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QUICKSTUDY® Reference Guide Is a Comprehensive List of Medical Ter- CREDITS ISBN-10: 142320291-0 Minology

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BarCharts, Inc.® WORLD’S #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN BODY equi- equality, equal equilibrium MEDICAL WORDS eti/o cause etiology A. Development fil/i, fil/o thread filopressure A. Structure Cells - tissues - organs - systems - organism -form specified shape, multiform Most medical words are composed of two or more 1.Cells: Major Components form a. Cell membrane terms. To define a medical word: -genesis production, neogenesis b. Cytoplasm • divide the word into its terms formation • analyze the terms c. Nucleus 2.Tissues: Primary Types ger/o, geront/o aged, old age geriatrics • define the word gymn/o naked gymnophobia Examples: a. Connective -hexia condition cachexia Pericarditis b. Epithelium hist/o tissue histoclastic peri = around; card = heart; itis = inflammation c. Muscle hydr/o water, hydrogen hydrolysis Inflammation around the heart d.Nervous Oncology 3.Organs iatr/o treatment, physician iatrogenic onco = tumor, mass; logy = study of a. Composed of two or more different tissues -ician specialist clinician Study of tumors b. Have specific functions ion/o ion ionogram 4.Systems: Related organs with common functions kary/o nucleus karyorrhexis B. Terms 5.Organism: A living person kel/o tumor, fibrous keloid growth Term + Term (.....+.....) = medical word B. Cavities There are five categories of terms: -labile unstable, perishable frigolabile A space containing organs later/o side bilateral 1.Prefix - beginning of a word 1.Dorsal (ex., pre____; post_____) -logist specialist neurologist a. Cranial -logy study of cardiology Designated by a “____” after the term. b. Vertebral (spinal) 2.Suffix - ending of a word -lucent light-admitting radiolucent 2.Ventral lumin/o light luminescence (ex., _____stomy; _____itis) a. Abdominal Designated by a “____” before the term. ly/o dissolve, loosen lyophilic b. Pelvic medi/o middle medial 3.Root - foundation/base of a word (ex., hepat; c. Thoracic gastr) medic/o heal, healing medical 4.Combining vowel - vowel (usually “o”) added to a C. Planes mer/o part meromicrosomia root (ex., gastro). An imaginary flat surface meso- middle mesoderm Use a combining vowel when joining: 1.Frontal – anterior/posterior morph/o shape, form dolichomorphic a. Root to another root (ex., gastrohepatitis) 2.Sagittal – right/left nom/o custom, law nomotopic b. Root to a suffix beginning with a consonant (ex., 3.Transverse – upper/lower nomen- name nomenclature cardiomegaly) nos/o disease nosology 5.Combining form - root + vowel (ex., hepat/o; D. Positions nucle/o nucleus nucleoplasm gastr/o) A reference point for location or direction. nutri/o to nourish nutrition Designated by a “/” between the root and the vowel 1.Anterior/Ventral – front of the body -oma tumor, mass histocytoma Examples: Posterior/Dorsal – back of the body onc/o tumor, mass oncogenesis Hyperleukocytosis 2.Deep – away from the surface organ/o organ organomegaly hyper (prefix) = excessive Superficial – on the surface path/o disease pathogenic leuko (combining form) = white 3.Inferior – situated below pharmac/o drugs pharmacology cyt (root) = cell Superior – situated above physi/o nature physiologist osis (suffix) = condition of 4.Lateral – pertaining to the side -plasm formation, growth neoplasm Definition: condition of excessive white blood cells 5.Medial – pertaining to the middle -poiesis formation cytopoiesis (leukocytes) 6.Prone – lying face down prote/o protein proteolysis Hematotoxic Supine – lying face up psamm/o sand, sand-like psammoma hemato (combining form) = blood TERMS DEFINITIONS WORDS material tox (root) = poison -puncture to pierce a surface venipuncture ic (suffix) = pertaining to acu- needle acupuncture Definition: pertaining to blood poisoning -algia pain cephalalgia pyr/o fire, fever, heat pyrogen anomal/o irregular anomaly pyret/o fever pyretogenic anthrop/o man, human being anthroposo- sanit/a health sanitarian TIPS: matology scirrh/o hard scirrhoma 1.Some terms have more than one definition. To antr/o antrum antrotomy somat/o body somatoscopy determine the correct definition in a particular aque/o water aqueous medical word, analyze the other terms in the word. -some body chromosome axi/o axis axial Example: spectr/o image, spectrum spectrocolorimeter Poliomyelitis bar/o weight, pressure barotaxis system/o system systematic polio = gray (matter) bio-, bi/o life, living biogenesis techn/o art, skill technology myel = spinal cord, bone marrow blast/o, -blast early embryonic blastocyte temp/o, time, the temples tempostabile itis = inflammation stage, immature tempor/o Definition: Inflammation of the gray matter of the calor/i heat calorimetry the/o a god theotherapy spinal cord. The bone marrow does not have gray matter. carcin/o cancer carcinoma -therapy, treatment therapeutics 2.Some terms may function as a root/combining cata- down, downward catabiotic therapeut/o form in one word and a suffix in another word. caud/o tail caudal therm/o heat thermometer Classification depends upon the specific medical chem/o chemical, chemosurgery -tumescence, swelling detumescence word. chemistry tumesc/o Examples: chron/o time, timing chronobiology -type, typ/o class, representative somatotype Cytology -coma deep sleep semicoma form cyto (combining form) = cell corpor/o body corporeal ventr/o belly, front of ventrolateral logy (suffix) = study of cry/o cold cryotherapy the body Definition: Study of cells cyt/o, -cyte cell cytology -verse turn transverse Erythrocyte dors/o back dorsoventral vir/o virus virologist erythro (combining form) = red duct/o to lead conduction viscer/o internal organs visceromegaly cyte (suffix) = cell dynam/o power, strength dynamogenesis vit/o life vitamin Definition: Red blood cell -dynia pain gastrodynia zyg/o union, junction zygogenesis 1 TERMINOLOGY SETS seven hepta- TERMS DEFINITIONS WORDS sept- ankyl/o stiff, crooked, bent ankylosis A. DIRECTIONAL TERMS septi- arthr/o joint arthrodysplasia ab- away from eight octa- articul/o joint articulation ad- toward, near octi- brachi/o arm brachiocephalic ambi- around, on both sides nine noni- burs/o bursa bursolith amphi- around, on both sides ten (101) deca- calcane/o heel calcaneodynia ana- upward, backward hundred (102) hecto- carp/o wrist carpoptosis ante- before, forward centr/o center centrosclerosis thousand (103) kilo- anter/o front cephal/o head cephaledema million (106) mega- anti- against cervic/o neck, cervix cervicofacial 9 apo- away, separation billion (10 ) giga- chir/o, cheir/o hand chiropodalgia 12 cata- down, downward trillion (10 ) tera- chondr/o cartilage chondrodystrophy circum- around quadrillion (1015) peta- cleid/o clavicle cleidorrhexis contra- against, opposite quintillion (1018) exa- coccyg/o coccyx coccygodynia dextr/o right one tenth (10-1) deci- cost/o rib costosternal dia- through, apart one hundredth (10-2) centi- cox/o hip coxarthrosis dis- apart, to separate one thousandth (10-3) milli- crani/o skull cranioclast ec-, ecto- outside, out one millionth (10-6) micro- cubit/o elbow, forearm genucubital en-, endo- inside, within one billionth (10-9) nano- dactyl/o digit (finger or toe) dactylospasm epi- above, over, upon one trillionth (10-12) pico- eury- wide, broad eurycephalic faci/o face facioplasty eso- within one quadrillionth (10-15)femto- femor/o femur ischiofemoral ex- out, away from one quintillionth (10-18) atto- exo- outside of, outward fibul/o fibula fibulocalcaneal geni/o chin genioplasty extra- outside D. SURGICAL PROCEDURES fore- before, in front of gnath/o jaw gnathoschisis -centesis surgical puncture of a cavity hyper- above, excessive, beyond gnos/o knowledge acrognosis -desis surgical fixation, fusion hypo- under, deficient, below goni/o angle goniometer -ectomy surgical removal infra- below, beneath gyr/o circle, spiral gyrospasm holo- entire, complete holoarthritis inter- between -pexy fixation humer/o humerus humeroradial intra- within -plasty surgical correction/repair hypsi- high hypsicephaly juxta- near -rrhaphy suture ili/o ilium iliolumbar later/o side -sect to cut ischi/o ischium ischiodynia levo- left -stomy surgical opening ithy- erect, straight ithylordosis -tomy surgical incision medi/o middle kyph/o humpback kyphoscoliosis -tripsy to crush, break meso- middle lamin/o lamina laminectomy para- alongside, near, beyond, abnormal lip/o fat lipochondroma per- through, throughout E. PATHOGENS -listhesis slipping spondylolisthesis peri- around, surrounding acar/o mites lord/o curvature, bending lordoscoliosis post- after, behind arachn/o spider lox/o oblique, slanting loxarthron poster/o behind, towards the back bacteri/o bacteria lumb/o loin lumbodynia pre- before, in front of -coccus berry-shaped bacterium maxill/o maxilla maxillotomy pro- before fung/i fungus, mushroom mega-, megalo- large megalopodia proxim/o near helminth/o, worm -megaly enlargement dactylomegaly retro- behind, backward -helminth mel/o limb, limbs melalgia sinistr/o left hirud/i, hirudin/i leech om/o shoulder omodynia sub- under, beneath opisth/o backward, behind opisthognathism ixod/i ticks super- above, beyond oste/o bone osteochondroma myc/o fungus supra- above, beyond pan- all panarthritis parasit/o parasite tel/e distant, end patell/o patella patellofemoral trans- across pedicul/o louse ped/o foot, child pedal scolec/o worm pelv/i pelvis pelvimeter B. FIVE rrh’s verm/i worm perone/o fibula peroneotibial -rrhagia, -rrhage excessive flow vir/o virus petr/o stone, petrous region petromastoid -rrhaphy suture of temporal bone -rrhea flow, discharge SKELETAL SYSTEM phalang/o phalanges phalangitis -rrhexis rupture A. Bones
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  • Pediatric Nephrology: Highlights for the General Practitioner

    Pediatric Nephrology: Highlights for the General Practitioner

    International Journal of Pediatrics Pediatric Nephrology: Highlights for the General Practitioner Guest Editors: Mouin Seikaly, Sabeen Habib, Amin J. Barakat, Jyothsna Gattineni, Raymond Quigley, and Dev Desi Pediatric Nephrology: Highlights for the General Practitioner International Journal of Pediatrics Pediatric Nephrology: Highlights for the General Practitioner Guest Editors: Mouin Seikaly, Sabeen Habib, Amin J. Barakat, Jyothsna Gattineni, Raymond Quigley, and Dev Desi Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “International Journal of Pediatrics.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Ian T. Adatia, USA Eduardo H. Garin, USA Steven E. Lipshultz, USA Uri S. Alon, USA Myron Genel, USA Doff B. McElhinney, USA Laxman Singh Arya, India Mark A. Gilger, USA Samuel Menahem, Australia Erle H. Austin, USA Ralph A. Gruppo, USA Kannan L. Narasimhan, India Anthony M. Avellino, USA Eva C. Guinan, USA Roderick Nicolson, UK Sylvain Baruchel, Canada Sandeep Gupta, USA Alberto Pappo, USA Andrea Biondi, Italy Pamela S. Hinds, USA Seng Hock Quak, Singapore Julie Blatt, USA Thomas C. Hulsey, USA R. Rink, USA Catherine Bollard, USA George Jallo, USA Joel R. Rosh, USA P. D. Brophy, USA R. W. Jennings, USA Minnie M. Sarwal, USA Ronald T. Brown, USA Eunice John, USA Charles L. Schleien, USA S. Burdach, Germany Richard A. Jonas, USA Elizabeth J. Short, USA Lavjay Butani, USA Martin Kaefer, USA V. C. Strasburger, USA Waldemar A. Carlo, USA F. J. Kaskel, USA Dharmapuri Vidyasagar, USA Joseph M.
  • Male Reproductive System

    Male Reproductive System

    MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DR RAJARSHI ASH M.B.B.S.(CAL); D.O.(EYE) ; M.D.-PGT(2ND YEAR) DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY CALCUTTA NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE PARTS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gonads – Two ovoid testes present in scrotal sac, out side the abdominal cavity B. Accessory sex organs - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands C. External genitalia – penis and scrotum ANATOMY OF MALE INTERNAL GENITALIA AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE Two principal cell types in seminiferous tubule Sertoli cell Germ cell INTERACTION BETWEEN SERTOLI CELLS AND SPERM BLOOD- TESTIS BARRIER • Blood – testis barrier protects germ cells in seminiferous tubules from harmful elements in blood. • The blood- testis barrier prevents entry of antigenic substances from the developing germ cells into circulation. • High local concentration of androgen, inositol, glutamic acid, aspartic acid can be maintained in the lumen of seminiferous tubule without difficulty. • Blood- testis barrier maintains higher osmolality of luminal content of seminiferous tubules. FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS 1.Germ cell development 2.Phagocytosis 3.Nourishment and growth of spermatids 4.Formation of tubular fluid 5.Support spermiation 6.FSH and testosterone sensitivity 7.Endocrine functions of sertoli cells i)Inhibin ii)Activin iii)Follistatin iv)MIS v)Estrogen 8.Sertoli cell secretes ‘Androgen binding protein’(ABP) and H-Y antigen. 9.Sertoli cell contributes formation of blood testis barrier. LEYDIG CELL • Leydig cells are present near the capillaries in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. • They are rich in mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum. • Leydig cells secrete testosterone,DHEA & Androstenedione. • The activity of leydig cell is different in different phases of life.