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Dermatological Problems of the Puberty

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Dermatological Problems of the Puberty Review paper Dermatological problems of the puberty Beata Bergler-Czop, Ligia Brzezińska-Wcisło Department of Dermatology, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland Head: Prof. Ligia Brzezińska-Wcisło MD, PhD Postep Derm Alergol 2013; XXX, 3: 178 –187 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.35621 Abstract Puberty is a period of life between childhood and adulthood. It is characterized by many changes in morphology and appearance of the body (biological maturation), in the psyche – development of personality (psychological mat - uration), and in the attitude towards one’s own and the opposite sex (psychosexual maturation), and in the social role (social maturation). Dermatological problems of adolescence are mainly related to fluctuations in hormone lev - els, mainly androgens. They include acne, hair problems and excessive sweating. Acne vulgaris is the most frequently diagnosed dermatosis in patients aged between 11 and 30 years. It is believed that it affects about 80% of persons in this age group or even, taking into account lesions of low intensity, 100% of young people. Excessive sweating is a condition characterised by excessive production of sweat, resulting from high activity of sweat glands. The sweat glands are localised in almost all areas of the body surface but on the hands, feet, armpits and around the groin they are found at the highest density. Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory der - matosis, which currently affects about 5% of the population. It affects mostly young people, particularly men. Key words: puberty, acne, hyperhidrosis, hair. Introduction lieved that it affects about 80% of persons in this age group Puberty is a period of life between childhood and adult - or even, taking into account lesions of low intensity, 100% hood. It is characterized by many changes in morphology of young people. Lesions which usually appear in the sec - and appearance of the body (biological maturation), in the ond decade of life, are less and less intense as the time psyche – development of personality (psychological mat - goes by and subside at the end of this decade or at the uration), and in the attitude towards one’s own and the beginning of the third one. However, there are cases of per - opposite sex (psychosexual maturation), and in the social sistence of the disease process until 30 th or even after 40 th role (social maturation). The process itself depends on year of age [5, 6]. genetic, gender, environmental, climatic and cultural In 95%, lesions are situated on the face and on the factors [1, 2]. The preparing phase, pre-puberty, lasts about upper parts of the trunk, occasionally on other parts of the 2 years and it starts between 6 and 8 years of age, grad - body and due to this location and the chronic nature of the ually intensifying. The puberty lasts about 4 years, disease, it many times poses a serious psychological prob - between 10 and 16 years of age. The post-puberty phase lem for a patient. takes place between 18 and 25 years of age [3, 4]. Dermatological problems of adolescence are mainly Views on the etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris related to fluctuations in hormone levels, mainly andro - gens. They include acne, hair problems and excessive sweat - Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease affect - ing. ing seborrheic areas (mainly: chest, face, back), charac - terized by, inter alia , the presence of comedones, papular eruptions, pustular eruptions, purulent cysts and scars. Acne vulgaris The etiopathogenesis of acne is multifactorial. In all Acne vulgaris is the most frequently diagnosed der - patients with acne, the following symptoms occur: exces - matosis in patients aged between 11 and 30 years. It is be - sive sebum production, excessive keratosis of excretory Address for correspondence: Beata Bergler-Czop MD, PhD, 42-624 Ossy, 2a Leśna St, Poland, phone/fax: +48 32 284 08 77, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 4.09.2012, accepted: 10.02.2013. 178 Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii XXX; 2013/3 Dermatological problems of the puberty ducts and openings of sebaceous glands, development of Vega et al. [21] and Elsaie et al. [22] inform of the impor - bacterial flora and release of inflammatory mediators in tance of Toll-like receptors (TLR receptors) which are the skin [4-9]. a part of the innate cellular immune response. Receptors The microcomedone is a primary change which starts of this group are located, inter alia , on keratinocytes and the whole inflammatory cascade. Different factors may in epidermal Langerhans cells. TLR2 ( Toll-like receptor-2 ) pre - induce formation of microcomedones, such as: linolenic sent in monocytes identifies the elements of walls of Gram- acid deficiency, excessive secretion of androgens or positive bacteria, inter alia , P. acnes [24]. excess of free lipid acids. Intrafollicular keratinisation of Although no primary immune disorders were found in a microcomedone leads to its development into a come - patients with acne, however, an overreaction of the im mune done [4]. It is accompanied by excessive production of system to P. acnes antigens is observed, which is expressed tonofilaments, desmosomes and keratins K6 and K16, and by the increased antibody titre as well as excessively inten - sified inflammatory response to intracutaneous injection together with transglutaminase, it results in development of P. acnes , when compared to the healthy population. In of a keratinised “envelope’’. Altogether, this process leads some patients, excessive production of IgA and hyper - to closure of a follicle opening and it impedes removal of sensitivity to standard allergens used in tests have been the sebaceous gland contents onto the skin surface. Pro- observed [23, 25]. inflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-1, are also involved in It was also demonstrated that immune disorders, apart the keratinisation process [5-7]. from the inflammatory response, precede hyperproliferation In the process of formation of the comedo, the lipid con - of keratinocytes in a way resembling the type IV allergic tents of the hair follicle also play a role (Figure 1) [4]. Sebum reaction. Cytokines activated this way stimulate endothe - within glands and excretory ducts is sterile and does not lial cells to produce vascular inflammatory markers – E-se - contain free fatty acids. Bacterial colonization (in particu - lectin, vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1), and HLA lar, of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes ), owing to ap pro- antigens of leukocytes in blood vessels around the hair fol - priate enzymes, enables hydrolysis of sebum components licle [10]. to free fatty acids having the irritating and chemotactic effect The pro-inflammatory cytokines released in a cascade [9-12]. Currently, it is believed that this is not the only com - manner in acne activate the AP-1 transcription factor (acti - ponent playing a role in the aetiology of acne. Gollnick et vator protein). The AP-1 induces genes of intracellular matrix al . [13] attribute a huge importance to squalene oxidization metalloproteinase (MMP) which cleaves and reconstructs and deficiency of linoleic acid. One put forward a hypoth - the skin matrix. esis that intensified sebum secretion favours deficiency of The complement activation by the microcomedo com - linoleic acid which intensifies comedogenesis [14]. ponents is additionally increased by antibodies against Excessive production and accumulation of sebum P. acnes . Thus, initiation of the humoral response exacer - and closing of the follicle outings promote development bates the inflammatory reaction in acne. Hence, it is sug - of microorganisms. Microcomedones are colonised main - gested that patients with acne have genetically determined ly by an anaerobic bacterium – P. acnes [13, 15, 16]. hypersensitivity to P. acnes [10]. Excessive sebum production and accumulation and Melnik [26] investigated the role of Fox01 in the pa tho - genesis of acne. The author examines the aetiology of acne blocked sebaceous gland openings favour bacterial colo - at the genome level and regards the deficit of the Fox01 nization. Microcomedones are inhabited mostly by P. acnes . nuclear transcription factor as fundamental. The Fox01 fac - Other bacteria are, inter alia : Staphylococcus epidermidis and tor is a suppressor of many receptors, inter alia , the andro - Pityrosporum ovale [14]. Due to the presence of lipase, this gen receptor. It takes part in biosynthesis of lipids and pro- microorganism hydrolyses sebum di- and triglycerides to free inflammatory cytokines. The increase in growth factors in fatty acids. Free fatty acids which arise during the hydroly - sis process, have the irritating, pro-inflammatory effect and Hair shaft intensify follicular keratosis. Also hyaluronidase, proteases and neuraminidases, produced by P. acnes , have the pro- inflammatory effect. Moreover, this microorganism releas - Epidermis es low-molecular chemotactic factors (peptides), attracting Stem cells Basal layer neutrocytes and it activates both the alternative complement Dermis Sebaceous gland pathway and a classic immune response. The activator of the alternative complement pathway is the cell wall of P. acnes Bulge which contains mannose [17-19]. Stem cells (SC) Under the influence of P. acnes , peroxide anions are massively produced by keratinocytes which in combina - tion with nitric oxide form peroxynitrates contributing to disintegration of keratinocytes [20-22]. Fig. 1. Hair follicle with sebaceous gland (www.njms.umdj.edu) Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii
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