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No. 26. Pliocene Benthic Foraminifera from the Ontong-Java Plateau

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CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FOR FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 26 PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU (WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN): FAUNAL RESPONSE TO CHANGING PALEOENVIRONMENT J. OTTO R. HERMELIN Department of Geology University of Stockholm S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU AREA 5 PREVIOUS WORK. 6 WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC 6 ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU 7 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 MATERIAL... 8 METHODS 8 CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 8 BATHYMETRIC ZONATION.... 8 AGE MODEL FOR DSDP 586A 8 PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA 8 NANNOFOSSILS 12 SEDIMENTATION RATES 12 SIZE FRACTION ANALYSIS 12 THE PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL FAUNA 12 ABUNDANCE 13 DIVERSITY 13 COMPOSITION 16 RESULTS OF THE CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 19 THE "MOST COMMON SPECIES" ANALYSIS 19 THE "WATER MASS DEPENDENT SPECIES" ANALYSIS 19 BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AS WATER MASS INDICATORS 19 WORLD OCEAN 19 ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU AREA 22 DISCUSSION 22 THE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH WATER MASSES 22 CHANGES IN THE FAUNAL COMPOSITION: RESPONSES TO PALEOCLIMATIC AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC CHANGES 23 CONCLUSIONS 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 27 TAXONOMIC NOTES ON SELECTED SPECIES 29 REFERENCES 89 APPENDIX 1 100 PLATES 110 Cushman Foundation Special Publication No. 26 p. 1-143, 1989 PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE ONTONG-JAVA PLATEAU (WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC OCEAN): FAUNAL RESPONSE TO CHANGING PALEOENVIRONMENTS J. OTTO R. HERMELIN Department of Geology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT The relative abundance of benthic foraminifera in teau area. Correspondence analysis shows that there Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 586A (2,207 m) on the are three significantly different assemblages present. Ontong-Java Plateau in the western equatorial Pacific Alternation in dominance between the three assem­ Ocean has been analyzed. The investigated sequence blages can be linked to major changes in the paleoen­ represents the time interval between 1.9 and 5.0 Ma. vironment. The relative abundance patterns for various species, The benthic foraminiferal fauna contains 262 taxa composition of faunal assemblages and their variation assigned to 83 genera, of which 179 taxa have been through time, as well as sedimentological data has been illustrated and discussed in the taxonomic section. One used to develop a model for the paleoceanographic and genus, Siphoeggerella, is new. paleoenvironmental evolution of the Ontong-Java Pla- INTRODUCTION Greenland Sea: Belanger and Streeter, 1980; Sejrup and others, 1981; Mackensen and others, 1985; Indian Studies ofbenthic foraminifera have contributed sig­ Ocean: Corliss, 1979; and Pacific Ocean: Smith, 1964; nificantly to paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic re­ Ingle and others, 1980; Burke, 1981; Resig, 1981). constructions (Streeter, 1973; Schnitker, 1974, 1979; Comparisons of the results of these and other studies Lohmann, 1978; Sen Gupta and others, 1982; Hodell are often hampered because (1) deep-sea benthic fo­ and others, 1983; Hermelin, 1986). Although benthic raminiferal faunas are diverse, (2) many species occur foraminifera are rare (compared to planktonic shells) in low abundancies, and (3) taxonomic confusion is in most deep-sea samples, they are generally the only severe. bottom living organisms found in significant numbers The primary objective of this study is to use the in deep-sea cores. The relative abundances of benthic benthic foraminiferal assemblages for analysis of the foraminifera are often correlated to the substrate and paleoceanographic changes that occurred on the On­ to properties such as temperature, salinity, oxygen, nu­ tong-Java Plateau during Pliocene times. A secondary trients, carbonate saturation, but are relatively inde­ objective is to record and illustrate, with scanning elec­ pendent ofthe regional water depth (Said, 1953; Blanc­ tron photomicrography, the Pliocene benthic forami­ Vernet, 1958; Uchio, 1960; Lutze, 1962; Phleger and nifera of this area. Bradshaw, 1966; Murray, 1969; Greiner, 1974). Ben­ thic foraminifera are, therefore, particularly useful in THE ONTONG-JAV A PLATEAU AREA reconstructions of conditions and changes of the deep water circulation. The Ontong-Java Plateau is located in the western The species composition of benthic foraminiferal equatorial Pacific Ocean, east ofNew Guinea (Fig. lA). faunas is often found to be specific for principal water It is a shallow platform, about 1,600 km long and 800 masses (Atlantic Ocean: Streeter, 1973; Schnitker, 1974, km wide, trending northwest-southeast. Seismic re­ 1980; Lohmann, 1978; Culver and Buzas, 1981, 1982; fraction has delineated an oceanic crustal thickness of Weston, 1982; Weston and Murray, 1984; Norwegian- continental magnitude, 35-42 km (Furumato and oth­ o Guam A ers, 1976). Seismic reflection profiling shows that the sedimentary sequence is about 1.5 km thick, forming a more or less flat surface about 1,800 m below sea level (Furumato and others, 1976). Previous drilling reveals that the oldest sediments are of Aptian age (Scientific Party Leg 7, 1971; Scientific Party Leg 30, 1975). Resig and others (1976) showed that the On­ tong-Java Plateau has existed as a topographic high at (\", Fiji least since late Eocene times. () i \ , The subsurface water masses in the Ontong-Java <fJQ i o Plateau area are as follows (modified after Wyrtki, 1962; ~ Ried, 1965) (Fig. 2). \ (1) The flat, elevated surface of the Ontong-Java ~ Plateau lies within the PIW (Pacific Intermediate 30· Australia Water) which ranges from 1,200 to 2,400 m depth. The oxygen content is low (2.76-3.94 mIl I L), the temperature ranges from 1.9 to 3.9°C and ~~ ~ the salinity from 34.58 to 34.650/00. 9 B New.~aland \'-j (2) The upper slope of the plateau, between 2,500 V and 3,000 m depth is intersected by PDW (Pa­ 150· 180· cific Deep Water) with a salinity maximum of 34.740/00. The temperature ranges from 1.4 to 1.9°C and the oxygen from 4.0 to 4.4 mIlL. (3) The lower part ofthe slope and the abyssal plain B is bathed by PBW (Pacific Bottom Water) which is found below 3,000 m depth and is character­ ized by low potential temperatures (1.5-1.7 5°C). The salinity is less than 34.700/00 and the oxygen ranges from 3.4 to 4.6 mIlL. The Ontong-Java Plateau is located well above the present CCD (Calcite Compensation Depth) and the o· present carbonate lysocline is calculated to intersect the lower part ofthe plateau at 3,400 to 3,600 m (Berger and others, 1977, 1982). The foraminiferal lysocline lies approximately at 3,000 m, which approximates the upper boundary for the PBW (Parker and Berger, 1971 ). PREVIOUS WORK / WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC ( 1· Prior to the DSDP, our knowledge ofdeep-sea ben­ thic foraminifera in the world ocean was primarily ;,­ FIGURE I. A. Map of the equatorial and southern part of the western Pacific Ocean showing location of Ontong-lava Plateau (shaded rectangle). B. Enlargement of the shaded rectangle showing the location of Site 586 on the northeastern upper slope ofthe On­ tong-Java Plateau. Bathymetric contours (in meters) from Kroenke (1972) are based on an assumed sound-velocity of 1,500 m/s- l and are not corrected for changes in the velocity. 6 WESTERN PACIFIC PLIOCENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA Site 586 SW NE o~-~~---------~~-----~-------------------~-------~-----~- 1000 2000 PIW 3000 '--,- ===p)~W=== === =_____ _ ", 4000 ......... ,., ....... 5000 FIGURE 2. Schematic southwest/northeast transect over the Ontong-Java Plateau showing the general stratification of the subsurface water masses in the area. PIW Pacific Intermediate Water. PDW = Pacific Deep Water, PBW = Pacific Bottom Water. limited to Holocene and Pleistocene assemblages be­ frequencies. It is absent on the lower part of the slope cause of lack of older core material. Cushman con­ and on the abyssal plain. The species Astrononion stel­ tributed to our knowledge of the Holocene deep-water ligerum (=A. novozealandicum, this paper), Cibicides benthic foraminiferal fauna of the Pacific Ocean by his pseudoungerianus, and Hoeglundina elegans show series of monographs of the foraminifera of the North similar distribution patterns. Other species common Pacific Ocean (Cushman, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914, on the top of the plateau are Oridorsalis umbonatus 1915, 19 I 7a), by a monograph of the foraminifera off and Pullenia bulloides. These two species also occur the Philippine Islands (Cushman, 1921), and by his on the slope and on the abyssal plain. descriptions of the foraminifera of the Albatross Ex­ The slope is characterized by a high abundance of pedition, 1899-1900 (Cushman, 1932a, 1933a, 1942). Pullenia bulloides. Species more or less restricted to Cushman and his co-authors also published numerous the slope are Favocassidulina favus and Cassidulina papers concerning Holocene as well as older fossil as­ subglobosa (=G/obocassidulina subglobosa, this paper). semblages (the latter found in outcrops) from the Pa­ Epistominella exigua, Pullenia bulloides, Me/onts af­ cific region. finis, and Afe/onts pompilioides are present on the slope Several DSDP sites have been drilled in the Pacific as well as on the abyssal plain. Ocean but there are only a few articles dealing with The abyssal plain is strongly dominated by Nutta/­ Neogene benthic deep-sea foraminifera from the cen­ fides umbonifera (=Epistominella umbonifera, byoth­ tral or western part of the Pacific (Central North Pa­ ers) and Epistominelia exigua. Additional species cific: Douglas, 1973; Sea ofJapan: Ingle, 1975; North­ are P/anulina wuellerstorfi (=Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, western Pacific: Butt, 1980; North Philippine Sea: this paper), Melonis afjinis, Me/onis pompilioides, Or­ Echols, 1980; Japan Trench: Keller, 1980; Thompson, idorsalis umbonatus, and Pullenia bulloides. 1980; Central Equatorial Pacific Boersma, 1986; Ku­ The Miocene benthic foraminifera of the Ontong­ rihara and Kennett, 1986). Java Plateau have been studied at DSDP Site 289 (Woodruff, 1979; Woodruff and Douglas, 1981). They ONTONG-JAvA PLATEAU compared the faunal changes in the benthic forami­ niferal assemblages with fluctuations in the stable iso­ The Recent benthic foraminiferal fauna of the On­ tope record.
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  • Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera

    Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera

    Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera Atlas of Benthic Foraminifera Ann Holbourn, Andrew S. Henderson and Norman MacLeod A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by Natural History Museum Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University

    © in This Web Service Cambridge University

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03640-6 - Foraminifera and their Applications Robert Wynn Jones Index More information Index Abathomphalus 67, Figs. 7.3, 9.13 Allomorphinella 57 Abrolhos reef 273 Almirante Camara fan 209 abundance, diversity, dominance and equitability 89, Alps, Austrian, Swiss 194, 250 112, 157–8, 181, 193, 207, 214, 222, Alveolina 42, Pl. 19, Figs. 7.4, 9.10 244, 247 Alveolinella 42, 85, Pl. 19 abyssal environments, zones 83, Figs. 4.1, 9.11 Alveolinidae 42, Fig. 9.5 (see also deep marine) Alveolophragmium 24 Acarinina 69, Figs. 7.5, 9.10, 9.13 Alveosepta 107 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 278 Alveovalvulina 103, 221, 246, Pl. 56, Fig. 9.14 Acervulina 55, Pl. 27 Alveovalvulinella Pl. 56 Acervulinidae 55, 79, 100 Amacuro member 246 Acheulian (artefacts) 290 Amijiella Pl. 41, Fig. 9.3 acmes 125 amino acids, uptake of 15 Adelosina 39, 243 amino acid racemisation 278 Adercotryma 24, Pls. 51, 52, Fig. 9.11 Ammoastuta 80 Affinetrina 39, Pl. 18 Ammobaculites 24, 80, 102, Pl. 4, Fig. 3.1 Afrobolivina 110 Ammodiscana 22 Agathammina 37, Pl. 16 Ammodiscidae 24, 107 Agathamminoides 37 Ammodiscidea 23 agglutinated, agglutinating (wall structure) 16 Ammodiscoides 106, 243 agglutinated, agglutinating Foraminifera 75, Ammodiscus 24, 103, 106, 243, Pls. 3, 51, 52, 77, 96, 99, 120, 127–9, (see also Astrorhizida, Figs. 3.1, 9.11 Lituolida) Ammocycloloculina 24, Pl. 4 Akrotiri, Thera 277 Ammolagena 24, 106, Pls. 3, 51, 52, Al Huwaisah field 248 Fig. 9.11 Alabamina 55, Pls. 26, 43 Ammomarginulina 24, 80, Pl. 49, Fig. 9.11 Alabaminidae 55, 79, 82, 100 Ammomassilina 42 Alabaminoides 243 Ammonia 57, 80, 281, 284, 289–90, 292, Alanwoodia 52 Pl.