The emergence of the Ammonites: Sociocultural transformation on the Transjordan plateau during the Late Bronze/Iron Age transition Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Younker, Randall Wayne, 1953- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 07:08:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289078 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. 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Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE EMERGENCE OF THE AMMONITES; SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION ON THE TRANSJORDAN PLATEAU DURING THE LATE BRONZE/IRON AGE TRANSITION by Randall Wayne Younker Copyright Randall Wayne Younker 1997 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 199 7 DMI NxJinber: 9729487 Copyright 1997 by Yoxinker, Remdall Wayne All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9729487 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Randall Wayne Younker entitled EMERGENCE OF THE AiMMONITES: SOCIO_CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION ON THE TRANSJORDAN PLATEAU DURING THE LATE BRONZE/IRON AGE TRANSITION and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY n. Date Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th® author extends deep appreciation to William Dever, Ed Wright, Michael Bonine, William Longacre, and John Olsen for their time, insights and help along the way in the writing of this dissertation. Each of them has shown patience and a willingness to give time when many other things were pressing. I would also like to thank my numerous colleagues at Andrews University who helped cover for me when I needed time to write, especially Dave Merling, Ralph Hendrix, Dick Davidson, and Roy Gane. A special thanks to Phil Drey for helping pull some maps together and to Sten LaBianca for brainstorming sessions. I would also like to thank my Madaba Plains Project colleagues Larry Geraty and Larry Herr for their support of my field work which generated some of the data used in this study. Great appreciation is extended to the administration of Andrews University who provided the funding, both to study and to travel back to the University of Arizona for various consultations. I must here acknowledge the memory of Gerhard Basel, who first hired me and arranged for my graduate studies with the Andrews administration. Finally, I must thank my family who sacrificed so much for me to finish—my parents and grandparents—especially grandma Lillian, who first sent me off to the Near East—and of course, my children, Rebecca, Michael, Elizabeth, Sarah, and my wife, April. Looks like its time to paint the house1 5 TABLE OF CONTEHTS LIST OF FIGURES 9 LIST OF TABLES 10 ABSTRACT 11 INTRODUCTION 12 CHAPTER 1; SOCIAL CHANGE-.THEORIES AND METHODS 24 Theories of Social Change 24 Roots of Cultural Evolution 24 Recent Reactions to Neo-evolutionism 26 Reaction to Processual Challenges 30 Rapprochement? 31 Variability within Types 34 Organizational Dynjunics of Complexity 35 Synthetic Approaches in Palestinian Studies 36 Methodology 37 An Integrative Approach 37 Data Base for Ancient Ammon 39 Archaeological Data 39 Historical Data 43 Environmenta 1 Data 44 Procedure 45 CHAPTER 2; FOUNDATIONS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE IN AMMON 47 Introduction 47 A Synthetic Approach to Social Evolution 47 Neo-evolutionism: Pros and Cons 47 Preadaption to Decomposition and Reformulation 49 Importance of "Small Kinship Groups" 49 Early Canaan's Interacting Social Consonants 50 Urban vs. Kin-based Countryside 53 Cycles of "Resolution" and the Rise of Ammon 54 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 6 Rise of the Kin-based Countryside 55 Generative Genealogy 57 "Tribe" and "tribalism" 57 Segmentation and Social Fluidity 60 The Beni Bataw 61 The Rise of Supra-Tribal Polities 63 Tribal Dynamics and Generative Genealogies 67 Ethnicity and Axnmonite Origins 68 Defining Ethnicity 69 Distinguishing Features of ethnie 72 Where the Ammonites and ethnie? 73 Ethnogenesis? 74 CHAPTER 3: THE LATE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE ON THE CENTRAL TRANSJORDANIAN PLATEAU 77 Introduction 77 Chronology of Late Bronze Age Ammon 77 Periodization 77 Ceramic Chronology 78 Correlations with Egyptian Chronology 79 Late Bronze Age Collapse in Ammon 82 MB IIC/LB lA Settlement Pattern 82 Historical Sources for MB IIC/LB lA Ammon 84 Social Dynamics in MB IC/LB lA Ammon 86 Nomadization in LB IB-IIA Ammon 87 Quadratbau—Isolated Sanctuaries? 89 Historical Sources for LB IB-IIA 92 Shasu in Ammon? 93 Canaan's Social Dyneunics During the LB lA-IB 99 Urban/anti-urban kin-based countryside 99 Ethnographic Parallels 101 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 7 Hab/piru, Shasu and the early Iron Age Peoples 104 CHAPTER 4: RISE OF THE HIGHLAND TRIBAL CONFEDERACIES 106 Introduction 106 LB IIB/Iron lA Chronology 106 Periodization 106 Egypt ianSynchronisms 106 Amtnon Ceramic Chronology 110 LB IIB/Iron lA Archaeological Remains in Ammon 113 Early Sedentarization in LB IIB/Iron lA Ammon 113 Site Size Distribution 114 Site Function 115 Historical Factors and Reconstruction of LB IIB/Iron lA Ammon 116 Hab/piru and Shasu Dominance in Highlands 116 Resettlement of Hab/piru and Shasu Elements in the Highlands of Canaan 117 Ethnographic Parallels for Resettlement 120 Emergence of Tribal Confederacies 120 The Emergence of Inter-tribal Rivalries 123 Ethnographic Examples of Inter-tribal Rivalry 127 Isolation of Pottery and Metallurgy Technologies on the Transjordanian Plateau 131 Summary 136 CHAPTER 5; TRIUMPH OF THE TRIBES: THE RISE OF THE IRON AGE TRIBAL MONARCHIES 139 Introduction 139 Chronology of the Iron Age lA-B 139 Periodization 139 Archaeological Data for Iron lA-IB 141 Settlement Data 141 Burials 143 Historical Sources for Iron Age lA-IB 144 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 8 Shasu on the Transjordanian Plateau 144 Emergence of the Philistines (Iron IB) 145 Egypt and the Philistines 146 Second Phase of the Philistine Incursion 148 Impact of the Philistines on Urban Canaan 149 Impact on Canaan's Highland Peoples 151 First References fo the Ammonites 152 Chronology of the Iron IC/IIA-B 159 Periodization 159 Iron IC in Ammon 161 Archaeology of Iron IC/IIA-B in Ammon 163 Settlement Data 163 Ammonite Burial Practices 165 Material Culture 167 Monumental Art—statuary 168 Historical Sources for Iron IC/IIA-B 170 Rise of the Iron Age States 172 Biblical Scholars on the Iron Age States 172 Anthropological Perspectives 173 State Level Complexity and Integration? 178 Retention of Kin-based Institutions 181 House Plans and Social Structure 182 Burial Practices 183 Summary 183 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 185 APPENDIX A 194 ILLUSTRATIONS 241