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Paleoambiental Interpretations of Middle Pleistocene with Benthic

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Paleoambiental Interpretations of Middle Pleistocene with Benthic UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS - UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE GRADUAÇÃO CURSO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - BACHARELADO MICAEL LUÃ BERGAMASCHI INTERPRETAÇÕES PALEOAMBIENTAIS DO PLEISTOCENO MÉDIO COM BASE EM FORAMINÍFEROS BENTÔNICOS DA BACIA DE SANTOS – BRASIL SÃO LEOPOLDO 2012 Micael Luã Bergamaschi INTERPRETAÇÕES PALEOAMBIENTAIS DO PLEISTOCENO MÉDIO COM BASE EM FORAMINÍFEROS BENTÔNICOS DA BACIA DE SANTOS – BRASIL Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Biológicas, pelo Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Orientador: Prof. Dr. Itamar Ivo Leipnitz São Leopoldo 2012 Aos meus pais, Cláudia e Fernando. Presentes nos momentos de eclipse e luz em minha vida. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao finalizar este estudo e concluir mais uma etapa em minha vida, gostaria de agradecer àqueles que colaboraram de diversas e significativas maneiras no desenvolvimento e evolução deste trabalho: Ao meu orientador, Itamar Ivo Leipnitz, que sempre me incentivou, apoiou e abriu portas na minha jovem caminhada ao longo destes anos que venho me dedicando aos estudos com foraminíferos. Aos pesquisadores e amigos, Carolina Jardim Leão e Fabricio Ferreira, pela oportunidade, ideias e ensinamentos passados, contribuindo para a realização deste trabalho e motivação para muitos outros que estão por vir. À Petrobras por ter cedido as amostras para execução deste trabalho. Aos colegas do Instituto Tecnológico de Micropaleontologia (ITT Fossil – Unisinos), pelo suporte técnico de fundamental importância. Pelas risadas e diversos momentos de descontração. Aos amigos da Biologia, pelos momentos de diversão e discussões biológicas, que de forma direta ou indireta contribuíram para a conclusão deste trabalho. Aos pesquisadores, Guilherme Krahl e Thièrs Wilberger, por ótimas discussões e sugestões, e também pelo incentivo e amizade. Ao Rogério da Silva Martins da Costa, responsável técnico do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) do Cenpes/Petrobras, pelo auxílio na obtenção das fotomicrografias de foraminíferos. Ao pesquisador John W. Murray pela singular ajuda em discussões por e-mail relacionadas à sistemática e metologia aplicada. Ao professor Renato Luiz Romera Carlson pelo essencial suporte nas análises estatísticas. Aos meus pais, Fernando e Cláudia, meus exemplos maiores de amor, determinação e perseverança. Sou muito grato por todo o carinho, amo vocês! A minha irmã Natalie, pela amizade e companheirismo eternos. Por todo o carinho, convivência e força, você é muito importante em minha vida e uma grande fonte de alegria. A minha querida tia Janaina, muitas alegrias e brigas... e é claro, vitórias conquistadas sem perder o bom humor. Sempre estará em meu coração. Ao grande amigo Adriano Misturini, pela amizade e grandes momentos de alegrias e aprendizados... e que você perdoe a ausência de quem tem orgulho de te chamar de irmão! Ao Nando, por todo amor, companheirismo e compreensão. Obrigado por estar em minha vida e por toda a coragem que você me passou durante esta jornada, que também dedico a você. “The fact that we live at the bottom of a deep gravity well, on the surface of a gas covered planet going around a nuclear fireball 90 million miles away and think this to be normal is obviously some indication of how skewed our perspective tends to be” Adams (2003, p. 55). RESUMO O Pleistoceno (2,58 milhões de anos a 12 mil anos atrás) foi um período muito dinâmico na história geológica da Terra, caracterizado por grandes oscilações climáticas que modificaram as condições dos ambientes no planeta e moldaram a distribuição da biodiversidade marinha. Foraminíferos são protistas em sua grande maioria marinhos, muito sensíveis a variações ambientais, e largamente utilizados em estudos paleoecológicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as associações de foraminíferos bentônicos do testemunho BS-A, na busca de contribuir com o conhecimento acerca das características paleoecológicas e paleoambientais do Pleistoceno Médio. O testemunho analisado foi coletado a uma profundidade de 2.141 metros no talude continental da Bacia de Santos e possui recuperação contínua de 20,65 m. Selecionaram-se 25 amostras representantes do Pleistoceno Médio, processadas dentro da metodologia padrão para microfósseis calcários. Foram identificados 26.629 espécimes, distribuídos em 64 gêneros e 147 espécies de foraminíferos bentônicos, entretanto apenas três apresentaram um padrão de abundância e distribuição consistente (Epistominella exigua, Alabaminella weddellensis, e Cassidulina californica). Através dos dados de distribuição da fauna e análises de regressão, foi possível subdividir o intervalo estudado em três subintervalos. Os subintervalos A (mais antigo, entre 2.037 e 1.946 cm) e C (mais recente, entre ~1.509 e 849 cm), apresentaram elevada dominância de E. exigua, grande densidade de espécimes de foraminíferos por grama de sedimento (ind/g) e baixa diversidade. A espécie E. exigua é oportunista e capaz de se reproduzir rapidamente, em resposta a depósitos sazonais de fitodetritos. Sugere-se que nesses dois momentos, tenham ocorrido consideráveis aportes de material fitodetrítico ao fundo oceânico e um consequente aumento na abundância de E. exigua, o que condicionou uma fauna com elevada dominância e baixa diversidade. Já o subintervalo B, intermediário cronoestratigraficamente (entre 1.910 e ~1.529 cm), apresentou uma comunidade de mais diversificada, com elevada abundância de morfotipos infaunais, baixa densidade e abundância de E. exigua. Esses dados sugerem um momento de maior estabilidade ambiental, e a inexistência de um aporte considerável de fitodetrítos ao fundo oceânico, possibilitando um aumento da diversidade na comunidade de foraminíferos. A espécie C. californica, mesmo sendo a espécie infaunal mais abundante no testemunho, não possui relação estatística com a abundância desse morfotipo, e apresentou seus maiores valores nos subintervalos A e B, sugerindo que outros fatores paleoambientais tenham controlando suas populações, normalmente associada à presença de grande quantidade de carbono orgânico total na interface água-sedimento. Uma oposição da abundância de A. weddellensis com a de E. exigua indica momentos que apresentaram diferentes tipos de fluxos fitodetríticos, depositados em pulsos sazonais (subintervalos A e C) e intercalados por períodos onde a deposição da matéria orgânica ocorreu de forma mais gradual (subintervalo B), provavelmente associada à oscilação no ciclo do fósforo. Os padrões de distribuição das três espécies citadas permitiram caracterizar o Pleistoceno Médio do talude continental da Bacia de Santos como uma zona de alta produtividade marinha, com variações no aporte de matéria orgânica de origens diversas e intensidade variável, além de uma possível oscilação na influência das correntes de fundo ao longo desse período. Palavras-chave: Paleocologia. Quaternário. Fitodetritos. Mar profundo. Foraminíferos bentônicos. Análises de regressão. ABSTRACT Pleistocene (2.58 million years to 12,000 years ago) was a very dynamic period in geologic history of Earth, characterized by large climatic fluctuations that changed the conditions of the environments on the planet and regulated the distribution of marine biodiversity. Foraminifera are protists mostly marine, very sensitive to environmental changes, and widely used in paleoecological studies. The present study aims to examine the benthic foraminiferal associations from the core BS-A, in order to contribute to knowledge about the paleoecological and paleoenvironmental characteristics of Middle Pleistocene. The core examined was collected at a depth of 2,141 m on the continental slope of the Santos basin and has continues recovery of 20.65 m of sediment. Were selected 25 samples belonging to Middle Pleistocene, processed within the standard methodology for calcareous microfossils. We identified 26,629 specimes, distributed in 64 genera and 147 species of benthic foraminifera, however three showed a consistent pattern of abundance and distribution (Epistominella exigua, Alabaminella weddellensis and Cassidulina californica). Using data distribution of fauna and regression analysis it was possible to subdivide the interval studied in three subintervals. The subintervals A (oldest, between 2,037 and 1,946 cm) and C (latest, between ~1,509 and 849 cm), had moments of dominance with high E. exigua abundance, high density of foraminifera specimens per gram of sediment (ind/g) and low diversity. The species E. exigua is opportunistic and able to reproduce rapidly, in response to seasonal phytodetritus deposits. This suggests that in these two moments have occurred considerable influx of phytodetritic organic matter to the seafloor and a consequent increase in the abundance of E. exigua, which conditioned a fauna with high dominance and low diversity. Already the subinterval B, intermediate chronostratigraphically (between 1.910 and ~1.529 cm), presented a more diverse community of foraminifera, with high abundance of infaunal morphotypes, low density and low abundance of E. exigua. This data suggest a moment of greater environmental stability, and the absence of considerable phytodetritical organic matter flow to the seafloor, enabling an increase of diversity in the community of foraminifera. The species C. californica, in spite of being the most present infaunal species in the core, has no statistical relationship with the abundance of this morphotype, and presented its highest
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