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Recommendations on the Attraction of Ethnic Migrants in the Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan

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Recommendations on the Attraction of Ethnic Migrants in the Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan ISSN 0798 1015 HOME Revista ESPACIOS ! ÍNDICES ! A LOS AUTORES ! Vol. 38 (Nº 62) Year 2017. Páge 8 Recommendations on the attraction of ethnic migrants in the agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan Recomendaciones sobre la atracción de inmigrantes étnicos en la agricultura de la República de Kazajstán Kairat BODAUKHAN 1; Maira Shakibaevna BAUER 2; Botagoz Bulatovna BERMUKHAMBETOVA 3; Zhanerke KOCHIIGIT 4; Saule Tolegenovna OKUTAYEVA 5 Received: 06/10/2017 • Approved: 20/10/2017 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature review 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion References ABSTRACT: RESUMEN: The diaspora policy pursued by the Republic of La política de la diáspora que persigue la República de Kazakhstan is aimed at preserving the ethnic identity Kazajstán tiene como objetivo preservar la identidad and national identity of Kazakhs living abroad and has étnica y la identidad nacional de los kazajos que viven an important strategic importance within the country's en el extranjero y tiene una importancia estratégica migration policy. The purpose of the study is to develop importante dentro de la política de migración del país. scientifically based recommendations on the attraction El propósito del estudio es desarrollar recomendaciones of ethnic migrants in the rural areas of the Republic of basadas en la ciencia sobre la atracción de los Kazakhstan for work. Research methods include a inmigrantes étnicos en las áreas rurales de la República survey of ethnic migrants living in rural areas of the de Kazajstán para el trabajo. Los métodos de Akmola region; the development of an econometric investigación incluyen una encuesta de inmigrantes model and the analysis of empirical data. As a result of étnicos que viven en áreas rurales de la región de the study, key sustained factors affecting the Akmola; el desarrollo de un modelo econométrico y el employment of ethnic migrants in agriculture have been análisis de datos empíricos. Como resultado del estudio, revealed; the main barriers in the development of se han revelado los principales factores sostenidos que farming enterprises by ethnic migrants have been afectan el empleo de inmigrantes étnicos en la identified; the problems faced by migrants have been agricultura; se han identificado las principales barreras justified; recommendations on the adaptation of en el desarrollo de las empresas agrícolas por parte de migrants in the Republic of Kazakhstan have been los migrantes étnicos; los problemas que enfrentan los proposed. migrantes se han justificado; se han propuesto Keywords: migration, ethnic migration, repatriates, recomendaciones sobre la adaptación de los migrantes migration policy, government programs, demography, en la República de Kazajstán. migrants. Palabras clave: migración, migración étnica, repatriados, política migratoria, programas gubernamentales, demografía, migrantes. 1. Introduction In conditions of the crisis demographic situation in the country, a diaspora can be an additional human resource in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the modern conditions of integration and globalization, the Kazakh diaspora can become an important component of the foreign policy and foreign economic policy of the country. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in Kazakhstan there was a negative balance of migration that negatively affected the country's economy. After gaining sovereignty, several million people were involved in internal and external migration. Thus, according to the report of the American Pew Research Center on religion and public life, since the collapse of the Soviet Union 89% of Kazakhstan migrants moved to Europe, their number was 3,710 million people, 350 thousand people emigrated to the Asia-Pacific region and 30 thousand (less than 1%) moved to the USA and the countries of the Middle East (Tanaeva 2012). It should be noted that immigration has a significant influence on stabilizing the demographic situation in the country. For instance, about 1.0 million ethnic Kazakhs returned to the republic during the years of independence. More than half of them had agricultural education and skills. As of the first half of 2016, a share of the rural population of Kazakhstan was 7.6 million people, i.e. 43% of the total population (The Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, n.d.). More than 90% of ethnic migrants settle in rural areas, but due to the lack of targeted programs and low attractiveness of agriculture, they move from place to place in search of work. According to the survey conducted by members of the research team among ethnic migrants, 65.7% of ethnic migrants burden the situation with internal migration, moving to cities in search of means of living Nurly Kosh State Program for the period of 2009-2011, 2008). A tendency of a decrease in the rural population, and an increase in the number of residents of non-working age significantly weakened the social base, which can ensure the success of rural reforms. In this regard, the study of modern migration processes, the analysis of the scale, directions and determining factors, as well as the identification of various aspects of the impact of migration on the state of agriculture are rather relevant. The regional study of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of current migration flows oriented to the countryside, an impact of migrants on the labor market emerging in the agrarian sphere, as well as the processes of adaptation of settlers in places of their settlement, are of great interest to the authors of the study. In Kazakhstan, various government bodies implement various programs aimed at regulating migration processes (annual Presidential Decree on the Approval of the Immigration Quota, State Migration Program, Nurly-Kosh program) (2008). However, as indicated above, these programs could not fully achieve the set goal. The weak identification of specific measures for the effective implementation was a reason; at the same time, the tasks and measures of the programs did not meet the expectations of the target group. The state program Nurly-Kosh was aimed at regulating migration processes and the demographic situation in the country, taking into account the capabilities of the host countries and expectations of ethnic migrants; it was suspended a year after the start of the implementation. This program was criticized by the President and repatriated Kazakhs- beneficiaries due to the shortcomings and inefficient spending of budget funds, and was suspended in 2011. In connection with the foregoing, the identified conditions necessary for ethnic migrants living in agricultural regions will be compared with the measures envisaged in the various programs and strategies, which will allow assessing the effectiveness of the instruments used and their potential to solve the problem. 2. Literature review Despite labor-consuming studies of migration in Kazakhstan ((Tätimov, 1986; Tätimov, 1999; Ğalï, 2003; Vishnevskii, 1998; Rakisheva, 2006; Rakisheva, 2006; Mustafayev, n.d.; Mustafayev, 2011; Sadovskaya, 2006; Mukhitdenova, & Kim, 2012; Mamontova 2013; Molodikova 2003), ethnic migration has not been adequately considered through the prism of the values, motives, mental and cultural characteristics of ethnic migrants. Besides, an impact of ethnic migrants on the development of the country's economy, in particular on the agrarian sector, has not been studied. The peculiarities and methods of the attraction of ethnic migrants with the experience and skills of doing agricultural business in the development of the agribusiness industry have not been studied. Due to the existence of an unexplored niche of ethnic migration in Kazakhstan, this study aims to conduct a sociological analysis of ethnic migrants living in rural areas of the Akmola region, as well as to study the goals and reasons for moving to the historical homeland, to identify barriers and problems in adaptation, to determine the degree of integration with the local population, to study the degree of motivation and desire to work in the agribusiness industry. In addition, research objectives include considering the awareness of the repatriated Kazakhs of the measures of state support of the agribusiness industry and identifying the main deterrents of the development of one’s own business in the agribusiness industry. The methodological and theoretical basis for the development of the project included the works of foreign and Kazakhstan scientists devoted to the problems of ethnic migration (Tätimov, 1986; Tätimov, 1999; Ğalï, 2003; Vishnevskii, 1998; Rakisheva, 2006; Rakisheva, 2006; Mustafayev, n.d.; Mustafayev, 2011; Sadovskaya, 2006; Mukhitdenova, & Kim, 2012; Mamontova 2013; Molodikova 2003; Sluka, 2006; Germany Sees Immigration Boom, 2014; Zhetesova 2007; Shuraeva 2009; Delovarova 2013; Heller 1975; Messamore 2004; Andirenko, & Guriev 2006; Münz 2006). The methodological basis included a systematic and integrated approach to the object and subject studied. Most of the studies of Russian and Kazakhstan scientists specializing in this issue are devoted to the internal migration processes in Kazakhstan, the urbanization and the outflow of the rural population; special attention is paid to the emigration of ethnic minorities – "brain drain". In addition, studies on the mechanisms of the economic integration of repatriated Kazakhs in Kazakhstan society, an impact of migration on the regional cooperation have been conducted; a statistical analysis of the migration of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been
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