Climate Landscape Analysis for Children in Kazakhstan (Final Report 2018) Climate Landscape Analysis For Children in Kazakhstan Final Report (2018) Author: Nicholas Molyneux The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies of views of UNICEF. The designations in this publication do not imply an opinion on legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of frontiers. UNICEF Kazakhstan | 10 Beibitshilik, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan Office:+7 (7172) 32-28-78 www.unicef.org/kazakhstan 2 | P a g e Contents 1 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ 4 2 Pretext ............................................................................................................................................. 7 3 Executive Summary and Key findings ............................................................................................. 7 3.1 Recommendations (see General Recommendations for full description) ............................ 10 4 The climate, environment and energy situation in the country ................................................... 11 The current climate, including variability ......................................................................................... 11 4.1 Climate related threats and disasters ................................................................................... 12 4.2 Environmental Situation ....................................................................................................... 13 Land degradation, desertification and salinization ....................................................................... 13 4.3 Aquatic resources ................................................................................................................. 15 4.4 Projected changes in climate ................................................................................................ 17 4.5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................................................................................... 18 4.6 Energy situation and access .................................................................................................. 18 5 Government responses to/priorities on CEE ................................................................................ 21 5.1 CEE-related policies and strategies ....................................................................................... 22 5.2 Ratification of international laws and treaties ..................................................................... 23 5.3 Main CEE actors .................................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Coordination Mechanisms .................................................................................................... 25 5.5 CEE-focused activities and development partners ............................................................... 25 6 Are children benefiting from CEE investments and programs? .................................................... 28 7 The impact of climate, environment and energy issues on children ............................................ 30 7.1 Health .................................................................................................................................... 30 7.2 Education, Early Childhood Development and CEE .............................................................. 36 7.3 CEE and Disaster Risk Reduction for Children’s Resilience ................................................... 40 7.4 Child nutrition ....................................................................................................................... 43 7.5 Social Protection ................................................................................................................... 45 7.6 Child Protection .................................................................................................................... 48 8 Potential CEE threats to the UNICEF Kazakhstan Country Programme outcome areas, .............. 50 9 Country-Specific Barriers to Improved Protection of Children from CEE Threats ........................ 52 10 Entry points and recommendation, .......................................................................................... 54 10.1 General Recommendations .................................................................................................. 54 10.2 Sector-specific recommendations See Annex 1 Sectoral/ Activity Recommendations ........ 56 10.3 Priority actions/ urgent partnership opportunities .............................................................. 58 11 Greening UNICEF ....................................................................................................................... 60 Annex 1 Sectoral/ Activity Recommendations ..................................................................................... 61 12 Annex 2 Advocacy targets ......................................................................................................... 74 13 Annex 3 CEE-relevant Policies and Strategies ........................................................................... 77 3 | P a g e 14 Annex 4 CEE-focused projects with potential entry points for UNICEF engagement .............. 82 15 Annex 5 Resources .................................................................................................................. 100 15.1 List of CEE organization in Kazakhstan ................................................................................ 100 15.2 Climate and Environment online tools and resources ........................................................ 101 1 Acronyms 4 | P a g e ADB Asian Development Bank ARI Acute Respiratory Infections CAREC Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCM Climate Change Mitigation CEE Climate, environment and energy CES MIA RK The Committee for Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (). CLAC Climate Landscape Analysis for Children COP Convention of Parties CP UNICEF Country Programme CFCI Child Friendly Cities Initiative DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC IFAS Executive Committee of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea ECD Early Childhood Development ECHO European Commission's Humanitarian Aid Department EE Energy Efficiency GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit HHMP Hazardous hydro-meteorological phenomenon IAP Indoor Air Pollution IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ISS Integrated Social Services JISP Joint Economic Research Programme KCO UNICEF Kazakhstan Country Office MAC Maximum Allowable Concentrations MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MINT Ministry of Industry and New Technologies (MINT) MoES Ministry of Education and Science MoE Ministry of Energy MoH Ministry of Health NAP National Adaptation Plan OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe RE Renewable Energy SDG Sustainable Development Goals SP Social Protection SSSIP School Seismic Safety Improvement Program TNC Third National Communication to the UNFCCC UNIDO United Nations Industrial development Organisation UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNDP United Nations Development Programme USAID United States Agency for International Development 5 | P a g e WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organisation 6 | P a g e 2 Pretext Climate change and environmental degradation undermine children’s rights around the world. In UNICEF’s mid-term review of the strategic plan in 2015, climate change emerged as one area to step up in the lead-up to the next strategic plan (2018-2021). Therefore, the UNICEF Executive Director issued an Executive Directive “Addressing the Impact of Climate Change on Children” in March 2016, instructing all UNICEF Country Offices (COs) to incorporate climate change and related issues in their Country Programmes (CPs) by 2020. Climate and environment issues have also been integrated in one of the five main outcome areas of the draft of the new Strategic Plan. This decision has been solidified by the Executive Board members in February 2017 by their adoption of the roadmap for the new Strategy Plan which uses the SDGs as a long-term framework. In response to these developments and the Executive Directive, UNICEF Kazakhstan Country Office (CO) together with UNICEF Headquarters (Division for Data Research and Policy) have prepared this “Climate Landscape Analysis for Children (CLAC)” report. It provides the essential baseline information on climate, environment and energy (CEE) issues affecting children and provides recommendations to the CO on stepping up their work on the most important issues and opportunities in this area. Below follows a brief overview of the main findings (key messages) and recommendations. 3 Executive Summary and Key findings An annual mean temperature increase of 2°C has been observed in Kazakhstan between 1936-2005. Although national rainfall averages have not change significantly, some southern arid areas have become drier. Overall, the extremely dry climate across most