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A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris AK Mohiuddin1* 1Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh

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A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris AK Mohiuddin1* 1Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh Symbiosis ISSN Online: 2378-1726 www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Review Article Clinical Research in Dermatology: Open Access Open Access A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris AK Mohiuddin1* 1Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh Received: May 25, 2019; Accepted: June 6, 2019; Published: June 17, 2019 *Corresponding author: AK Mohiuddin, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, World University of Bangladesh, 151/8, Green Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka – 1205, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]; Orcid Id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-9757. Abstract Acne, also known as acne vulgaris (AV), is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. An intact stratum corneum and barrier, normal natural moisturizing factor and hyaluronic acid levels, normal Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression (localized at the basal lateral membranes of collecting duct cells in the kidney), and balanced sebum secretion are qualities of the skin that fall in the middle of the oily–dry spectrum. Patients rarely, if ever, complain about reduced sebum production, but elevated sebum production, yielding oily skin that can be a precursor to acne, is a common Propionibacterium acnes in adolescence, under the complaint. Several factors are known to influence sebum production. AV is mostly triggered by impact,influence as of sebum normal levels circulating are usually dehydroepiandrosterone low in childhood, rise (DHEA). in the middle-to-late It is a very common teen years, skin disorder and remain which stable can presentinto the withseventh inflammatory and eighth and decades non- untilinflammatory endogenous lesions androgen chiefly synthesis on the face dwindles. but can Sebum,also occur the on oily the secretion upper arms, of the trunk, sebaceous and back. glands Age, containing in particular, wax has esters, a significant sterol esters, and well-knowncholesterol, di- and triglycerides, and squalene, imparts an oily quality to the skin and is well known to play an important role in acne development. Acne can’t be prevented or cured, but it can be treated effectively. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop partup. Depending may be unpleasant on its severity, for the acne patient can and cause seems emotional large. This distress image and can scar cause the mental skin. Acne disorders may cause including scarring depression of the skin,and anxiety,but generally low self-esteem, causes no long-term health problems. In self-body image, some parts of the body including face play an important role. Existence of even a minor lesion in this and decrease in social relationships. However, high levels of anxiety and depression in patients with facial acne are not related to oxidative stress, accordingKeywords: to a study Acne; published skin care; online comedones; in the Journal pustules; of acneCosmetic scars; Dermatology. sebum; Propionibacterium acnes; Background believed that the pores of the skin may be lifted and cleaned Historic Panorama of Acne Protection- The word ‘acne’ • In ancient Rome, acne was treated with baths as people there appears to evolve from Greek word ‘acme’ which means ‘point or interpreted that since this disorder is related to puberty, it is spot’. Although acne is described in very ancient writings dating with a mixture of sulfur in the mineral baths. Cassius in 3 AD physician of Theodosius advised acne victims to wipe their “pimples”known by thewith name a cloth of ‘akmas’. while watchingIn the 4th a century falling AD,star the and court the fromback toacne Eber’s rosacea. Papyrus, The rootsits clear of acne description have been is found traced after all the Fuch’s way coined the term ‘Acne Vulgaris’ and Erasmus Wilson separated it pimples would then ‘fall from the body. and Romans. to three well known ancient civilizations viz, Egyptians, Greeks (The Cannon of Medicine) has depicted the etiopathogenesis • andIbn Sinaclinical (980-1037) presentation in his of Busoorelegendary labaniya text ‘Al (acne). Qanoon Fil Tib’ suffered from acne and had also made efforts to resolve • Some Egyptian writings have mentioned that Pharaohs women was given primordial importance. Acne at that time swelling’it. In Ebers and Papyrus is described the word to be‘aku-t’ treated is cited with that some was animal later • In the Elizabethan era (1558–1603), the appearance of translated as ‘boils, blains, sores, pustules or any inflammatory these pimples, different type of mercury makeup was also in century was of the opinion that acne is caused by telling lies. was also contributed to witchcraft. For the management of origin preparations and honey. Ancient Egyptians around 3rd restored to the sulfur treatments of antique times. use. The caustic mercury erodes the flesh. Hence forth, people Tutankhamun, Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty had acne as evident from the anti-acne remedies in his tomb. From the menstruation in 1638 and 1648 respectively. Jonston (1648) of this ailment. Aristotle also explained this condition in detail. • Riolanus and Jonston associated acne with disorders of historical records, both Hippocrates and Aristotle were aware also linked acne with heterosexual behavior pattern in a manner very close to present day psychosomatic ideas on the of the beard’ hence it was associated with puberty. Ancient subject. • RomansThe ancient has guidedGreeks initialknew treatmentacne as ‘tovoot’- of acne. ‘the first growth Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected]; A Comprehensive Review of Acne Vulgaris Copyright: © 2019 Mohiuddin AK. benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of acne which was more • effectiveIn 1920, andJack smelled Breitbart better of the than Revlon the sulfur Corporation treatments invented of the Health-Related Quality Of Life (Hrqol); past. Dehydroepiandrosterone (Dhea); SexCeramide Hormone-Binding (Cer); Globulin (Shbg); acne. • Around 1930, laxatives were in common use for treatment of Sphingomyelin (Sm); as it was noticed that acne was caused by bacteria. • In 1950s Tetracycline was for the first time prescribed for acne Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (Fsh); alleviate acne. Retin-A has produced great results and is still in 5α-DihydrotestosteronePolycystic Ovary Syndrome (5α-Dht); (Pcos); • use.In 1960s, the topical treatment Retin-A was developed to Sebaceous Gland (Sg); appeared in the markets of America. It was found extremely • In 1980s, a novel medication Accutane (Isotretinoin) for acne effective but severe side effects were also noted viz., stroke, Eicosapentaenoic Acid (Epa); seizure, heart attack and hair loss. Docosahexaenoic Acid (Dha); Benzoyl Peroxide (Bp); and is now widely used remedy as it clears the recent as well Adult Female Acne (Afa); • asIn old1990, scars laser left therapy by acne madebesides its active evolvement lesions. in treating acne Post Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (Pih); laser therapy for easy treatment of acne. Microneedling with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa); • dermarollerIn 2000, the emerged blue/red as therapy a novel wastreatment developed modality along for with the American Academy Of Dermatology (Aad); treatment of acne scars. Combined Oral Contraceptive (Coc); Randomized Controlled Trials (Rcts); induction therapy with the derma-roller. • Fernandes, in 2006, developed percutaneous collagen Investigator’s Global Assessment (Iga); Intense Pulsed Light (Ipl); • inVaccine several against journals inflammatory till then. acne has been tested successfully in mice in 2007 and many such studies and trials are detailed Exhibit 1. Important terminology Non-AblativeIntroduction Fractional Lasers (Nafl); 1. young individuals worldwide. It is the most common skin disease, 2. Blackheads -open plugged pores Whiteheads -closed plugged pores andAV is although a multifaceted it usually skin manifests disorder, during affecting puberty more andthan worsens 85% of 3. Papules-Small red, tender bumps throughout adolescence, epidemiological studies suggest that 4. Pimples-pustules, which are papules with pus at their tips it can arise at any age. Apart from the classic belief that acne Nodules-Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface of the results from sebaceous gland hyperplasia, abnormal follicular skin differentiation with increased keratinization, microbial hyper- 5. 6. primarily through activation of the adaptive immune system the skin Cystic lesions-Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface of maycolonization also be contributors.of the follicular There canal, are and various increased types inflammationof acne, such 7. as acne vulgaris, acne rosacea, acne cosmetica, acne fulminans, body. Hirsutism- abnormal growth of hair on a woman’s face and 8. Alopecia-the partial or complete absence of hair from areas of the US was affected with acne. According to the lesion type, acne the body where it normally grows; baldness. and acne mechanica. In 2011, around 20% of the population in (purely comedone acne), mild papular, scarring papular, and Abbreviations can be classified into four main categories: non-inflammatory Acne Vulgaris (Av); acnenodular; lesions, the improvelatter three appearance, are inflammatory prevent or acneminimize lesions. potential Acne Aquaporin-3 (Aqp3); adversetreatment effects, aims to and lessen minimize the inflammatory any scarring. or non-inflammatory Pharmacological therapy is not
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