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No. 26. Pliocene Benthic Foraminifera from the Ontong-Java Plateau

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No. 26. Pliocene Benthic Foraminifera from the Ontong-Java Plateau CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FOR FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 26 PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU (WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN): FAUNAL RESPONSE TO CHANGING PALEOENVIRONMENT J. OTTO R. HERMELIN Department of Geology University of Stockholm S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU AREA 5 PREVIOUS WORK. 6 WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC 6 ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU 7 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 MATERIAL... 8 METHODS 8 CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 8 BATHYMETRIC ZONATION.... 8 AGE MODEL FOR DSDP 586A 8 PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA 8 NANNOFOSSILS 12 SEDIMENTATION RATES 12 SIZE FRACTION ANALYSIS 12 THE PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL FAUNA 12 ABUNDANCE 13 DIVERSITY 13 COMPOSITION 16 RESULTS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 19 THE "MOST COMMON SPECIES" ANALYSIS 19 THE "WATER MASS DEPENDENT SPECIES" ANALYSIS 19 BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AS WATER MASS INDICATORS 19 WORLD OCEAN 19 ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU AREA 22 DISCUSSION 22 THE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH WATER MASSES 22 CHANGES IN THE FAUNAL COMPOSITION: RESPONSES TO PALEOCLIMATIC AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC CHANGES 23 CONCLUSIONS 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 27 TAXONOMIC NOTES ON SELECTED SPECIES 29 REFERENCES 89 APPENDIX 1 100 PLATES 110 Cushman Foundation Special Publication No. 26 p. 1-143, 1989 PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU (WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN): FAUNAL RESPONSE TO CHANGING PALEOENVIRONMENTS J. OTTO R. HERMELIN Department of Geology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT The relative abundance of benthic foraminifera in teau area. Correspondence analysis shows that there Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 586A (2,207 m) on the are three significantly different assemblages present. Ontong-Java Plateau in the western equatorial Pacific Alternation in dominance between the three assem­ Ocean has been analyzed. The investigated sequence blages can be linked to major changes in the paleoen­ represents the time interval between 1.9 and 5.0 Ma. vironment. The relative abundance patterns for various species, The benthic foraminiferal fauna contains 262 taxa composition of faunal assemblages and their variation assigned to 83 genera, of which 179 taxa have been through time, as well as sedimentological data has been illustrated and discussed in the taxonomic section. One used to develop a model for the paleoceanographic and genus, Siphoeggerella, is new. paleoenvironmental evolution of the Ontong-Java Pla- INTRODUCTION Greenland Sea: Belanger and Streeter, 1980; Sejrup and others, 1981; Mackensen and others, 1985; Indian Studies ofbenthic foraminifera have contributed sig­ Ocean: Corliss, 1979; and Pacific Ocean: Smith, 1964; nificantly to paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic re­ Ingle and others, 1980; Burke, 1981; Resig, 1981). constructions (Streeter, 1973; Schnitker, 1974, 1979; Comparisons of the results of these and other studies Lohmann, 1978; Sen Gupta and others, 1982; Hodell are often hampered because (1) deep-sea benthic fo­ and others, 1983; Hermelin, 1986). Although benthic raminiferal faunas are diverse, (2) many species occur foraminifera are rare (compared to planktonic shells) in low abundancies, and (3) taxonomic confusion is in most deep-sea samples, they are generally the only severe. bottom living organisms found in significant numbers The primary objective of this study is to use the in deep-sea cores. The relative abundances of benthic benthic foraminiferal assemblages for analysis of the foraminifera are often correlated to the substrate and paleoceanographic changes that occurred on the On­ to properties such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, nu­ tong-Java Plateau during Pliocene times. A secondary trients, carbonate saturation, but are relatively inde­ objective is to record and illustrate, with scanning elec­ pendent ofthe regional water depth (Said, 1953; Blanc­ tron photomicrography, the Pliocene benthic forami­ Vernet, 1958; Uchio, 1960; Lutze, 1962; Phleger and nifera of this area. Bradshaw, 1966; Murray, 1969; Greiner, 1974). Ben­ thic foraminifera are, therefore, particularly useful in THE ONTONG-JAV A PLATEAU AREA reconstructions of conditions and changes of the deep water circulation. The Ontong-Java Plateau is located in the western The species composition of benthic foraminiferal equatorial Pacific Ocean, east ofNew Guinea (Fig. lA). faunas is often found to be specific for principal water It is a shallow platform, about 1,600 km long and 800 masses (Atlantic Ocean: Streeter, 1973; Schnitker, 1974, km wide, trending northwest-southeast. Seismic re­ 1980; Lohmann, 1978; Culver and Buzas, 1981, 1982; fraction has delineated an oceanic crustal thickness of Weston, 1982; Weston and Murray, 1984; Norwegian- continental magnitude, 35-42 km (Furumato and oth­ o Guam A ers, 1976). Seismic reflection profiling shows that the sedimentary sequence is about 1.5 km thick, forming a more or less flat surface about 1,800 m below sea level (Furumato and others, 1976). Previous drilling reveals that the oldest sediments are of Aptian age (Scientific Party Leg 7, 1971; Scientific Party Leg 30, 1975). Resig and others (1976) showed that the On­ tong-Java Plateau has existed as a topographic high at (\", Fiji least since late Eocene times. () i \ , The subsurface water masses in the Ontong-Java <fJQ i o Plateau area are as follows (modified after Wyrtki, 1962; ~ Ried, 1965) (Fig. 2). \ (1) The flat, elevated surface of the Ontong-Java ~ Plateau lies within the PIW (Pacific Intermediate 30· Australia Water) which ranges from 1,200 to 2,400 m depth. The oxygen content is low (2.76-3.94 mIl I L), the temperature ranges from 1.9 to 3.9°C and ~~ ~ the salinity from 34.58 to 34.650/00. 9 B New.~aland \'-j (2) The upper slope of the plateau, between 2,500 V and 3,000 m depth is intersected by PDW (Pa­ 150· 180· cific Deep Water) with a salinity maximum of 34.740/00. The temperature ranges from 1.4 to 1.9°C and the oxygen from 4.0 to 4.4 mIlL. (3) The lower part ofthe slope and the abyssal plain B is bathed by PBW (Pacific Bottom Water) which is found below 3,000 m depth and is character­ ized by low potential temperatures (1.5-1.7 5°C). The salinity is less than 34.700/00 and the oxygen ranges from 3.4 to 4.6 mIlL. The Ontong-Java Plateau is located well above the present CCD (Calcite Compensation Depth) and the o· present carbonate lysocline is calculated to intersect the lower part ofthe plateau at 3,400 to 3,600 m (Berger and others, 1977, 1982). The foraminiferal lysocline lies approximately at 3,000 m, which approximates the upper boundary for the PBW (Parker and Berger, 1971 ). PREVIOUS WORK / WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ( 1· Prior to the DSDP, our knowledge ofdeep-sea ben­ thic foraminifera in the world ocean was primarily ;,­ FIGURE I. A. Map of the equatorial and southern part of the western Pacific Ocean showing location of Ontong-lava Plateau (shaded rectangle). B. Enlargement of the shaded rectangle showing the location of Site 586 on the northeastern upper slope ofthe On­ tong-Java Plateau. Bathymetric contours (in meters) from Kroenke (1972) are based on an assumed sound-velocity of 1,500 m/s- l and are not corrected for changes in the velocity. 6 WESTERN PACIFIC PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA Site 586 SW NE o~-~~---------~~-----~-------------------~-------~-----~- 1000 2000 PIW 3000 '--,- ===p)~W=== === =_____ _ ", 4000 ......... ,., ....... 5000 FIGURE 2. Schematic southwest/northeast transect over the Ontong-Java Plateau showing the general stratification of the subsurface water masses in the area. PIW Pacific Intermediate Water. PDW = Pacific Deep Water, PBW = Pacific Bottom Water. limited to Holocene and Pleistocene assemblages be­ frequencies. It is absent on the lower part of the slope cause of lack of older core material. Cushman con­ and on the abyssal plain. The species Astrononion stel­ tributed to our knowledge of the Holocene deep-water ligerum (=A. novozealandicum, this paper), Cibicides benthic foraminiferal fauna of the Pacific Ocean by his pseudoungerianus, and Hoeglundina elegans show series of monographs of the foraminifera of the North similar distribution patterns. Other species common Pacific Ocean (Cushman, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914, on the top of the plateau are Oridorsalis umbonatus 1915, 19 I 7a), by a monograph of the foraminifera off and Pullenia bulloides. These two species also occur the Philippine Islands (Cushman, 1921), and by his on the slope and on the abyssal plain. descriptions of the foraminifera of the Albatross Ex­ The slope is characterized by a high abundance of pedition, 1899-1900 (Cushman, 1932a, 1933a, 1942). Pullenia bulloides. Species more or less restricted to Cushman and his co-authors also published numerous the slope are Favocassidulina favus and Cassidulina papers concerning Holocene as well as older fossil as­ subglobosa (=G/obocassidulina subglobosa, this paper). semblages (the latter found in outcrops) from the Pa­ Epistominella exigua, Pullenia bulloides, Me/onts af­ cific region. finis, and Afe/onts pompilioides are present on the slope Several DSDP sites have been drilled in the Pacific as well as on the abyssal plain. Ocean but there are only a few articles dealing with The abyssal plain is strongly dominated by Nutta/­ Neogene benthic deep-sea foraminifera from the cen­ fides umbonifera (=Epistominella umbonifera, byoth­ tral or western part of the Pacific (Central North Pa­ ers) and Epistominelia exigua. Additional species cific: Douglas, 1973; Sea ofJapan: Ingle, 1975; North­ are P/anulina wuellerstorfi (=Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, western Pacific: Butt, 1980; North Philippine Sea: this paper), Melonis afjinis, Me/onis pompilioides, Or­ Echols, 1980; Japan Trench: Keller, 1980; Thompson, idorsalis umbonatus, and Pullenia bulloides. 1980; Central Equatorial Pacific Boersma, 1986; Ku­ The Miocene benthic foraminifera of the Ontong­ rihara and Kennett, 1986). Java Plateau have been studied at DSDP Site 289 (Woodruff, 1979; Woodruff and Douglas, 1981). They ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU compared the faunal changes in the benthic forami­ niferal assemblages with fluctuations in the stable iso­ The Recent benthic foraminiferal fauna of the On­ tope record.
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