Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam Msc and Allister Vale MD

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD

October 2016

CONTENTS General Toxicology 5 Metals 31 Management 14 Pesticides 32 Drugs 17 Chemical Warfare 34 Chemical Incidents & 25 Plants 35 Pollution Chemicals 26 Animals 35

CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH

The need for ICU admission in intoxicated patients: a prediction model Brandenburg R, Brinkman S, de Keizer NF, Kesecioglu J, Meulenbelt J, de Lange DW. Clin Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1080/15563650. 2016.1222616: Context Intoxicated patients are frequently admitted from the emergency room to the ICU for observational reasons. The question is whether these admissions are indeed necessary. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a model that predicts the need of ICU treatment (receiving mechanical ventilation and/or vasopressors <24 h of the ICU admission and/or in- hospital mortality). Materials and methods We performed a retrospective cohort study from a national ICU-registry, including 86 Dutch ICUs. We aimed to include only observational admissions and therefore excluded admissions with treatment, at the start of the admission that can only be applied on the ICU (mechanical

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units.

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England

ventilation or CPR before admission). First, a generalized linear mixed-effects model with binominal link function and a random intercept per hospital was developed, based on covariates available in the first hour of ICU admission. Second, the selected covariates were used to develop a prediction model based on a practical point system. To determine the performance of the prediction model, the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of several cut-off points based on the assigned number of points were assessed. Results 9679 admissions between January 2010 until January 2015 were included for analysis. In total, 632 (6.5%) of the patients admitted to the ICU eventually turned out to actually need ICU treatment. The strongest predictors for ICU treatment were respiratory insufficiency, age >55 and a GCS <6. Alcohol and "other poisonings" (e.g., carbonmonoxide, arsenic, cyanide) as intoxication type and a systolic blood pressure 130 mmHg were indicators that ICU treatment was likely unnecessary. The prediction model had high sensitivity (93.4%) and a high negative predictive value (98.7%). Discussion and conclusion Clinical use of the prediction model, with a high negative predictive value (98.7%), would result in 34.3% less observational admissions. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1222616

Modelling dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) plasma kinetics in humans van Eijkeren JCH, Olie JDN, Bradberry SM, Vale JA, de Vries I, Meulenbelt J, Hunault CC. Clin Toxicol 2016; 54: 833-9. Context No kinetic models presently exist which simulate the effect of chelation therapy on lead blood concentrations in lead poisoning. Objective Our aim was to develop a kinetic model that describes the kinetics of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA; succimer), a commonly used chelating agent, that could be used in developing a lead chelating model. Material and methods This was a kinetic modelling study. We used a two-compartment model, with a non-systemic gastrointestinal compartment (gut lumen) and the whole body as one systemic compartment. The only data available from the literature were used to calibrate the unknown model parameters. The calibrated model was then validated by comparing its predictions with measured data from three different experimental human studies. Results The model predicted total DMSA plasma and urine concentrations measured in three healthy volunteers after ingestion of DMSA 10mg/kg. The model was then validated by using data from three other published studies; it predicted concentrations within a factor of two, representing inter-human variability. Conclusions A simple kinetic model simulating the kinetics of DMSA in humans has been developed and

validated. The interest of this model lies in the future potential to use it to predict blood lead concentrations in lead-poisoned patients treated with DMSA. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1221508

Fipronil insecticide toxicology: oxidative stress and metabolism Wang X, Martínez MA, Wu Q, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1080/10408444. 2016.1223014: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1223014

The 100 most influential publications in paracetamol poisoning treatment: a bibliometric analysis of human studies Zyoud SH, Waring WS, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Awang R. Springerplus 2016; 5: 1534. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3240-z

An immunoassay to rapidly measure acetaminophen protein adducts accurately identifies patients with acute liver injury or failure Roberts DW, Lee WM, Hinson JA, Bai S, Swearingen CJ, Stravitz RT, Reuben A, Letzig L, Simpson PM, Rule J, Fontana RJ, Ganger D, Reddy KR, Liou I, Fix O, James LP. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.007: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.007

Harmful algal blooms and public health Grattan LM, Holobaugh S, Morris JG, Jr. Harmful Algae 2016; 57: 2-8. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.05.003

Comparative metabolism of tramadol and tapentadol: a toxicological perspective Barbosa J, Faria J, Queirós O, Moreira R, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48: 577-92. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2016.1229788

Evaluation of an in vitro screening model to assess phosgene inhalation injury Olivera DS, Hoard-Fruchey H, Sciuto AM. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; online early: doi: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1243183: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2016.1243183

Medical countermeasures for unwanted CBRN exposures: Part I chemical and biological threats with review of recent countermeasure patents Singh VK, Garcia M, Wise SY, Seed TM. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; online early: doi: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1233178: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2017.1233178

Emergency use of uridine triacetate for the prevention and treatment of life-threatening 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine toxicity Ma WW, Saif MW, El-Rayes BF, Fakih MG, Cartwright TH, Posey JA, King TR, von Borstel RW, Bamat MK. Cancer 2016; online early: doi: 10.1002/cncr.30321: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30321

The grass isn't always greener: the effects of cannabis on embryological development Friedrich J, Khatib D, Parsa K, Santopietro A, Gallicano GI. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17: 45. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40360-016-0085-6

A high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quan- TOXICOLOGY tification of five aged butyrylcholinesterase biomarkers from General human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. Kohsman MG. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; online early: Ethical considerations for perinatal toxicology screening. doi: 10.1002/bmc.3830: Neonatal Netw 2016; 35: 268-76. Hložek T, Bursová M, Coufal P, Cabala R. Wood CS, Weis CP, Caro CM, Roe A. Gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin quantification in A practice analysis of toxicology. human serum by GC-MS after hexyl chloroformate derivatiz- Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; online early: ation. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.017: J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw070:

Analytical toxicology Hsu J-Y, Hsu J-F, Chen Y-R, Shih C-L, Hsu Y-S, Chen Y-J, Tsai S-H, Liao P-C. Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Urinary exposure marker discovery for toxicants using Findings in the hair of drug abusers using pressurized ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled in-line Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry and three with capillary electrophoresis. untargeted metabolomics approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131: 420-8. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939: 73-83.

Bazmi E, Behnoush B, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L. Hu L-J, Li X-F, Hu J-Q, Ni X-J, Lu H-Y, Wang J-J, Huang X-N, Quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines in vitreous humor Lin C-X, Shang D-W, Wen Y-G. by high-performance liquid chromatography. A simple HPLC-MS/MS method for determination of SAGE Open Med 2016; 4: 2050312116666243. tryptophan, kynurenine and kynurenic acid in human serum and its potential for monitoring antidepressant therapy. Chang G-R, Chen H-S, Lin F-Y. J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw071: Analysis of banned veterinary drugs and herbicide residues in shellfish by liquid chromatography-tandem Jalali A, Hatamie A, Saferpour T, Khajeamiri A, Safa T, mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and gas chromatography- Buazar F. tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). Impact of pharmaceutical impurities in ecstasy tablets: gas Mar Pollut Bull 2016; online early: chromatography-mass spectrometry study. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.080: Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15: 221-9.

Concheiro M, Lendoiro E, de Castro A, Gónzalez- Jin S, Hyodoh H, Matoba K, Feng F, Hayakawa A, Okuda Colmenero E, Concheiro-Guisan A, Peñas-Silva P, Macias- K, Shimizu K, Haga S, Ozaki M, Terazawa K. Cortiña M, Cruz-Landeira A, López-Rivadulla M. Development for the measurement of serum thiosulfate Bioanalysis for cocaine, opiates, methadone and amphet- using LC-MS/MS in forensic diagnosis of H2S poisoning. amines exposure detection during pregnancy. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 22: 18-22. Drug Test Anal 2016; online early: doi: 10.1002/dta.2087: Kinnell A, Cole R, Thakrar R, Smith PR, Patel P, Gupta P. Reply to "A novel 'dilute-and-shoot' liquid chromatography- Dussy FE, Hangartner S, Hamberg C, Berchtold C, Scherer tandem mass spectrometry method for the screening of U, Schlotterbeck G, Wyler D, Briellmann TA. antihypertensive drugs in urine". An acute ocfentanil fatality: a case report with postmortem J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw094: concentrations. J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw096: Korotkov A, Andoralov A, Amelin V. Identification and determination of 492 contaminants of Gao L, Li J, Wu Y, Yu M, Chen T, Shi Z, Zhou X, Sun Z. different classes in food and feed by high-resolution mass Determination of novel brominated flame retardants and spectrometry using the standard addition method. polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum using gas J AOAC Int 2016; online early: doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.16- chromatography-mass spectrometry with two simplified 0069: sample preparation procedures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; online early: Love SA, Seegmiller JC, Kloss J, Apple FS. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9887-z: Urine creatinine concentrations in drug monitoring participants and hospitalized patients. Gardner SL, Geller RJ, Hannigan R, Sun Y, Mangla A. J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw092: Evaluating oral fluid as a screening tool for lead poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw093: Mohr AL, Friscia M, Papsun D, Kacinko SL, Buzby D, Logan BK. Gentili S, Solimini R, Tittarelli R, Mannocchi G, Busardò FP. Analysis of novel synthetic opioids U-47700, U-50488 and A study on the reliability of an on-site oral fluid drug test furanyl fentanyl by LC-MS/MS in postmortem casework. in a recreational context. J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw086: J Anal Methods Chem 2016; 2016: 1234581. Nozawa H, Minakata K, Yamagishi I, Hasegawa K, Suzuki Gholami A, Mohsenikia A, Masoum S. M, Gonmori K, Suzuki O, Watanabe K. Determination of very low level of free formaldehyde in liquid Simultaneous determination of cyclic antidepressants and detergents and cosmetic products using photoluminescence their related drugs and the estimation of new metabolites method. in human whole blood and urine by MALDI-QTOF-mass J Anal Methods Chem 2016; 2016: 1720530. spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 34: 244-55. Graham LA, Johnson D, Carter MD, Stout EG, Erol HA, Isenberg SL, Mathews TP, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. Park JS, Rehman SU, Kim IS, Choi MS, Lee JS, In S, Yoo HH.

Tentative identification of in vitro metabolites of 5-APDB, a Arch Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00204- synthetic benzofuran, by LC-Q/TOF-MS. 016-1828-2: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2016; 1033-1034: 296-300. Graham LA, Johnson D, Carter MD, Stout EG, Erol HA, Rosado T, Fernandes L, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Isenberg SL, Mathews TP, Thomas JD, Johnson RC. Sensitive determination of THC and main metabolites in A high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the human plasma by means of microextraction in packed quantification of five aged butyrylcholinesterase biomarkers sorbent and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. from human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2016; online early: doi: Biomed Chromatogr 2016; online early: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.007: doi: 10.1002/bmc.3830:

Sadeghi R, Kobarfard F, Yazdanpanah H, Eslamizad S, Hsu J-Y, Hsu J-F, Chen Y-R, Shih C-L, Hsu Y-S, Chen Y-J, Bayate M. Tsai S-H, Liao P-C. Simultaneous determination of 13 priority polycyclic aromatic Urinary exposure marker discovery for toxicants using hydrocarbons in Tehran's tap water and water for injection ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with samples using dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction method Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry and three and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. untargeted metabolomics approaches. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15: 475-81. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939: 73-83.

Soltaninejad K, Karimi M, Nateghi A, Daraei B. Pleil JD. Simultaneous determination of six benzodiazepines in spiked Breath biomarkers in toxicology. soft drinks by high performance liquid chromatography with Arch Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00204-016- ultra violet detection (HPLC-UV). 1817-5: Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15: 457-63. Poblete-Naredo I, Albores A. Sramska P, Maciejka A, Topolewska A, Stepnowski P, Molecular biomarkers to assess health risks due to Halinski LP. environmental contaminants exposure. Isolation of atropine and scopolamine from plant material Biomedica 2016; 36: 309-35. using liquid-liquid extraction and EXtrelut® columns. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2016; online early: doi: Robles-Díaz M, Medina-Caliz I, Stephens C, Andrade RJ, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.003: Lucena MI. Biomarkers in DILI: one more step forward.

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Analysis of valproic acid, salicylic acid and ibuprofen in whole blood by GC-MS. Cardiotoxicity J Anal Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw079: Argacha JF, Collart P, Wauters A, Kayaert P, Lochy S, Schoors D, Sonck J, de Vos T, Forton M, Brasseur O, Beauloye C, Tynon M, Homan J, Kacinko S, Ervin A, McMullin M, Gevaert S, Evrard P, Coppieters Y, Sinnaeve P, Claeys MJ. Logan BK. Air pollution and ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A case- Rapid and sensitive screening and confirmation of thirty- crossover study of the Belgian STEMI registry 2009–2013. four aminocarbonyl/carboxamide (NACA) and arylindole Int J Cardiol 2016; 223: 300-5. synthetic cannabinoid drugs in human whole blood. Drug Test Anal 2016; online early: doi: 10.1002/dta.2096: Conklin DJ, Haberzettl P, Jagatheesan G, Kong M, Hoyle GW. Role of TRPA1 in acute cardiopulmonary toxicity of inhaled Viinamäki J, Ojanperä I. acrolein. Concurrent estimation of metabolite concentrations along Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; online early: with parent drug quantification in post-mortem blood. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.028: Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267: 110-4. Conklin DJ. Acute cardiopulmonary toxicity of inhaled aldehydes: role Biomarkers of TRPA1. Darvishi B, Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Farahmand L. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374: 59-67. Investigating prevalence and pattern of long-term cardiovascular disorders in sulfur mustard-exposed victims Darvishi B, Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Farahmand L. and determining proper biomarkers for early defining, Investigating prevalence and pattern of long-term monitoring and analysis of patients' feedback on therapy. cardiovascular disorders in sulfur mustard-exposed victims Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; online early: doi: and determining proper biomarkers for early defining, 10.1111/bcpt.12666: monitoring and analysis of patients' feedback on therapy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; online early: Gao Y, Cao Z, Yang X, Abdelmegeed MA, Sun J, Chen S, doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12666: Beger RD, Davis K, Salminen WF, Song BJ, Mendrick DL, Yu L-R. Gill D, Mann K, Liu K. Proteomic analysis of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity QT prolongation by baclofen overdose. and identification of heme oxygenase 1 as a potential Am J Ther 2016; online early: plasma biomarker of liver injury. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000505: Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; online early: doi: 10.1002/prca.201600123: Heise CW, Skolnik AB, Raschke RA, Owen-Reece H, Graeme KA. Ghai V, Wang K. Two cases of refractory cardiogenic shock secondary to Recent progress toward the use of circulating microRNAs bupropion successfully treated with veno-arterial extra- as clinical biomarkers. corporeal membrane oxygenation.

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INDEX

14 C-ortho-phenylphenol ...... 26 Benzene ...... 27 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate ...... 26 Benzodiazepines ...... 20 4-aminopyridine ...... 15 Benzophenone ...... 27 Acetaminophen ...... 24 Beta2 agonists ...... 20 Acetylcysteine ...... 15 Biofuels ...... 27 Acrolein ...... 26 Biological warfare ...... 34 Air pollution ...... 25 Biomarkers ...... 6 Alcohol ...... 26 Boric acid ...... 15 Aldehydes ...... 27 Brodifacoum ...... 34 Algae ...... 35 Bromazepam ...... 20 Aluminium phosphide ...... 33 Bupropion ...... 19 Amfetamines ...... 18 Cadmium ...... 31 Amiodarone ...... 18 Caffeine ...... 20 Amlodipine ...... 20 Calcium channel blockers ...... 20 Ammonium bifluoride ...... 27 Calcium gluconate ...... 16 Anabolic steroids ...... 18 Cannabis ...... 20 Anaesthetics ...... 18 Carbamate insecticides ...... 33 Analytical toxicology ...... 5 Carbofuran ...... 33 Animals, general ...... 35 Carbon monoxide ...... 27 Antiarrhythmic drugs ...... 18 Carbon tetrachloride ...... 27 Antibiotics ...... 18 Cardiotoxicity ...... 6 Anticoagulants ...... 18 Cement ...... 27 Anticonvulsants ...... 19 Chelating agents ...... 15 Antidepressants ...... 19 Chemical incidents ...... 26 Antidotes ...... 15 Chemical warfare, general ...... 34 Anti-emetics ...... 18 Chemicals, general ...... 26 Antifungal drugs ...... 19 Chlorhexidine ...... 21 Antihypertensive drugs ...... 19 Chlorine ...... 28 Antimalarial drugs ...... 19 Chloroquine...... 19 Antineoplastic drugs ...... 19 Chromium ...... 31 Antioxidants...... 16 Ciguatera ...... 35 Antipsychotics ...... 20 Cobalt ...... 31 Antituberculous drugs ...... 20 Cobinamide ...... 15 Antivenom ...... 15 Cocaine...... 21 Antiviral drugs ...... 20 Colubridae ...... 35 Arsenic ...... 31 Contrast media ...... 28 Ascorbic acid ...... 16 Copovidone ...... 21 Atrazine ...... 33 Corrosives ...... 28 Avermectin ...... 20 Cosmetics ...... 28 Baclofen ...... 20 Crotalinae ...... 35

Cyanide ...... 28 Marijuana ...... 20 Cyanuric acid ...... 28 MDMA ...... 18 Dabigatran ...... 19 Medication errors ...... 10 Datura spp...... 35 Melamine ...... 30 Dermal toxicity...... 7 Mercury ...... 32 Developmental toxicology ...... 7 Metabolism ...... 10 Dextromethorphan ...... 24 Metals, general ...... 31 Diacetylmorphine ...... 21 Methadone ...... 24 Diazinon ...... 34 Methadone maintenance therapy ...... 16 Didanosine ...... 20 Methanol...... 30 Dietary supplements ...... 21 Methotrexate ...... 19 Diquat ...... 34 Methylene blue ...... 22 Disinfectants ...... 28 Methylphenidate ...... 22 Dofetilide ...... 18 Methylthioninium chloride ...... 22 Doxapram ...... 16 Monoclonal antibodies ...... 17 Driving under the influence ...... 8 Morphine ...... 24 Drugs, general ...... 17 Mushrooms ...... 35 Dust ...... 28 Mustard gas ...... 34 E-cigarettes and e-liquids ...... 28 Mycotoxins ...... 35 Ecstasy ...... 18 Naloxone ...... 16 Elapidae ...... 36 Nephrotoxicity ...... 11 Endocrine disrupting chemicals ...... 28 Nerve agents ...... 34 Entacapone ...... 16 Neurotoxicity ...... 11 Epidemiology ...... 8 Nicotine ...... 22 Ethambutol ...... 20 Nitric acid ...... 30 Ethanol...... 26 Novel psychoactive substances ...... 22 Ethnic remedies ...... 21 NSAIDs ...... 23 Ethylene glycol ...... 29 Occupational toxicology ...... 11 Eucalyptol ...... 29 Ocfentanil ...... 23 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation...... 16 Ondansetron ...... 18 Extracorporeal treatments ...... 16 Opioids ...... 23 Fentanyl ...... 24 Organochlorine pesticides, general ...... 33 Fipronil ...... 33 Organophosphorus insecticides, general ...... 33 Fireworks ...... 29 Oxcarbazepine ...... 19 Fish/marine poisoning ...... 35 Oxycodone ...... 24 Flame retardants ...... 29 Paediatric toxicology ...... 12 Flavouring chemicals ...... 29 Paracetamol ...... 24 Fluoride ...... 29 Paraquat ...... 34 Fluorouracil ...... 19 Perfluorinated compounds ...... 30 Forensic toxicology ...... 8 Pesticides, general ...... 32 Formaldehyde ...... 29 Phenethylamines ...... 22 Formic acid ...... 29 Phenytoin...... 19 Fragrance compounds ...... 29 Phosphatidylcholine ...... 17, 30 Frogs ...... 35 Phthalate esters ...... 30 Gamma hydroxybutyrate ...... 21 Pioglitazone ...... 24 Gastric lavage ...... 16 Pit vipers ...... 35 Genotoxicity ...... 9 Plants, general ...... 35 Haemodialysis ...... 16 Pollution ...... 26 Hazardous waste ...... 26 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ...... 30 Hepatotoxicity ...... 9 Polychlorinated biphenyls ...... 30 Herbal medicines ...... 21 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ...... 30 Herbicides ...... 33 Psychiatric aspects ...... 13 Heroin ...... 21 Pyrethroid insecticides, general ...... 34 Honey ...... 29 Quinine ...... 19 Hydrofluoric acid ...... 29 Reprotoxicity ...... 13 Hydrogen peroxide ...... 30 Rhododendron spp...... 35 Hydrogen sulphide ...... 30 Ricin ...... 34 Hydroxychloroquine ...... 21 Ricinus communis ...... 35 Ibuprofen ...... 23 Risk assessment ...... 14 Idarucizumab ...... 15 Risperidone ...... 20 Inhalation toxicity ...... 10 Rodenticides ...... 34 Insecticides ...... 33 Sarin ...... 35 Isoniazid...... 18 Sartans ...... 24 Kerosene ...... 30 Scorpions ...... 35 Kinetics ...... 10 Sedatives ...... 24 Labetalol ...... 21 Serotonergic drugs ...... 25 Lead...... 31 Sildenafil ...... 25 Levamisole ...... 21 Smoke ...... 30 Lipid emulsion therapy ...... 16 Snake bites ...... 35 Lithium ...... 21, 32 Sodium chloride...... 25 Management, general ...... 14 Solifenacin ...... 25 Manganese ...... 32 Solvents ...... 30

Spiders ...... 36 True vipers...... 36 Substance abuse ...... 25 Uridine triacetate ...... 17 Suicide ...... 14 Valproate ...... 19 Synthetic cannabinoids ...... 22 Vancomycin ...... 18 Synthetic cathinones ...... 23 Veterinary products ...... 25 Synthetic opioids ...... 23 Viperinae ...... 36 Tapentadol ...... 24 Voriconazole ...... 19 Taxus baccata...... 35 VX ...... 35 Theacrine ...... 30 Warfarin ...... 19 Tin ...... 32 Water pollution ...... 26 Tobacco ...... 30 Yellow phosphorus ...... 34 Toxicology, general ...... 5 Yew ...... 35 Tramadol ...... 24 Zinc phosphide ...... 34

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England