity consumption of households per capita kWh/cap 523 778 1077 1397 Average electricity consumption per household kWh/hh 1926 2606 3235 4383 Average electricity consumption of electrified households kWh/hh 1926 2606 3235 4383 Households consumption for electrical appliances and lighting kWh/hh 1385 1876 2251 n.a. Energy intensity of service sector (to value added) (at ppp) koe/$95p 0,008 0,009 0,013 0,014 Electricity intensity of service sector (to value added) (at ppp) kWh/$95p 45 67 100 108 Unit consumption of services per employee toe/emp 0,35 0,40 0,61 0,69 Unit electricity consumption of services per employee kWh/emp 1946 2895 4524 5377 Energy intensity of agriculture (to value added) (at ppp) koe/$95p 0,099 0,057 0,079 0,108 CO2 intensity of households (to private consumption) (at ppp) kCO2/$95 0,033 0,034 0,036 n.a. p CO2 emissions of residential sector per household tCO2/hh n.a. 1,09 1,24 1,53 Source: World Energy Council / ADEME / Enerdata. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/energy_efficiency_policies_around_the_world_review_and_evaluatio n/1230.asp.

In terms of energy uses in households, the Spanish market lacks behind the Northern European countries, as can be seen from the slower market penetration of A+ or A++ appliances: The consumption patterns are similar for other electrical appliances, but the statistics on “cold appliances” are especially relevant for the Southern European countries, among them Spain, where a large part of the increased electricity consumption in the residential sector is due to the increased use of air-conditioning. The differences in efficiency between A-class air-conditioning systems and other appliances are considerable, although the efficiency norm EER set for A-class appliances is not considered to be very ambitious in the case of cooling appliances, according to the JRC: “The A class limit for the split, non ducted, air-cooled air conditioners up to 12kW is set at EER of 3,2. Some new models have been introduced on the market with EER above 4, the best models on the market having an EER of 5,51. This indicates that the A class level is not very ambitious. In addition, there are still several E and D class models on the European market, with EER at around 2,5. [Bertoldi 2007] Moreover, the market availability of a broad spectrum of domestic appliances with a high energy efficiency can be used as an indicator of a country´s “energy consciousness”. “Top Ten” performed a study on the market availability of domestic appliances in 17 EU countries (Top Ten Market Analysis 2007). This study shows that there are 115 variants of “A++” labelled cold appliances available on the European market overall. Austria and Germany lead the field with 61 respectively 60 variants. The Spain has only two variants in the offering. If we take a look at the way the different energy classes are distributed in Spain, we see that refrigerators labelled “A” are dominant with a relatively low 36%, followed by “B” with a relatively high 46%. (Bertoldi et al. 2006). Today, from the viewpoint of energy efficiency, the energy class “A” is perceived as standard. Efficiency indexes vary, nevertheless, in the different parts of Spain, as has been demonstrated by Unión Fenosa‟s yearly inquiry to households. The company estimates that the overall saving potential in households stands at 9.24% and has found that people living in larger cities (more than 100.000 inhabitants) tend to make a more efficient use of energy than people living in smaller towns. Also, there is a clear relationship between awareness regarding environmental problems and consumption patterns and knowledge on energy-saving appliances and certificates is spreading rapidly among the Spanish population.

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The yearly survey also reveals that certain progress has been made regarding energy efficiency in most parts of the country in the time that has passed between the 2nd and 3rd edition of the household inquiry. The company attributes these changes to the learning effect provoked among the participants in the inquiry, which is a representative sample of the Spanish population, but has participated repeatedly in the survey. Figure 63: Energy Efficiency Index in Spain’s Autonomous Communities.

Source: Centro de Eficiencia Energética. Unión Fenosa

Awareness on the importance of energy use in households is also increasing as a consequence of rising costs for households. The Spanish government has maintained for years that the price paid by the final consumer does not cover the real costs of supply and must therefore gradually be adjusted. The latest proposal for the price increase in 2008, just published by the Spanish Energy Commission, asks for a price hike of 11,3%, but has also suggested to introduce a “social tariff” that takes into account the income situation of households, instead of basing the rate on the amount of electricity contracted by the user16. This price increase has been proposed in a difficult economic context with high inflation rates in basic products, such as food, clothing and housing.

14.1.3 Housing in Spain According to the last national census of 2001, 8.623.875 buildings are mainly dedicated to housing in Spain, and out of those, 7.771.564 (more than 90%) are owned by a single proprietary and most of the rest (839.451) by condominium associations. While these condominium associations play a smaller role on national level, they have large market shares in some Autonomous Communities, such as Madrid and the Basque Country. Only about 1.600 of all buildings were owned by public bodies in 2001, which means that the Spanish housing market is entirely left to private ownership, with little direct public intervention and a very low share of social housing. Although some policies have been put in place since 2001 to promote social housing and renting and in order to curb the extremely high prices for houses in property, these

16 http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/ediciones/2008/05/14/economia/espana-mundo/d14esp45.1030798.php BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 147 of 185 policies have not yet had a major impact on the market. Recently, prices have grown more slowly and the number of sales is declining, especially for second-hand flats, but the debt level of families, which is closely related to exorbitant housing prices, is still going up. Spanish residents spend about 45% of their income on housing, according to figures published by the Bank of Spain17. Spain has received serious warnings about these facts from international organisations. Table 41: Property and Rent in Spanish Housing. Nº of homes (in Property Rent Other 1000) All houses 13,280.6 84.9 10.0 5.1 Family home 5,320.2 90.0 3.8 6.2 Detached house 2,745.7 90.1 -3.7 6.2 Row houses 2,574.5 90.0 -3.8 6.2 Multi-dwelling buildings 7,910.2 81.6 14.2 4.2 Multi-dwelling buildings with less than 10 apartments 2,489.4 75.6 17.8 6.6 Multi-dwelling buildings with 10 apartments or more 5,420.8 84.4 12.5 3.1 Source: National Institute for Statistics, INE, European Household Panel, 2001.

The number of homes has continually increased since 2001, with 600.000 new dwellings added in the year 2006 alone, but more recent statistics are not available for the moment. In 2004, Eurostat examined the ease/difficulty of finding housing which is pricely appropriate. 31 European major cities were included in the study. It used several types of data to create an index called „ease of finding good housing at reasonable price“ (0 indicating extreme difficulty, 100 extreme easiness). Malaga performed quite well with an index value of 44, which is the 6th best value for all 31 cities. Madrid and Barcelona, on the other side, performed rather poorly with values of 12 and 10, making them no. 21 and 22 on the list (Eurostat 2004).

14.1.4 Energy Services in Spain The providers of energy services to households in Spain must take into account the general economic background explained above: low saving rates and therefore low investment capacity, due to the high cost of dwellings in private property and increasing inflation rates and energy prices. Energy services must therefore be either free of charge or require a low investment, with short pay-off periods, or, alternatively, financing models that reduce the barriers for investment in energy efficiency or renewables. Some local bank cooperatives have started to offer these financing opportunities at reduced interest rates, but mainly for renewable applications – there is still a lack of commercial financing models for energy efficiency measures. The service examples for Spain demonstrate that some of the big energy companies in the country are starting to offer free on-line advice to households, which centre very much on present consumption habits and on the reduction potential that can be realized through behavioural changes without major investments.

14.1.5 References INFORSE-Europe to the EU and Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation. (2006). Study of the Introduction of Renewable Energy in the EU

17 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/semana/Ladrillos/rotos/ambas/orillas/Atlantico/elpepueconeg/20080427elpneg lse_10/Tes?print=1 BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 148 of 185

Paolo Bertoldi, Paolo; Atanasio, Bogdan, “Electricity Consumption and Efficiency Trends in the Enlarged European Union 2007: Status report 2006. JRC Institute for Environment and Sustain- ability. World Energy Council 2008: Energy Efficiency Policies around the World - Review_and_Evaluation. World Energy Council 2008: 2007 Survey of World Energy Resources. National Institute for Statistics, INE, European Household Panel 2001. Eurostat, Perception Survey 2004. Online: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KE- AG-06-001/EN/KE-AG-06-001-EN.PDF

14.2 Energy Service in Spain - Examples

14.2.1 Web tools – Unión Fenosa's virtual forest [ES - ID 086 - BP] Short description The project “Virtual Forest” aims at guiding households towards a more efficient use of energy by inviting them to fill out an on-line questionnaire on their consumption habits and, at the same time, receive advice on possible actions for reducing energy consumption. The promoter of the “Virtual Forest”, the Spanish electricity company Unión Fenosa, donates 1€ to a reforestation project in Brazil for each participant who responds to the on-line enquiry and also plants half a tree in Second Life. The funds for reforestation are managed by the NGO AccioNatura. If the participant in the on-line enquiry submits his or her e-mail account, he or she receives a comparative evaluation of the present energy use in the household as well as practical recommendations for improving. It takes only a few minutes to complete the on-line inquiry (in Spanish, English, Portuguese and Catalan) at http://www.bosquevirtual.com/index_en.aspx By April 2008, 33.105 people have become involved in the project, and Union Fenosa estimates that 1.589.040 kg of CO2 emissions have been avoided, additionally to the abatement effect that can be achieved thanks to the 16.552 trees that have been planted. The service was introduced by Union Fenosa‟s Centre for Energy Efficiency after realizing that the participants in their annual study on household energy use improved their performance and their energy balance, simply as a result of having been questioned about their consumption habits. The yearly inquiry on household energy use addresses a representative sample of households in all Spanish provinces and the medium improvement that Union Fenosa encountered was 60 KW/h per year, which corresponds to 48 g of avoided CO2 emissions. The company therefore decided to try to spread this learning effect of its inquiry to a larger audience, setting up the Virtual Forest on Internet and Second Life. Market The project is mainly based on voluntary cooperation over the Internet and every person with Internet access can participate. The survey is limited to the most common electrical appliances in households, hot water and heating. After filling out the questionnaire, the participant obtains a report that compares the individual energy use in the household with the average consumption in the province. The Web site has been accessed about 500,000 times so far and 55,000 visitors have participated in the inquiry .

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The service is free of charge to the participants. Unión Fenosa considers that the initial investment for setting up the internet platform was limited and that the cost of the entire campaign will stay below €100.000, thanks to the active collaboration of bloggers in the publicity campaign. Fenosa launched the service through adds on Google, but afterwards word was spread actively and successfully by voluntary collaborators. Added value The savings are at the lower range of the 1-10% threshold (60 KWh, equivalent to 48 g of CO2 emissions per household), based on the average consumption data for the year 2004 (aprox. 4000 kWh per household and year). Stage of development and implementation The service is fully functioning in Spain and in Portugal. CO2 reduction is permanently evaluated online and displayed at the site Contact institution / company UNION FENOSA comercial country / postal code / city 28033 Madrid Address Avenida San Luis, 77 Website http://www.bosquevirtual.com/colabora_en.aspx Contact person Jose Javier Guerra Román, Director Centro de Eficiencia Energética email-address [email protected] Telephone Tel: +34 912015473

14.2.2 Energy information – Household advice on energy efficiency [ES - ID 074 - SI] Short description Spanish electricity company Unión Fenosa is maintaining the “Energy Efficiency Centre” that aims at offering energy efficiency solutions to clients. Union Fenosa started the energy efficiency programs implementation in 2002 and created the Energy Efficiency Centre in 2004. Since its creation the Centre has promoted energy savings and efficiency solutions towards domestic and SME clients. The Centre has developed the following actions in order to reach its objectives:  Energy advising programs (diagnosis and energy analysis) for “big accounts” and companies  Product development and subvention management for energy saving and energy efficiency projects.  Development of energy efficiency awareness web tools for companies and households  Energy Efficiency Index. Studies of energy household behaviours and estimations of saving potentials.  Training and awareness campaigns: “the Efficient House”, “Virtual Forest”, training guides publication  Development of an energy efficiency web  Participation in national and European research projects which aim at improving energy efficiency  Networking with Universities, Technology Centres, business associations, consumers associations, etc.  Participation in Fairs and seminars  Radio and TV publicity campaigns, etc.

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Market Energy efficiency programs with clients are one of the most important items of Union Fenosa‟s Corporate Social Responsibility strategy. The Centre has already developed 200 efficiency studies for companies and households. Added value The developed studies show energy savings of 1,356,321.297 kWh per year, equivalent to 933,873,286 kg of CO2 emissions. This data includes efficiency studies of companies Stage of development and implementation The Centre opened in 2004. Contact institution / company UNION FENOSA comercial country / postal code / city 28033 Madrid Address Avenida San Luis, 77 Website http://www.bosquevirtual.com/colabora_en.aspx Contact person Jose Javier Guerra Román, Director Centro de Eficiencia Energética email-address [email protected] Telephone Tel: +34 912015473

14.2.3 Web tools - Virtual calculator and Top Ten appliances [ES - ID 079 - BP] Short description WWF/Adena and Obra Social Caja Madrid offer two web tools to internet users as part of an awareness campaign. It aims at informing the residents about their real saving capacities and at promoting a stronger presence of the most efficient appliances in the market. Thus, WWF/Adena has developed two web tools: one virtual calculator and a classification with the most efficient equipments in the domestic market.  The web calculator helps the consumers to calculate their “environmental electricity bill” and to know the environmental impacts of their individual electricity consumption. This service is available on their web page www.wwf.es. The calculator is based on data for the Spanish electricity sector edited by the Electricity Observatory of WWF/Adena, each month.  On the other hand, WWF/Adena has also developed TOPTEN SPAIN (http://topten.wwf.es), a search online tool of the most efficient electrical appliance (washing machines, refrigerators, freezers and dishwashers) in the Spanish market, the best of the A energetic class. They also offer the option to compare prices and consumption with the most inefficient models during all the useful life of the electrical appliance for a wide range of products. The service was introduced by WWF/Adena and Obra Social de Caja Madrid (Social Work Founda- tion of Caja Madrid) after concluding that more than half of the energy expenses of the Spanish households is related to housing, and this quantity has increased at an alarming rate in the last years, at a speed of almost three times higher than the creation of new households. This is due to the increased number of home appliances, the most significant items of family expense. The Top Ten tool is part of a Euro-project led by energy specialists, environmental NGOs and consumer associations. The idea of Topten was launched in 2000 in Switzerland.

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Market Everybody can participate in the test and search the most efficient electrical appliance in the Spanish market. The most important target group are private consumers. Public procurers and large private buyers are the second target group. This service was launched in April 2008. From 15th of April to 8th of May, the Topten micro site has been accessed about 6,130 times. In this time, the calculator has been accessed 2,790 times. 27.900 users have accessed to WWF / Adena web page. That means that, more than 3 out of every 10 visitors use one of these services. Expected annual visits to both micro sites are 101,458. The idea of Topten was launched in 2000 in Switzerland. In five years time, www.topten.ch has grown into a well-known portal presenting comparisons for 1200 products and attracting nearly 1 million visitors per year. The service is free of charge to the participants. WWF Adena has managed the project with financial support from Caja Madrid. The project budget goes up to EUR 80,914.34 and 58.7% has been financially supported by Caja Madrid. The web design is not included in this budget. IDAE has paid approximately EUR 4000 for it. Added value Buying efficient electrical appliances (A+) may save up to 65% -75% of the electricity bill for those appliances. Buying an efficient refrigerator and freezer could mean savings of around 300 Kwh/per year. Stage of development and implementation The service has just started. Important drivers and barriers The main obstacle faced by the Topten project was the financial part. The project was launched in 2005 and has been managed slowly step by step: web development, product selection criteria, appliances data bases, updating, etc. The financial support from Obra Social Caja Madrid has been determinant for launching this project in Spain. Another important success factor is the favourable social and political environment for savings and energy efficiency. There is also an “RENOVE Plan for electrical appliances”, which permits to obtain financial support from the regional governments to substitute old appliances by more efficient ones (A class). Contact institution / company Oficina Central de WWF/Adena country / postal code / city 8005 Madrid Address Gran Vía de San Francisco, 8 Website www.wwf.es http://topten.wwf.es Contact person Evangelina Nucete email-address [email protected] Telephone 34 91 354 05 78

14.3 Further Services

14.3.1 Energy research – Standby elimination and energy consumption monitoring [ES - ID 022 - FS] EcoAvantis, a Spanish company which offers sustainable development related services is launching a project with the Energy Agency of Cordoba (Agencia Provincial de Energía de Córdoba) that aims at showing the energy saving potential in households and small and medium shops with two concrete actions: standby elimination and energy consumption monitoring in households. The project consists BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 152 of 185 in the installation of SavePower products and real-time feedback systems for one year in a sample of houses in order to make families aware of the energy waste and to analyse the energy savings potential. An awareness campaign will be held on to spread the results.

14.3.2 Low cost incentives – Standby killer for TV and peripheries [ES - ID 023 - FS] EcoAvantis, a Spanish company which offers sustainable development related services, commercial- ises a product called Standby Killer for TV. This product is orientated to set standby off from the TV and all its peripheries (DVD, satellite, Dolby digital equipment, music equipment, etc.). It is an infrared receiver which is coupled to a voltage analyser. TV and peripheries must be connected to a conventional connection block. When the remote control switch the TV off, SavePower disconnects the power. TV and peripheries are switch on again using the remote control. There are similar products for other appliances.

14.3.3 Energy efficient buildings – Grid-connected jointly-owned photovoltaic plants [ES - ID 075 - FS] Short description Fundación Tierra (Earth Foundation) aims at stimulating social responsibility initiatives in environmental areas. Their philosophy is “small changes are powerful” This Foundation has launched a project named OLAS SOLARES (solar waves) that aims at bringing photovoltaic energy closer to the people through the promotion of grid-connected jointly owned PV plants in urban areas. This project eases the citizens‟ access to renewable energy by turning them into participants in popular projects in the suburbs. Nowadays, in Spain it is very difficult to install PV plants on the roof of multi family houses because owners don‟t reach an agreement. Fundación Terra therefore searched a public space in order to launch the project. The first OLA SOLAR is based on the Carmel Market roof, Barcelona, thanks to the agreement with the Institut de Mercats de Barcelona. One particular goal is to ensure de greatest social participation possible: the initial capital participation can be 1000 €, 2000 € or 3000 €. Thus, people are provided with a profitably opportunity to translate their environmental commitment into a concrete action. People involved become direct participants of a sustainable energy model and act as information disseminators. Nowadays in Spain, PV receives significant public support through subsidy schemes. However, the technology still requires high investment costs, and people willing to invest in this clean energy are facing legal and administrative obstacles, especially in urban areas. OLAS SOLARES project aims at increasing of renewable energy sources “democratization” and their decentralized usage at a local level, offering real opportunities to invest in grid-connected photovoltaic plants in a profitable way. Market Potential investors are individuals, small organisations and SMEs. The only conditions are the legal age necessary for economic transactions and the financial capacity to invest 1.000 €. The maximum number of investors is 200.

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The Carmel Market turnkey PV installation investment is 301.000 €. Other expenses: annual maintenance, assurance, project management, etc. cost up to 5.000 € per year. The pay-off period for small investors varies from 8 to 10 years. After this period, investors will receive profits. Since 2004 numerous share-owned grid-connected PV plants have been installed in Spain. These installations are perceived by society as a profitable economic investment, with a social and environment-friendly component. However, figures are still way below 10% of the population, but could probably be attractive for 50% or more. Added value This project is a 43,7 kWp installation with an estimated energy production of 51.000 kWh per year. For an individual investment of 1.000 € there is an energy saving of 7% to 10% of the average electricity consumption per person and year. For this 43,7 kWp installation, the CO2 estimated reduction is 25 tonnes per year. For individual investments of 1.000 €, there is a reduction of 10% of emissions for electrical consumption. Stage of development and implementation On June 2007, there were 145 participants (citizens). They contributed with 240.000 €, mostly in parts of 1.000 €. The project started in 2005. The PV plant was installed in May 2007 and started working in June. The electricity company Endesa is buying the energy produced Important drivers and barriers A key success factor is to reach an agreement with a public institution in order to install the PV plant in a suburb area. In Spain it is very difficult to install PV plants on the roof of multi-family houses because flat owners don‟t reach an agreement. That is why it is essential to reach an agreement with a public institution to install this PV plants on the roof of a public building. No special skills are required by the user, but the service provider must know the national regulations for PV plants installation and must have relationship with the suburb. Contact institution / company Programa Aragón. Ecología y Desarrollo country / postal code / city 50001 Z.aragoza España Address Plaza San Bruno, 9 Website http:// www.desolasol.org Contact person Alicia Lafuente Tomás email-address [email protected] Telephone +34 976 298282 ext 132

14.3.4 Financing and consultation – Commercial agreements for loan conditions [ES - ID 076 - FS] Short description This service is one of the actions of RESINBUIL, a project financed by the IEE programme (Intelli- gent Energy Europe) finished in March 2008. The RESINBUIL project aimed at encouraging the use of small scale renewable energy appliances in buildings in four provinces of Spain, Italy, Slovenia and Romania. Its main target groups were local authorities, business associations, constructors, professional associations and individuals. During the first months of the project, Burgos Province Energy Agency (the Spanish partner of the project), analysed the financial lines situation for RES installations

BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 154 of 185 in the province (Burgos). The study showed that by January 2006, only two local banks and credit entities from other regions different than Burgos offered interesting loans on renewable energies investment. In order to stimulate the market of small RE appliances and to make purchase of RE appliances more attractive, partners of the RESINBUIL Consortium made a deal with local banks for the creation of favourable loan conditions. The aim of the deal was to make the purchase and installation of small RE equipment financially attractive through low interest rates. The financial lines agreed with Burgos Savings Bank on June 2007 are the following: Table 42: General conditions. General Public Public Administrations SME Maximum amount 80% of the investment 90% of the investment 80% of the investment Financial Euribor 6 months Conditions Interest rate 1% - 2%* 0,90%* 1% - 2%* Commitement 0,50% a 1% 0,30% 0,50 a 1% Charge Maximum term From 8 to 10 ten years Ten years (Grace Period: From 8 to 10 ten years (Grace Period: 1 year) 1year) (Grace Period: 1 year)

Source: RESINBUIL 2007.

Market The preferential loan agreements are addressing companies that install solar and PV systems in order to channel the information to the residents. Once the commercial agreements with the savings banks were reached, Burgos Provincial Energy Agency sent a letter to all the installers registered in the SME Installer Network (113 companies) with the special conditions of the financial agreement. Installers were very interested in these financial agreements and Burgos Provincial Energy Agency received 18 applications to join to this initiative. There is no information about the number of RES installations yet. They will have the data in the medium term. It depends on the installation. i.e.: a 1,5 kWp installation may have an estimated energy production of 2.337 kWh per year. The savings would therefore be higher than 50%, based on the average consumption data for the year 2004 (aprox. 4000 kWh per household and year), but this production must be divided by the number of households in the building. Stage of development and implementation The agreement was reached on June 2007. Important drivers and barriers This service is an initiative inside a bigger project, so there were many other activities linked to renewable energy (development of new local markets through regulatory shifts -including local tax cuts-; promotion through permanent exhibitions in Spain, Slovenia and Italy and through a 4-month awareness-raising campaign using radio messages, local TV spots, posters, etc.; development of training courses on renewable energy sources engineering in buildings, addressed to architects and engineers). The awareness campaign has been an important success factor.

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Contact institution / company Asociacion Agencia Provincial para el Control de la Energía de Burgos, Spain country / postal code / city 09007 – Burgos, Spain Address CEEI - Aeropuerto de Burgos Website www.agenbur.com / http://www.resinbuil.com/ Contact person Margarita Ortega email-address [email protected] Telephone +34 947 04 06 28

14.3.5 Energy monitoring – Intelligent control system for efficient lighting [ES - ID 077 - FS] This new intelligent control system aims at reducing energy consumption related to lighting both in households and companies. Thanks to the centralised control of the entire lighting installation of a building and the individual rooms by a touch-sensitive PC screen it will be possible: to program on-off lighting, to disconnect lights wherever they are not necessary (by detecting devices), to adjust intensity of lighting. This system also allows a preventive and corrective maintenance of the lamps, because shut-downs and use are registered for each lamp.

14.3.6 Energy efficient buildings – An intelligent painters’ filling [ES - ID 078 - FS] AGUAPLAST TERMOREGULADOR is an intelligent painters' filling for household thermal comfort and energy saving Interior painters‟ filling with PCM (Phase Change Material) micro-capsules. PCM storages thermal energy in a latent heat way during the phase change, maintaining a constant temperature. Aguaplast thermoregulator tests show that wall temperature in summer may decrease up to 1, 5ºC. On the other hand, decreases of conditioning energy consumption in winter may decrease 10-15% compared to a traditional painters‟ filling.

14.3.7 Energy production – Building a wind-solar power station [ES - ID 080 - FS] The Barcelona Energy Agency (AEB) has just signed a collaboration agreement with the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Regesa, and Fecsa Endesa to build a mixed wind and solar power station in a complex of 175 apartments for young people in Barcelona. This is a pioneering project in the use of renewable energy, and will replace conventional power for water heating - a requirement of Barcelona's bylaw on solar heating, which is now required in all new blocks of flats in the city. The pilot project - a public project run by Regesa - includes a wind farm with at least three vertical turbines of 2. 5 kW each and a photovoltaic plant of 34.336 kWp linked to the national grid, generating the equivalent amount of energy to that specified for heating by the OST. They estimate that the wind- solar power station will produce about 52,200 kWh per year, or the equivalent of the total energy consumption (not just water heating) of 24 apartments of 80m2, reducing annual CO2 emissions by 5.5 tonne.

14.3.8 Energy efficient buildings – Self-sufficient elevator in terms of energy use [ES - ID 081 - FS] NetOLift is a research project led by the Spanish elevator company Orona with the aim of designing an elevator which is self-sufficient in terms of energy use. The elevator, which is expected to be in the market by 2015, will generate the energy necessary for functioning and will be able to store this energy temporarily. The project is cofinanced by the Spanish government‟s innovation unit CDTI.

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14.3.9 Web tool – The calculator “Ecological footprint” [ES - ID 082 - FS] Huella Verde (Green Footprint), Iberdrola Spanish electricity company Iberdrola has recently initiated the on-line campaign “Green footprint”, which will help the consumers reduce their energy consumption by rather simple actions and small changes in the household. The page facilitates the information necessary to calculate the participant‟s personal “ecological footprint”, measured in CO2 emissions. The online enquiry, which is very similar to that designed by Unión Fenosa earlier on, has at the moment 11.269 participants, whose combined ecological footprint sums 73.576 t of CO2. The reduction of CO2 emissions obtained so far is 1.54% of total emissions, while the final objective has been set at 8% of reduction (aprox. 5.000 t of CO2). http://www.iberdrolahuellaverde.com/

14.3.10 Energy efficient buildings – Solar cooling of a detached house [ES - ID 083 - FS] Short description In certain climate zones in Spain, which combine very high temperatures in summer with very cold winter days, the costs for heating and cooling are considerable. Lately, electricity prices for end users have increased sharply and will continue to do so, so that the use of (free) solar energy is becoming more attractive, even in single-family houses, because the pay-off period becomes shorter. Compared to a conventional system, the solar system runs silently creating no pollution and using no refrigerants. As the pool is used as a heat sink no extra cooling tower is necessary, which reduces the need for maintenance. In addition, the pool heating is free of charge because it simply uses the surplus energy from the solar system. ClimateWell is a company that produces solar air conditioning adapted to the special needs of small appliances for single or multi (up to 5) family houses, as well as for hotels and offices. The solar cooling system installed in Madrid is not a stand-alone technology but is integrated into solar heating to maximise its benefit. To date, ClimateWell has implemented this technology in over fifty homes, offices and public buildings. The property used as an example in this project is a detached house in Madrid, built in the late 1980s. It was retrofitted in such a way to enable the use of solar energy for air conditioning, pool heating and for the provision of hot water during summer, while the same energy source provides energy for floor and water heating during the winter period. To achieve this, solar collectors, the solar cooling machine and a radiant floor for heating and cooling were installed. Market This example addresses a detached house with swimming pool in a climate zone with high potential for solar energy. The project would be much more difficult to implement if the investor does not directly benefit from the fuel savings, for example in rented houses. The applied cooling technology is specific because the system is able to store energy and is, therefore, capable of decoupling the charging and cooling/heating process, which ensures a continuous supply of cooling or heating. However, the service providers have used standard components to increase the cost effectiveness and replicability of the project. Although a large potential market for solar cooling exists, the current high investment costs present a significant barrier to broad implementation. Compared to conventional cooling systems, the upfront costs are around 2 to 2.5 times higher (in the region of EUR 30,000), but with appropriate financing models, the investor can save approx. €52 per months thanks to avoided fuel costs. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 157 of 185

According to the Association of Swimming Pool Suppliers, there are 580.000 swimming pools in Spain, 86% of which are private. This corresponds to about 4% of homes. The largest number of swimming pools can be found in Andalusia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Catalonia, so the market share could be slightly higher in these regions. Stage of development and implementation The Solar Cooling of a detached house in Madrid project started in February 2007. Important drivers and barriers The main obstacles faced by the project were how to keep the investment costs low and how to simplify the system‟s composition to increase the attractiveness for small appliances e.g. detached houses. However, by using standardised appliances and exploiting the experience of earlier implemen- tations, as well as collaborating with other experts, it was possible to overcome these obstacles while at the same time ensuring high quality and replicability. A solar assisted cooling system is quite a complex system, including solar collectors, the cooling device and the control technology. Therefore, ongoing technical maintenance is necessary and can present a challenge. Most devices are still large scale, both in terms of their application and physical size. This makes adapting the technology problematic, especially for detached houses. However, smaller appliances are in development and some are already on the market. Any solar assisted cooling system has to be adapted to the local climatic conditions: In some regions dehumidification is of great importance and a desiccant cooling system might be the best alternative. In other regions where the cooling need is moderate, small adsorption or absorption systems might be sufficient Contact institution / company ClimateWell AB country / postal code / city 28034 Madrid (SPAIN) Address c/ Insula Barataria, 27 Website www.climatewell.com Contact person David Hernández Gerente Grandes Cuentas email-address [email protected] Telephone +34 913 72 12 55

14.3.11 Campaign – Promoting efficient lighting in residential sector [ES - ID 084 - FS] This PROEFFICIENCY pilot promoter initiative cooperates with the Campaign “Madrid Saves with Energy”. The objective was to inform, provide advice, improve the awareness and give 3.500 efficient bulbs to the users, thus inviting target groups from the residential sector to replace incandescent bulbs by CFLs in the Madrid Region. The project cooperated actively with one energy institution and several lighting manufacturers: The Ministry of Industry, The Ministry of Energy and Mines, Philips, Osram and Jung Electro Ibérica. Promotion activities were carried out in cooperation with some manufacturers.

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14.3.12 Campaign – Promotion efficient refrigerators and freezers [ES - ID 085 - FS] This pilot consumer project is focused on the promotion and use of efficient household appliances in new buildings. Adhesion documents have been signed with architects, neighbours and consulting company ESCAN. One brochure about efficient cooling appliances and a Technical Guidebook have been designed and printed. Conferences and other activities have been also organised. Two question- naires have been elaborated in order to analyse the use of efficient cooling appliance use and evaluate the level of awareness regarding energy consumption

14.4 Energy efficient buildings – Building design method reducing artificial light [ES - ID 090 - FS] Daylighting Systems (CADET) is a building design method used in several countries: US, Australia, Japan, etc Daylighting is the efficient use of natural light in order to minimise the need for artificial light in buildings. A well thought out building designed with daylighting in mind can have a number of significant benefits for building owners and occupants. Increasing levels of daylight within rooms can reduce electrical lighting loads by up to 70% in some cases. Building occupants generally prefer a well day lit space, provided that attention is paid to avoiding the problems of glare and overheating. Studies also suggest it is beneficial in terms of health and productivity. However, despite the potential benefits, daylighting design often receives little attention.

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15 Energy Services in Sweden (2) BewareE

Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Residents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Cornelissen, Ralf, Tóth, Eszter (2008): Service inventory Sweden. Working Paper D21c Sweden. Amsterdam: IVAM

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

IVAM consultancy and research for sustainability Jaap Kortman Plantage Muidergracht 14 1018 TV Amsterdam [email protected] Tel. +31 (0) 20 525 5911

Amsterdam, May 2008

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15.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services

15.1.1 Energy in Sweden Sweden has access to significant hydropower resources, which has led to the development of an electricity industry structure and cheap electricity for residential consumers. Additionally to its hydropower potential, by 1970 Sweden began developing nuclear power. After a referendum in 1979 Sweden decided to phase out its nuclear power generation, however the realisation of that decision is still delayed. Figure 64: Total energy use in Sweden, 1970-2006, excluding net electricity exports.

Source: Statistics Sweden and the Swecish Energy Agency, 2006

Since 1970 the supply of crude oil and oil products has fallen by about 43%, while the net production of electricity has increased by about 137% as a result of construction of nuclear power stations and expansion of hydropower production. The supply of bio fuels has increased by over 170%. During the 1980s, local authority energy utilities installed large heat pumps for supplying district heating. At the same time, natural gas has brought to towns along the west coast and wind power construction started in the middle of the 1990s. The proportion of renewable energy sources in the country‟s total energy supply amounted in 2006 to 29%, which is a relatively high figure in international terms.

15.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households Although industry and the joined residential and service sector, both use more or less the same amount of energy now as in 1970, much has changed: the total heated floor area of households is greater, population numbers have risen by 12,8% and industrial production is considerably higher than it was in 1970. Furthermore the total energy use by the transport sector increased by 80% in the same period. According to figures released by the Swedish Energy Agency, primary energy consumption in Sweden dropped by 2 % in 2006, to 625 TWh compared with 639 TWh in 2005. This was mainly due to the replacement of some nuclear generation by imported electricity, and a consequent drop in losses associated with nuclear generation. Final consumption was largely unchanged and stayed at the same

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level as in 1996. Consumption in industry and transport has grown over the past decade, while residential and commercial consumption have fallen. In 2006, the total final energy consumption in Sweden was 389,635,410 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 21% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 12% and the industry 39%. Figure 65: Final energy consumption per sector in Sweden (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

Electricity and district heating are the most important energy carriers for the residential and service sector, electricity and bio fuel the most important for industry, and oil products totally dominate energy use in the transport sector. Scandinavian homes are large (average number of square meters is 44m2 per residents) and surrounded by cold climate; consequently they use more energy than in most other European countries. Almost 60% of the energy use of households is used for space heating and domestic hot water production. Lighting is the largest user of domestic electricity, followed by electricity for refrigerators and freezers in second position, and entertainment electronics. The reduction in total final energy use in the residential and service sector is due to the replacement of oil by electric heating or district heating, results in increased losses in the conversion. At the same time the increase in the number of heat pumps is also an important factor, since they deliver three times as much thermal energy as electrical energy. Other factors that reduce energy use for space heating and domestic hot water production in residential buildings include various energy reducing measures, such as retrofitting additional thermal insulation or upgrading windows in older buildings. The residential sector accounts for 18 % of Sweden‟s total final energy use, amounting in 2006 to 76TWh. In 2006, the average annual domestic electricity use amounted to about 6,200 kWh per house in detached houses, and in apartment buildings to about 40 kWh per m2 and year. The final residential energy need in Sweden is divided according to the followings; 12% oil products, 16.6 gas, 18 % renewable, 20% electricity and 33.4% district heating. The average total cost electricity consumption of a Swedish household was around 900 EUR (6,200*0.1435 (electricity price in 2006)) in 2006.

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15.1.3 Housing in Sweden During the post-war period, Swedish housing policy developed as part of the general welfare policy. The goal was to ensure that everybody, including poor households, had access to good housing without a means test. Thus, access to decent housing became a social right. Very important tool for Swedish housing policy have been the municipally owned but legally independent public housing companies. The umbrella organisation representing these companies is SABO. Public Housing companies work as limited companies in almost every municipality in Sweden, the local authority owns their shares. These companies own and manage some 860,000 dwellings all over Sweden, which represents some 21% of the total housing stock. Public housing companies are allowed to work only within the local municipalities, and they have to compete with private landlords. Rents are cost based, and they are set and changed every year by local negotiations between the local Municipal housing company and the local Union of Tenants. The number of dwelling units in the country steadily increases in the last decade. In 2006 there were about 4.4 million dwelling units, representing an increase of about 40% since the 1970s. Figure 66: Building types in Sweden, 2005.

Before 1919 1919 -1945 1946 - 1970 1946 - 1970 After 1980

14% 19% 32% 18% 17%

Single woman 24% 100% 18% Co-operatives

Single man 22% 23% Rental flats in Number of municipal housing Cohabiting dwellings is about without children 23% 100% 100% 4.465.000 Private rented 17% flats Cohabiting with children 20%

42% Private property Single woman 6% with children 100%

Single men with children 2%

46% 54% Other 3%

Single family Multi family dwellings dwellings

Source: Own illustration based on Statistics Sweden.

By the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s Sweden reached a very high average standard of housing. There was even a surplus with more dwellings than households. This also explains the possibility of high number of single households (48%) and the single-family dwellings (46%). The average size of households is 2.1 people, which number is lower than the EU average (2.46). In Sweden the housing policy in general carried out on two levels. Legislation and financing conditions are state issues, and the general housing issues are the responsibilities of municipalities. Local

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municipalities have the primary responsibility for planning and supplying good housing for the local population and those who wish to move to the area, while the government is responsible for providing the necessary legal and financial instruments. Accordingly the local authorities have traditionally been given a strong role in society. Each municipality has a politically elected administration. Each of the 290 municipalities conducts its own affairs, including levying taxes and taking care of many day-today aspects of life, including aspects related to energy, environment and transport. Since 1977 the local authorities are legally obliged to promote the efficient use of energy in their planning.

15.1.4 Energy Services in Sweden There are several grants supporting the national energy declarations: solar heating grant, conversion grant, grants for high-performance windows or bio fuel boilers, grants for energy efficiency improvement and conversion in public premises. Accordingly there are several successful energy services implemented in several levels of the end users. Sweden has a very long tradition of energy efficiency requirements for new buildings. Already in the late 1970s stringent requirements were introduced in Sweden. Although they have only been slightly changed over time they are still today among the highest energy efficiency requirements in the world. A whole range of policy measures were used in order to influence energy conservation and management in buildings. The National Board of Housing, Building and Planning‟s Building Regulations are an administrative policy measure. In general, buildings must be designed and constructed to reduce overall energy use by means of low heat losses, low cooling requirements, efficient use of heating and cooling and efficient use of electricity. The Regulations contain specific requirements for energy use in buildings. Another administrative policy measure is that of the Act Concerning Energy Declarations for Buildings. Owners of detached houses, apartment buildings and commercial premises are required to provide information on the buildings‟ energy use, together with certain parameters of the indoor environment, in an energy declaration. The purpose is to encourage efficient energy use and good indoor environmental conditions in buildings. The launch of the energy declarations is at present in an introductory stage, and is expected to come fully into operation at the end of 2008. The Swedish building regulation requires that individual values depend on the type of construction, and where the building is situated. All of the values for efficiency are high and comparable with the values for passive houses in central Europe. Rules are set for ventilation and other thermal comfort and for efficiency in installed products, such as boilers and air conditioners. At the same time, values are set for the overall energy performance and consumption for the building. Values depend on whether the building is in the north or south of Sweden with different values for commercial and residential buildings. As it was mentioned earlier, in Sweden the local municipalities have a lot of responsibility in the housing sector and at the same time they have many possibilities in connection with local regulations and governance. There are in every region local energy advisors pointed out to develop energy efficiency in all parts of the country. Most of the municipalities have really well established sustainable city planning base and they are in a way competing for the most „environmentally friendly city award‟. The national regulations make them possible to have the right circumstances to develop local environmental plans, most of the cities are participating in different international and EU founded projects. According to the findings of the general overview of the Swedish energy sector we expected to find a lot of local initiative for energy services. The local municipalities launch most of the energy efficiency projects. In this study beside some national energy services the sustainable city planning of Växjö is BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 164 of 185

described in connection with two projects. It was not easy to choose among many successful local energy efficiency projects, but Växjö has won recently many awards only in 2007: The Greenest City in Europe, the Sustainable Energy Award and the best environmental practice in Baltic Cities Award. And this considerable amount of award ensured the Växjö‟s place in this report.

15.1.5 References -Energy supply and use in Sweden, 2006, Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2007 (http://www.swedishenergyagency.se/web/biblshop.nsf/FilAtkomst/ET2007_51.pdf/$FILE/ET2 007_51.pdf?OpenElement) -SABO, The Swedish housing market, 2007, http://www.sabo.se/Om_SABO_Filer/6299_sabo_english.pdf Energy Advice in Europe 2007, SErENADE partnership. http://www.energy- advice.org/IMG/pdf/Energy_advice_in_Europe_2007_report_final.pdf

15.2 Energy Service in Sweden - Examples

15.2.1 Face to face advice – Local energy advisors [SE - ID 032 - BP] Short description The main task of local energy consultancies is to give citizens independent advice on energy matters. Priority must be given to efforts to make the use of energy more efficient. The regional energy advisors are part of the national five-year programs and the national Swedish energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) coordinates their work and distributes funds for local authority energy advice services in accordance with the Subsidies to Local Authority Energy Consultancy Order (1997:1322). The advice is provided in many different ways, from participating in fairs to special seminars and phone advice. The energy advisors do not make home visits to households or businesses. About half of the municipalities appoint their own civil servants as advisors, the other half have given the responsibility to the local energy-supplier, i.e. the energy company owned by the municipality, and one plans to hire a consultant. During the years the energy advisor role seems to have evolved more to inform homeowners about subsidies and taxes, but providing technical advice on energy savings is still important. Market The main focus is on households, but the consultancy should also include information for small and medium companies and industries. There is no product or special equipment needed to apply the service, only a phone, since often the clients make the first contact by phone. According to the latest evaluation, 38% of the households know about the municipal energy advice services and 40% of them considered the municipal advice service their most important channel of energy information Every year some 150,000 households visit their local energy advisor, it means around 7-8% of the existing one family house households in Sweden consult on yearly basis with the local energy advisor. A 2006 survey shows that. One in seven visitors said that the advice had been a very important factor in their purchasing decisions and investments. Added value The advisers see a lot of achievements of energy advice. The things they highlight are the holistic view and the fact that the advices are independent and neutral. The advisers put the energy questions forward and help households to lower their energy consumption and choose a more environmentally BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 165 of 185

friendly way to heat their homes. The result of energy advice is smarter and better choices. The ability to influence others is mentioned as one of the benefits of being an adviser. The activities lead to a higher awareness of energy issues. To make the society less dependent on fossil fuels and to improve the environmental situation is of course another important benefit of energy advice services. However there are no exact data available concerning the saved amount of energy or CO2 reduction potential. The energy advice services are free of charge for the clients. The national funding to municipalities for energy advice services varies according to the size of the municipality. Big cities like Stockholm, Göteborg and Marlmö receive around EUR12,800, municipalities with more than 30,000 inhabitants receive EUR3,800, cities with more than 60,000 inhabitants gets EUR7200 and if a city has more then 100.000 citizen than it receive EUR11,700 per year for energy advice services. The regional coordination supplied by the regional energy agencies is funded by the Swedish Energy Agency and varies according to the number of municipalities covered by each agency. (Example: if an agency coordinates energy advisers in 20 municipalities in 2007 their national funding will be 148,000 + (20 x 9,550) = 339,000 SEK (€37,500). Table 43: Subsidy per energy agency / year Coordination for energy advisers – Coordination for energy advisers – fixed amount (SEK) amount (SEK) / municipality 2005 140,000 (15,500 €) 9,000 (1,000 €) 2006 144,200 (16,000 €) 9,270 (1,030 €) 2007 148,500 (16,500 €) 9,550 (1,060 €) Source: http://www.swedishenergyagency.se.

Some municipalities also add local funding but most (68%) add less than 20,000 SEK (€2200) a year. Stage of development and implementation After the oil crisis in the 1970s the Swedish government funded energy advice services in Sweden for the first time, and during the period 1978–1985, there were 500–600 energy advisers. In the middle of the 80‟s the funding was withdrawn and until 1997 there was no national funding for energy advice services at all. In 1998 the government decided to introduce energy advice services again and in 2007 about 280 advisers work at the local level in Sweden. Important drivers and barriers The Swedish Energy Agency supports the advisors with several additional possibilities (test laboratory, annual conferences, trainings, cooperative information campaigns and special projects). Even though the energy advice services are quite developed in Sweden, the advisers see several barriers and limitations. One of the most frequent comments is the lack of time and resources. It is also hard to reach different groups and to be visible in today‟s flood of information. Lack of goals and evaluations are mentioned as a problem for the energy advice services, as well as the fact that the advisers are not allowed to do home visits and inspections, and the difficulty of keeping all information and adviser knowledge up to date.

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Contact institution / company Swedish Energy Agency country / postal code / city Sweden Address Website http://www.swedishenergyagency.se Contact person Madeleine Nettelbladt email-address Telephone + 46 16-5442052

Further information Report by the SErENADE Partnership, Energy Advice in Europe 2007, http://www.energy- advice.org/IMG/pdf/Energy_advice_in_Europe_2007_report_final.pdf (July,2008)

15.2.2 Energy information – Energy letter with personalized energy reducing advice [SE - ID 033 - BP] Short description The Energy Letter concept was introduced by a Swedish energy supplier, in a move to provide homeowners with a statistical breakdown of their water and electricity consumption. Considerable energy savings were achieved to a zero investment cost. The habits of individual households play a key role in determining the level of energy consumption. It depends partly on the level of comfort desired, although energy consumption can rise with no corresponding increase in comfort. Conscious energy- efficient behaviour assumes that the individual is aware of how energy is used - and to what extent. These letters provided insight in energy use of household. The energy use is adjusted for consumption forecast and temperature. The households send their meter readings to the energy supplier, were the readings are registered. The energy supplier classifies these data and provides insight in the customers energy consumption habits. The results are rapidly returned to the customer in the form of an energy letter. The energy letter contains suggestions as how the customer can cut electricity consumption. Households in the Umea district in Sweden are using the energy supplier Umea Energi, this energy supplier was initiating this project. This group of customers, significant as a joint customer although individually small (and therefore easily neglected), is developing increased confidence in Umeå Energi. The Energy Letter scheme provided a natural channel of information between "small" customers and the power company. The service does not exist anymore but there are similar Internet based services provided by the energy supplier. Market A pilot group, comprising approximately 50 homeowner customers, was established at the end of 1989. Since its inauguration, 9% of original Energy Letter participants have left the scheme, mainly as a result of moves away from the area. The target is to supply the Energy Letter service to 1,500 electrical heating customers. To simplify administrative routines, Umeå Energi will also introduce Energy Response. This system will enable customers to register meter readings direct, via their own touch-tone phones. A market survey revealed that 85% of the pilot group favoured an Energy Response service. Monthly readings enable Umeå Energi to compile extremely reliable statistics on energy consumption. The energy program's code system permits classification of customers in terms of installation type and BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 167 of 185

other data, making it possible to chart each customer's energy consumption habits. This data makes it easier for Umeå Energi to assist customers and provide effective advice. It can also subsequently be used when updating the invoicing system. The information system resides in the power company's computer. The Energy Letter is built up as a separate module, distinct from the invoicing system, yet using data generated by the invoicing system. This means that the program is easy to use with all types of invoicing systems. It can be used to analyse system effects on the company's electricity supply. Added value During the first year, the pilot group reduced its electricity consumption by 6%. In early 1991, all customers charged at time-related tariffs were offered the chance to join the Energy Letter scheme. The offer aroused considerable interest. No less than 20% applied to join immediately. By now, more than 500 customers have joined the Energy Letter scheme. The Energy Letter scheme functions on a voluntary basis and does not involve any investment cost, hence all energy savings are direct money savings. As a result of the project, customers in the pilot group have, on average, reduced energy consumption by 2,400 kWh per annum, equivalent to no less than a 12% reduction over the two-year period. The reduction in energy consumption comes from changes in personal habits as well as simple efficiency measures. The energy saving of 2,400 kWh per year is equivalent to a saving of around SEK 1,000 per year (€105 per year). There is only a minimum investment required by the households. Stage of development and implementation This service of the energy company finished but there are similar, internet based services available for the local households. However it was a perfect starting project to rise awareness about energy reduction at households. In Sweden several projects after the pilot project are further developed and those previously good practices are recognisable in new energy projects. This particular project can be a good example for countries where the energy reduction projects are in the starting period. Important drivers and barriers Customers who join the Energy Letter scheme agree to read their water and electricity meters once a month and send the results to the power company. Umeå Energi scans and adjusts consumption forecasts against recorded values, adjusts the electricity value according to temperature and returns the data in the form of an ENERGY LETTER. This uses simple diagrams and a simple style to chart the customer's water and electricity consumption in SEK, cubic meters and kilowatt-hours. Rapid response by the power company enhances customer interest and commitment. The Energy Letter also contains suggestions as to how the customer can cut electricity consumption. Contact institution / company Umea Energy AB country / postal code / city Sweden, Address Box 224, City Umea Website http://umeaenergi.se/ Contact person Mr C. Sjöstedt email-address Telephone +46-90-163800

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Further information CADDET ,Utilities help home-owners to cut energy consumption by 12%, 1993, http://lib.kier.re.kr/caddet/ee/R174.pdf

15.2.3 Empowerment – Demand side management in existing building stock [SE - ID 070 - SI] Short description The inhabitants in Växjö are integrated into the energy system of the city in a way which decreasing electricity consumption. The general aim is to create a behaviour change, which lowers the electricity consumption by 5% from households. SAMS works with positive feedback systems, which creates more interest in energy savings from inhabitants. There is a possibility to compete with other households in the competition “SAMS-kampen” where persons or teams of customers can compete in how much energy that they can save. SAMS is a close collaboration between four different actors: the Energy company Växjö Energi AB, two housing companies Hyresbostäder I Växjö AB & Växjöhem AB, the Municipality of Växjö and Logica, an IT and business services company. An important element in this campaign is the web-based service, EnergiKollen, where customers of the utility Växjö Energi can log in and check their electricity consumption. This web based system allows people to follow their energy consumption in the resolution of one hour. The system also contains a function, which makes it possible to be a part of competitions, either people against each other or different areas between each other. EnergiKollen is a web based solution encouraging consumers to better understand and thus lower their energy consumption. At the same time in this project by using the results from other studies in Växjö a new developed strategy for creating more energy efficient behaviour is used. The whole strategy consists of three different main parts. The first one is to create a feeling of belonging and possibilities of influencing their situation concerning energy consumption. By making people feel they are a part of the Greenest city in Europe is key element. The second part is to make people have the possibility to see changes in their consumption patterns, and by that also getting feedback from their changes in consumption of electricity. This is done in two ways, one by visualization of energy consumption and one with pervasive gaming. The function of gaming makes it possible for people to compete in saving energy, and by that make them feel it is easy to actually save energy. The competition part of the project makes this service special and more competitive compared to other similar projects. When these two steps are done, people will be given feedback on what this difference has done in the perspective of the city. The project uses different advertising channels, and also uses media reporting about the project and by that getting visible to the people. Market More than 20,000 households equipped with smart meters in the town of Växjö, their energy supplier is EnergiKollen, which has won the European Utility Award. The use of smart meters is combined with an information campaign and the web based service gives a perfect mixture of different tools for the project. The market potential of this service is really high, could be applied at all households. Added value This collaboration between four different actors in Växjö makes it possible to find easy and natural communication channels that reach a large amount of people in a cost efficient way. When these different participants‟ gets together the project also gets the wider view to the people and by that a larger trust can be achieved from participants. This will be a good example of saving a large amount of BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 169 of 185

energy by making small changes in many places. Results have not yet been delivered and evaluation from the first period will be done in the summer of 2008. The largest benefits of working with energy savings and behaviour related methods are the possibilities of doing it in large scale. If it can be proved to work with energy saving as in this aim, the cost efficiency measured by saved Carbon dioxide is high. If we make people more interested in the topic of energy saving and climate changes, these people probably also live more climate smart than others. If this method proves to be useful in this matter, it will also be useful when working with waste treatment and transportation. Stage of development and implementation The project started on the 13th of May 2008 and this first pilot project will close in 2009. After the summer of 2008 there will be more data available about the so far accomplished results. Important drivers and barriers The coordinators of the project believe: “When talking about energy efficiency and behaviour related methods there is for great importance to have a strategy for long time. Do not think it is enough to give people tips about energy savings. People changing their behaviour when they feel like doing it, make people feel like making changes by showing the energy in a more interesting way.” Contact institution / company Municipality of Växjö/ Växjö Energi AB/ Hyresbostäder i Växjö AB country / postal code / city Sweden/ Växjö Address Website www. Vaxjo.se, www.veab.se Contact person Martin Magnusson ( VEAB) Torun Israelsson (Municipality) email-address Martin.magnusson @veab.se, [email protected] Telephone 0046-470-775-137 Further information Local case study, Municipality of Växjö, Large scale Demand side management program in Växjö, SAMS project (part of SESAC project), 2007

15.2.4 Empowerment – Demand side management in newly built houses [SE - ID 118 - SI] Short description The aim of the project beside building low energy consuming housing is to influence the tenants in connection with their energy use using a Demand Side Management (DSM) method. There are several partners involved in the local project: Municipality of Växjö (coordinator of the project), housing companies (Hyresbostäder i Växjö AB and Växjöhem), the energy utility (Växjö Energi) AB, technical partner (Energy Agency South East Sweden.) SESAC is a European project, which is part of the broader EU CONCERTO initiative that includes advanced energy efficiency. In the SESAC area, 81 apartments have been built so far in Växjö with a high insulation standard, double flux ventilation system with heat recovery and individual metering system. 69 apartments with the energy standard of 95 kWh/m2/yr and 12 with 85 kWh/m2/yr (for average apartments in Sweden the energy standard is 140 kWh/m2/yr) were built.

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Figure 67: Comparisons (Sesac area, reference area).

Source: Deliverable 18a, “Description of the metering system and test results from the first metering step”from the SESAC project (Sustainable Energy Systems in Advanced Cities).

In order to test the efficiency of each and every used method, the project created a comparison between apartments with different prerequisites, the comparison is split up into three different groups. Comparisons are made between apartments within the Sesac area and to apartments outside the Sesac area (regular apartments). Type 1 buildings have a measurement system for electricity and domestic hot and cold water. Tenants can „see‟ their consumption via a display in their apartments. Tenants can see their consumption by cost and specific energy consumption. (Tenants pay for each of these services separately.) The apartment is also equipped with a system for comfort metering. Sixty-nine apartments have been erected and their tenants are divided into two groups. The first group (40 apartments) moved in to their apartments in the beginning of 2006. These tenants were not given any information about saving energy and their apartments are used as reference apartments. The other group (29 apartments) moved in July 2006. Demand Side Management methods have been applied to these tenants. Type 2 buildings have a measurement system for electricity, heating and domestic hot and cold water. The tenant can follow their consumption of heat and domestic hot and cold water on a display mounted in the apartment. Reference apartments are divided into two groups. One group is for comparing electricity consumption (tenants buy their electricity for their individual apartments from VEAB thus giving them a financial incentive to save energy) and one is for comparing domestic hot water consumption. (In most apartments in Sweden tenants do not pay for their consumption of domestic hot water therefore, tenants lack financial incentive for saving energy.) Market The project is mostly addressing tenants who are intended to move in to new built eco-friendly houses. (40% of the Swedish people live in rental houses.) An inquiry was made on tenant opinion about the metering system and energy efficient living. The use of a display for showing the tenant consumption of energy works very well and the tenants like the possibility of influencing the cost of energy consumption. Tenants do feel they have good control about their energy consumption.

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Added value The overall results show that energy consumption is lower in apartments that have taken part in the DSM method.  Electricity consumption: “Apartments with display and DSM” has saved 34% of electricity when comparing to “reference apartments” outside the Sesac area in Växjö.  Domestic hot water consumption: No deviation has been shown in domestic hot water consumption when comparing “reference apartments with display” and “apartments with display and DSM”. But when comparing these to “reference apartments - hot water” outside the Sesac area, there are energy savings of 43%. This proves that it is enough in the short run to save energy by use of financial incentive, but whether this will be effective in the long run remains to be seen. Domestic cold-water consumption has increased in the period of measurements. Figure 68: Comparison of energy & hot water consumption of apartments in the Sesac area as well as apartments outside the Sesac area

Source: Deliverable 18a, “Description of the metering system and test results from the first metering step”from the SESAC project (Sustainable Energy Systems in Advanced Cities).

Stage of development and implementation The project started on the 25th of May 2005 and its total duration is 5 years, so right now the project can be named as a pilot project, but it has already clearly positive result specially with electricity reduction and hot water consumption. Important drivers and barriers Out of 81 apartments 29 have all been included in the DSM method and have not yet reached its theoretical maximum of saved energy. The different steps of the project are unique elements of the whole process, so they are explained below. 1.Early information. These apartments were specifically advertised as being housed in energy- efficient buildings for which the aim is to attain low tenant energy consumption. Prospective tenants were also informed that their individual usage would be measured and that they would be required to pay for electricity and domestic hot and cold water for their apartments. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 172 of 185

2.When tenants signed their contracts. They were again provided with information about the highly energy-efficient living of their building. They were also informed of the opportunities they have to affect their monthly energy consumption expenses. 3.When tenants moved in to their apartments. They were given an easy task that aimed to create an interest in energy saving strategies. The display, equipped with an instruction sticker, as mounted in their entryway. Tenants were encouraged by the instructions to take a pleasant shower and then see the costs the shower incurred. The purpose was to create a better understanding of energy consumption and to spark a discussion about energy consumption among tenants. After three weeks. Tenants were given simple information about their individual measurement system. They were also told what type of information they should expect and reassured that they would receive help and guidance for feeling secure in their situation. For this purpose, they were provided with a phone number that they could call if they had any questions. The tenants also learned about the purpose of this system, namely that they as tenants are given the opportunity to influence their expenses. 4.When tenants started to feel at home. After two months a leaflet was distributed containing information about smart energy consumption. It also explained human behaviour and how behaviour influences energy consumption. Tenants were also informed that they could contact the housing company if they had any questions. Four brief and easily understood tips about energy savings were also included. After three months, tenants were asked their opinion regarding energy savings and about the display mounted in their apartments. The purpose of this survey was to better understand tenants‟ opinions regarding energy-saving strategies and the target group itself. The tenants received the survey results as well as their first measurement readings in leaflet form. This leaflet illustrated that tenants were generally positive to the measurement system and the display. It also showed that they contributed to 16% electricity savings as well as how these savings affected their monthly expenses. The results from the first step of measurements were presented in a poster mounted in the entryway of the building. In addition to informing tenants, this poster served to inform visiting friends and family about the energy-efficient building. 5. Significant behaviour change. The display mounted in tenants‟ apartments can be used for communicating with the tenant via text messages with a maximum of 200 characters. After eight months, the display is now starting to be used for sending energy saving tips to tenants every Friday. Tenants were informed that they would receive these messages at the very start, with the understanding that their purpose is to reduce energy consumption. This diagram shows the process of tenants changing their lifestyles and consumption. This is the theoretical result of hanging behaviour. The specific process for each tenant is unique due to the close correlation with the tenant‟s lifestyle. The percentage shown in the diagram is the energy saved due to changed behaviour.

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Figure 69: The process of tenants changing their lifestyles and consumption. This is the theoretical result of changing behaviour.

Source: Deliverable 18a, “Description of the metering system and test results from the first metering step”from the SESAC project (Sustainable Energy Systems in Advanced Cities).

Contact institution / company Municipality of Växjö/ Växjö Energi AB/ Hyresbostäder i Växjö AB country / postal code / city Sweden/ Växjö Address Website www. Vaxjo.se, www.veab.se Contact person Martin Magnusson ( VEAB) Torun Israelsson (Municipality) email-address Martin.magnusson @veab.se, [email protected] Telephone 0046-470-775-137

Further information Local case study, Municipality of Växjö, SESAC project, 2007

15.3 Further Examples

15.3.1 Advising special target groups – Teaching teachers for energy saving [SE - ID 029 - FS] The main goal of this school project was to develop an understanding of how energy use impacts on our environment and climate, and how our individual choices in everyday life are of importance for the future. This was done by inspiring and developing methods for teachers to work with their pupils on themed projects. In the project interactive exhibitions has been built in the three participating countries. Teacher education course and seminars, interactive dramas and pedagogic activities for schools has been performed. A 72 pages teacher inspirational guidebook summarising experiences and ideas collected during the project was produced. The Swedish partner in this international cooperation was the Norrbottens Energikontor AB, for further information: http://www.graspingclimate.net.

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15.3.2 Advising special target groups – Environmental education tool [SE - ID 060 - FS] The project is a solar cell project at schools, which is part of the comprehensive SESAC –project in Växjö, which started 2005. SESAC is part of the Concerto initiative under the 6th Frame Work Programme and confounded by the European Commission. Solar cells have been installed on a flat roof of a compulsory school building. It is 528 m2 and 532 cells, producing approximately 58 000 kWh/year. The innovation of this project is that six education modules have been made for the school so that they can use it for education. It has a multidisciplinary function; in mathematic for calculation, in physics to learn about renewable energy sources and in English to take part in study visits. There are also two displays, one inside the school and one the outside to show the just now production, total production since the start and the savings of CO2 emissions. About 700 students are educated in this school per year, they have now a great opportunity to learn about renewable energy sources and the benefit of it. We calculate a saving of approximately 60 ton of CO2 emissions and we are producing 1/8 of the need of building electricity for the school per year. The level of financial support from SESAC in the project is 1750E per installed kW. Monitoring and evaluation are ongoing. For collection of essential data measuring instruments are installed and data will be logged in the ordinary data system. Sampling and validation of incoming material and the digestion process are done in an examination paper. The installation was completed in January 2008 so right now it is the period of testing and learning for the concerned teachers. It is very important that we have the displays showing the production and CO2 savings in order to show that renewable energy sources decreases CO2 emissions. To show energy production on a display captures the students and publics interest in the energy issue. For further information: http://www.concerto- sesac.eu/IMG/pdf/Artiklar_solceller_o_Biskopshagen_bofast_april_08.pdf

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16 Energy Services in the UK (1) Project: Energy Services: Reducing the Energy Consumption of Resi- dents by Behavioural Changes

Document:

BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2.doc

Knoll, Michael (2008): Service Inventory of the United Kingdom Working Paper D21b UK. Berlin: Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH.

Funded by EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation EIE/07/242/SI2.467624 - BewareE Runtime: December 2007 to June 2010

Contact

Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment gGmbH Michael Knoll Schopenhauerstraße 26 14129 Berlin [email protected] Tel. 030-80 30 88 18

Berlin, August 2008

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16.1 Energy, Housing and Energy Services The UK service inventory contains surveys of the energy and housing situation in the UK as background information to assessing energy services. At a glance, the UK energy balance and housing statistics are presented. Subsequently examples of energy services are described.

16.1.1 Energy in the UK In 2006, the total final energy consumption in the UK was 1,766,127,450 MWh (Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy). The domestic sector (households) accounts for about 28% of the total final energy consumption in 2006, while the services sector used 11% and the industry 22%. Since the 1980s, the share of the domestic sector of the final energy consumption remains relatively constant. Figure 70: Final energy consumption per sector in the UK (2006).

Source: Own illustration based on: Eurostat n.d.:Environment and Energy.

The structure of energy sources used for final consumption in the domestic sector has changed significantly over the last decades. The structural shift can be characterized as decarbonisation and is comparable to developments in other European countries. Especially the importance of solid fuels (coal, coke, wood) for heating purposes has decreased whilst the use of natural gas and electricity has increased. Renewable energy sources so far play a junior role (cp. Table 44).

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Table 44: Final energy consumption in the domestic sector. Coal Coke Other Natural Electricity Heat Renew- Petro- Total (2) and solid gas (1) sold ables leum breeze fuels 1980 6.575 401 1.370 21.258 7.403 .. .. 2.834 39.841 1990 3.153 254 762 25.835 8.066 .. 206 2.480 40.756 2000 1.448 95 365 31.806 9.617 44 236 3.239 46.851 2001 1.461 48 328 32.625 9.917 32 240 3.527 48.178 2002 1.009 127 289 32.362 9.848 33 243 3.087 46.999 2003 813 92 255 33.232 9.954 11 247 3.068 47.670 2004 733 36 230 34.085 9.933 52 252 3.265 48.587 2005 474 24 199 33.019 10.044 52 256 3.093 47.161 2006 416 23 200 31.346 10.013 52 263 3.251 45.563 Source and notes: BERR Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform; http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/statistics/ source/total/page18424.html. (1) Includes town gas prior to 1989; (2) Includes, from 1994, manufactured liquid fuels.

The UK domestic energy markets (electricity and gas) have been opened for competition in the late 1990ties. Since then, 13.8 million of domestic electricity costumers and 11.3 million of domestic gas costumers had transferred away from their home suppliers. Both figures add up to more than half of all UK households (BERR 2007a: 9).

16.1.2 Energy Consumption of Households The main use of energy in households is for heating, totaling 14.4 MWh per household in 2005, 81 % of all household energy use. The highest rate of increase of energy use possess home electronics including domestic information and communications technology equipment. Their energy use rose by 30 % between 1999 to 2005 from 0.6 MWh to 0.8 MWh per household. Total energy used by fridges, freezers etc. has decreased by 17 % from 0.7 MWh per household to 0.6 MWh per household. Energy use for lighting and cooking remained stable. Table 45: Energy use in Megawatt hours per Household. Megawatt hours (MWh) per household 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Home electronics 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 Heating 13.7 14.6 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.5 14.4 Lighting and cooking 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Dishwashers, washing machines etc 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Fridges, freezers etc 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Total 17.0 17.9 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.8 17.7 Source: Market Transformation Programme 2008.

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Figure 71 shows the variation of energy use per product in households between 1999 and 2005. The relative decrease of “white goods” (washing machines, fridges etc.) is not only caused by long-time improvements of energy efficiency of these appliances but also by the absolute increase of home electronics (computers, TV etc.) in households. Figure 71: Total energy consumption per household and products: 1999-2005.

Source: Market Transformation Programme 2008.

Domestic energy prices for electricity and gas (including tax) have been historically below EU median. Latest IEA sources show that the UK is now above EU Median (BERR 2007a: 47). The market availability of a broad spectrum of domestic appliances with a high energy efficiency can be used as an indicator of a country´s “energy consciousness”.”Top Ten” performed a study on the market availability of domestic appliances in 17 EU countries (Top Ten Market Analysis 2007). This study shows that there are 115 variants of “A++” labelled cold appliances available on the European market overall. Austria and Germany lead the field with 61 respectively 60 variants. The UK market has only four variants available and by this resides at the lower midfield. If we take a look at the way the different energy classes are distributed in the UK, we see that refrigerators labelled “A” are dominant with 63%, followed by “B” with 24%. (Bertoldi et al. 2006). Today, from the viewpoint of energy efficiency, the energy class “A” is perceived as standard.

16.1.3 Housing in the UK In 2004, the UK had a dwelling stock of 21.6 million. Nearly 71 % were owner occupied and 10,8 % are privately rented. 18,5 % are social sector homes, of which almost 11 % are local authority homes (sometimes called „councils‟ or „local government‟) and just under 8 % are owned by Registered Social Landlords (RSL).

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Table 46: UK Stock Profile 2004. Numbers of dwellings ('000s) Owner Private Local RSL1 Total occupied rented authority Dwelling age pre 1919 3,297 991 98 198 4,584 1919 to 1944 2,968 340 406 142 3,856 1945 to 1964 2,915 263 942 369 4,489 1965 to 1980 3,266 321 732 419 4,738 post 1980 2,834 419 157 537 3,946 Dwelling type small terraced house 1,681 409 305 233 2,629 medium/large terraced house 2,516 348 354 277 3,494 semi-detached house 4,94 435 492 260 6,127 detached house 3,429 190 2 10 3,631 bungalow 1,571 116 222 163 2,072 converted flat 259 279 40 76 654 purpose built flat, low rise 814 503 757 603 2,677 purpose built flat, high rise 70 53 162 44 328 Facilities and services central heating 13,776 1,763 2,028 1,352 18,919 storage heaters 830 330 189 267 1,616 double glazing (partial or full) 13,517 1,573 1,655 1,37 18,115 All dwellings 15,279 2,334 2,335 1,665 21,613 Source and notes: Department for Communities and Local Government.1 Registered Social Landlord.

Social housing in the UK According to recent statistics, there are 21.6 million residential dwellings in England. Of these there are 3.6 million that are classified as “Social Rented”. Decent Homes Standard In 2000, the Government introduced a target to make all social housing meet a Decent Homes Standard by 2010. This is one of several measures introduced by the Government to face “Fuel Poverty” in the UK (BERR 2007b). Another important measure is the Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC), under which electricity and gas suppliers are required by the UK Government to achieve targets for the promotion of energy efficiency. At least half of the energy saving measures are targeted towards low income consumers. Decent Homes have to come up to the following standards (DCLG 2006: 6):  They must meet the current statutory minimum standard for housing (HHSRS Housing, Health and Safety Rating System);  they are in a reasonable state of repair;  they have reasonably modern facilities and services and  they provide a reasonable degree of thermal comfort The thermal comfort criterion continues to be the most common reason for failing the Decent Homes Standard. About 73 % of non-decent dwellings (some 4.6 million homes) lack effective insulation or efficient heating. Since 2001 the number of homes failing this criterion has reduced by nine hundred thousand (ibid.: 8). In order for local authorities to fund and manage improvements to meet the Decent Homes Standard, they had four options available to them. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 180 of 185

 Keep their housing stock (Retention) – The local authority will use existing levels of financial resources to bring housing up to the decent homes standard.  Housing Transfer – The management and ownership of council housing will be moved from a local authority to a Registered Social Landlord. These are generally known as Housing Associa- tions.  Setting up an arms length management organisation (ALMO) – An ALMO is a company set up by the local authority to deliver its housing management services and improve homes to meet the decent homes target. The Housing stock is still owned by the local authority, but the ALMO can access extra money from Government to fund improvement works if it is considered to be high performing (based on a star rating system).  Private Finance Initiative (PFI) – PFI is a method by which Government provides financial support for partnerships been public and private sectors. The housing stock will still be owned by the local authority. In 2005, 2.2 million of the 3.6 million social housing properties were still owned by the local authority (council), ALMO or PFI. About 1.4 million homes have been transferred to Housing Associations. On the 1st October 2008 every home being offered for let or for sale by a social house provider will need an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC).

16.1.4 Energy Services in the UK A strong driver for the implementation of energy services in the UK is the Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) scheme running from 2005-2008, where all British energy suppliers have committed themselves to invest in energy reduction measures. Its successor, the Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT), which will run from 2008 to 2011, is expected to significantly increase the level of activity from utilities (Energy saving trust 2008: 4). At least half of the energy saving measures are targeted towards low income consumers. To achieve the energy saving and emission reduction targets, the suppliers‟ activities seek to:  Raise awareness of the benefits of sustainable energy use among residents and social housing providers.  Raise the profile of sustainability considerations when refurbishing and maintaining housing.  Increase the level of behavioural energy saving practices among residents.  Maximize financial and technical resources available for improvement measures. In order to comply with committed targets, energy suppliers collaborate with housing associations and local and regional energy agencies. Thus, energy services are widespread all over the UK.

16.1.5 References BERR Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2007a): Quarterly Energy Prices. December 2007, London BERR Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2007b): The UK Fuel Poverty Strategy. 5th Annual Progress Report. December 2007, London DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government (2006): English House Condition Survey 2004. Annual Report, London Energy saving trust (2008): Review of energy services in the domestic sector, n.p.

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SHARE (2006a): Financing insulation in social housing in the UK. Case Study 7, Severn Wye Energy Agency, Mitcheldean (UK) SHARE (2006b): Upgrading central heating specifications in social housing. Case Study 12, Severn Wye Energy Agency, Mitcheldean (UK) SHARE (2007a): Local Tenant Energy Network. Case Study 22, Severn Wye Energy Agency, Mitcheldean (UK) SHARE (2007b): Advising tenants in sheltered housing on using electric night storage heaters. Case Study 26, Severn Wye Energy Agency, Mitcheldean (UK)

16.2 Energy Services in the United Kingdom - Examples

16.2.1 Empowerment - Local tenant energy network [UK - ID 004 - BP] General aim of the service The overall goal is to raise tenants‟ awareness to energy saving and efficiency action (SHARE 2007a). The idea for a Tenant Energy Network came from discussions on a forum organized by SWEA between Stroud District Council staff and their residents about how best to broadcast energy efficiency advice. Residents indicated that, if information was seen to be coming from their housing provider, it may not be trusted as much as from someone they knew. Thus, it was decided to have trained residents, so called “Energy Champions”, from within the housing community to give advice on energy saving to their friends and neighbours. For the launch of the network it was planned to deliver a total of 35,000 low energy light bulbs to 5,200 local homes including every home owned by the Council. It was made possible to give the light bulbs to tenants free of charge as these were provided by Powergen, a major fuel supplier in the UK, under the Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) scheme. Stroud District Council collaborated closely with their tenants to promote the campaign, and arranged local drop in points in each area where residents could come and collect a bag of „goodies‟ (free gifts). As well as light bulbs the bags contained carbon monoxide detectors, SHARE18 energy advice factsheets, and other helpful information to energy saving. Market Many social housing providers face common issues and familiar problems. The SHARE forums provide an opportunity to discuss these problems and use each other‟s experiences to help resolve them. Partners can share resources and materials, to the benefit of all, especially the smaller housing providers. Distribution of low energy light bulbs processed sluggish with responses ranging from less than 1 % to 25 %. As recently as residents took over and convinced neighbours of the importance of reducing energy consumption, the action succeeded. In order to make materials more striking and memorable, SWEA developed the “Ask Penny” campaign in which an agony aunt character gives advice and information on energy saving to social housing staff and tenants.

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Added value In an evaluation survey of social housing residents who were provided advice via „Ask Penny‟, 78 % said they had learnt something from the experience, 72 % said they had carried out recommendations from the energy advisors and 89 % said the information they were given was useful and relevant. 67 % also indicated that they feel they have already saved money on their fuel bills as a result of the advice given through „Ask Penny‟. With respect to energy savings no quantitative data was collected.19 Free gifts of 35,000 light bulbs were provided by the electricity supplier Powergen, additional information material was facilitated by SWEA through the SHARE programme. Stage of development and implementation The service has been a pilot and after adjustments, it is meanwhile part of the service portfolio of Stroud District Council and the scheme was adopted by other housing providers and/or energy suppliers. Important drivers and barriers Tenants united to the network received special training on energy efficiency and fuel poverty, thus becoming promoters (“Energy Champions”). Powergen‟s contribution in financing light bulbs is charged to its account of carbon emissions reduction obligation within EEC. Contact institution / company Severn Wye Energy Agency country / postal code / city UK / GL17 OSL / Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire Address Brook Street, the Mews Website http://www.swea.co.uk/SHARE.htm Contact person Joanna Nicholsen email-address joanna@ swea.co.uk Telephone +44 (0)1594 546462

16.2.2 Empowerment – Advising tenants in sheltered housing [UK - ID 005 - SI] Sheltered housing (also called retirement housing) is a group of flats or bungalows where all residents are older people (usually over 55, c.f. SHARE 2007b). With a few exceptions, all 'schemes' provide independent, self-contained homes with their own front doors. Many schemes also have their own 'manager' or 'warden', either living on-site or nearby, whose job is to manage the scheme and help arrange any services residents need. There are many different types of scheme, both to rent or to buy. They usually contain between 15 and 40 properties ranging in size from studios to 2, and occasionally 3 bedrooms. Properties in most schemes are designed to make life a little easier for older people - with features like raised electric sockets, lowered worktops, walk-in showers, and so on. Some are designed to accommodate wheelchair users. In a satisfaction survey of their sheltered housing residents in 2007, Stroud District Council found that many residents were dissatisfied with their electric night storage heaters20. The main complaints in the survey were the lack of controllability, the cost of running the units and the heaters running out of stored heat in the afternoon leaving residents relying on secondary, on-peak expensive forms of heat during the evening.

19 Individual information from Joanna Nicholsen (SWEA) to the author 20 The properties do not have a gas supply. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 183 of 185

The aim was to better inform residents on the most efficient ways to control their storage heater systems. The residents received information on calculating energy costs, Economy 721, reading their meters and bills, how storage heaters work and the most efficient way to control them. As well as this core information, they were advised on healthy living temperatures, ways to avoid condensation, services from fuel suppliers for the over 60s and other tips for saving energy. After a group briefing session, energy advisors remained on site and carried out home visits on request. It was important that the campaign did not encourage residents to reduce the heat in their homes to an uncomfortable level in order to save money, thus the campaign needed to focus on the waste of energy, not the use of it. Market The service is explicitly focusing on sheltered housing residents which is due to demographic change an emerging market. In connection with the growing number of poverty among the elderly people the issue is important. Modifications of applications were undertaken such as heating programmers for the elderly. Stage of development and implementation Service has been a pilot and after adjustments, it is meanwhile part of the service portfolio of Stroud District Council and the scheme was adopted by other housing providers and/or energy suppliers. Important drivers and barriers Securing incentives to attract tenants to visit stands, call the advice centre or have home visits was extremely helpful. By attracting their attention with free light bulbs or eco-kettles, it gave the energy advisors the opportunity to engage them in conversations about their own energy use and to identify ways they could save energy at home. Powergen‟s contribution in financing „goodies‟ is charged to its account of carbon emissions reduction obligation within EEC. Contact institution / company Severn Wye Energy Agency country / postal code / city UK / GL17 OSL / Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire Address Brook Street, the Mews Website http://www.swea.co.uk/SHARE.htm Contact person Joanna Nicholsen email-address joanna@ swea.co.uk Telephone +44 (0)1594 546462

16.3 Further Services

16.3.1 Financing and consultation – Financing insulation and training measures [UK - ID 006 - FS] In a partnership between Powergen and Fosseway, facilitated by the SHARE programme the project in Gloucestershire has helped a local housing association in the Cotswolds secure more than £ 160,000 (€ 235,000) in funding from the energy supplier Powergen (part of E.ON) to improve the insulation in its housing stock. Additionally, training sessions was run for staff and residents. Over 1,000 partici-

21 Economy 7 is the name of a tariff provided by UK electricity suppliers that uses base load generation to provide cheap night-time electricity. BewareE BewareE Country Reports Europe 20080923 part 2 Page 184 of 185

pants were trained with programmes tailored to local interest and need, and covering a range of issues including heating and hot water controls, energy supply, metering and billing, low energy and passive design and understanding and avoiding condensation The money was spent on increasing the level of loft insulation in over 700 homes owned by Fosseway Housing Association. The properties are also being surveyed for other energy efficiency measures including cavity wall insulation, draftproofing and low energy lighting. The majority of these properties are not on the natural gas network, so they are usually heated by Economy 7 storage heaters. These run on an „off-peak‟ electricity tariff which allows them to heat up at night at a relatively low unit price. They are designed to release the heat gradually during the following day. As a result, residents are less likely to use extra heating sources at peak times and therefore, residents benefit by spending less on their fuel bills. Market The funding from Powergen came through their Energy Efficiency Commitment. At least half of the energy saving measures are targeted towards low income consumers. Within the SHARE programme SWEA as well as providing this funding for Fosseway Housing Association has been assisting other social housing providers in the area in securing funding. Stage of development and implementation Collaborating with housing associations helps energy suppliers to achieve commitments. Working together with private house owners requires more operating expense. Therefore, the rate of social housing fulfilling the decent home standard is higher than those of privately owned. Important drivers and barriers Powergen‟s contribution in financing the insulation is charged to its account of carbon emissions reduction obligation within EEC. Contact institution / company Severn Wye Energy Agency country / postal code / city UK / GL17 OSL / Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire Address Brook Street, the Mews Website http://www.swea.co.uk/SHARE.htm Contact person Joanna Nicholsen email-address joanna@ swea.co.uk Telephone +44 (0)1594 546462

16.3.2 Energy monitoring – Energy measurement device “Wattson” [UK - ID 108 - FS] Wattson is a sleek, aesthetically pleasing device that shows homeowners through both numbers and colours how much energy they are using in their home. Consumers begin by attaching to their electricity meter or fuse box a transmitter device, which can measure both single and 3-phase systems. That, in turn, beams information directly to the freestanding wattson device elsewhere in the house, where it instantly displays current usage. Wattson's LED display can represent energy use in euros, dollars, yen or pounds, while its pulsing, coloured light also reflects the amount of electricity being used, ranging from cool blue for small amounts to red for high energy consumption. The wireless wattson display is portable, and when appliances are switched on or off, it indicates how much energy they use. Homeowners can store up to 4 weeks of energy-use history on the device and download it for analysis on software that comes included; a forthcoming community feature will let wattson owners

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compare their usage. Wattson was listed in Stuff Magazine's "Cool List" of the top 10 gadgets of 2007. It is priced at GBP 149.50 (c.f. http://www.nigelsecostore.com/acatalog/Wattson_Energy_Meter.html or http://www.bettergeneration.co.uk/ideas-for-saving-energy/smart-electricity-meters.html).

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