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Inoculation of Whitebark Pine with Native Mycorrhizal Fungi a Strategy for Increasing Out-Planting Success? USDA FS 2008 Whitebark Pine Restoration Project

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Inoculation of Whitebark Pine with Native Mycorrhizal Fungi a Strategy for Increasing Out-Planting Success? USDA FS 2008 Whitebark Pine Restoration Project Inoculation of whitebark pine with native mycorrhizal fungi A strategy for increasing out-planting success? USDA FS 2008 Whitebark Pine Restoration Project Cathy L. Cripps & Paul Trusty Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 1. MYCORRHIZAE 2. DISCOVERY Background info 3. MONITORING 4. APPLICATION-awaiting results Current project 5. EUROPEAN METHOD 6. BIOASSAY 7. FINAL THOUGHTS Note: this presentation has been abbreviated for the Progress Report Slides removed include: Threats to whitebark pine - Schwandt, J. 2006. Whitebark pine in peril. USDA FS R1-06-28. Restoration of whitebark pine - Tomback, Arno & Keane 2001. Whitebark pine communities: Ecology and Restoration • development of seed germination methods (Burr et al. 2001) • nursery production of whitebark pine seedlings (Burr et al. 2001) • selection of rust resistant strains (Mahalovich et al 2004) • research on seedling diseases (Dumroese 2008) • planting over 200,000 nursery seedlings (Izlar 2008) • use of burned sites (openings, reduced competition, for out-plantings) (Keane et al 2000) There was no information on the native mycorrhizal fungi with whitebark pine and the potential for inoculation of nursery seedlings prior to our reseach 2 MAIN TYPES What are Mycorrhizae? ECTOMYCORRHIZAE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE A mutualistic relationship between Most trees, some shrubs Forbs, grasses, some woody plants certain fungi and plant roots Fungi: 6000 species Fungi: 150 species Primarily Basidiomycota Glomeromycota: AM Fungi “beneficial to both” Mushrooms, “truffles”, etc No fruiting body, just spores Benefits to fungus get sugars from the plant Potential benefits to plant host enhanced phosphorus uptake improved access to nitrogen protection from drought Fruiting body ectomycorrhizae soil pathogens/grazers heavy metals Mycorrhizal fungi can also aggregate soil provide links to other plants Mycelium in soil Improved health & survival PINES CANNOT SURVIVE IN NATURE WITHOUT APPROPRIATE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI Website: Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation, Ecology, Mycorrhizae http://www.whitebarkfound.org/ Cripps, CL 2002. Mycorrhiza. In: Pscheidt & Ocamb, Pacfic NW Plant Disease Management Handbook. Brundrett et al. 2007. ARE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IMPORTANT IN WHITEBARK PINE SYSTEMS? GOALS OF OUR RESEARCH PROGRAM “MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI OF WHITEBARK PINE” 1. DISCOVERY (Who are they?) GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM WATERTON LAKES NATIONAL PARK GLACIER NATIONAL PARK 2. MONITORING (Where are they?) Seedling planted on Dunraven Pass, YNP DUNRAVEN PASS, YNP FRIDLEY BURN, GALLATIN NATIONAL FOREST, MT 3. APPLICATION (Are they useful in restoration?) INOCULATION OF NURSERY SEEDLINGS Cooperators: Cathy L Cripps, PhD, Montana State University John Schwandt, USDA FS Forest Health Protection, Coeur D’Alene Paul Trusty, graduate student, MSU Mary Hecktner, YNP Resource Manager, Yellowstone National Park Dan Reinhart, Resource specialist, YNP & Kay Izlar, U of M Kate Mohatt, graduate student, MSU & Bob Keane, USFS Fire Ecologist, Missoula Fire Office USDA Forest Service, Girdwood Alaska Julie Shea, USFS Fire Officer Gallatin National Forest, MT Ben Johnson, undergraduate, MSU Stan Cook, USFS Silviculturist, Gallatin National Forest, MT Cyndi Smith, Parks Canada Ecologist, Waterton Lakes National Park Don Bachman, freelance field assistant Joyce Lapp, Park Service Silviculturist, Glacier National Park Kay Izlar, graduate student, University of Montana 1. DISCOVERY of the native mycorrhizal fungi with white bark pine New World District, Gravelly Mountains, Sacajawea Peak, Big Sky Ski Area, Golden Trout Lakes, Dunraven Pass, Waterton Park, Glacier Park, Gallatin County (Fridley Burn), Yellowstone National Park Waterton Lakes National Park Glacier National 40+ species of ECM fungi confirmed with whitebark Park pine by fruiting bodies or ectomycorrhizae on roots BASIDIOMYCOTA AMANITACEAE Amanita "alpina" Unculturable, shared HYGROPHORACEAE with other conifers Hygrophorus gliocyclus Yellowstone Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) OLDER TREES National Park BOLETALES Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus Boletus edulis Hygrophorus subalpinus Chroogomphus sp. nov. TRICHOLOMATACEAE Rhizopogon cf milleri SUILLOIDS – mostly specific for Leucopaxillus paradoxis Rhizopogon cf evadens pines, 5-needle pines & stone Tricholoma moseri Rhizopogon spp. pines CORTINARIACEAE Suillus subalpinus Cortinarius clandestinus SEEDLINGS, YOUNGER Suillus sibiricus Cortinarius duracinus TREES, & OLDER TREES Suillus tomentosus var. discolor Cortinarius “flavobasalis” Unculturable, some Suillus sp. Cortinarius “flavoroseus” may be specific for THELEPHORALES Cortinarius aff. fulminoides pines or shared with Pseudotomentella nigra Cortinarius subolivescens other conifers Tomentelloid type 1 Cortinarius sp. Tomentelloid type 2 GENERALISTS – with many hosts Dermocybe crocea (Schff.) Mos. MOSTLY OLDER Thelephora sp. Inocybe sp. TREES SEEDLINGS, YOUNGER TREES, ASCOMYCOTA RUSSULALES & OLDER TREES Cenococcum geophilum Lactarius deliciosus Wilcoxina remhii & mikolae Russula cf tortulosa /queletii OTHER Russula sp. 2, Russula sp. 3 Amphenima byssoides Piloderma sp. Mohatt, Cripps & Lavin (in ed) Ectomycorrhizal fungi of whitebark pine (a tree in peril) revealed by sporocarps and molecular analysis of mycorrhizae from treeline forests in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Can. J. Bot. 86(1): 14-25. Cripps & Mohatt 2005. Preliminary results on the Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Whitebark Pine Forests. Nutcracker Notes 7: 9-11. Fruiting bodies of Suilloids Cripps photos Moser 2004. In Cripps: Fungi in Forest Ecosystems, NYBG Press. (fungi with 5-needle pines in Alps, Altai, Rocky Mts) Suillus subalpinus – 5-needle pine/stone pines Suillus sibericus – stone pines Rhizopogon milleri & R. evadens (pine/5-needle/stone pine) UNDERGROUND “POGIES” These fungi are eaten by squirrels, deer, elk & bears which spread the spores NPS PHOTO Czares & Trappe 1994. Spore dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungi by mammal mycophagy. Mycologia 86 Ectomycorrhizae of Whitebark pine on Roots Rhizopogon species Suilloid type Pseudotomentella Unknown type E-strain fungus Suillus species Cripps photos: native fungi from Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Waterton Lakes-Glacier International Peace Park 2. MONITORING the mycorrhizal status of planted white bark pine seedlings & how might restoration strategies affect their presence? Project 1: Whitebark Pine Restoration, Dunraven Pass Yellowstone National Park • Mycorrhizal colonization only on healthy (not on compromised) seedlings • No colonization of seedlings on south side of pass, only north side (mature forests) • Colonization levels (mostly suilloids) were very low (< 5% of roots) after 1 year Project 2: Post-fire Restoration Treatments on Fridley Burn, Gallatin NF, MT: seedlings planted in burn adjacent to unburned mature whitebark pine forest • 96% of root tips were mycorrhizal after 5 years (some nursery fungi persisted) • Suilloids were present on planted seedlings in the burn at low levels • A lower diversity of mycorrhizal fungi existed on the burn “ideal” restoration conditions for • A “shift” in mycorrhizal taxa after the burn on planted & natural seedlings fungal colonization • Functional significance of shift is unknown at this point Project 3: Waterton Lakes National Park, occurrence of mycorrhizae in microhabitats • a higher diversity of ECM fungi on seedlings on nurse trees • lowest on seedlings in Beargrass Cripps, CL, Smith, C, Lapp, J. and T. Carolin 2008. Assessment of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi with Whitebark Pine: Waterton- Glacier International Peace Park. Nutcracker Notes, 14: 12-14. or from roots 3. APPLICATION Inoculation of whitebark pine with native mycorrhizal fungi: A beneficial strategy for increasing seedling survival on out-planting? MSU WHITEBARK PINE CULTURES Ground fruiting Spore bodies slurry Liquid inoculum Spore slurries Mycelium slurry Soil inoculum Soil inoculum Root to root inoculation Landis et al. 1990. The Container Tree Nursery Manual Vol. 5: Nursery Pests and Mycorrhizae. USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 674. SCREENING ISOLATES OF NATIVE ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI FROM WHITEBARK PINE No. Species Source location Isolated from host Mycelium Soil & Seedlings or slurry liquid inoculated CLC 2035 Rhizopogon subpur New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M + + CLC 2036 R. sp New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M WO 81.1 Tricholoma moseri New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M - Rhiz 1w R. cf rubescens Waterton Park sporocarp P. contorta M - Hyp 1 R. cf salebrosus Waterton Park sporocarp P. flexilis M GDP 1 R. sp. * Glacier Park roots P. flexilis M UB 7 R. sp (Ben) Fridley Burn Soil, native P. albicaulis M CLC 2199 Suillus sp. (veil) Yellowstone sporocarp P. albi & cont. M+ + + CLC 2294 R. subbadius Yellowstone sporocarp P. flexilis M+ + + CLC 2241 S. subalpinus New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M+ + + CLC 2244 S. variegatus New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M+ + + CLC 2245a S. sibericus (thick) Yellowstone sporocarp P. albicaulis M + + + CLC 2245b S. sibericus (thin) New World sporocarp P. albicaulis M CLC 2246 S. cf. brevipes Yellowstone sporocarp Mixed conifer M - CLC 2247c S. subalpinus Yellowstone sporocarp P. albicaulis M VT Cenococcum Eastern US roots conifer M + + + CLC 2275 S. sibericus Beartooths sporocarp P. albicaulis S + CLC 2277 R. subpurpureus Beartooths sporocarp P. albicaulis S + CLC 2279 R. cf evadens(Rz 1) Yellowstone sporocarp P. albicaulis S + CLC 2280a R. cf molligleba(R2) Yellowstone sporocarp P. albicaulis S + CLC 2280b R. sp. (yellow) (R3) Yellowstone sporocarps P. albicaulis
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