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Home , Alan Clark Diaries, Angus Maude, James Chuter Ede, Julian Amery, Nigel Lawson, Patrick Cosgrave

APPENDIX

General Election Statistics, 1898-1992

General Election results, particularly for the earlier part of the period, are notoriously difficult to interpret. At times - 1918 and 1931 stand out - it is almost impossible to determine exactly what party certain individuals represented - this is particularly so for the Liberals. I have not indicated the number of Liberal Unionists in the period 1895-1910 because they usually voted Conservative. Between 1950 and 1966 I have indicated in parenthesis those Liberals who were allied with the Conservatives. I have not troubled myself overmuch with the category of 'others' - those with a taste for political exotica can indulge it elsewhere. If the number of seats gained by a party are difficult to compute, then the number of votes garnered is even more fiendishly difficult to arrive at; I have done my best to reconcile the various sources, but this is not always possible. I thought it might be useful to list the Prime Ministers. The main sources used in compiling the following table are:

D. and G. Butler British Political Facts 1900-1992 (1994) F. W. S. Craig British Electoral Facts 1885-1975 (1976) C. R. Dod Parliamentary Companion (1895-1992) Times Guide to the House of Commons (1885-1992)

The Nuffield Election Guides were invaluable for the period after 1945.

253 tv Table A.l General Election Statistics, 1895-1992 VI .J:o. Election Conservative Cons. votes Labour Lab. votes Liberal Lib. votes Other Prime Minister 1895 411 1,894,772 0 44,325 177 1,765,266 82 (Irish Nationalists) Lord Salisbury 1900 402 1,767,444 2 63,304 184 1,568,141 82 Irish Salisbury/Balfour 1906 157 2,451,454 30 329,748 400 2,757,883 83 Irish Campbell-Bannerman/ Asquith 1910 (Jan.) 273 3,127,887 40 505,657 275 2,880,581 82 Irish Asquith 1910 (Dec.) 272 2,420,566 42 371,802 272 2,295,888 84 Irish Asquith/Lloyd George 1918 332 (Coalition) 3,472,738 4 (Coal.) 53,962 127 (Coal.) 1,396,590 9 (N. Irish/Co.) Lloyd George 50 (Ind.) 671,454 57 (Ind.) 2,245,777 36 (Ind.) 1,388,784 91 (73 Sinn Fein) 1922 345 5,502,298 142 4,237,349 64 2,668,142 14 /Baldwin 53 (Ll. G) 1,471,317 1923 258 5,514,541 191 4,439,780 159 4,301,481 8 Ramsay MacDonald 1924 419 7,854,523 151 5,489,087 40 2,928,737 5 Baldwin 1929 260 8,656,225 288 8,370,417 59 5,308,738 8 MacDonald 1931 473 11,905,925 13 (Nat.) 341,370 32 (Nat.) 1,372,595 5 MacDonald/Baldwin 52 6,649,630 35 (Nat. L) 809,302 1935 388 10,496,300 8 (Nat.) 339,811 33 (Nat.) 866,354 Baldwin/Chamberlain 154 8,325,491 21 1,443,093 10 Churchill (May 1940--) 1945 197 (+ 11 Lib.) 9,101,099 393 11,967,746 11 (Nat.) 737,732 2 (National) Attlee 12 2,252,430 25 1950 282 (+ 16 Lib.) 11,507,061 315 13,266,176 16 (Nat.) 985,343 Attlee 9 2,621,487 3 Table A.I (cont.) Election Conservative Cons. votes Labour Lab. votes Liberal Lib. votes Other Prime Minister 1951 302 (+ 19 Lib.) 13,717,538 295 13,948,883 19 (Nat.) 730,556 3 Churchill/Eden 6 730,546 1955 324 (+ 21 Lib.) 12,468,778 277 12,405,254 21 (Nat.) 842,113 Eden/Macmillan 6 722,402 2 1959 345 (+ 20 Lib.) 13,749,830 258 12,216,172 20 (Nat.) 765,794 1 (Ind. Cons.) Macmillan/Home 6 1,640,760 1964 298 (+ 6 Lib.) 12,001,396 317 12,205,808 6 (Nat.) 326,130 0 9 3,099,283 1966 250 (+ 3 Lib.) 11,268,676 364 13,096,629 3 (Nat.) 149,779 1 (Irish Rep.) Wilson 12 2,327,457 1970 330 13,145,123 288 12,208,758 6 2,117,035 6 (1 SNP, 2 Irish Rep., 2 Unionist) 1974 (Feb.) 297 11,872,180 301 11,645,616 14 6,059,519 23 (2 Welsh, 7 SNP, Wilson 1 Irish Rep., 11 Unionist) 1974 (Oct.) 277 10,462,565 319 11,457,079 13 5,346,704 26 (3 Welsh, 11 SNP, Wilson/Callaghan 2 Irish Rep., 10 Unionist) 1979 339 13,697,690 269 11,532,148 11 4,313,811 16 (2 Welsh, 2 SNP, Margaret 11 Unionist, I Irish Rep.) 1985 397 13,012,315 209 8,456,934 17 4,210,115 21 (2 SNP, 2 Welsh Nat., 6 (Soc. D) 3,570,834 15 Unionist, 2 Irish Rep.) 1987 376 13,736,405 229 10,029,797 22 7,341,623 23 Thatcher/ tv 1992 336 ,_ 14,092,891 271 11,559,735 20 5,999,384 24 Major Vl .- Vl Notes and References

ONE THE CONSERVATIVE TRADITION

1. G. E. Buckle, The Life of , volume V (1920), p.194. 2. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. II Compa• nion volume 1 (1969), pp. 242--4. 3. Dudley W. R. Bahlman (ed.), The Diary of Sir Edward Walter Hamilton, volume II (Oxford, 1970), p. 431. 4. E. H. H. Green, The Crisis of 1880-1914 (1995), Chapter 3. 5. Winston S. Churchill, (1974 edn.), p.35. 6. J. A. Grenville, Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy (, 1964). 7. Blake and Cecil, pp. 157-8. 8. Quoted in Fforde, p. 44. 9. Ibid., p. 55. 10. Ibid., p. 70.

TWO BALFOURIAN DOG DAYS

1. Lady Gwendolen Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, vol. II (London, 1921), p. 3. 2. , Life of , vol. IV (London, 1951), p. 478. 3. Amery, Chamberlain IV, p. 496. 4. Ibid., p. 464. 5. John Charmley, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire (London, 1987), p. 10. 6. Richard A. Rempel, Unionists Divided (London, 1972), p. 9. 7. E. H. H. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism 1880-1914 (Lon• don, 1995), p. 67. 8. Ibid., p. 3.

257 258 NOTES AND REFERENCES

9. Chamberlain IV, p. 470. 10. Harcourt-Williams, Salisbury-Balfour Correspondence, intro• duction by Hugh Cecil, p. xv. 11. Crawford Papers, 10 April 1902, p. 66. 12. Sir C. Petrie, The Life and Letters of Sir , vol. I (London, 1939), p. 142. 13. J. Vincent (ed.), The Crawford Papers (Manchester, 1984), 10 Feb. 1905, p. 60. 14. D. Dutton, His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (Liverpool, 1992), pp. 10--11. 15. British Library, Balfour Papers, Add. Mss. 49729, Lansdowne to Balfour, April 1905. 16. Julian Amery, Joseph Chamberlain, vol. VI (London, 1969), p.784. 17. Petrie, Chamberlain I, p. 157. 18. Green, Crisis of Conservatism, p. 137. 19. Randolph S. Churchill, Lord Derby: King of Lancashire (London, 1959) pp. 89-90. 20. Balfour Papers, 49729, Lansdowne to Balfour, 28 January 1906. 21. Crawford Papers, 5 February 1906, p. 90. 22. Crawford Papers, 5 February 1904, p. 70. 23. Julian Amery, Chamberlain vol. VI, pp. 717-18. 24. Balfour Papers, 49729, Lansdowne to Balfour, 4 February 1906. 25. Amery, Chamberlain VI, pp. 855-8. 26. Ibid., pp. 909-11. 27. John Ramsden (ed.), Real Old Tory Politics (London, 1984), p.27. 28. Amery, Chamberlain VI, p. 861. 29. British Library, Balfour MSS., 49737, letter to Balfour, 25 January 1906. 30. John Ramsden, The Age of Balfour and Baldwin 1902-1940 (London, 1979), p. 23. 31. Rempel, Unionists Divided, pp. 112-13. 32. Ramsden, p. 30. 33. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism, p. 138. 34. John Campbell, F.E. Smith (London, 1983) pp. 127-31; for Liverpool politics see P. Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool 1868-1939 (Liver• pool, 1981). NOTES AND REFERENCES 259

35. Green, pp. 137-40 for an analysis. 36. For a convenient and up-to-date summary of an often con• fusing debate see K. Laybourn, 'The Rise of Labour and the Decline of Liberalism: The state of the debate' in History, June 1995, pp. 207-26. See also G. R. Searle, The Liberal Party - Triumph and Disintegration, 1886-1929 (London, 1992), pp. 107-20. 37. Balfour MSS., 49736, Chamberlain to Balfour, 24 October 1907. 38. See G. Phillips, The Diehards (princeton, 1979), especially Chapter 1. 39. Churchill, Derby, p. 125. 40. Amery, Chamberlain VI, p. 795. 41. Amery, Chamberlain VI, p. 937. 42. Sir Austen Chamberlain, Politics from Inside (London, 1936), pp. 298-311. 43. Petrie, Chamberlain I, p. 269. 44. Ramsden, pp. 38-41; Dutton, His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, pp. 99-103.

THREE OVER THE Top WITH BONAR LAW

1. Robert Blake, The Unkown Prime Minister (1956), p. 31. 2. (ed.), A Good Innings (1974), p. 118. 3. D. Dutton, His Majety's Loyal Opposition, p. 170. 4. Blake, p. 130. 5. Crawford Papers, p. 298. 6. Blake, pp. 115-16. 7. Ramsden, p. 69. 8. Blake, Unknown Prime Minister, p. 227. 9. D. Gilmour, Curzon (1994), p. 436. 10. Petrie, Chamberlain, vol. II, p. 23. 11. G. D. Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Unionism . .. 1885- 1922 (1987), p. 128. 12. For this see G. R. Searle, Corruption in British Politics (1987). 13. R. Self (ed.), The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters (1995), 147. 14. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill IV. Companion vol. 3 (1977), letter to Churchill, 8 April 1921, 1434. 15. Self, letter, 24 September 1922, 197. 260 NOTES AND REFERENCES

16. There are good accounts in the following: K. O. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity (1979), Chapter 14; Cowling, Impact of Labour, Chapter 11; and M. Kinnear, The Fall of Lloyd George (1973), Chapters 5-6.

FOUR SCALPED BY BALDWIN

1. Self, Chamberlain Diary Letters, letter, 21 November, p. 208. 2. David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1977), p.243. 3. Maurice Cowling, The Impact of Labour (1972), pp. 65-88. 4. Cowling, p. 84. 5. Cowling, p. 1. 6. 'A Gentleman with a Duster' (pseud. Harold Begbie), The Conservative Mind (1924), p. 47. 7. R. Brent, Historical Journal, 1986/1979, p. 768. 8. John Charmley, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire (1987), p. 67. 9. Charmley, op. cit., p. 73. 10. Gilmour, Curzon, passim. 11. S. Ball, (ed.), Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald. The Headlam Diaries 1923-1935 (1992), p. 11,34. 12. Rush H. Limbaugh III, See, I Told You So (NY, 1993), p. 34. 13. David Dilks, , vol. 1(1984), p. 339. 14. Philip Williamson (ed.), The Modernisation of Conservative Politics. The Diaries and Letters of William Bridgeman, 1904- 1935 (1988), pp. 168-70. 15. Keith Feiling, Neville Chamberlain (1946), p. 109. 16. Feiling, p. 108; Blake, Conservative Party, pp. 220-2. 17. John Campbell, F.E. Smith (1983), Chapters 21 and 23. 18. R. Grayson, Austen Chamberlain at the Foreign Office (Un• published Oxford DPhil, 1995) is the most comprehensive as well as the best study of this important but neglected subject. 19. Charmley, Lloyd, p. 69. 20. Headlam diaries, 1 March 1927, p. 113. 21. Bridgeman diaries, pp. 233-4. 22. British Library, Cecil of Chelwood papers, Add. MSS. 51084, Irwin letter, 7 June 1927. 23. Philip Williamson, National Crisis and National Government (1992), pp. 10&-17. NOTES AND REFERENCES 261

24. S. Ball, Baldwin and the Conservative Party (1988) for what follows. 25. Charmley, Lloyd, pp. 166-7. 26. Ball, passim; Williamson, pp. 122-7. 27. John Charm1ey, Duff Cooper (1986). 28. Headlam diaries, 20 February 1930, p. 185. 29. Ramsden, pp. 316-17; Williamson, pp.277-9.

FIVE CHAMBERLAIN & Co.

1. Head1am diaries, 24 August 1931, p. 213; Williamson, Na- tional Crisis, Chapters 9 and 10 for the best modern account. 2. Marquand, MacDonald, pp. 664-5. 3. Marquand, MacDonald, pp. 662-5. 4. Marquand, MacDonald, p. 671. 5. Charmley, Lloyd, p. 177. 6. John Charmley, Churchill: the end of glory (1993), p. 275. 7. Charmley, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire, p. 185. 8. Headlam diaries, 22 January 1932, p. 227. 9. Ramsden, The Age of Bonar Law and Baldwin, p. 331. 10. R. A. Butler, The Art of the Possible (1972), p. 30. 11. Marquand, pp. 696-700 for the sad story. 12. Head1am diaries, 23 November 1933, p. 252. 13. Charm1ey, Lord Lloyd, pp. 180-2. 14. David Dilks' 1982 biography has been crucial here. 15. R. A. C. Parker, Neville Chamberlain and (1994); D. C. Watt, How War Came (1989) and John Charmley, Chamberlain and the lost peace (1989) for the different views. 16. Charmley, Chamberlain, pp. 82-3 for the evidence. 17. Charmley, Chamberlain, p. 82.

SIX CHURCHILL'S CONSENSUS

1. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Private Secretary's File, Box 49, letter, 15 Sept. 1942. 2. Paul Addison, The Road to 1945 (1975), pp. 230-1. 3. Trinity College, Butler MSS., Gll/180, letter, 22 December 1940. 262 NOTES AND REFERENCES

4. Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (1994) for their com• ments. 5. University Library, Neville Chamberlain MSS., NC 13/17/57, letter, 10 May 1940. 6. NC 13/17/68, letter, 13 May 1940. 7. J. Barnes and D. Nicolson (eds), The Empire at Bay: the Diaries 1929-1945 (1988), p. 754. 8. Amery diary, 15 June 1940, p. 624. 9. Birmingham University Library, Avon MSS., AP 20/1/23, diary, 12 July 1943. 10. Amery diary, 19 February 1943, p. 777. 11. Addison, pp. 230-1. 12. Amery diary, 30 November 1942, p. 848. 13. C. Barnett, The Audit of War (1986), p. 47. 14. AP 20/10/679, letter to Eden, 18 February 1943. 15. Addison, p. 232. 16. Lord Hailsham, A Sparrow's Flight (1990), p. 210. 17. John Ramsden, The Making of Conservative Party Policy (1980), p. 99. 18. Paul Addison, Churchill on the Home Front (1992) for this. 19. Charmley, End of Glory, p. 435. 20. K. Jeffreys (ed.), Labour and the Wartime Coalition . .. diary of James Chuter-Ede (1987), p. 119. 21. R.A. Butler, The Art of the Possible (1971) pp. 80-125. 22. Amery diary, 22 April 1943, p. 883. 23. AP 20/1/23, diary, 23 September 1943. 24. Chuter-Ede diary, p. 54. 25. Amery diary, 27 February 1944, p. 969. 26. AP 20/1/21, diary, 29 April 1941. 27. P. Addison The Road to 1945 (London, 1977 edn), p. 155. 28. Addison, p. 155. 29. Addison, pp. 155-6. 30. Addison, pp. 249-50. 31. Chuter-Ede diary, p. 122. 32. B. Pimlott (ed.), The War Diaries of (1986), 18 February 1943, p. 555. 33. AP 20/1/20A, diary, 6 September 1940. 34. Amery diary, 20 Apri11943, p. 883. 35. AP 20/1/24, diary, 18 January 1944. 36. AP 20/1/24, diary, 18 February 1944. 37. Addison, pp. 257-8. NOTES AND REFERENCES 263

38. Dalton diary, 9 March 1942, p. 391. 39. Bodleian Library, Oxford, Woolton MSS., vol. 20, fo. 19, undated note from the election period. 40. Woolton MSS., vol. 20, note to Beaverbrook, 31 May 1945. 41. Amery diary, 4 June 1944, p. 1046. 42. AP 20/1/25, diary, 6 June 1945.

SEVEN THE NEW MODEL TORY PARTY?

1. Bodleian Library, Conservative Party Archives, Papers of the Conservative Research Department [CRD], 2/53/1, fo. 363, letter to , 5 August 1945. 2. R. A. Butler, Art of the Possible, p. 133. 3. Chuter-Ede diary, 29 October 1942, p. 103. 4. See John Ramsden, '''A Party for Owners or a Party for Earners?" How far did the British Conservative Party really change after 19451', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1987, pp. 49-63. 5. AP 20/14/34, letter to Eden, 9 August 1946. 6. R. Cockett (ed.), Dear Max (1990), p. 58. 7. Butler, Art of the Possible, p. 134. 8. Cockett, pp. 58-9. 9. Lord Woolton, Memoirs, p. 418. 10. AP 20/14/34, letter to Eden, 9 August 1946. 11. Cockett, p. 59. 12. J. Hoffman, The Conservatives in Opposition (1963), pp. 39- 40. 13. AP/20/1/26. diary, 4 June 1946. 14. Hoffman, pp. 139-40. 15. Hoffman, pp. 142-4. 16. Cockett, p. 58. 17. Lord Woolton, Memoirs, (1957), pp. 331--6. 18. AP 20/1/25, diary, 27 July 1945. 19. AP 20/1/25, diary, 2 August 1945. 20. Headlam diaries, 15 February 1933, p. 259. 21. Ramsden, TRHS, 1987, p. 58. 22. AP 23/9/29, Eden to Lord Birkenhead, 29 January 1970. 23. AP 20/1/25, diary, 6 June 1946. 24. Ramsden, Conservative Party Policy, pp. 109-15. 25. Story told to me by the late Lord Lloyd. 264 NOTES AND REFERENCES

26. Paul Addison, 'The Road from 1945', in P. Hennessy and A. Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance (1989), p. 7. 27. C. Barnett, Audit of War (1988) for this, but Maurice Cowling would seem to share this view. 28. Sir Ian Gilmour, Inside Right: A study in Conservatism (1977). 29. See, for example, , 'Centenary of a double• crosser', Spectator, 5. February 1994, pp. 8-10. 30. See the debate in Contemporary Record. vol. 1, no. 3, Autumn 1987.

EIGHT A CONSERVATIVE CONSENSUS?

1. Dennis Kavanagh, Politics & Personalities (1990), p. 62. 2. A. Seldon, Churchill's Indian Summer (1981) p. 426. 3. Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (1994), p. 258. 4. Seldon, pp. 154-5. 5. A. Cairncross (ed.), The Robert Hall Diaries 1947-1953 (1989), p.I77. 6. Roberts, p. 258. 7. A. Horne, , vol. I (1987); Seldon, pp. 250-9. 8. A. Cairncross (ed.), The Robert Hall Diaries 1947-1953 (1989); Lord Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds (1961), pp. 284-9; K. O. Morgan, The Peoples' Peace (1989), pp. 119-22. 9. Morgan, p. 122. 10. Roberts, pp. 253--4. 11. For example, Ian Gilmour, Inside Right (1977). 12. Lord Hailsham, The Case for Conservatism (1947), p. 22. 13. Michael Bentley, 'Liberal Toryism in the Twentieth Century', in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1994, esp. pp. 187-91. 14. Kavanagh, 'Is Conservative?', Politics & Person• alities, pp. 64-77. 15. The locus classicus of this is now Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1992); but see also , Margaret Thatcher: a Tory and her Party (1978) and Thatcher: the First Term (1985). 16. See Chapter 10. 17. Dennis Kavanagh, Politics & Personalities (1990), pp. 42--4. 18. T. E. Utley, (1968), p. 66. NOTES AND REFERENCES 265

19. Roy Lewis, Enoch Powell: Principle in Politics (1979), pp. 48- 51 for an analysis. 20. Lord Moran, Churchill: the Struggle for Survival (1965); see Seldon, pp. 42-54, for some common sense. 21. Shuckburgh diaries, passim. 22. Rhodes James, Eden, pp. 355-89. 23. See the correspondence in in June 1980 on this subject. 24. John Grigg, 'Churchill: crippled giant', Encounter, vol. XLVIII, no. 7, 1977. 25. Seldon, p. 51. 26. Rhodes James, Eden, pp. 392-5 27. Private information. 28. Anthony Howard, RAB (1987), p. 222. 29. John Charmley, Churchill's Grand Alliance (1995); David Carlton, (1979); Diane Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the (1991) for all of this. 30. , The Pendulum Years (1969). 31. See Simon Heffer, 'Centenary of a Double-Crosser', Specta• tor, 5 February 1994, pp. 8-10. 32. Enoch Powell, 'Macmillan: The Case Against', Spectator, 10 January 1987, p. 15. 33. Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (1995), p. 118. 34. Harold Evans, Downing Street Diary (1981), p. 22. 35. Heffer, p. 9. 36. Julian Amery, ' ... And the Case For', Spectator, 10 January 1987, p. 16. 37. Heffer, p. 9 for the last; , Macmillan vol. II (1989), p. 5, for the first. 38. Horne II, pp. 64-5, but also G. Hutchinson, The Last Edwar• dian at No. 10 (1979). 39. Horne II, pp. 71-8 surveys both sides of the argument; see also Lewis, Powell, pp. 55-7. 40. Heffer, p. 10. 4l. Amery, p. 16. 42. Enoch Powell, 'Macmillan: The Case Against', Spectator, 10 January 1987, p. 15. 43. Horne II, p. 62. 44. Bevan, awkward as always, did not adopt these positions. 45. D. E. Butler and Anthony King, The British General Election of 1964 (1965), pp. 303-4. 266 NOTES AND REFERENCES

NINE DECLINE AND FALL

1. Horne Macmillan, Vol. II, p. 253. 2. Thatcher, Path to Power, p. 114. 3. Harold Evans, Downing Street Diary, p. 118. 4. Contemporary Record, vol. 1, no. 1, 1987, interview with Anthony Seldon, p. 27. 5. Thatcher, p. 114. 6. Ramsden, Conservative Party Policy, p. 229. 7. Eden MSS, AP 20/60/46, Salisbury to Eden, 26 February 1960. 8. Butler and King, General Election of February 1964, p. 79. 9. Horne II, p. 256. 10. R. Lamb, The Macmillan Government: the emerging truth (1995) for the most recent account. 11. Horne II, p. 449. 12. Evans, Downing Street Diary, p. 286. 13. Horne, pp. 529-30. 14. Lord Home, The Way the Wind Blows (1976), p. 182. 15. Evans, Downing Street Diary, pp. 298-9. 16. Howard, RAB, pp. 304-5. 17. Howard, pp. 313-14. 18. Rhodes James, Anthony Eden (1986), p. 599. 19. Butler and King, pp. 24-5. 20. Butler and King, p. 84. 21. Butler and King, pp. 88-91; Ramsden, pp. 220--4. 22. Butler and King, pp. 303-4. 23. Ramsden, pp. 225-6. 24. D. R. Thorpe, (1989), pp. 394-6.

TEN SELSDON MAN AND GRANTHAM WOMAN

1. Patrick Cosgrave, Thatcher: the First Term (1985), p. 9. 2. Ramsden, Conservative Party Policy, p. 236. 3. Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (1985), p. 300. 4. Ramsden, p. 234. 5. Ramsden, p. 241. 6. Thatcher, Path to Power, p. 133. 7. Timothy Raison, Conflict and Conservatism (1965). NOTES AND REFERENCES 267

8. Utley, Powell, p. 96. 9. Utley, p. 98. 10. Utley, p. 190. The full text is to be found on pages 179 to 190. 11. Ramsden, p. 275. 12. See D. E. Butler, The British General Election of 1970 (Lon• don, 1971); D. E. Schoen, Enoch Powell and the Powellites (London, 1977); Roy Lewis, Enoch Powell, Principle in Politics (London, 1979). 13. Philip Norton, Conservative Dissidents (1978), pp. 36-8. 14. Norton, p. 38. 15. Cosgrave, Thatcher: the First Term, p. 23. 16. John Ramsden, 'The Conservatives since 1945', in Contem• porary Record, vol. 2, no. 1, 1988, p. 21. 17. There is some dispute over how many Conservative supporters followed his lead; the present author can think of at least one who did. 18. G. R. Searle, Country before Party (1995) for this. 19. Letter from Sir Alfred Sherman in Contemporary Record, vol. 1, no. 2, 1987, p. 6. 20. 'Escaping from the chrysalis of Statism', Anthony Seldon interview with Sir , Contemporary Record, vol. 1, 1987, pp. 28-9. 21. , 5 January 1993. 22. Path to Power, p. 195.

ELEVEN THE IRON LADY

1. Kavanagh, Politics and Personalities, pp. 70-1. 2. Simon Jenkins, 'An Indigestible pill', The Times, 14 June 1995, p. 16. 3. John Campbell, 'Defining Thatcherism', Contemporary Re• cord, vol. 1, no. 3, 1987, p. 3. 4. Cosgrave, Thatcher: the First Term, p. 34. 5. , 'The Conservative Crisis - 1', , 15 March 1963. 6. , The View From No. 11 (1992), p. 249. 7. Thatcher, Path to Power, pp. 362-4. 8. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1979 (1980), p. 151. 9. Path to Power, p. 448. 268 NOTES AND REFERENCES

10. Butler and Kavanagh, British General Election of 1979, p. 354. 11. Ibid. pp. 390-5. 12. First Term, Chapter 3. 13. Hugo Young, One of Us (1989), pp. 138-40. 14. First Term, p. 38. 15. Now!, 5-11 October 1979, pp. 5, 57. 16. John Vincent, 'The Thatcher Governments' in Hennessy and Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance, pp. 274--5. 17. Now!, 5-11 October 1979, p. 57. 18. Jock Bruce-Gardyne, Mrs Thatcher's First Administration (1984), p. 58. 19. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993), p. 122. 20. See especially Hugo Young's One of Us and Andrew Gamble's 'Thatcherism and Conservative Politics', in S. Hall and M. Jacques (eds), The Politics of Thatcherism (1983); see also William Keegan, Mrs Thatcher's Economic Experiment (1984). 21. See for example John Vincent, 'Margaret Thatcher: Her Place in History', in Contemporary Record, vol. 1, no. 3, 1987, pp. 23-4 and his piece in Ruling Performance, and also Cosgrave's Thatcher: the First Term. 22. See David Sanders et al., 'Government Popularity and the : a reassessment', British Journal of Political Science, vol. 17, p. 281-314. 23. Thatcher, Downing Street Years, p. 181. 24. Downing Street Years, p. 184. 25. Mrs Thatcher, when she saw the pictures on TV, uttered 'Oh, the poor shopkeepers!' At the time, it was seen by the media as parochial - but it would now be more and more the gut reaction of most of the public. 26. Simon Jenkins, 'An indigestible pill', The Times, 14 June 1995, p. 16. 27. Quoted in Cosgrave, Thatcher: the First Term, p. 213.

TWELVE HIGH TIDE AND AFTER

1. Peter Riddell, 'Mrs Thatcher's Second Term', Contemporary Record, vol. 1, no. 3, 1987, p. 17. 2. Vincent, in Hennessy and Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance, p.279. 3. Nicholas Ridley, My Style of Government (1991), p. 23. NOTES AND REFERENCES 269

4. Ridley, p. 24. 5. Downing Street Years, pp. 711-13. 6. Alan Clark, Diaries, p. 343. 7. Clark, Diaries, p. 345. 8. Downing Street Years, p. 846. 9. Clark, Diaries, p. 366. 10. 'Hurd is best suited to take on Thatcher's mantle', Daily Telegraph, 24 November 1990, p. 12. 11. 'Whatever happened to Thatcher's Economic Miracle?', The Times, 23 November 1990, p. 5. 12. This was the theme of a lecture by Professor Andrew Gamble at the Institute of Contemporary British History's Annual Summer Conference in July 1995. 13. Charles Moore, 'A farewell to a great prime minister', Daily Telegraph, 23 November 1990, p. 19. 14. Moore, p. 19. 15. Downing Street Years, p. 151. 16. Moore, 'A farewell to a great prime minister', p. 19. 17. See , 25 November 1990, p. 12 for the reaction. 18. Daily Telegraph, 23 November 1990, p. 3. 19. Sunday Telegraph, 25 November 1990, p. 22. 20. The Times, 26 November 1990, p. 3, and interview with Simon Jenkins, p. 12; The Times, 28 November, p. 18. 21. Daily Telegraph, 23 November 1990, p. 23. 22. The Times, 26 November 1990, main headline, 'Thatcher backs Major'. 23. 'Major wins the battle for No. 10', The Times, 28 November 1990, p. 1. 24. The Times, 28 November 1990, p. 4.

EPILOGUE AFTER THE BALL WAS OVER

1. Alan Clark, Diaries, p. 377. 2. The Times, 29 June 1991, p. 1. 3. The Times, 1 April 1992, poll analysis by Professor Ivor Crewe, p. 7. 4. The Times, 2 April 1992, p. 9 - the hapless Professor Crewe yet again! 270 NOTES AND REFERENCES

5. Maurice Cowling, Sunday Telegraph, 25 November 1990, p.22. 6. The Times, 2 April 1992, p. 9, report by Robin Oakley. 7. The Times, 10 April 1992. 8. The Times, 11 April 1992, p. 1. 9. 'We must return to traditional Tory values', Sunday Times, 11 June 1995, p. 3. 10. 'Excluded brethren', leader by Charles Moore, Sunday Tele• graph, 9 July 1995. 11. 'Is Labour the true heir to Thatcher?', The Times, 17 July 1995, p. 17. 12. 'Blair next?', The Sunday Telegraph, 16 July 1995, p. 27. Bibliography *

1 GENERAL

(a) Standard works

The standard narrative history of the Conservative Party is

Lord Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (1989)

The best single volume on the Party from 1900 to 1939 is

John Ramsden, The Age of Bonar Law and Baldwin (1979)

These should now be supplemented by

A. Seldon and S. Ball (eds), The Conservative Century (1994)

(b ) Monographs

P. Addison, The Road to 1945 (1975) S. Ball, The Conservative Party 1900-1951 (1994) M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour (1971) M. Cowling, The Impact of Hitler (1975) D. Dutton, His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (1992) M. Fforde, Conservatism and Collectivism 1886-1914 (1990) E. H. H. Green, The Crisis of Conservatism 1880-1914 (1995) S. Hall and M. Jacques, The Politics of Thatcherism (1983) P. Hennessy and A. Seldon (eds), Ruling Performance (1989) J. Hoffman, The Conservatives in Opposition (1963) D. Kavanagh, Politics and Personalities (1990) K. O. Morgan, The People's Peace (1990)

* All books are published in London unless indicated in the notes and references.

271 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY

P. Norton, Conservative Dissidents (1978) J. Ramsden, The Making of Conservative Party Policy (1980) R. A. Rempel, Unionists Divided (1972) A. Roberts, Eminent Churchillians (1994) G. R. Searle, Party Before Country (1995) A. Seldon, Churchill's Indian Summer (1981)

2 DIARIES

Those students who want to get close to the original source material are excellently served by the superb series produced by The Histor• ians' Press. For some reason or other, Conservatives seem to keep better diaries than their opponents - a great boon for historians of the party. The ones currently published and used here are:

S. Ball, Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDo• nald: The Headlam Diaries, 1923-1935 (1992) G. Boyce, The Crisis of British Unionism: The Domestic Political Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1885-1922 (1987) G. Boyce, The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895-1910 (1990) R. Cockett, My Dear Max: the letters of to Lord Bea verbro ok, 1925-1958 (1990) J. Ramsden, Real Old Tory Politics: The Political Diaries of Robert Sanders, Lord Bayford, 1910-1935 (1984) P. Williamson, The Modernisation of Conservative Politics: The Diaries and Letters of William Bridgeman, 1904-1935 (1988)

To these can be added: J. Barnes and D. Nicholson, The Leo Amery Diaries, vo!' 1(1981) J. Barnes and D. Nicholson, The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries 1929-1945 (1988) A. Clark, A Good Innings: The Papers of Lord Lee of Fareham (1974) A. Clark, Diaries (1993) R. Self, The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters (1995) J. Vincent, The Crawford Papers: The Journals of David Lindsay, twenty-seventh Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres, 1871-1940 (1984) BIBLIOGRAPHY 273

3 MEMOIRS

Churchill set what some might consider to be an unfortunate precedent by writing his memoirs in many volumes; of his succes• sors only Heath has failed to produce a piece justicatif - perhaps the task was just too difficult. It is to be hoped that Lord Weidenfeld did not pay too heavy an advance for the book. What follows is just a selection of the more useful memoirs:

R. A. Butler, The Art of the Possible (1971) Duff Cooper, (1953) A. Eden, The Eden Memoirs, 3 vols (1959-1962) Lord Home, The Way the Wind Blows (1976) N. Lawson, The View from No. 11 (1992) H. Macmillan, Memoirs, 6 vols (1968-1972) N. Ridley, My Style of Government (1991) Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1993) Margaret Thatcher, The Path to Power (1995) Lord Woolton, Memoirs (1957)

4 BIOGRAPHIES

The historian of the party is almost embarrassingly well-served in this field - despite the attitude of some historians who (not having tried the task usually) tend to dismiss the art.

(a) Prime Ministers/Conservative leaders

Disraeli is still best served by Robert Blake, Disraeli (1965).

Salisbury is still best served by the official life in 4 volumes published by his daughter: Lady G. Cecil, The Life of Robert, third Marquis of Salisbury (1921-1932).

Lord Blake and H. Cecil (eds), Salisbury: The Man and his Policies (1987) is invaluable. Andrew Roberts is working on a new life of the third marquess. 274 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Balfour continues to elude his biographers as he did contempor• aries. The authorised life by his niece has some useful material and has been unfairly neglected, perhaps because of its publication date: B. E. C. Dugdale, Arthur James Balfour, 2 vols (1939). Neither Kenneth Young's Balfour (1963) nor Sydney Zebel's Balfour: A Political Biography (1973) get much further. The same is true for Lord Egremeont's Balfour (1980). Ruddock F. Mackay, Balfour: Intellectual Statesman (1985), deals mainly with his influence upon imperial policy.

Bonar Law has not, despite Beaverbrook's efforts, proved an attractive subject for biographers - bores seldom do. The paucity of biographers may also owe something to the fact that Lord Blake said it all so well in the one and only existing biography: Robert Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister: Bonar Law (1955).

Austen Chamberlain has the dubious distinction of being the only leader in this period not to have been Prime Minister. His offical biography by Sir Charles Petrie (2 vols, 1939) is better than its descent into obscurity suggests. David Dutton, Austen Chamber• lain: Gentleman in Politics (1985), is an excellent modem study

Baldwin has also largely eluded his pursuers. J. Barnes and K. Middlemas, Baldwin (1969), is very long and very uneven. G. M. Young, Baldwin (1952), was written by a critic and it shows. More modem studies by H. Montgomery-Hyde (1973) and Kenneth Young (1976) do not add much. , Baldwin (1987), although short and a little lightweight, is very strong on percep• tions.

Neville Chamberlain has not lacked biographers, but most of them have naturally concentrated on his foreign policy. Once more there is much to be said for the official biography: K. Feiling, Neville Chamberlain (1946). D. Dilks, Neville Chamberlain, vol. 1 (1984), only takes the story to 1929. J. Charmley, Chamberlain and the Lost Peace (1989), is mainly concerned with foreign policy and is contentious.

Winston S. Churchill is the only modem British Prime Minister with a whole magazine devoted to his life and works (Finest Hour, published by Richard Langworth). Biographies pour from the BIBLIOGRAPHY 275 presses in an unstoppable stream, to which this author has con• tributed - at least he had something different to say! The official biography (1966-1990) runs to 8 massive volumes and (so far) 11 companions. Volumes 1 and 2 are by Randolph S. Churchill, the other 6 by Sir Martin Gilbert. R.R. James, Churchill: A Study in Failure (1970), stops in 1939 but is brilliant. Recent biographies worth reading include: P. Addison, Churchill on the Home Front (1992); J. Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory (1993); J. Charm• ley, Churchill's Grand Alliance (1995); c. Ponting, Churchill (1994); N. Rose, Churchill: An Unruly Life (1994).

Anthony Eden has been well served. The case against is marshalled with great skill and not a little malice by D. Carlton, Anthony Eden (1979). The case for is ably presented in R. R. James, Anthony Eden (1986). You pay your and you take your choice.

Harold Macmillan is equally well-served. The offical biography is A. Horne, Macmillan (2 vols, 1987 and 1989). J. Ramsden, Mac• millan (1994) is very useful.

Sir Alec Douglas-Home has had nothing worth reading written about him, which was true for Edward Heath before John Camp• bell's recent (1992) biography.

Margaret Thatcher has suffered the attention of liberal journalists such as Hugo Young in One of Us (1990) (and numerous editions), but if one wants a balanced view one is out of luck. From the other side, Patrick Cosgrave has written intelligently about her in Mar• garet Thatcher: A Tory and her Party (1978) and Thatcher: The First Term (1985).

(b) Cabinet Ministers

J. Amery, Joseph Chamberlain, vols IV, V and VI (1951, 1953, 1969) Lord Birkenhead, FE: The Life of the first Earl of mrkenhead (1959 edn) Lord Birkenhead, The Prof in Two Worlds (1951) Lord Birkenhead, Lord Halifax (1966) J. Campbell, F.E. Smith (1983) J. Charmley, Duff Cooper (1986) 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. Charmley, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire (1987) Randolph S. Churchill, Lord Derby, King of Lancashire (1959) P. Cosgrave, The Three Faces of Enoch Powell (1985) J. A. Cross, Lord Swinton (1980) D. Gilmour, Curzon (1994) A. Howard, RAB: The Life of R.A. Butler (1987) A. Roberts, The Holy Fox: Lord Halifax (1990) A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (1972) D. R. Thorpe, Selwyn Lloyd (1989) T. E. Utley, Enoch Powell (1968) Index

Aberdeen, 5th earl of 6 Balfour, Arthur James, 1st earl Acland, Sir Richard 116 of 11, 19, 35, 39, 41, 45, 50, Alexander, 1st earl 142 54, 62, 63, 65, 68, 182, 195 Amery, D. Heathcote 163 shortcomings of as leader 21-3, Amery, Julian 152,179 27-30, 33--4, 42-3 Amery, Leopold 24, 42, 50, 51, Bannerman, Sir Henry 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 85, 87, 102, Campbell- 29, 36, 38, 47 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, Barber, Anthony (Lord) 192, 193, 121 237 Anderson, Sir John (1st viscount Bauer, Peter 196 Waverley) 114, 115, 119, 142 Beach, Sir Michael Hicks-, 1st earl Anson, Sir William 48 of St. Aldwyn 15 Apsley, Lady 116-17 Beaverbrook, 1st baron 63, 80-1, Asquith, Henry Herbert, 1st earl of 105, 107, 117, 118, 120, 125 Oxford and 36, 37, 38, 40, Bedford, Duke of 43 41,47,48,49,52-5,56,58,71, Benn, Anthony Wedgewood- 197 73, 109 Bevan, Aneurin 117, 138 Asquith, Lord 142 Beveridge, sir William 113, 114, Assheton, Sir Ralph 131 115,116 Attlee, Clement, 1st earl 103, 110, Bevin, Ernest 103, 118, 120, 121, 118, 120, 121, 133, 135, 138-9 127, 139 Birch, Nigel 171 Balcarres, Lord (27th earl of Birkenhead, 1st earl of 21, 34, 42, Crawford) 27,28, 32,42, 50 47, 51-2, 59, 60--2, 63-7, 69, Baldwin, 1st earl of, and 1923 74--6, 77-8, 80 election 71-2 Blair, Tony 249, 250 Baldwin, Lucy 68, 83 Blake, (Lord) R. N. W. 182 Baldwin, Stanley, 1st earl of 39, Booth, William 13 60, 62, 78, 95-8, 100, 113, 217 Boothby, Robert, (Lord) 109, 157 becomes PM 68 Boyle, Sir Edward 170, 189 character of 69-71 Bracken, Brendan (viscount) 107, and 'new' conservatism 69, 115,117,118,125,144 75-6 Bridgeman, William (1st and Labour 72--4 viscount) 70--1 liberal instincts of 76, 77, 88-90 Brittan, (Sir) Leon 221 opposition to 79-82 Brodrick, St. John 22, 34, 57 and the National Brooke, Henry (Lord) 184 Government 82-5, 86-8, Brown, W.J. 116 90-2 Butler, Richard Austen CRab'), leadership style 92 (Lord) 74, 91, 92, 101, 107, success of in 1935 93-5 113,114,115,119,124--6, limitations of 95-8 127-8, 134--7, 141, 142--4, 145, and the abdication 98-9 147, 150, 152, 154, 155, 163,

277 278 INDEX

Butler, Richard Austen ('Rab'), despairs of Liberals 73 (Lord) (cont.) 173-5, 179, given the Exchequer 74, 76 184 'die-hard' on Empire 77, 81-2, 86-9, 96, 144 Callaghan, James 22, 179, 205, as possible leader, 1929 79, 80 206, 207, 209 marginalized 90 Camrose, Viscount 133 seconds Chamberlain in 1937 Canning, George 6 99 Carnarvon, 4th earl of 3 opposes Chamberlain in Carr, Robert (Lord) 192 1938--40 100-3 Carrington, Lord 203, 211 war-time leadership of 105-21 Carson, Sir Edward, 1st baron 43, becomes PM 107-8 47,49-50, 59, 76 limitations of power of 108-10, Cave, George, 1st viscount 78 112 Cecil, Lord Robert, 1st becomes leader of Party 110 viscount 34, 78 and Beveridge 114 Chamberlain, Austen (Sir) 28, 33, neglects Party 115-18 39, 42-3, 50, 54-5, 59, 61-2, and the 1945 election 118-21 64, 65, 66-8, 71, 77, 78, 90 leadership (lack of) 1945-51 fails to become Party 124-5, 127 leader 45-6 political wisdom of 128 fails to become PM 63 anodyne Conservatism of becomes 129-30, 133, 135, 141-6 74-5,76 clings to leadership 149-51 Chamberlain, Joe 4, 9, 10, 11, resigns 151 12-13, 22, 23, 28-30, 36, 41, Churchill, Winston Spencer Jr 211 54,99 Clark, Alan 229, 231 influence of 13-14, 17-19, Conservative Party, nature of 1-2, 31-3, 51 5-6, 14-16, 19,26-8,51-3, and Tariff Reform 19,24-7 129-30,145-7,159-60,249-51 Chamberlain, Neville 66, 67, 68, response to defeat 3-5 70, 71, 75, 78, 80, 86, 90, 93, Disraeli's influence upon 6-7, 95, 136, 174 10 possible leader of party 79 and 1986 8-9 and appeasement 94-5, 100-3 nature of under Salisbury becomes PM 99 10-13, 18-19 fall of 106-8 difficulties of in late 19th century magnanimity of 108-9 14-17 death of 110 and Tariff Reform 18,24-7, Cherwell, Lord 117, 142 28-30,31-3,36-7,47-8,50, Churchill, Lord Randolph 7-9, 87 10, 16, 145 and defeat in 1906 30-2 Churchill, Randolph 116, 152, and problems in early 20th 176 century 38--40 Churchill, Winston S. 9, 11-12, and Parliament Bill 1911 40-3 29, 33, 36-8, 53, 59, 85, 174 and Ulster 46-50 'hates' the Tories 10 and the Great War 54-8 and the Great War 54-7 and the Lloyd George and the class war 71-2 Coalition 59-62 INDEX 279 opposition to the Coalition wins in 1992 243-4 64-6 unrest under Major 244-8 origins of inter-war Cooper, Alfred Duff (1st viscount supremacy 66-7 Norwich) 74, 78, 80, 91, 100, so-called 'new' 102, 108-9 conservatism 69-70 Cosgrave, Patrick 203 reaction to 1923 defeat 71-3 Cowling, Maurice 236 divisions over imperial Cranborne, Lord see under policy 77, 88-9 Salisbury reaction to 1929 defeat 79-82 Cripps, Sir Stafford 112, 120, 139 and the National Government Croft, Sir Henry Page- (1st 82-6, 87-91, 93-6 baron) 65, 92 limitations of Baldwinism 95-7 Crosland, Anthony 163 victim of Second World War Curzon, 1st marquess of 21, 29, 105-6, 110-15, 116-19 45, 54, 67, 80 and Chamberlain's fall 1940 106-9 and the 1945 election 118-21 Dalton, Hugh (baron) 103, 118, and myths of 1945 123-5 120 and post-war consensus 124-6, Davies, Clement 141 127-8, 134-7, 141, 142-4 Davies, John 193 problems with history of 133-5, Davison, Sir John Biggs- 210-11 145-7, 181 Derby, 14th earl of 2, 3 Churchill's consensus 141-51 Derby, 15th earl of 6 and Suez 152-5 Derby, 17th earl of 31, 35, 50, 67, under Macmillan 157-61 91,99 problems 1960-3 163-73 Devonshire, 8th Duke of (Lord and Europe 166-7 Hartington) 4, 22, 28, 33 narrowly loses 1964 Devonshire, 9th Duke of 67, 117 election 177-8 Disraeli, Benjamin (earl of and leadership rules 179-80 Beaconsfield) 3, 4, 48 Heath's attempt to Disraeli, political legacy of 5-7, modernize 185-7, 90 10, 135, 136, 145 Powell's influence on 187-90 Donner, Sir Patrick 107 traumas of 1973-4 194-5 revolt against Heath 196-200 and Thatcherism 201-5 Eden, (Sir) (Robert) Anthony, 1st in opposition under Mrs earl of Avon 74, 78, 91, 93, Thatcher 205-8 98, 100, 101, 108, 110, 112, the 1st Thatcher 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, Government 209-16 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, the sacking of the 'Wets' 135, 144, 145, 149-51, 152-5, 213-15 164,174,217 the 2nd Thatcher Edward VII 40 Government 219-24 Edward VII 98-9 the 3rd Thatcher Eisenhower, President Dwight Government 225-30 D. 153, 155, 161, 167 lack of nerve of 227-8 Eliot, Walter 78, 91 the fall of Mrs Thatcher 230-3 Elizabeth II 99,149,151,175 280 INDEX

Fisher, Admiral Lord 53 break with Powell 187-90 Foot, Michael 212 and Selsdon Man 190 Foster, Arnold, H. O. 22, 57 becomes PM 190-1 Franco, General Francisco 108 failure as PM 191-5 Fraser, Sir Hugh 199 revolt against 196-200 Freeman, John 139 removed as leader 200 Friedman, Milton 146,201,234 sulks 202,246,247 Fyfe, Sir David Maxwell- (1st earl Henderson, Arthur 55, 69 of Kilmuir) 132, 133, 155 Heseltine, Michael 203, 204, 226, 229-30, 236, 238, 239, 245, Gaitskell, Hugh 131, 139, 144, 246-8 151, 160, 168 Hicks, Sir William Joynson (1st 40, 93, 98 viscount Brentford) 78 George VI (Duke of York until Hitchinbrooke, viscount 144 1936) 99, 107, 149 Hitler, Adolf 95,96,97,98,101-3, Gilmour, Sir Ian (Lord) 134, 145, 105, 109 146, 203, 209, 212, 214 Hoare, Sir Samuel (viscount Gladstone, Herbert, 1st Templewood) 86, 88-9, 93, viscount 34, 39 98, 107, 108, 131 Gladstone, William Ewart 3, 46, Hogg, Douglas (Sir), 1st viscount 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 25, 28, 49, Hailsham 67, 78, 91, 93 50,232 Hogg, Quintin (2nd viscount Gorbachev, Mikhail 223 Hailsham, later baron) 113, Goschen, 1st viscount 33 129, 145-6, 173-5, 184-5, 189, Gow, Ian 223, 230 191 Grey, Sir (viscount) Edward 53 Hme, Sir Alec Douglas, 14th earl of 22, 68, 147, 164, 175-8, Hacking, Sir Douglas 129 179, 181, 191, 205, 242 Halifax, 3rd viscount, 1st earl Howard, Michael 245 (baron Irwin) 65-6, 77, 80, Howe, Sir Geoffrey (Lord) 203, 88, 101-3, 106, 108, 110 204, 210, 227, 229 Halsbury, 1st earl (baron Irwin) 43 Ismay, 1st baron 142 Hamilton, (Sir) Edward 10 Harcourt, Sir William Vernon 15 Jenkins, Roy (Lord) 190, 212 Harris, Ralph 197 Joseph, Sir Keith 146, 164, 170, Hayek, Friedrich 129, 201, 234 194, 196-7,203,204,214,215 Headlam, (Sir) Cuthbert 68, 96, 132 Kennedy, President John F. 167, Healey, Denis 222,229 168, 172, 178, 203 Heath, (Sir) Edward 132, 134, Kinnock, Neil 221, 239, 242, 243, 146, 147, 149, 158, 174, 177, 244 204,209 Kipling, Rudyard 45 becomes leader 179, 180 Kitchener, Herbert Horatio, failed proto-Thatcher? 181, earl 53 185-6, 192-3 character of 182 Lansdowne, 5th marquess of 30, attempts to modernize 32, 42-3 Party 183-7 Laval, Pierre 98 INDEX 281

Law, Andrew Bonar 37,45-7, Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold, 1st 48-9, 50, 52, 53-5, 60-2, 72, 65, 92, 109, 151,174 119, 128, l31, l34, 147, 150, and the Great War 55-9 181, 205 Law, Richard (baron at Housing 142 Coleraine) 131, 144 and Suez 153-5 Lawson, Nigel (Lord) 177,204, character of 155-7 215,217,222,224,225,227-8 criticized as 'Whig' 156, 159-60 Leathers, Lord 142 economic policy of 158-9 Lee, Arthur, 1st viscount 46 and Europe 159-60, 166-7, Lee, Jennie 117 171 Lenin, V.1. 69 political manoeuvrings of Liberal Party 163-5,168-71,172-5 dominance of in 19th and imperial policy 163, 165-6 century 2-3 and Profumo 171 alienates support after 1880 3--4 rigs the succession 173-5 and Home Rule 1889 8-9 opposes Thatcherism 222 and the Newcastle Macmillan, Lady Dorothy 157 programme l3, 15, 22, 25 Major, John 27,228, 232, 236-9 revival of, 1906 30-2 as PM compared with and the People's Budget 37-8 Mrs T. 241-2 effects of Great War upon 53-8 wins 1992 election 242--4 extinction of 90 challengesto 245-8 revival of 169-70, 178 Margesson, David (1st Lilley, Peter 231,232 viscount) 106, 108, 117 Livingstone, Ken 219 Marlborough, 9th Duke of 43 Lloyd George, David, 1st earl, Mary, Queen (consort of 1 21, 34, 37-8, 50, 51, 53-8, George V) 99 59-62,63--4,69,70,71,82,90, Maude, Angus (Lord) 149, 203 93, 118 Maudling, Reginald 132, 149, Lloyd George, Gwiliym (Viscount 170, 174, 179, 191, 203 Tenby) 141 Maxse, Leo 41 Lloyd George, Ambrose, 1st baron Meyer, Sir Anthony 228, 229 of Dolobran 24,42, 50, 51, Milner, 1st viscount 43, 57, 65, 65-6, 76, 80, 81, 85, 87-9, 94, 76 96, 102, 109 Monckton, Sir Walter (lst Lloyd, Selwyn (baron) 153, 164, viscount) 142 170,179,184 Moore, Charles 232, 236 Long, Walter 1st Viscount) 32, Moran, Lord 149 34,45-7 Morrison, Herbert 103, 120, l38 Lyttleton, Oliver (lst Viscount Morrison, Sir Peter 230 Chand os) 115, 142 Mosley, Sir Oswald 82, 89, 94, 188 MacDonald, Ramsay 22,37,39, Mussolini, Benito 90, 94, 95, 97, 59, 69, 72-3, 80, 82-3, 85-7, 101 90--4, 97 Macgregor, John 177 Nasser, Abdul 153 Macleod, lain 143, 149, 164--6, Neave, Airey 199 174--6,180, 183, 184, 191-2 Northcote, Sir Stafford 3, 7, 10 282 INDEX

Owen, Dr David (Lord) 212 Samuel, Sir Herbert (1st viscount) 86,87,90 Palmerston, 3rd viscount 2,6,151 Sankey, Lord 86 Parkinson, Cecil (Lord) 215, 216, Scott, Lord Wiiliam 103 220 Selborne, 2nd earl of 22, 42, 55 Peel, 2nd earl 67,78 Selborne, 3rd earl of (Viscount Petter, Sir Ernest 81 Wolmer) 42 Portillo, Michael 245, 247 Seldon, Arthur 197 Portland, 7th Duke of 35 Sherman, Sir Alfred 196 Powell, (John) Enoch 132, 146, Shinwell, Emmanual (Lord) 138 147-50, 154, 156, 159, 160, Simon, Sir John (viscount) 86,90, 175-6, 179, 185, 191, 194-5, 91, 93, 107, 108 198, 200, 211, 212, 214 Simonds, Lord 141 Mrs Thatcher's 'John the Simpson, Mrs Wallis (Duchess of Baptist' 186--7 Windsor) 99 and immigration 187-90 Smith, F. E. see Birkenhead, 1st Prior, Jim (Lord) 192, 203, 207, earl 212, 215 Smithers, Sir Waldron 129 Profumo, John 171,172 Smuts, Field-Marshal Jan 133 Pym, Francis 87, 214, 216 Snowden, Philip (viscount) 69, 82,86,87 Raison, Timothy 186 Soames, Christopher (Lord) 203, Reagan, President Ronald 211 214, 215, 234 Redmayne, Martin 163 Stalin, J. 95, 110 Redmond, John 47 Stamfordham, Lord 67 Redwood, John 245, 246, 247, Stanley, Oliver 78, 91 248 Stevas, Norman St John 214 Richie, C. 22 Strachey, James 138 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 22, 94, 95, Stuart, James (1st viscount) 112, 105 121, 124 Rosebery, 5th earl of 6 Russell, Lord John 2 Tariff Reform see under Conservative Party Salisbury, 3rd marquess of 3,23, Taylor, Alan J. P. 131 72, 76, 136, 232 Tebbit, Norman (Lord) 214-15, keeper of Tory Conscience 4-5 200,227 struggle for Party leadership Thatcher, Margaret (baroness) 7-8 87, 129, 146, ISS, 156, 164 and the Conservative Party and Thatcherism 134, 181, 10-13 185-6, 194, 198, 201-2, and Unionist dilemmas 14-17, 204-5, 221-3, 233-6, 246--8 19 as token woman 192 Salisbury, 4th marquess of and the revolt against (Cranborne until 1903) 22, Heath 196--200 42, 65 contradictions of 201 Salisbury, 5th marquess of leadership qualities of 201, (Cranborne until 1947) 102, 204-5,207,210-11,212-13, 125, 127, 128, 129, 152, ISS, 226--7, 232 159, 165 phases of leadership 202-3 INDEX 283

tensions within Shadow Walker, Peter 192 Cabinet 203--4 Wallace, Henry 128 'the Iron Lady' 206 Walters, Sir Alan 196,227-8 and the 1979 election 207-9 Waugh, Evelyn 130 wasted first year? 209-12 Webb, Mrs Beatrice 13 'not for turning' 209, 212 Westminster, Duke of 43 and the Common Market Whitelaw, Willie (1st viscount) 211-12,224,226-7 191, 199, 200, 202-3 and the Falklands factor Wilde, Oscar 49 213-15 Williams, Shirley 212 sacks the 'Wets' 214-15 Wilson, (James) Harold 27, 139, and the 1983 election 216-17 155,168, 170, 172, 176, 177, dismantles consensus 219-23 179, 182--4, 190, 191, 195, 198, challengesto 226-8 205 fall of 228-31 Wood, Edward see under Halifax, final speech as PM 231-2 1st earl record and acheivements Wood, Sir Kingsley 91, 107, 113, of 232-6 114, 117 as 'back-seat driver' 241-2 Woolton, 1st earl 120, 131, 135, Thomas, J. H. 86 141 Thomas, Peter 192 Wyndham, George 28, 34, 42 Thorneycroft, Peter (Lord) 131, 179,204,207,215 Young, Lord (David) 227 Thorpe, Jeremy 170, 195 Trotsky, Leon 69 Zinoviev 69, 73