Index

Note: Page references in italics refer to Figures; those in bold refer to Tables

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 87 future of 25–6 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 45 grading xxvi-xxvii 4-n-butylresorcinol 140 management 21–4 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) 138 nicotine and 91 5-fluorouracil 107 photodamage in 91 5α-androstan-3β-ol-17-one 81 post-rupture 15 5α-androstanedione 81 pre-rupture 15 5α-androstene-3β, 17β-diol 81 punch ablation, debridement in 17 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) 48–9, 67 terminology xxiii–xxvi 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one 81 therapeutic choices 185–6 5α-pregnanedione 69, 81, 148 unroofing technique 17, 18 5α-reductase 45, 48 vs vulgaris 18–21 5α-reductase inhibitors 147–8 acne keloidalis 63 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) 150 acne xiii, xxiv, 3–12 7α,11β-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone 87 adaptive immune reaction 4 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone 87 classification and staging 187–9 17α-hydroxylase, 45 erythema in 4–6 17α-lyase 45 functional 4, 6 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 45, 48, 49 inflammatory 4, 6 structural 4–6 abscess 153 fibrosis in 6–7 acamprosate 87 genetics 34 Accutane® 114, 124, 127, 128, 136, 171 grading xxvi Aché tribe, Paraguay inflammatory epiphenomena in 8–12 abhorrence of milk 80, 82, 89, 174 innate immune reaction 4 photodamage 163 ocular rosacea in 7 acitretin xiv, xiv, 127 pathogenesis 56–7 in acne keloidalis 63 terminology xxii–xxiii acne agminata 137 therapeutic choices 185 acne climacterica (menopausal acne) 75, 78 total sun avoidance 110 xxii, 135 ultraviolet A 7–8 acné excoriée des jeunes filles, l' 65–6,COPYRIGHTED 98 acne MATERIAL varioliformis 128, 132 xxii acne vulgaris xx, 1–3 acne inversa genetics 31–4 genetics 34 grading xxvi acne inversa/ suppurativa (AI/HS) xiii, xxiii, xxv, incidence 1 12–26, 57–60 pathogenesis 54–6 avoiding recurrence 25 terminology xxi-xxii, 1–2 foreign materials in 15–18 therapeutic choices 184–5

Acne: Causes and Practical Management, First Edition. F. William Danby. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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acneform eruptions 64, 87, 89 beta-lactoglobulin 106 acnegens 87–92 biologics 137 Acnomel® 121 bipolar disorder 124 actinic telangiectasia 4–6, 7, 8, 163 birth control pills (BCPs) 139, 141–2 Aczone® blackhead see open in pregnancy 176, 178 blepharitis 133, 134–5, 134 adalimumab (Humira®) 22, 23 body dysmorphic disorder 125 adapalene xiv 119, 139 Botox® 132 adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH) 26–7 bovine somatotropin (BST) 112 adrenal glands 26 bovine spongiform encephalopathy 113 age, women, acne in 74–5 brentuximab 64, 65 aging 91 bromine 89 Akt kinase 50 bromoderma 36, 89 aldosterone 144 burning out of acne 3 all-trans retinoic acid 118 bystander suppression 164 alopecia, androgenic 75 alpha-hydroxy acids 120 calcium supplementation 114 alpha lactalbumin 106 Candida 11, 56, 58, 61, 98, 99 amoxicillin 94, 129 Candida albicans, radiation and 163 in acne keloidalis 63 Candida vulvovaginitis 62 ampicillin 94, 129 carbohydrates 115–16 anabolic steroids 45 versus dairy load 83–4 in mothers' milk 72–4 casein 90–1, 90 as muscle makers 74 cefadroxil in acne keloidalis 63 analgesics, narcotic 22 cheese 112 androgen receptor blockade 143–7 87 androgens 40, 67–8 chocolate 89–90 antibiotic-resistant acne 94 ciprofloxacin 94 antibiotics as anti-inflammatories 128 clarithromycin 94 in acne vulgaris 128–9 Clearasil® 121 in acne rosacea 129 clindamycin 22, 60, 94, 128, 129 in acne inversa 129 closed comedo xiii, xx, xxi, xxii, 61 in dissecting terminal (DTF) and acne retinoids 118, 118 keloidalis 129–30 surgery 151 as antibiotics 130 combination vacuum suction–phototherapy machine 152 antigens 55, 104 comedolytics 117–28 antihistamines 62 standard topical 118–20 anti-inflammatories 128–37 systemic 121–8 antimicrobials 128–37 unclassifed topicals 120–1 apocrine sweat glands 1 comedones (comedo) xiii–xiv, xv APSEA (Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects see closed comedo; open comedo of Acne) 27 competitive inhibition 144 arbutin 141 Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale (CASS) xxvi atopic 10, 11, 95, 97, 97 conglobate acne see acne conglobata Aureomycin® 128 contraceptives, oral 183 azelaic acid 94, 120–1 controversies azithromycin 94, 128–9 acne rosacea classification and staging 187–9 in pregnancy 177 dairy vs carbohydrate 189–91 corpus luteum Bacillus oleronius 9, 185 68 benzoyl peroxide xiv, 119–20 persistent 68 beta-hydroxy acid 120 cortexolone 17α-propionate 147

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corticosteroids 135–7, 182–3 drospirenone xii, 75, 76–7, 142, 143, 144, 146–7 in pregnancy 178 ductal keratinocytes 38 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 26–7, 27 ductus seboglandularis ( duct).43 Corynebacterium acnes see Propionibacterium acnes dutasteride xii, 147–8, 149 Coumadin 131 in pregnancy 179 Crohn's disease 158 crotamiton 134, 185 eccrine sweat glands 1 cyproterone acetate 76, 142, 146 Elimite® 134 cytosol 50 emblica extract 141 end organ responsiveness 51 dairy intolerance 82–3 endocrine imitators and disruptors 87–8 dairy products xii, 112–15 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) 87 see also milk endogenous hormones 45, 67–72 dairy vs carbohydrate controversy 191 Enovid® 74, 142 damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) 55 environmental contamination 88 95 environmental management 109 dapsone xiv eosinophilic pustular folliculitis see Ofuji's disease in acne keloidalis 63 epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor eruption 64–5 in Ofuji's disease 62 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors 87 oral 137 xxii, 16 in pregnancy 176, 178 epigenetics 33 topical 128 epinephrine (adrenalin) 26 dehiscence 159 epiphenomena 3, 105 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 67 erythematotelangiectatic rosacea xxii, 12, 187 dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) 25, 67 erythromycin 60, 94, 128, 176 Demodecosis 12 in pregnancy 177 Demodex xxiv, 4, 9, 9, 56, 99–101 estradiol (E2) xii, 68, 142 sampling 100 estriol (E3) 68, 142 Demodex folliculorum 99–100 estrogens 68–9 desogestrel 75, 76 birth control pill 142, 74–5 diabetes 69–70, 144, 158, 159 side effects 142–3 Type I 70 estrone (E1) 68, 142 Type II 70, 71, 183 ethinyl estradiol (EE2) 74, 142 see also insulin etonogestrel 77 Diane® 35, 142, 146 Eurax® 134 Dianette® 146 exogenous hormones 45, 72–84, 72 diet xii, 111–17, 148–9 anabolic steroids 72–3 impact of 80–1 oral contraceptive hormones 74–84 see also dairy products; milk experienced-based medicine (XBM) 111 Differin® 119 diformazan 48 Favre–Racouchot syndrome (solar elastosis with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) 45, 47–9, 54, 67 comedones) 7–8, 41, 91 minimization 147–9 finasteride 147 dimethandrolone 87 in pregnancy 178 dioxins 47 fluconazole 129 diphtheria toxin 132 fluctuant nodule 153 dissecting folliculitis of the scalp xxv, xxv, 63, 135 flutamide 146 dissecting terminal folliculitis 63 in pregnancy 178–9 dl-norgestrel 75 follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 142 Dowling–Degos disease lesions 158 follicular canal xix doxycycline 22, 60, 62, 94, 128, 129, 133, 139 follicular occlusion tetrad xxvi draining nodule 153 follicular tetrad 63

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folliculitis 87 hair follicle xx folliculopapules 3 see acne inversa/hidradenitis central facial xiii suppurativa monomorphic 61 high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) 116 folliculopilosebaceous units (FPSUs) xv, xx, xxi, 1, 7, 31–52 75 anatomy 31, 32 history xviii biochemistry 44–5 homogentisic acid 140 embryology 36–7 hormone manipulations and therapy 141–50 epigenetics 35–6 hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 75 FoxO1 and mTORC1 49–52, 51 hormone-free milk 82 genetics 31–5 hormones xii-xiii acne vulgaris 31–4 Hurley's three-stage system xxvi, 17–18 acne rosacea 34 hydroquinone 139, 140 acne inversa 34 hyperinsulinemia 115–16 histology 38–42 hypertrophic scars xvi, xvii, xxii, xxiii, 107, 153 hormones, enzymes, receptors and intracrine system hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) 44, 93 45–9 physiology 42–4 iatrosacea 136 hair 42 ibuprofen 137 oil 42–3 in pregnancy 178 follicle 43–4 ice cream 81 folliculopustules xiii, xiv, xv, 3 Implanon® 77, 78 monomorphic 61 indomethacin 62 Follikel-Filament 1, 3 inflammatory response 103–7 foods 88–91 adaptive (acquired) immunity 104 see also dairy products; diet; milk allergy (shared antigens) 106 FoxO1 49–52, 51, 69 as primary acnegen 104–5 functional androgenic hyper-responsiveness to ACTH 26 innate immunity 103–4 fusidic acid 94 mediators, cellular and humoral, and neuroimmunology 105–6 gamma rays 163 pigment, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation 106–7 gene therapy 58 scarring 107 genetics xii infliximab (Remicade®) 137 genotype 33 insulin 69–71, 81–2 gestagens 141 insulin and IGF-1 stimulation (IIS) 51 gestodene 76 insulin resistance 70, 71, 117 glassy membrane 163 insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) 69, 72, 82, 84, 94, 110 Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) xxvi insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS) 83, 84 Global Acne Severity Scale (GEA Scale) xxvi intense pulsed light (IPL) 165 glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) 70–1, 82, interleukins 84, 115 IL-1 105 glutathione 141 IL-8 190 glycation 91 IL-17 22 glycemic index 83–4 IL-23 22 glycemic load 115–16 intracrine system 45, 46, 48–9 glycolic acid in pregnancy 177 intrafollicular flora 55 glycolysis 116 intrauterine devices 78 grading xx-xxvii intravaginal devices 78 Gram-negative organisms 99 invasive proliferative gelatinous mass (IPGM) xxi, 19–25, growth factors and androgens combined 82 21, 59–60, 157 growth hormone 37, 72 iodine therapy, oral, in acne vulgaris 89 gynecomastia 144 89

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iPLEDGE® 111, 122, 124–5 collagen 163 Iraqne 137 on organisms 163–4 irritant 120 visible, in pregnancy 179 isoenzymes (isozymes) 48 lignin peroxidase 141 isotretinoin (Accutane®; Roaccutane®) xiv, xiv, xv, 36, 117, lipoproteins 44 121–2, 139, 171, 183 lymphocytes 104 in acne keloidalis 63 lymecycline 22, 94, 139, 176 contraception 122–3 depression 27–8, 123–5 mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) inflammatory bowel disease 123 113 physical side effects 125–7, 126 Malassezia teratogenicity 122 in acnes 98–9 isthmus xix folliculitis 60–2 ivermectin 134 immunogenicity 97–8 normal role 95–7 Japan pruritogenicity 98 diet 80 radiation and 163 lactase deficiency in 80 toll-like receptors (TLRs) in 103 milk consumption 80 Malassezia caprae 95 juvenile acne xv Malassezia cuniculi 95 Malassezia dermatis 95 keloid scars xvi, xvii, xxiii, 107 Malassezia equina 95 keratin xix, 1–2, 15–16 10 keratinization 2 Malassezia furfur 10, 95, 98 keratinocytes xix, 1, 2, 3, 38 Malassezia globosa 10, 95 ketoconazole 61, 62, 129–34, 139, 183 Malassezia japonica 95 absorption enhancement 131 Malassezia nana 95 in acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa and dissecting Malassezia obtusa 95 folliculitis and cellulitis 135 Malassezia pachydermatis 95 in acne keloidalis 63 Malassezia restricta 95 in acne rosacea 133–4, 133 Malassezia slooffiae 95 in acne vulgaris 132–3 Malassezia sp. xxiv, 10–12, 10, 54, 56, 62, 95–9, 96–7 in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Malassezia sympodialis 95 eruption 64, 65 Malassezia yamatoensis 95 kinases 50 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 Kitivan people, Papua 80, 89 (mTORC1) 70 photodamage in 163 mammary glands 1 Koch’s postulates 11 medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or Depo Provera®, kojic acid 141 intramuscular injections of 78 Meibomian glands 31 lactose intolerance 82, 117 Melnik diagram 109–11 lasers 165 menopausal acne 75, 78 in pregnancy 179 mestranol 74, 141, 142 Leeds system xvi metabolic syndrome 70, 71, 84 leptin 116 metformin 116–17 levonorgestrel 75, 76, 77 methicillin resistant Streptococcus aureus (MRSA) 64 licorice extract 141 methotrexate 107 light 162–4 methyl bromide 36 as a practical acne therapy 164 methylation 35 radiation targets 163–4 metronidazole 22, 94, 129 androgen receptor 163 microbiome 99 androgens 163 microcomedo formation 2, 2, s

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milk 112, 183–4 organic milk 82 and acne risk 34 Ortho Evra® 78 allergy 82–3 osteoporosis 113 hormones in 78–81 in pregnancy 174–5 Paleolithic diet 116, 174 iodine in 89 xiv organic 112–13 papulopustule xiv, xv mineralocorticoid 144 para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) 110 minocycline 22, 60, 94, 128, 133 pathogenesis of the disease xviii Mirena® 78 patient driven management 111 moulages xviii, xviii capitis abscedens et suffodiens xxv, xxv, 63, 135 moxifloxacin 22, 94 phenotype 33 mTORC1 49–52, 51, 73, 73 pheromones 1 multiheaded comedones 57 phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) 50 mupirocin 94 phosphorylase 50 phosphorylation 50 n-acetylglucosamine 141 photodamage 91 Neo Medrol Acne Lotion® 135 photodynamic therapy (PDT) xix, 138 neomycin 94 photolysis 150, 163 Nexplanon® 77–8 photons 163 niacinamide 141 phototherapy 137–8 nicastrin gene mutations 34 -hormone interactions 149–50 nicotine 92, 139 phyma xxii nodules xiv, xv–xvi, xv–xvi phymatous change 6 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 22, 137 phytoestrogens 87–8 in pregnancy 178 pigmentary incontinence 140 norelgestromin xii pilar unit xix norethisterone 76 pilonidal cyst xxv, 58, 101 norethynodrel 74, 75 pilosebaceous apparatus xix norgestimate xii, 76, 77, 142 pilosebaceous units see folliculopilosebaceous units Norplant® 77 pityriasis (tinea) versicolor 61 NuvaRing® 78 Pityrosporon see Malassezia placental lactogen 37 obesity 84, 117 Plewig’s Follikel-Filament xxi acne risk and 34 polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 70, 117 obsessive-compulsive disorder 125 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) 103 ocular rosacea xxii, xxiv polypeptides 182, 183 Ofuji’s disease 60, 62 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 183 Okinawans, dairy consumption in 88 pore xix open comedo xiii, xiii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 103 porphyrin 164 removal 151–2 Posilac® injection 112 retinoids 118 post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) 106–7, 138–41 oral contraceptive hormones 74–84 prednisone 22 dietary sources 78–84 pregnancy, acne in 171–80 extended cycles 75–7 active therapy 175–9 implants 77–8 anti-inflammatories 178 intramuscular (depot) injections 78–9 antimicrobials 177–8 intrauterine devices 78 avoidance of harm 175–6 intravaginal devices 78 combination topicals 178 oral estrogens 74–5 hormone blockers 178–9 oral progestins 75, 75, 76 lasers, visible light, and ultraviolet light 179 topical patches 78 lesion-directed therapy 177

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nonprescription topicals 177 resorcinol xv, 121 procedural therapies 179 retepamulin 94 diagnostic evaluation 173–4 retinoic acid cream 35 diet 173 retinoids xiv, 118–19, 118 epidemiology 171 retinol (Vitamin A) xiv, xiv, 118 milk and 174–5 (drinker's nose) xxii, 6, 7 pathogenesis 172–3 rickets 113, 150 prevention 174, 179 rifampicin 22, 94, 129 smoking 173 Roaccutane® 171 targeting therapy 173–4 royal jelly 84 clinical manifestations 173 pathology 173 Saalfield extractor 151 twinning rates and 175 salicylic acid 120, 177 pregnenolone 45 Sartorius score xxvi pre-rosacea 110 saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) 89 prevention 109–11 scabies 99 environmental 109 scars xvi–xvii, 107 indicated 109 hypertrophic xvi, xvii, xxii, xxiii, 107, 153 Melnik diagram 109–11 keloid xvi, xvii, xxiii, 107 primary 109–11 xxii quaternary 109 sebaceous follicle xx secondary 109 sebaceous glands xix–xx selective 109 sebofollicular junction 48 tertiary 109 seborrheic dermatitis 10, 11 universal 109 sebum 37 progestagens 141 role of 40 Progestasert® 78 self-image 27 progesteroids 68–9 sensitive skin syndrome 120 progesterone xii, 68–9 sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) 46, 67, 141 progestins in birth control pill 75, 75, 76, 143 signaling symphony 51 progestogens 141 sinus tracts 153 proliferative mass 153 sinuses xvi–xvii Prometrium® 75 skin appendages 1 Propionibacterium acnes xxi, 9, 54, 56, 58, 93–5, 97, 98, 103 Skyla® 78 antibiotic resistant 119 smoking 26, 92, 110 colony 163 in pregnancy 173 normal role 94 soaps 117–18 pathogenic role 94–5 antibacterial 118 toll-like receptors (TLRs) in 103 sodium sulfacetamide in pregnancy 177 provitamin D3 150 solitary inflammatory nodule 153 pseudomembranous colitis 128 somatomammotropin 37 psoriasis xiv, 10, 11, 95, 97, 98, 119 soy 87–8, 141 UV therapy in 163–4 spironolactone xii, 47, 142, 144, 185 psychology of acne 26–9 interactions 145 pulmonary embolism 142 in pregnancy 178 pustule xxii side effects 144 topical 147 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 164 squames 44 rebound phenomenon 178 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 132 recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH or rbGH) 112 Staphylococcus 58, 99 recurrence 178 Staphylococcus aureus, radiation and 163–4 reproductive hormones 81–2 Staphylococcus epidermidis, radiation and 163

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stasis dermatitis 6 tretinoin (vitamin A; retinoic acid; Retin-A®) xiv, xiv statins 131 in pregnancy 177 40 triamcinolone xv, xvii, 22, 107 Stein–Leventhal syndrome 70 in acne keloidalis 63 step therapy 111 trimethoprim 94 steroids see corticosteroids in pregnancy 177–8 stratum corneum equivalent xxi trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole 129 Streptococcus 58, 99 trimethoprim–sulfisoxazole 129 stress xiii, 26–7 tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) 22 stretch marks 159 twin studies 34–5 Stromectol® 134 twinning rates 117, 175 suicidality 27 isotretinoin and 28–9 ultraviolet light Sulfoxyl® 5 Lotion 120 in Ofuji’s disease 62 sulfur 121 in pregnancy 179 sun blocks 110 UVC 163 sunscreens 110 UVA 7–8, 137, 141, 162 surgery 150–62 UVB 7–8, 137, 162 acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa 153–61 in acne rosacea 7–8 healing options 158–62 non-occlusive (split-thickness) mesh grafting 160–2, 161 vellus hairs 101 primary closure 158–9 venous thrombo-embolisms (VTEs) 76 secondary intention 159–60 vernix caseosa xx, 37, 37 mini-unroofing by punch biopsy 153–4, 154 vitamin A 118, 119, 121 unroofing (deroofing) 154–7, 156–7 vitamin C 141 wide surgical excision 157–8, 158 vitamin D 113 acne rosacea 152–3 vitamin D2 114 acne vulgaris 150–2 vitamin D3 113–14 for patients 150–1 von Jacobi—Pringle dermochromes xviii for physicians 151–2, 152 syndrome X 70, 91, 183 warfarin 131 weight, birth control pill and 74 tazarotene, topical (Tazorac®) xiv, 119, 176 Western diet 33–4 Tazorac® xiv, 119, 176 whey 90–1, 90, 109–10 tea tree oil (TTO) 134 whitehead see closed comedo in pregnancy 177 teratogens 176–7 xenobiotics 179 terminal differentiation 38, 40 X-rays 163 testosterone 26, 47–8, 67 tetracycline 22, 35, 36, 60, 94, 121, 128, 139 Yushchenko, Victor 87, 88 tinea (pityriasis) versicolor 10, 95, 96–8 toll-like receptors (TLRs) 55, 103 zinc compounds 121 tombstone comedones 57, 153 zinc oxide paste 110 topical androgen blockers 147 zonisamide 87

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