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Subodh Kumar Chaturvedi, Msc. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, India

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Subodh Kumar Chaturvedi, Msc. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, India DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF FORAMINIFERA IN KHARO CREEK AND ADJOINING SHELF AREA OFF KACHCHH, GUJARAT Thesis submitted to Goa University for the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Marine Sciences 74 I .9 7 Subodh Kumar Chaturvedi, MSc. National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, India. 2000 STATEMENT As required under the University ordinance OB.9.9 (ii), I state that the present thesis entitled "DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF FORAMINIFERA IN KHARO CREEK AND ADJOINING SHELF AREA OFF KACHCHH, GUJARAT", is my original contribution and the same has not been submitted on any previous occasion. To the best of my knowledge. the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been cited. Due acknowledgements have been made wherever facilities and suggestions have been availed of. SUBODH KUMAR CHATURVEDI CERTIFICATE As required under the university ordinance OB.9.9 (vi), I certify that the thesis entitled `DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF FORAMINIFERA IN KHARO CREEK AND ADJOINING SHELF AREA OFF KACHCHH, GUJARAT', submitted by Mr. Subodh Kumar Chaturvedi for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Science is based on his original studies carried out by him under my supervision. The thesis or any part thereof has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any universities or institutions. Place: Dona Paula (Dr. Rajiv Nigam) Date : 20 October 2000 Research Guide t ; Scientist E-II < Geological Oceanography Division National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa -1-4--V--tTe4;(fi r e_ (-4We 7S 71, ‘t, e-?-c /lyre e, b"-e )14 ,==kci) 1sLy /: 3c c. Yu n ei7S. CC rfr-D /m;s ite4v. (5 -1.2640 CkF. s •P- Mt) RA-N) CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix CHAPTER 1- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Selection of the study area 3 1.3 Scope of the present study 3 1.4 Objectives of the present study 5 1.5 Historical resume 5 1.5.1 Status of the foraminiferal study along the Indian region 5 1.5.1.1 Foraminiferal studies from the Arabian Sea 7 1.5.1.2 Foraminiferal studies from the Bay of Bengal 25 1.5.1.3 Foraminiferal studies from the Indian Ocean 38 CHAPTER 2 - PHYSIOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 2.1 Geographical setting 47 2.2 Geology of hinterland 50 2.3 Climate 52 2.4 Drainage 53 2.5 Cyclonic storm 54 2.6 Regional structural trends and tectonic framework 59 2.7 Bathymetry 61 2.8 Temperature 61 2.9 Salinity 63 2.10 pH 65 2.11 Dissolved oxygen 65 2.12 Transparency and suspended load 67 2.13 Organic carbon 67 2.14 Sediment texture 68 2.15 Calcium carbonate 72 CHAPTER 3 - MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Work plan 74 3.3 Field method 76 3.3.1 Onboard data collection 76 3.3.1.1 Echosounder 77 3.3.1.2 Sub-bottom profiler 77 3.3.1.3 Side scan sonar 78 3.3.1.4 Position fixing system 78 3.3.2 Geological sampling 79 3.4 Laboratory methods 83 3.4.1 Core subsampling 83 3.4.2 Micropaleontological studies 83 3.4.2.1 General processing 83 3.4.2.2 Morphological studies 84 3.4.2.2.1 Morpho-groups of benthic foraminifera 84 3.4.2.2.2 Coiling direction of benthic foraminifera 85 3.4.3 Statistical analyses 85 3.4.4 Sedimentological studies 85 3.4.4.1 Determination of sediment texture 86 3.4.4.2 Determination of calcium carbonate 86 3.4.5 Determination of organic carbon 87 3.5 Procurement of data 87 3.5.1 Radiocarbon dating 87 3.5.2 Ecological data of Kharo creek 88 ifi CHAPTER 4 — COMPOSITION OF FORAMINIFERA 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Classification 89 4.2.1 Repository of the type material 90 4.3 Foraminiferal diversity 90 4.4 Systematic descriptions 104 4.4.1 Family Hormosinidae 104 4.4.2 Family Haplophragmoididae 104 4.4.3 Family Discamminidae 105 4.4.4 Family Lituolidae 105 4.4.5 Family Eggerellidae 107 4.4.6 Family Textulariidae 107 4.4.7 Family Opthalmidiidae 110 4.4.8 Family Spiroloculinidae 112 4.4.9 Family Hauerinidae 116 4.4.10 Family Nodosariidae 133 4.4.11 Family Lagenidae 134 4.4.12 Family Polymorphinidae 138 4.4.13 Family Ellipsolagenidae 139 4.4.14 Family Guembelitriidae 140 4.4.15 Family Globorotaliidae 141 4.4.16 Family Pulleniatinidae 142 4.4.17 Family Candeinidae 143 4.4.18 Family Globigerinidae 143 4.4.19 Family Bolivinidae 147 4.4.20 Family Bolivinellidae 154 4.4.21 Family Cassidulinidae 155 4.4.22 Family Stainforthiidae 155 4.4.23 Family Siphogenerinoididae 156 4.4.24 Family Buliminidae 157 4.4.25 Family Uvigerinidae 160 4.4.26 Family Reussellidae 163 iv 4.4.27 Family Trimosinidae 163 4.4.28 Family Fursenkoinidae 164 4.4.29 Family Virgulinellidae 165 4.4.30 Family Bagginidae 166 4.4.31 Family Eponididae 168 4.4.32 Family Rosalinidae 170 4.4.33 Family Pseudoparrellidae 173 4.4.34 Family Glabratellidae 173 4.4.35 Family Planulinidae 174 4.4.36 Family Cibicididae 174 4.4.37 Family Epistomariidae 176 4.4.38 Family Amphisteginidae 177 4.4.39 Family Nonionidae 178 4.4.40 Family Trichohyalidae 185 4.4.41 Family Rotaliidae 186 4.4.42 Family Elphidiidae 195 CHAPTER 5 — SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA IN CREEKS 5.1 Introduction 204 5.2 Foraminiferal distribution in Kharo creek 204 5.2.1 Results and discussion 204 5.2.1.1 Living foraminifera 206 5.2.1.2 Reworked foraminifera 207 5.2.1.3 Total foraminifera 208 5.2.1.3.1 Total foraminiferal number (TFN) 208 5.2.1.3.2 Morphogroups of benthic foraminifera 208 5.2.1.3.3 Generic distribution 209 5.2.2 Foraminiferal ecology 211 5.2.2.1 Organic carbon 211 5.2.2.2 Suspended load 212 5.2.2.3 Nature of substratum 213 V 5.2.3 Summary of spatial distribution of foraminifera in the creek 215 5.2.4 Implications in pollution monitoring 217 5.3 Foraminiferal study in Sugar creek 219 CHAPTER 6 — SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMINIFERA IN NEAR SHORE SHELF REGION 6.1 Introduction 222 6.2 Results and discussion 222 6.2.1 Living foraminifera 222 6.2.2 Total foraminifera 223 6.2.2.1 Total foraminiferal number 223 6.2.2.2 Morphogroups 225 6.2.2.3 Generic variations of foraminifera in the surface sediments 226 6.3 Foraminiferal ecology 232 6.4 Statistical analyses 234 6.4.1 The data base 235 6.4.2 Cluster analysis 235 6.4.2.1 Q-mode clustering 235 6.4.2.2 R-mode clustering 238 6.4.2.3 Factor analysis 240 6.5 Comparison of cluster and factor analysis 247 CHAPTER 7 — DISTRIBUTION AND PALEOCLIMATIC IMPLICATIONS OF FORAMINIFERA IN SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS 7.1 Introduction 248 7.2 Results and discussion 249 7.2.1 Total foraminiferal number 249 7.2.2 Generic variations of foraminifera in cores C-11, C-12 and KHM-1 249 7.2.2.1 General distribution 249 7.2.2.2 Temporal variations in cores C-11, C-12 and KHM-1 251 7.2.3 Morphogroup of benthic foraminifera 266 vi 7.2.4 Coiling direction in benthic foraminifera 266 7.2.5 Q-mode clustering 269 7.2.5.1 Data base 269 7.2.5.2 Results of clustering 271 7.3 Radio carbon dating of subsurface sediments 271 7.4 Paleoclimatic reconstruction 276 7.5 Implications 287 7.5.1 Significance in archaeology 287 7.5.2 Significance in past and future climate 290 7.6 Scope for future work 291 CHAPTER 8 — SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 292 REFERENCES 296 EXPLANATION TO PLATES 346 APPENDIX 1 - List of benthic foraminiferal genera of Rounded-symmetrical 363 and Angular-asymmetrical form in the study area APPENDIX 2 — Alphabetical list of foraminiferal species recorded in Kharo 364 creek, Sugar creek, near shore and subsurface sediments along with page number, plate number and figure number. vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure no. Title Page no. Figure 1.1 Map showing location of study area. 4 Figure 1.2 Map showing area for which foraminiferal studies have 7 been summarized: (a) Arabian Sea, (b) Bay of Bengal, and (c) Indian Ocean. Figure 2.1 Physiographical map of Gujarat (Merh, 1995). 48 Figure 2.2 Map showing geology of Kachchh (After Merh, 1995). 50 Figure 2.3 Map showing rainfall of Gujarat (Merh, 1995). 52 Figure 2.4 Position of infamous very severe cyclone on (a) 18 May 56 1999, and (b) 19 May 1999 which caused severe damage in Kachchh (Gujarat) [After IMD Report, 2000]. Figure 2.5 Position of infamous very severe cyclone on (a) 20 May 57 1999, and (b) Eye of the above storm (i.e. low-pressure area) which caused severe damage in Kachchh (Gujarat) [After IMD Report, 2000]. Figure 2.6 Damage caused by severe cyclonic storm to (a) coconut 58 farms, and (b) microwave tower in Gujarat [After IMD Report, 1999]. Figure 2.7 Tectonic map of Kachchh (After Prasad et al., 1994). 60 Figure 2.8 Map showing average temperature ( °C) variations in 62 northern Arabian Sea (A) at surface, and (B) below 200 m water depth (After Qasim, 1982).
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