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Northern Ireland in the Second World War

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Northern Ireland in the Second World War Northern Ireland in the Second World War A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Tina Nelis School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents List of Abbreviations 3 Note on Terminology 4 Abstract 5 Declaration 6 Copyright 7 Introduction 8 1: Performing Victory: The Official Planning for Victory Day and 34 Thanksgiving Sunday in Northern Ireland 2: The Construction of Victory Day in Northern Ireland: An Interpretative 71 Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Victory Day 3: Choosing the Past: Unionist and Nationalist Interpretations of the War 106 4: Northern Ireland in the Second World War : Objective History 143 or Propaganda? Conclusion 190 Bibliography 195 Word Count: 83,159 2 Abbreviations AVIA Ministry of Aviation and Successors CAB Cabinet Papers C.I.D. Committee of Imperial Defence C.O.H. Control of Official Histories C.R.O. Commonwealth Relations Office DO Dominions Office HO Home Office J.I.C. Joint Intelligence Committee LA: Local Authorities Papers PRONI Public Record Office of Northern Ireland TNA The National Archive, Kew VE Day Victory in Europe Day 3 Note on Terminology In this text where the words ‘nationalist’ and ‘unionist’ are found in lower case, they refer to individuals or political views and beliefs. Where these same words begin with capital letters, they refer to the political parties. 4 The University of Manchester Tina Nelis Degree of Master of Philosophy ‘Northern Ireland in the Second World War’ September 2012 This thesis is an examination of how the Second World War has been commemorated in Northern Ireland. It seeks to explore how popular and official understandings of the war were constructed around two key moments. Primarily, it looks at the Victory celebrations to mark the end of the war in the West in May 1945. Secondly, it examines the importance of the publication of the official war history Northern Ireland in the Second World War in November 1956. By looking closely at how the Northern Irish government planned for the victory celebrations and how this ritual unfolded, we can reveal much about Northern Irish society at the end of the war. This thesis shows that the state-led, official commemoration served only to alienate the Catholic community. Exploring how the Northern Irish press recorded this event highlights the underlying tensions existing between both communities at the time. This thesis argues that the Northern Irish government used the victory celebrations to project a positive image of itself to the British government. Equally, in 1940 the Northern Irish government rather pre-emptively commissioned the writing of its own official war history, separate from the United Kingdom Official War History Series . This decision, taken by the Northern Irish government, was intended to ensure that Northern Ireland’s role in the war would never be forgotten. After 1945, the unionist government, preoccupied with securing its constitutional positioning within the United Kingdom, intended to make this official history a permanent memorial to Northern Ireland’s contribution to the war. Written, therefore, to exaggerate Northern Ireland’s part in the war, this official war history can be seen as a reflection of unionist insecurity. It is through these commemorative processes that ideas of national identity and belonging are explored. 5 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. 6 Copyright i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=487), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses 7 Introduction Walking along a demarcated path, flanked on either side by imposing colours of red, white and blue and green, white and orange, one could easily imagine oneself walking along an interface area in Northern Ireland. Yet this would be a mistake. This path does not lead to a house but rather takes the visitor on a historical journey from the partitioning of Ireland, the creation of the Northern Irish state, the period euphemistically known as ‘The Troubles,’ and on to the present day. 1 This is a historical path on ‘The Road to “Northern Ireland”.’ The Tower Museum in Derry, which opened in October 1992 as part of the Derry City Council Heritage and Museum Service, had as part of its permanent exhibition an exhibit which retold the history of the creation of the Northern Irish state. It structured sections of this exhibition by providing two different, indeed conflicting, interpretations leading up to the partitioning of Ireland and the subsequent events that took place in Northern Ireland on account of partition. 2 Whilst the story begins by explaining how unionists and nationalists differed over their understanding of Home Rule; with unionists vehemently opposed to any separation from the union with Great Britain, the visitor is invited to choose along which side of the path he/she will walk. To the left is the unionist interpretation; to the right the nationalist reading – both revealing how ‘popular and professional versions of the past collide’. 3 As the path bends on approaching the period of the First World War, this visual demarcation of territory is suspended, now the brightly coloured pavestones are replaced by the exposed, neutral grey colour of the stone. The narrative has 1 From a discussion with museum attendants at the Tower Museum, they explained that a small section was added to the exhibition space in 2011 to mark Derry City receiving the City of Culture 2013. This addition looked at migration to the city. Interview author with museum attendants, 29 December 2011. 2 To view short video clips of the Tower Museum see http://www.derrycity.gov.uk/Museums/Tower- Museum , accessed on 21 st December 2011. 3 Desmond Bell, 'Modernising History: The Real Politik of Heritage and Cultural Tradition in Northern Ireland', in David Miller (ed.), Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism (Essex, 1998), p. 232. 8 changed. The First World War, in true revisionist stance, is seen as representing a moment of respite in the unionist and nationalist conflict. Both communities are shown to have volunteered to fight alongside Britain, although it is clear that both had different motivations. 4 This thaw in relations, however, is only temporary and as the visitor moves towards the end of this narrative section he/she is reminded of the importance of the Easter Rising of 1916 in disrupting this temporary calm which the First World War had brought to Ireland. 5 As the visitor leaves this shared space and heads towards the founding of the Northern Irish state, he/she is confronted, yet again, with choosing which side of the road to walk. Out of the Home Rule Bill, passed in 1914 but suspended until the war had ended, came the Government of Ireland Act (1920). This Act saw the creation of two separate governments in Ireland – one in the North and the other in the South. The exhibition story recalls the War of Independence, the partitioning of the country and the subsequent Civil War in Ireland. As traced in the exhibition, this period is seen as another dividing moment in the history of not only Ireland but the newly formed Northern Irish state. It is only when one approaches the 1930s that a more circular, open area is seen: a place markedly void of any encroaching colours. This section houses an exhibition on Northern Ireland’s - particularly Derry’s - involvement in the Second World War, and discusses issues such as unemployment in the 1950s, housing, gerrymandering, the role of the border, and emigration and immigration to Derry. The 4 Bell, 'Modernising History', pp. 250-251. George Boyce makes an insightful comment when he writes that the Great War was ‘a turning point in the making of modern Ireland, and of Irish and Ulster identities’, even if these identities were shrouded in ‘ambivalence’. He argues that, ‘The Catholic Irish soldier answered the call of Faith and Fatherland and also King and Country; so did the Ulster Protestant solider. But neither could be certain that these would prove, in the end, compatible loyalties.’ So whilst Catholics fought so that Britain would carry through and deliver on the third Home Rule Act suspended until after the war, Protestants fought so that Britain would not force such an Act upon Ulster unionists.
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